,LA/ ,MESSAGE TO ,MANK9D 

#aii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,AYLM] ,MAUDE 

,TEXT 3 

,ADDRESS TO ! ,SW$I% ,PEACE ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#i1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD & ,PEACE ,ESSAYS 7TRANSLAT$ BY ,AYLM] ,MAUDE7 

,DE> ,BRO!RS1 

,WE HAVE MET H]E TO FI<T AGA9/ W>4 ,W>1 ! ?+ = ! SAKE ( :I* ALL ! NATIONS ( ! E>? - MILLIONS & MILLIONS ( PEOPLE - PLACE AT ! UNCONTROLL$ DISPOSAL ( A FEW M5 OR SOMETIMES ONLY ONE MAN1 NOT M]ELY MILLI>DS ( RUBLES1 TAL]S1 FRANCS OR Y5 7REPRES5T+ A V]Y L>GE %>E ( !IR LABOR71 BUT ALSO !IR V]Y LIVES4 

,& N[ WE1 A SCORE ( PRIVATE PEOPLE GA!R$ FROM ! V>I\S 5DS ( ! E>?1 POSSESS$ ( NO SPECIAL PRIVILEGES & ABOVE ALL HAV+ NO P[] OV] ANYONE1 9T5D TO FI<T - & AS WE WI% TO FI<T WE ALSO WI% TO CONQU] - ?IS IMM5SE P[] NOT ONLY ( ONE GOV]NM5T BUT ( ALL GOV]NM5TS1 :I* HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL !SE MILLI>DS ( MONEY & MILLIONS ( SOLDI]S & :O >E WELL AW>E ?AT ! EXCEPTIONAL POSITION ( ?OSE :O = ! GOV]NM5TS RE/S ON ! >MY ALONE3 ! >MY :I* HAS A MEAN+ & A PURPOSE AGA9/ :I* WE WI% TO FI<T & :I* WE WI% TO ABOLI%4   

,= US TO /RUGGLE1 ! =CES BE+ SO UNEQUAL1 MU/ APPE> 9SANE4 ,BUT IF WE CONSID] \R OPPON5T'S MEANS ( /RIFE & \R [N1 IT IS NOT \R 9T5TION TO FI<T ?AT WILL SEEM ABSURD1 BUT ?AT ! ?+ WE MEAN TO FI<T WILL /ILL EXI/4 ,!Y HAVE MILLIONS ( MONEY & MILLIONS ( OB$I5T SOLDI]S2 WE HAVE ONLY ONE ?+1 BUT ?AT IS ! MO/ P[]FUL ?+ 9 ! WORLD - ,TRU?4   

,!RE=E1 9SIGNIFICANT AS \R =CES MAY APPE> 9 COMP>ISON ) ?OSE ( \R OPPON5TS1 \R VICTORY IS AS SURE AS ! VICTORY ( ! LI<T ( ! RIS+ SUN OV] ! D>KNESS ( NI<T4   

,\R VICTORY IS C]TA91 BUT ON ONE CONDITION ONLY - ?AT :5 UTT]+ ! TRU? WE UTT] IT ALL1 )\T COMPROMISE1 CONCESSION1 OR MODIFICATION4 ,! TRU? SO SIMPLE1 SO CLE>1 SO EVID5T1 SO 9CUMB5T NOT ONLY ON ,*RI/IANS BUT ON ALL REASONABLE M51 ?AT IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO SPEAK IT \T 9 ITS FULL SIGNIFICANCE = IT TO BE IRRESI/IBLE4  

,! TRU? 9 ITS FULL MEAN+ LIES 9 :AT WAS SAID ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO 79 ! LAW ACCEPT$ AMONG US AS ! ,LAW ( ,GOD7 9 F\R WORDS3 0,?\ %ALT NOT KILL40 ,! TRU? IS ?AT MAN MAY NOT & %\LD NOT 9 ANY CIRCUM/ANCES OR UND] ANY PRETEXT KILL HIS FELL[ MAN4 ,! TRU? IS SO EVID5T1 SO B9D+1 & SO G5]ALLY ACKN[L$G$1 ?AT IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO PUT IT CLE>LY BE=E M5 = ! EVIL CALL$ W> TO BECOME QUITE IMPOSSIBLE4 

,& SO ,I ?9K ?AT IF WE :O >E ASSEMBL$ H]E AT ?IS ,PEACE ,CONGRESS %\LD1 9/EAD ( CLE>LY & DEF9ITELY VOIC+ ?IS TRU?1 ADDRESS \RSELVES TO ! GOV]NM5TS ) V>I\S PROPOSALS = LESS5+ ! EVILS ( W> OR GRADUALLY DIM9I%+ ITS FREQU5CY1 WE %\LD BE LIKE M5 :O HAV+ 9 !IR H& ! KEY TO A DOOR1 %\LD TRY TO BREAK ?R\< WALLS !Y KN[ TO BE TOO /RONG = !M4  

,BE=E US >E MILLIONS ( >M$ M51 EV] MORE & MORE EFFICI5TLY >M$ & TRA9$ = MORE & MORE RAPID SLAU<T]4 ,WE KN[ ?AT !SE MILLIONS ( PEOPLE HAVE NO WI% TO KILL !IR FELL[S & = ! MO/ P>T DO NOT EV5 KN[ :Y !Y >E =C$ TO DO ?AT REPULSIVE WORK1 & ?AT !Y >E WE>Y ( !IR POSITION ( SUBJECTION & COMPULSION2 WE KN[ ?AT ! MURD]S COMMITT$ FROM TIME TO TIME BY !SE M5 >E COMMITT$ BY ORD] ( ! GOV]NM5TS2 & WE KN[ ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( ! GOV]NM5TS DEP5DS ON ! >MIES4 

,CAN WE !N :O DESIRE ! ABOLITION ( W>1 F9D NO?+ MORE CONDUCIVE TO \R AIM ?AN TO PROPOSE TO ! GOV]NM5TS :I* EXI/ ONLY BY ! AID ( >MIES & CONSEQU5TLY BY W> - MEASURES :I* W\LD DE/ROY W>8 ,>E WE TO PROPOSE TO ! GOV]NM5TS ?AT !Y %\LD DE/ROY !MSELVES8  

,! GOV]NM5TS WILL LI/5 WILL+LY TO ANY SPEE*ES ( ?AT K9D1 KN[+ ?AT SU* DISCUSSIONS WILL NEI!R DE/ROY W> NOR UND]M9E !IR [N P[]1 BUT WILL ONLY CONCEAL YET MORE EFFECTIVELY :AT MU/ BE CONCEAL$ IF W>S & >MIES & !MSELVES 9 CONTROL ( >MIES >E TO CONT9UE TO EXI/4 

',BUT'1 ,I %ALL BE TOLD1 '?IS IS AN>*ISM2 PEOPLE NEV] HAVE LIV$ )\T GOV]NM5TS & ,/ATES1 & !RE=E GOV]NM5TS & ,/ATES & MILIT>Y =CES DEF5D+ !M >E NECESS>Y = ! EXI/5CE ( NATIONS4' 

,BUT LEAV+ ASIDE ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! LIFE ( ,*RI/IAN & O!R NATIONS IS POSSIBLE )\T >MIES & W>S TO DEF5D !IR GOV]NM5TS & ,/ATES1 OR EV5 SUPPOS+ IT TO BE NECESS>Y = !IR WELF>E ?AT !Y %\LD SLAVI%LY SUBMIT TO 9/ITUTIONS CALL$ GOV]NM5TS 7CONSI/+ ( PEOPLE !Y DO NOT P]SONALLY KN[71 & ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO YIELD UP ! PRODUCE ( !IR LABOR TO !SE 9/ITUTIONS & FULFILL ALL !IR DEM&S - 9CLUD+ ! MURD] ( !IR NEI<BORS - GRANT+ !M ALL ?AT1 !RE YET REMA9S 9 \R WORLD AN UNSOLV$ DIFFICULTY4  

,?IS DIFFICULTY LIES 9 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( MAK+ ! ,*RI/IAN FAI? 7:I* ?OSE :O =M ! GOV]NM5TS PR(ESS ) P>TICUL> EMPHASIS7 ACCORD ) >MIES COMPOS$ ( ,*RI/IANS TRA9$ TO SLAY4 ,H[EV] MU* Y\ MAY P]V]T ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+1 H[EV] MU* Y\ MAY HIDE ITS MA9 PR9CIPLES1 ITS FUNDAM5TAL TEA*+ IS ! LOVE ( ,GOD & ONE'S NEI<BOR2 ( ,GOD - ?AT IS ! HI<E/ P]FECTION ( VIRTUE1 & ( ONE'S NEI<BOR - ?AT IS ALL M5 )\T DI/9CTION4   

,& !RE=E IT W\LD SEEM 9EVITABLE ?AT WE MU/ REPUDIATE ONE ( ! TWO1 EI!R ,*RI/IANITY IS LOVE ( ,GOD & ONE'S NEI<BOR1 OR ! ,/ATE ) ITS >MIES & W>S4 ,P]HAPS ,*RI/IANITY MAY BE OBSOLETE1 & :5 *OOS+ BETWE5 ! TWO - ,*RI/IANITY & LOVE ( ! ,/ATE & MURD] - ! PEOPLE ( \R TIME WILL CONCLUDE ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE & MURD] IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ,*RI/IANITY4 ,P]HAPS WE MU/ =GO ,*RI/IANITY & RETA9 ONLY :AT IS IMPORTANT3 ! ,/ATE & MURD]4 

,?AT MAY BE SO - AT LEA/ PEOPLE MAY ?9K & FEEL SO4 ,BUT 9 ?AT CASE !Y %\LD SAY SO6 ,!Y %\LD OP5LY ADMIT ?AT PEOPLE 9 \R TIME HAVE CEAS$ TO BELIEVE 9 :AT ! COLLECTIVE WISDOM ( MANK9D HAS SAID1 & :AT IS SAID BY ! ,LAW ( ,GOD !Y PR(ESS3 HAVE CEAS$ TO BELIEVE 9 :AT IS WRITT5 9DELIBLY ON ! HE>T ( EA* MAN1 & MU/ N[ BELIEVE ONLY 9 :AT IS ORD]$ BY V>I\S PEOPLE :O BY ACCID5T OR BIR? HAVE HAPP5$ TO BECOME EMP]ORS & K+S1 OR BY V>I\S 9TRIGUES & ELECTIONS HAVE BECOME PRESID5TS OR MEMB]S ( S5ATES & P>LIAM5TS - EV5 IF ?OSE ORD]S 9CLUDE MURD]4 ,?AT IS :AT !Y \<T TO SAY6 

,BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY IT2 & YET ONE ( !SE TWO ?+S HAS TO BE SAID4 ,IF IT IS ADMITT$ ?AT ,*RI/IANITY =BIDS MURD]1 BO? >MIES & GOV]NM5TS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,& IF IT IS ADMITT$ ?AT GOV]NM5T ACKN[L$GES ! LAWFULNESS ( MURD] & D5IES ,*RI/IANITY1 NO ONE WILL WI% TO OBEY A GOV]NM5T ?AT EXI/S M]ELY BY ITS P[] TO KILL4 ,& BESIDES1 IF MURD] IS ALL[$ 9 W> IT MU/ BE /ILL MORE ALL[ABLE :5 A PEOPLE SEEK ITS RI<TS 9 A REVOLUTION4 ,& !RE=E ! GOV]NM5TS1 BE+ UNABLE TO SAY EI!R ONE ?+ OR ! O!R1 >E ANXI\S TO HID FROM !IR SUBJECTS ! NECESSITY ( SOLV+ ! DILEMMA4 ,& = US :O >E ASSEMBL$ H]E TO C\NT]ACT ! EVIL ( W>1 IF WE REALLY DESIRE TO ATTA9 \R 5D1 ONLY ONE ?+ IS NECESS>Y3 NAMELY TO PUT ?AT DILEMMA QUITE CLE>LY & DEF9ITELY BO? TO ?OSE :O =M GOV]NM5TS & TO ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE :O COMPOSE ! >MY4 

,TO DO ?AT WE MU/ NOT ONLY CLE>LY & OP5LY REPEAT ! TRU? WE ALL KN[ & CANNOT HELP KN[+ - ?AT MAN %\LD NOT SLAY HIS FELL[ MAN - BUT WE MU/ ALSO MAKE IT CLE> ?AT NO CONSID]ATIONS CAN DE/ROY ! DEM& MADE BY ! TRU? ON PEOPLE 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD4 ,!RE=E ,I PROPOSE ?AT \R ,MEET+ DRAW UP & PUBLI% AN APPEAL TO ALL M51 & ESPECIALLY TO ! ,*RI/IAN NATIONS1 9 :I* WE CLE>LY & DEF9ITELY EXPRESS :AT EV]YBODY KN[S1 BUT H>DLY ANYONE SAYS3 NAMELY W> IS NOT - AS MO/ PEOPLE ASSUME - A GOOD & LAUDABLE AFFAIR1 BUT ?AT LIKE ALL MURD]1 IT IS A VILE & CRIM9AL BUS9ESS NOT ONLY = ?OSE :O VOLUNT>ILY *OOSE A MILIT>Y C>E] BUT = ?OSE :O SUBMIT TO IT FROM AV>ICE1 OR FE> ( PUNI%M5T4 

,) REG>D TO ?OSE :O VOLUNT>ILY *OOSE A MILIT>Y C>E]1 ,I W\LD PROPOSE TO /ATE CLE>LY & DEF9ITELY ?AT NOT )/&+ ALL ! POMP1 GLITT]1 & G5]AL APPROVAL ) :I* IT IS SURR\ND$1 IT IS A CRIM9AL & %AMEFUL ACTIVITY2 & ?AT ! HI<] ! POSITION A MAN HOLDS 9 ! MILIT>Y PR(ESSION ! MORE CRIM9AL & %AMEFUL HIS OCCUPATION4 

,9 ! SAME WAY ) REG>D TO M5 ( ! PEOPLE :O >E DRAWN 9TO MILIT>Y S]VICE BY BRIBES OR BY ?REATS ( PUNI%M5TS1 ,I PROPOSE TO SPEAK CLE>LY AB\T ! GROSS MI/AKE !Y MAKE - CONTR>Y TO !IR FAI?1 MORALITY & COMMON S5SE - :5 !Y CONS5T TO 5T] ! >MY2 CONTR>Y TO !IR FAI? BECAUSE :5 !Y 5T] ! RANKS ( MURD]]S CONTR>Y TO ! ,LAW ( ,GOD :I* !Y ACKN[L$GE2 CONTR>Y TO MORALITY1 BECAUSE = PAY OR FROM FE> ( PUNI%M5T !Y AGRE$ TO :AT 9 !IR S\LS !Y KN[ TO BE WRONG2 & CONTR>Y TO COMMON S5SE1 BECAUSE IF !Y 5T] ! >MY & W> BREAKS \T !Y RISK HAV+ TO SUFF] ANY CONSEQU5CES1 BAD OR WORSE ?AN ?OSE !Y >E ?REAT5$ ) IF !Y REFUSE4 ,ABOVE ALL !Y ACT CONTR>Y TO COMMON S5SE 9 ?AT !Y JO9 ?AT CA/E ( PEOPLE :I* DEPRIVES !M ( FRE$OM & COMPELS !M TO BE SOLDI]S4 

,) REF]5CE TO BO? CLASSES ,I PROPOSE 9 ?IS APPEAL TO EXPRESS CLE>LY ! ?\<T ?AT = M5 ( TRUE 5LI<T5M5T1 :O >E !RE=E FREE FROM ! SUP]/ITION ( MILIT>Y GLORY1 7& !IR NUMB] IS GR[+ EV]Y DAY7 ! MILIT>Y PR(ESSION & CALL+ NOT )/&+ ALL ! EF=TS TO HIDE ITS REAL MEAN+1 IS AS %AMEFUL A BUS9ESS AS ! EXECUTION]'S & EV5 MORE SO4 ,= ! EXECUTION] ONLY HOLDS HIMSELF 9 READ9ESS TO KILL ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 ADJUDG$ TO BE H>MFUL & CRIM9AL1 :ILE A SOLDI] PROMISES TO KILL ALL :O HE IS TOLD TO KILL1 EV5 ?\< !Y MAY BE ! DE>E/ TO HIM OR ! BE/ ( M54 

,HUMANITY 9 G5]AL1 & \R ,*RI/IAN HUMANITY 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS REA*$ A /AGE ( SU* ACUTE CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ITS MORAL DEM&S & ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 ?AT A *ANGE HAS BECOME 9EVITABLE1 & A *ANGE NOT 9 SOCIETY'S MORAL DEM& :I* >E IMMUTABLE1 BUT 9 ! SOCIAL ORD] :I* CAN BE ALT]$4 ,! DEM& = A DIFF]5T SOCIAL ORD]1 EVOK$ BY ?AT 9N] CONTRADICTION :I* IS SO CLE>LY ILLU/RAT$ BY \R PREP>ATIONS = MURD]1 BECOMES MORE & MORE 9SI/5T EV]Y YE> & EV]Y DAY4 

,! T5SION :I* DEM&S ?AT ALT]ATION HAS REA*$ SU* A DEGREE ?AT1 JU/ AS SOMETIMES ONLY A SLI<T %OCK IS REQUIR$ TO *ANGE A LIQUID 9TO A SOLID BODY1 SO P]HAPS ) A SLI<T EF=T OR EV5 A S+LE WORD MAY BE NE$$ TO *ANGE ! CRUEL & IRRATIONAL LIFE ( \R TIME - ) ITS DIVISIONS1 >MAM5TS & >MIES - 9TO A REASONABLE LIFE 9 KEEP+ ) ! CONSCI\SNESS ( CONTEMPOR>Y HUMANITY4 

,EV]Y SU* EF=T1 EV]Y SU* WORD1 MAY BE ! %OCK :I* WILL 9/ANTLY SOLIDIFY ! SUP] COOL$ LIQUID4 ,:Y %\LD NOT \R GA!R+ BE ! %OCK8   

,9 ,&]S5'S FAIRY TALE1 :5 ! ,K+ W5T 9 TRIUMPHAL PROCESSION ?R\< ! /REETS ( ! T[N & ALL ! PEOPLE W]E DELI<T$ ) HIS BEAUTIFUL NEW CLO!S1 A WORD FROM A *ILD :O SAID :AT EV]YBODY KNEW BUT HAD NOT SAID1 *ANG$ EV]Y?+4 ,HE SAID3 ',HE HAS NO?+ ON6' & ! SPELL WAS BROK51 & ! K+ BECAME A%AM$ & ALL ?OSE :O HAD BE5 ASSUR+ !MSELVES ?AT !Y SAW HIM WE>+ BEAUTIFUL NEW CLO!S P]CEIV$ ?AT HE WAS NAK$6 ,WE MU/ SAY ! SAME4 ,WE MU/ SAY :AT EV]YBODY KN[S BUT DOES NOT V5TURE TO SAY4 ,WE MU/ SAY ?AT BY :ATEV] NAME PEOPLE MAY CALL MURD] - MURD] ALWAYS REMA9S MURD] & A CRIM9AL & %AMEFUL ?+4 ,& IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO SAY ?AT CLE>LY1 DEF9ITELY1 & L\DLY1 AS WE CAN SAY IT H]E1 & M5 WILL CEASE TO SEE :AT !Y ?\<T !Y SAW1 & WILL SEE :AT IS REALLY BE=E !IR EYES4  

,!Y WILL CEASE TO SEE ! S]VICE = !IR C\NTRY1 ! H]OISM ( W>1 MILIT>Y GLORY1 & PATRIOTISM1 & WILL SEE :AT EXI/S3 ! NAK$1 CRIM9AL BUS9ESS ( MURD]6  

,& IF PEOPLE SEE ?AT1 ! SAME ?+ WILL HAPP5 AS 9 ! FAIRY TALE3 ?OSE :O DO ! CRIM9AL ?+ WILL FEEL A%AM$1 & ?OSE :O ASSURE !MSELVES ?AT !Y DO NOT SEE ! CRIM9ALITY ( MURD] WILL P]CEIVE IT & CEASE TO BE MURD]]S4  

,BUT H[ WILL NATIONS DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ !IR 5EMIES1 H[ WILL !Y MA9TA9 9T]NAL ORD]1 & H[ CAN NATIONS LIVE )\T AN >MY8   

,:AT =M ( LIFE M5 WILL TAKE AFT] !Y REPUDIATE MURD] WE DO NOT & CANNOT KN[2 BUT ONE ?+ IS C]TA93 ?AT IT IS MORE NATURAL = M5 TO BE GUID$ BY REASON & CONSCI5CE ) :I* !Y >E 5D[$1 ?AN TO SUBMIT SLAVI%LY TO PEOPLE :O >RANGE :OLESALE MURD]S2 & ?AT !REFROM ! =M ( SOCIAL ORD] ASSUM$ BY ! LIVES ( ?OSE :O >E GUID$ 9 !IR ACTIONS NOT BY VIOL5CE BAS$ ON ?REATS ( MURD]1 BUT BY REASON & CONSCI5CE1 WILL 9 ANY CASE BE NO WORSE ?AN ?AT UND] :I* !Y N[ LIVE4 

,?AT IS ALL ,I WANT TO SAY4 ,I %ALL BE SORRY IF IT (F5DS OR GRIEVES ANYONE OR EVOKES ANY ILL FEEL+4 ,BUT = ME1 A MAN EI<TY YE>S OLD1 EXPECT+ TO DIE AT ANY MOM5T1 IT W\LD BE %AMEFUL & CRIM9AL NOT TO SPEAK \T ! :OLE TRU? AS ,I UND]/& IT - ! TRU? :I*1 AS ,I FIRMLY BELIEVE1 IS ALONE CAPABLE ( RELIEV+ MANK9D FROM ! 9CALCULABLE ILLS PRODUC$ BY W>4 

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