,LEAD+ ,PR9CIPLES ( ,M>XISM3 ,A ,RE/ATEM5T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 ,M>XI/ ,QU>T]LY1 #a#i#c#g2 
,S\RCE3 ,CLASS ,AGA9/ ,CLASS2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c2 
,PRO($ & CORRECT$3 BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f2 ,ULLI ,DIEM] #b#a#a4 
,M>XISM V]SUS ,SOCIOLOGY  

,:,A,T ,I,S ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & MOD]N SOCIOLOGICAL TEA*+8 ,IF WE ?9K ( ! SOCIOLOGY ORIG9AT$ BY ,COMTE1 & FIR/ NAM$ BY HIM1 AS A SPECIAL SECTION 9 ! SY/EM ( CON/ITUT$ SCI5CES1 WE %ALL F9D NO L9K BETWE5 IT & ,M>XISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS PAID NO ATT5TION TO EI!R ! NAME OR CONT5T ( ?IS O/5SIBLY NEW BRAN* ( KN[L$GE4 ,:5 ,M>X FELT HIMSELF COMPELL$ TO TAKE NOTICE ( ,COMTE'S ,C\RS DE ,PHILOSOPHIC ,POSITIVE1 ?IRTY YE>S AFT] ITS APPE>ANCE1 'BECAUSE ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* MAKE SU* A FUSS AB\T ! FELL['1 HE /ILL SPOKE ( ',POSITIVISM' & ',COMTISM' AS ( SOME?+ TO :I* HE WAS '?OR\<LY OPPOS$ AS A POLITICIAN' & ( :I* HE HAD 'A V]Y POOR OP9ION AS A MAN ( SCI5CE'4.<#a.> ,M>X'S ATTITUDE IS !ORETICALLY & HI/ORICALLY WELL-F\ND$4 

,! SCI5CE ( SOCIALISM1 AS =MULAT$ BE ,M>X1 [$ NO?+ TO ?IS 'SOCIOLOGY' ( ! N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES :I* ORIG9AT$ ) ,COMTE & WAS PROPAGAT$ BY ,MILL & ,SP5C]4 ,IT W\LD BE MORE CORRECT TO SAY ?AT 'SOCIOLOGY' IS A REACTION AGA9/ MOD]N SOCIALISM4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T ONLY IS IT POSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! ESS5TIAL UNITY ( ! DIV]SE !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL T5D5CIES :I* DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S HAVE F\ND !IR EXPRESSION 9 ?IS SCI5CE4 ,AS ) ,COMTE 9 HIS RELATION TO ,/4 ,SIMON1 HIS 'GREAT MA/]'.<#b.> SO HAVE ! LATT] B\RGEOIS 'SOCIOLOGI/S' OPPOS$ ANO!R WAY ( ANSW]+ ! QUE/IONS FIR/ RAIS$ BY ! RIS+ PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T TO ! !ORY & ?US ALSO TO ! PRACTICE ( SOCIALISM4 ,TO !SE ISSUES1 :I* MOD]N HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HAS PUT ON ! AG5DA ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 ,M>XISM /&S 9 A MU* MORE ORIG9AL & DIRECT RELATION%IP ?AN ! :OLE ( ! SO-CALL$ 'SOCIOLOGY' ( ,COMTE1 ,SP5C] & !IR FOLL[]S4 ,FUNDAM5TALLY1 !N1 !RE EXI/S NO !ORETICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?OSE TWO DOCTR9ES ( SOCIETY4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGI/S REF] TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ SCI5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 AS 'AN UNSCI5TIFIC MIXTURE ( !ORY & POLITICS'4 ,SOCIALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 DISMISS B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGY AS M]E 'IDEOLOGY'4  

,! POSITION ( ,M>X1 H[EV]1 IS QUITE DIFF]5T T[>D ! FIR/ ',5QUIR]S 9TO ! ,SOCIAL ,NATURE ( ,MAN'1 :O 9 ! PREC$+ C5TURIES1 9 ! RADICAL /RUGGLES ( ! RIS+ B\RGEOIS CLASS AGA9/ ! OBSOLETE FEUDAL ORD]1 HAD FIR/ SET UP ! NEW IDEA ( ,CIVIL ,SOCIETY AS A REVOLUTION>Y SLOGAN1 & HAD EV5 UNE>!D1 9 ! NEW SCI5CE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ! MAT]IAL F\NDATIONS ( ?IS NEW 'CIVILIZ$' =M ( SOCIETY4.<#c.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X'S [N /ATEM5T1 MADE 9 #a#h#e#i1 9 ! PREFACE TO HIS ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1.<#d.> HE HAD BEGUN ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS MAT]IALI/IC !ORY ( SOCIETY SIXTE5 YE>S E>LI] ) A CRITICAL REVISION ( ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW4 ,?IS WAS A TASK HE HAD SET HIMSELF BECAUSE ( C]TA9 GRAVE D\BTS :I* HAD REC5TLY ASSAIL$ HIM 9 REG>D TO HIS ,HEGELIAN IDEALI/IC CRE$4 ,PREVI\SLY1 AS AN $ITOR ( ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG 7#a#h#d#b-#d#c71 HE HAD = ! FIR/ TIME F\ND HIMSELF CALL$ UPON TO DISCUSS 'SO-CALL$ MAT]IAL 9T]E/S'4 ,HE HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO /UDY 'ECONOMIC QUE/IONS' & HAD BECOME VAGUELY ACQUA9T$ ) ! IDEAS ( ,FR5* ,SOCIALISM & ,COMMUNISM4 ,HIS CRITICISM ( ,HEGEL L$ HIM TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT 'LEGAL RELATIONS AS WELL AS =MS ( /ATE CANNOT BE UND]/OOD \T ( !MSELVES NOR \T ( ! SO-CALL$ G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! HUMAN M9D1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E ROOT$ 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 ! AGGREGATE ( :I* ,HEGEL1 FOLL[+ ! PREC$5T ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 GR\P$ TOGE!R UND] ! NAME ( 0CIVIL SOCIETY0 - & ?AT ! ANATOMY ( CIVIL SOCIETY IS TO BE S\<T 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY4'  

,WE SEE H]E ! DECISIVE SIGNIFICANCE :I* ! NOTION ( 'CIVIL SOCIETY' HAD GA9$ = ! Y\NG ,M>X :O WAS AT ?AT TIME JU/ COMPLET+ HIS TRANSITION FROM ,HEGELIAN IDEALISM TO HIS LAT] MAT]IALI/IC !ORY4 ,:ILE /ILL =MALLY BAS+ HIS MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( ,HEGEL'S IDEALI/IC GLORIFICATION ( ! /ATE ON ! REALI/IC CONCLUSIONS 7UNEXPECT$ 9 AN IDEALI/ PHILOSOPH]7 REG>D+ ! NATURE ( CIVIL SOCIETY :I* HE HAD F\ND EMBODI$ 9 ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW1.<#e.> ,M>X N[ DEF9ITELY AB&ON$ ,HEGEL & ALL HIS IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHY4 ,9/EAD HE ASSOCIAT$ HIMSELF ) ?OSE E>LI] 9VE/IGATORS 9TO ! NATURE ( SOCIETY :O HAD >IS5 9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE1 :5 ! NAME 'SOCIOLOGY' HAD NOT YET BE5 9V5T$1 BUT 'SOCIETY' HAD ALREADY BE5 DISCOV]$ AS 'A SPECIAL & 9DEP5D5T REALM ( KN[L$GE'4 

,HEGEL1 9DE$1 HAD NOT D]IV$ ?AT DEEP REALI/IC KN[L$GE ( 'CIVIL SOCIETY'1 :I* /&S 9 SU* %>P RELIEF TO ! RE/ ( HIS BOOK1.<#f.> FROM AN 9DEP5D5T /UDY ( ! !N EXTREMELY BACKW>D /ATE ( ,G]MAN SOCIETY4 ,HE TOOK BO? ! NAME & CONT5T ( HIS 'CIVIL SOCIETY' READY-MADE FROM ! ,FR5* & ,5GLI% SOCIAL PHILOSOPH]S1 POLITICIANS & ECONOMI/S4 ,BEH9D ,HEGEL1 AS ,M>X SAID1 /& ! ',5GLI% & ,FR5* ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY' ) !IR NEW DISCOV]IES ( ! /RUCTURE & MOVEM5T ( SOCIETY1 :O 9 !IR TURN REFLECT ! REAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL& AFT] ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY & 9 ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i TO #a#h#a#e4 

,M>X1 !N1 9 DEVELOP+ HIS NEW SOCIALI/ & PROLET>IAN SCI5CE1 TOOK HIS CUE FROM ?AT E>LY /UDY ( SOCIETY1 :I*1 AL?\< IT WAS FIR/ COMMUNICAT$ TO HIM BY ,HEGEL1 HAD REALLY BE5 BORN 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y EPO* ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE HE TOOK OV] ! RESULTS ( 'CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY' 7FROM ,PETTY & ,BOISGUILLEB]T ?R\< ,QUESNAY & ,SMI? UP TO ,RIC>DO7 CONSCI\SLY DEVELOP+ !M AS ?AT :I* ! GREAT B\RGEOIS 9VE/IGATORS HAD ALREADY MORE OR LESS UNCONSCI\SLY TAK5 !M TO BE1 IE ! BASIC /RUCTURE OR1 AS IT W]E1 '! SKELETON' ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,EV5 ?IS BASIC IMPORTANCE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 TO :I* ,M>X ALLUDES 9 CALL+ IT ! ANATOMY ( 'CIVIL SOCIETY'1 HAD BE=E HIM BE5 RECOGNIZ$ BY HIS IMM$IATE PR$ECESSORS1 ! ,G]MAN IDEALI/ PHILOSOPH]S1 ,KANT1 ,FI*TE & ,HEGEL4 ,9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM ( ,HEGEL1 'CIVIL SOCIETY' IS BAS$ ON ! 'SY/EM ( NE$S' EXPLOR$ BY ! NEW SCI5CE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & ! PHILOSOPH] HAD1 9 AN E>LI] WORK1 EV5 EXPRESSLY DESCRIB$ ! 'SY/EM ( NE$S' AS ! 'FIR/ =M ( GOV]NM5T'1 AS OPPOS$ TO SU* HI<] DEVELOP$ =MS AS ! /ATE & ! LAW4  

,! V]Y PUNG5CY ) :I* ,M>X 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT PO/-CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMY 7! SO-CALL$ 'VULG> ECONOMY'7 HAD NOT ADVANC$ BEYOND ,RIC>DO 9 ANY IMPORTANT PO9TS2.<#g.> & SCORNFULLY DISMISS$ ! NEW SOCIO-SCI5TIFIC SYN!SIS ( ,COMTE'S ,POSITIVISM = ! 9F9ITELY GREAT] A*IEVEM5T ( ,HEGEL1.<#h.> ONLY %[S ONCE MORE ! LA/+ 9FLU5CE ( ?AT E>LY PHASE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ?\<T ON ! !ORY ( ,M>X4 ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 ?\< HIS ANALYSIS ( ! NEW DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY & ! NEW NE$S & AIMS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 N[ EM]G+ AS AN 9DEP5D5T CLASS1 F> TRANSC5D$ ! RESULTS ( ?OSE OLD] !ORIES4 ,! PROLET>IAN CLASS GUID$ BY ! ,M>XI/ !ORY IS !RE=E NOT ONLY1 AS ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS PUT IT1 '! 9H]ITOR ( ,G]MAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY'1.<#i.> IT ALSO IS ! 9H]ITOR ( CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY & SOCIAL RESE>*4 ,AS SU* IT HAS TRANS=M$ ! TRADITIONAL CLASSICAL !ORY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! *ANGES 9 HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4  

,M>X NO LONG] REG>DS B\RGEOIS SOCIETY FROM ! /&PO9T ( ITS FIR/ PHASE ( DEVELOPM5T & ITS OPPOSITION TO ! FEUDAL /RUCTURE ( M$IEVAL SOCIETY4 ,HE IS NOT ONLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! /ATIC LAWS ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,HE TREATS B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS HI/ORICAL 9 ALL ITS TRAITS & !RE=E M]ELY A TRANSITORY ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,HE EXPLORES ! :OLE PROCESS ( ITS HI/ORICAL G5ESIS & DEVELOPM5T1 & ! 9H]5T T5D5CIES :I*1 9 !IR FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 LEAD TO ITS REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[4 ,HE SEES !SE T5D5CIES AS TW(OLD3 OBJECTIVE 9 ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 SUBJECTIVE 9 ! NEW DIVISION ( SOCIAL CLASSES >IS+ \T ( ?IS SAME ECONOMIC BASIS & NOT \T ( POLITICS1 LAW1 E?ICS1 ETC4 ,?US CIVIL SOCIETY1 :I* UNTIL !N HAD CON/ITUT$ A HOMOG5E\S :OLE1 OPPOS$ ONLY TO FEUDALISM1 IS N[ TORN 9TO TWO OPPOS$ 'P>TIES'4 ,! ASSUM$ 'CIVIL SOCIETY' IS 9 REALITY 'B\RGEOIS SOCIETY'1 IE A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! CLEAVAGE ( CLASSES1 9 :I* ! B\RGEOIS CLASS CONTROLS O!R CLASSES ECONOMICALLY & !RE=E POLITICALLY & CULTURALLY4 ,SO AT LA/ LA CLASSE LA PLUS LABORIEUSE ET LA PLUS MIS]ABLE 5T]S ! WID5$ HORIZON ( SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,M>XI/ !ORY RECOGNIZE ! CLASS W> ( ! OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ WAGE LABOR]S ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY TO BE A W> = ! SUP]SESSION ( ! PRES5T /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY BY A MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ =M ( SOCIETY4 ,AS A MAT]IALI/IC SCI5CE ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ,M>XI/ !ORY IS AT ! SAME TIME A PRACTICAL 9/RUM5T = ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT TO BR+ AB\T ! REALIZATION ( PROLET>IAN SOCIETY4  

,! LAT] >TIFICIAL DETA*M5T ( SOCIOLOGY AS A SPECIAL BRAN* ( LE>N+1 :OSE SCI5TIFIC ORIG9 DATES FROM ,COMTE1 &1 AT ! BE/1 'ALL[S ! GREAT ORIG9AL ?9K]S :O HAVE DONE ! REAL PRODUCTIVE WORK 9 ?IS FIELD TO /& AS ITS '=]UNN]S'1 REPRES5TS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ESCAPE FROM ! PRACTICAL &1 !RE=E1 ALSO !ORETICAL TASKS ( ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL EPO*4 ,M>X'S NEW SOCIALI/ & PROLET>IAN SCI5CE1 :I* FUR!R DEVELOP$ ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ! CLASSICAL F\ND]S ( ! DOCTR9E ( SOCIETY 9 A WAY CORRESPOND+ TO ! *ANG$ HI/ORICAL SITUATION1 IS ! G5U9E SOCIAL SCI5CE ( \R TIME4  

,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,HI/ORICAL ,SPECIFICATION 

,M>X COMPREH5DS ALL ?+S SOCIAL 9 T]MS ( A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL EPO*4 ,HE CRITICIZES ALL ! CATEGORIES ( ! B\RGEOIS !ORI/S ( SOCIETY 9 :I* ?IS SPECIFIC *>ACT] HAS BE5 EFFAC$4 ,ALREADY 9 HIS FIR/ ECONOMIC WORK WE F9D HIM REPROA*+ ,RIC>DO = HAV+ APPLI$ ! SPECIFICALLY B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( R5T TO 'L&$ PROP]TY ( ALL EPO*S & ( ALL C\NTRIES4 ,?IS IS ! ]ROR ( ALL ECONOMI/S :O REPRES5T B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION RELATIONS AS ET]NAL4'.<#a.> 

,! SCOPE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( HI/ORICAL SPECULATION IS CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ 9 ?IS EXAMPLE4 ,L&$ PROP]TY HAS BE5 WIDELY DIFF]5T 9 *>ACT] & HAS PLAY$ V]Y DIFF]5T ROLES 9 ! V>I\S HI/ORICAL EPO*S ( SOCIETY4 ,ALREADY ! DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I* PRIMITIVE COMMUNAL PROP]TY 9 L& HAD BE5 BROK5 UP1 DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ ! V>I$ =MS ( ! LAT] DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY BAS$ UPON PRIVATE PROP]TY4.<#a#a.> ,UP TO ! MIDDLE AGES L&$ PROP]TY 7AGRICULTURE7 CON/ITUT$1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ! C5TRAL CATEGORY1 DOM9AT+ ALL ! O!R CATEGORIES ( PRODUCTION1 JU/ AS CAPITAL DOES 9 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4.<#a#b.> ,! DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I*1 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 FEUDAL PROP]TY 9 L& WAS SUBJECT$ TO CAPITAL2 ! DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I* R5T WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A P>T ( CAPITALI/ SURPLUS VALUE1 & AGRICULTURE 9TO AN 9DU/RY - ALL RETA9 !IR IMPORTANCE = ! CAPITALI/ SY/EMS :I* >OSE !REFROM1 = ! DIFF]5T =MS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T :I* SUBSEQU5TLY DEVELOP$ )9 !M1 & = ! DIFF]5T =MS 9 :I* ! TRANSITION TO ! SOCIALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION WILL ULTIMATELY BE EFFECT$ 9 EA* ( ! DIFF]5T SY/EMS4 ,= ?IS REASON ,M>X 9VE/IGAT$ ) P>TICUL> C>E1 TO ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ! HI/ORY ( L&$ PROP]TY & R5T AS %[N ON ! ONE H& 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ON ! O!R H& 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,L591 9 HIS ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA ANALYZ$ P>TICUL>LY ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL =MS ( ?IS TRANSITION PROCESS4.<#a#c.> ,YET ALL ?IS COMPREH5SIVE /UDY ( ! V>I\S HI/ORICAL =MS S]VES1 ) BO? ,M>X & ,L591 ONLY AS A BASE = ! WORK+ \T ( ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ R5T 9 FULLY DEVELOP$ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4  

,9 ! FUNDAM5TAL ANALYSIS ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* =MS ! SUBJECT MATT] ( ! FIR/ BOOK ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X DOES NOT DEAL ) ! CATEGORY ( R5T AT ALL4 ,:AT IS DISCUSS$ !RE1 9 ADDITION TO ! G5]AL FUNCTION ( ! SOIL AS AN ELEM5T ( ! LABOR PROCESS ITSELF1.<#a#d.> IS ONLY ! DIFF]5T WAYS BY :I* ! TRANSITION TO ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION REACT$ UPON ! CONDITIONS ( ! AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT1 FIR/1 9 DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1.<#a#e.> SECOND1 9 SU* C\NTRIES AS ,IREL& ?AT HAD FALL5 BEH9D 9 ! PROCESS ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 & F9ALLY 9 ! COLONIAL C\NTRIES4.<#a#f.> 

,M>X DISCUSSES 'R5T' 9 ! PROP] PLACE1 9 A SECTION ( ! ?IRD BOOK ( ,CAPITAL1 9 :I* ! SPECIAL =MS ( CAPITALI/ DI/RIBUTION >E ANALYZ$ AS !Y >ISE FROM ! SPECIAL HI/ORICAL =MS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4.<#a#g.> ,EV5 H]E1 !RE IS NO ROOM = AN 9DEP5D5T EXPOSITION ( E>LI] HI/ORICAL =MS4 ,ONLY A FEW SCATT]$ REM>KS ?R[ A DA% ( LI<T ON ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS =M ( L&$ PROP]TY & PA/ HI/ORICAL =MS2 & ONLY AN ADDITIONAL CLOS+ *APT] - & 9DE$1 ( ?AT ONLY A P>T - IS DEVOT$ TO ! HI/ORICAL ,G5ESIS ( ,CAPITALI/ ,R5T4.<#a#h.> ,9DE$1 AS ,M>X SAYS 9 ! OP5+ PHRASE ( ?IS :OLE SECTION1 '! ANALYSIS ( L&$ PROP]TY 9 ITS V>I\S HI/ORICAL =MS LIES BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS WORK'4.<#a#i.> 

,! CONCEPT ( 'R5T'1 !N1 AS DISCUSS$ 9 ! ,M>XI/ !ORY1 IS 9 NO WAY A G5]AL T]M REF]R+ TO L&$ PROP]TY ( ALL EPO*S4 ,! =M ( L&$ PROP]TY :I* IS CONSID]$ 9 ,CAPITAL IS 'A SPECIFICALLY HI/ORICAL ONE2 IT IS ?AT =M 9TO :I* FEUDAL L& [N]%IP & SMALL PEASANTS' AGRICULTURE HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ ?R\< ! 9FLU5CE ( CAPITAL & ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION'4.<#b.> ,9 ?IS S5SE1 & 9 ?IS S5SE ONLY1 AN ANALYSIS ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ R5TS OR ( ?AT PORTION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE PRODUC$ BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL :I* FALLS 9TO ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/IC L&[N]1 IS A NECESS>Y P>T ( ! COMPLETE ANALYSIS ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION :I* IS EMBODI$ 9 ! ?REE BOOKS ( ,CAPITAL4  

,! APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( HI/ORICAL SPECIFICATION AS FUR!R DEMON/RAT$ BY ! WAY ,M>X DEALS ) ! DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL =MS ( CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,JU/ AS 9 ! PRES5T EPO* 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL APPE>S AS ! /&>D =M1 SO DID M]*ANTS' CAPITAL & ITS TW9 BRO!R1 9T]E/-BE>+ CAPITAL1 & ! V>I\S SUB-=MS ( !SE 7MORE EXACTLY DESCRIB$ BY ,M>X AS 'CAPITAL = TRAD+ 9 GOODS'1 'CAPITAL = TRAD+ 9 MONEY'1 'CAPITAL = L5D+ MONEY'7 OCCUPY AN 9DEP5D5T &1 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 A PR$OM9AT+ POSITION 9 ! EPO*S PREC$+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 &1 9DE$1 9 ! FIR/ PHASES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ITSELF 4 ,EV5 9 PRES5T-DAY FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ! M]*ANT & ! BANK]1 ?\< NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ACTUAL PRODUCTION LIKE ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/1 /ILL P]=M A DEF9ITE FUNCTION 9 ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,!Y ALSO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! TOTAL 'SURPLUS VALUE'1 A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! YE>LY AM\NT AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS FALLS TO !IR %>E AS 'COMM]CIAL PR(IT' & '9T]E/' - JU/ AS WE HAVE SE5 ANO!R P>T ( IT GO+ 9 ! =M ( 'R5T' TO L&$ [N]S ( PROP]TY :O HAVE AS LITTLE TO DO ) ACTUAL PRODUCTION4 ,MONEYL5D]S' CAPITAL HAS EV5 RECAPTUR$ AN IMPORTANT POSITION - ?\< NOT1 AS MANY ,M>XI/S HAVE BELIEV$1 A DEF9ITE SUPREMACY - 9 IT1 A NEW =M AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! MOD]N SO-CALL$ 'F9ANCE CAPITAL'1 IE A SY/EM ( HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ CAPITAL CREAT$ BY ! FUSION ( PRIVATE & /ATE-CONTROLL$ BANK CAPITAL ) TRU/ & /ATE-CONTROLL$ 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4.<#b#a.> 

,! ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION />TS FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! PREVI\SLY 9DEP5D5T =MS ( TRAD+-CAPITAL & MONEY-CAPITAL HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO M]E ACCESSORIES ( ! NEW PREVAIL+ =M4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION EV5 TODAY BE>S ! /AMP ( ITS HI/ORICAL ORIG9 - ! 9TRUSION ( ! M]*ANT 9TO ! SPH]E ( FEUDAL PRODUCTION4 ,ALL CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION REMA9S ESS5TIALLY A PRODUCTION = SALE4 ,EV]Y >TICLE RESULT+ FROM CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS TO BE SOLD AS A COMMODITY1 :E!R IT IS SOLD TO ANO!R 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ :O NE$S IT = C>RY+ ON HIS [N PROCESS ( PRODUCTION OR1 ULTIMATELY1 TO ! IMM$IATE CONSUM]4 ,AGA9 ! V]Y WAY 9 :I* 'CAPITAL' FIR/ >OSE & GA9$ CONTROL ( PRODUCTION 9 ! %APE ( MONEY1 AS SUPPLI$ BY WEAL?Y 9DIVIDUALS1 M]*ANTS1 USUR]S1 ETC1 CON/ANTLY REPEATS ITSELF UND] ! PRES5T CONDITION ( FULLY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,EV]Y NEW AGGREGATE ( CAPITAL1 EV5 TODAY1 '5T]S UPON ! /AGE1 IE COMES 9TO ! M>KET - ! COMMODITY M>KET1 ! LABOR M>KET OR ! MONEY M>KET - /ILL 9 ! =M ( MONEY ?AT BY A DEF9ITE PROCESS HAS TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO CAPITAL'4.<#b#b.> 

,NEV]!LESS ! 'SECRET'1 NOT ONLY ( 'H[ CAPITAL PRODUCES' BUT ALSO ( 'H[ CAPITAL IS PRODUC$' - & 9CID5TALLY ! KEY TO ! ABOLITION ( ALL CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & WAGE-SLAV]Y - CAN 9 NO WAY BE !ORETICALLY DISCOV]$ BY AN ANALYSIS ( ! FUNCTIONS P]=M$ BY ?OSE 'ACCESSORY' =MS ( CAPITAL 9 ! PROCESS ( CIRCULATION1 OR ( ! REV5UES :I* ACCRUE TO ! CAPITALI/S CONC]N$1 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! 'S]VICES' !Y P]=M 9 ?IS SPH]E4 ',ONE WILL !RE=E UND]/&1' SAYS ,M>X1 ':Y 9 \R ANALYSIS ( ! BASIC =M ( CAPITAL1 ( ! =M 9 :I* IT DET]M9ES ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 ITS POPUL>1 & AS IT W]E1 ANT$ILUVIAN =MS1 0TRAD+ CAPITAL0 & 0USUR]S CAPITAL01 >E = ! PRES5T 7VIZ 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! ACTUAL PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 ! FIR/ BOOK ( ,CAPITAL7 5TIRELY IGNOR$4'.<#b#c.> 

,EV5 :51 9 ! SECOND & ?IRD BOOKS ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X COMES BACK TO !SE 'ANT$ILUVIAN =MS' 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ CIRCULATION & DI/RIBUTION1.<#b#d.> HE TAKES AS HIS MA9 !ME1 NOT !IR HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 BUT ONLY ! SPECIFIC =M 9TO :I* !Y HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$ BY ! ACTION ( MOD]N 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,JU/ AS ) R5T1 ! HI/ORICAL ANALYZES :I* RUN ?R\< ! :OLE ( ,M>X'S WORK1 & BO? ! CONCLUD+ *APT]S ADD$ TO ! SECTIONS CONC]N$1 UND] ! HEAD+S ,HI/ORICAL DATA CONC]N+ M]*ANTS' CAPITAL & ,PRE-CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS1.<#b#e.> M]ELY S]VE TO ILLUM9ATE ?AT GREAT HI/ORICAL PROCESS ?R\< :I*1 9 ! C\RSE ( C5TURIES & MILL5NIA1 TRADE & MONEY TRANSACTIONS LO/ MORE & MORE ( !IR ORIG9ALLY DOM9AT+ POSITION UNTIL !Y ASSUM$ !IR PRES5T PLACE AS M]E DETA*$ & ONE-SID$LY DEVELOP$ MODES ( EXI/5CE ( ! V>I\S FUNCTIONS :I* 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL SOMETIMES ADOPTS & SOMETIMES DISC>DS )9 ! SPH]E ( ITS CIRCULATION4  

,!RE IS ONE ASPECT ALONE1 UND] :I* R5T AS WELL AS TRAD+-CAPITAL & MONEY-CAPITAL MI<T HAVE BE5 TREAT$ AS A PROP] SUBJECT 9 ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & ( ! ECONOMIC =M ( SOCIETY BAS$ !REON4 ,ACCORD+ TO AN ORIG9AL & MORE COMPREH5SIVE PLAN1 ,M>X W\LD HAVE FOLL[$ UP ! DISCUSSION ( ! MORE /RICTLY ECONOMIC QUE/IONS ( PRODUCTION1 CIRCULATION & DI/RIBUTION1 SOCIAL CLASSES ETC1 AS CONTA9$ 9 ! ?REE BOOKS ( ,CAPITAL1 BY AN 9VE/IGATION ( :AT MAY BE CALL$ 'ECONOMIC QUE/IONS ( AN HI<] ORD]' SU* AS ! RELATION BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY & ! 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4.<#b#f.> 

,ONLY ) !SE LAT] RESE>*ES W\LD ,M>X'S ANALYSIS HAVE REA*$ ! PO9T :]E ! ANTAGONISM ( L&$ PROP]TY TO CAPITAL1 AS WELL AS ?AT ( TRADE & MONEY-CAPITAL TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL SURVIVES 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY2 ! =M] AS A RELATION BETWE5 AGRICULTURAL & T[N 9DU/RY & AS AN 9T]NATIONAL RELATION BETWE5 PRIM>ILY AGR>IAN & 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES - ! LATT] AS A RELATION BETWE5 TRAD+ CITIES & FACTORY T[NS1 & ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE BETWE5 COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL /ATES4  

,! PR9CIPLE ( HI/ORICAL SPECIFICATION AS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! PREC$+ EXAMPLES 7L&$ PROP]TY & ! V>I\S =MS ( CAPITAL7 IS /RICTLY ADH]$ TO BY ,M>X 9 ALL HIS ECONOMIC & SOCIO-HI/ORICAL RESE>*ES4 ,HE DEALS ) ALL CATEGORIES 9 ?AT SPECIFIC =M & 9 ?AT SPECIFIC CONNECTION 9 :I* !Y APPE> 9 MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4.<#b#g.> 

,! CONTRA/ :I* EXI/S 9 ?IS RESPECT BETWE5 ,M>X & HIS =]UNN]S1 COMES \T MO/ /RIK+LY 9 A COMP>ISON4 ,:ILE ! WORK ( ! LA/ REPRES5TATIVE ( CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 ,DAVID ,RIC>DO1 IS DEVOT$ TO ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,M>X /RICTLY LIMIT$ HIS ECONOMIC RESE>* TO 'MOD]N B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION'1.<#b#h.> & F9ALLY GAVE ! WORK :I* CONTA9S ! :OLE ( HIS ANALYSIS & CRITIQUE ( ALL TRADITIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY ! PLA9 & DEF9ITE NAME ,CAPITAL4 ,RIC>DO BEG9S ! EXPOSITION ( HIS SY/EM ) ! G5]AL CONCEPT ( 'VALUE'2 ,M>X COMM5CES HIS CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION ( ! !ORY & ! FACTS UND]LY+ MOD]N B\RGEOIS ECONOMY ) ! ANALYSIS ( AN EXT]NAL OBJECT1 A PALPABLE ?+ - 'COMMODITY'4 ,AGA91 ,RIC>DO FREES ! TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC CONCEPT ( VALUE FROM ! LA/ E>?LY IMPURITIES ?AT W]E /ILL ATTA*$ TO IT BY HIS PR$ECESSORS2 :ILE ,M>X1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 REG>DS EV5 ! CONCEPT ( 'COMMODITY' 9 ITS ISOLATION1 AS IT APPLIES ALSO TO CONDITIONS O!R ?AN ?OSE ( PRES5T DAY B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION1 AS TOO AB/RACT A CATEGORY1 & DEF9ES IT SPECIFICALLY AS AN ELEM5T ( 'B\RGEOIS WEAL?'.<#b#i.> OR AS ! 'WEAL? ( ?OSE SOCIETIES 9 :I* ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION PREVAILS'4.<#c.> ,ONLY 9 ?IS SPECIFIC DEF9ITION DOES 'COMMODITY' =M ! SUBJECT MATT] ( HIS 9VE/IGATION4  

,ONLY AS PROP]TIES ( SU* A COMMODITY DO ! G5]AL CONCEPTS ( 'VALUE 9 USE' & 'VALUE 9 EX*ANGE'1 & ! O!R T]MS ( ! CLASSICAL ECONOMIC SY/EM D]IV$ FROM !SE FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTS1 9T]E/ HIM4 ,HE DOES NOT TREAT !M AS ET]NAL CATEGORIES4 ,NOR DOES HE = ?AT MATT] TRANS=M HIMSELF 9TO AN HI/ORIAN4 ,:ILE FULLY AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT MANY ECONOMIC CATEGORIES ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY OCCURR$1 9 O!R SPECIFIC RELATIONS TO ! :OLE ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ALSO 9 E>LI] EPO*S1 HE DOES NOT GO 9TO ! HI/ORY ( 'MONEY'1 ( 'EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES'1 ( 'WAGE-LABOR'1 OR ?AT ( 'COOP]ATION'1 'DIVISION ( LABOR'1 ETC4 ,HE DISCUSSES ! DIFF]5T /AGES ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL !SE ECONOMIC CONCEPTS ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT IS NECESS>Y = HIS MA9 !ME3 ! ANALYSIS ( ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ASSUM$ BY !M 9 MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,ALL ! ECONOMIC T]MS ( ,M>X1 !N1 AS OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( ! CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S1 REF] TO A SPECIAL HI/ORICAL EPO* ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS APPLIES EV5 TO ?AT1 MO/ G5]AL T]M1 VALUE1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 MU/ /ILL BE DI/+UI%$ FROM 'VALUE 9 EX*ANGE' - ! LATT] BE+ ONLY ! EXT]NAL =M 9 :I* ! 9TR9SIC 'VALUE' ( A GIV5 COMMODITY MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ! RATIO ( EX*ANGE ( SU* COMMODITIES4.<#c#a.> ,?IS MO/ AB/RACT T]M1 :I* ,M>X ADOPT$ FROM ! LAT] CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S1 HAS BE5 HI<LY SUSPECT TO SOME WELL-MEAN+ BUT SUP]FICIAL 9T]PRET]S ( ,M>X :O F\ND ?AT ! CONCEPT ( AN 9TR9SIC 'VALUE'1 DI/9CT FROM EX*ANGE-VALUE1 REEKS ( S*OLA/ICISM1 METAPHYSICAL REALISM1 ,HEGELIAN IDEALISM & :AT NOT1 & = ?IS REASON DOES NO CR$IT TO A 'MAT]IALI/IC' SCI5CE4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ,M>X DISCUSS$ JU/ !SE FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTS ( HIS ECONOMIC !ORY 9 A SOME:AT OBSCURE LANGUAGE1 !REBY AV[$LY 'COQUETT+' ) ! 'MODES ( EXPRESSION PECULI> TO ?AT MI<TY ?9K]1 ! IDEALI/ PHILOSOPH] ,HEGEL'4.<#c#b.> ,H[EV]1 !RE IS NO PO9T 9 ACCEPT+ ! T]M EX*ANGE-VALUE1 AS TAK5 BY ,M>X FROM HIS =]UNN]S1 ! F\ND]S ( CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & REJECT+ ?AT ( 9TR9SIC 'VALUE' :I* WAS US$ BY ,M>X ONLY AS A MEANS TO WORK \T MORE CLE>LY ! TRUE CONT5T ( ! 'VALUE' CONCEPT ( ! CLASSICAL WRIT]S & TO EXPOSE CRITICALLY :AT HE CALL$ ! 'FETI%ISM' UND]LY+ ! :OLE ( !IR ECONOMIC !ORY4.<#c#c.> 

,M>X WAS FULLY CONSCI\S ( ! FACT ?AT ALL CONCEPTS ( 'VALUE' >E /RICTLY RELATIVE T]MS4 ,!Y EI!R D5OTE AN IMM$IATE RELATION BETWE5 OBJECTS & MAN 7:I* BECOMES A REALITY BY ACTUAL USE OR CONSUMPTION71 OR A RELATION ( A DIFF]5T ORD] 7REALIZ$ BY ! EX*ANGE ( SU* OBJECTS71 VIZ ! QUANTITATIVE RELATION 9 :I* USE-VALUES ( ONE SORT >E EX*ANG$ = ?OSE ( ANO!R SORT :5EV] !Y >E EX*ANG$4 ,! RELATIONS ( ! LATT] ORD] HAD BE5 REG>D$ BY ! LAT] CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S AS ! ONLY 'VALUE' TO BE DEALT ) 9 A /RICTLY ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 & HAD BE5 /YL$ BY !M VALUE 9 EX*ANGE OR VALUE PROP]1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM M]E UTILITY OR 'USE-VALUE'4 ,M>X EASILY AGRE$ ) ! CLASSICAL WRIT]S :5 !Y E/ABLI%$ ! DIFF]5CE 9 K9D PREVAIL+ BETWE5 VALUE AS A QUANTITATIVE RELATION >IS+ ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES1 IE BY A SOCIAL PROCESS2 & USE-VALUE AS A M]ELY QUALITATIVE RELATION BETWE5 EXT]NAL OBJECTS & MAN4 ,BUT HE DID NOT AGREE ) !M 9 ! ULTIMATE LOCATION ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS MANIFE/+ !MSELVES 9 ! 'VALUE' RELATIONS ( ! COMMODITIES AS E/ABLI%$ BY !IR EX*ANGE4 ,A CLOS] 9VE/IGATION ( ! ECONOMIC CONCEPT ( 'VALUE' %[S ?AT ?IS CONCEPT EXPRESSES A RELATION >IS+ NOT BETWE5 ! COMMODITIES AS EX*ANG$ ON ! M>KET1 BUT RA!R A RELATION PREVI\SLY E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S CO-OP]AT+ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( SU* COMMODITIES1 A SOCIAL RELATION ( PRODUCTION >IS+ BETWE5 MAN & MAN4 ,9DE$1 ! MA9 RESULT ( ,M>X'S CRITICISM ( ! TRADITIONAL !ORY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY CONSI/S 9 ! DISCOV]Y & DESCRIPTION ( !SE FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( M5 - RELATIONS :I* = A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL EPO*1 APPE> TO ! SUBJECTS CONC]N$ 9 ! DISGUIS$ &1 AS IT W]E1 P]V]T$ =M ( RELATIONS ( ?+S1 VIZ AS 'VALUE-RELATIONS' ( ! COMMODITIES COOP]ATIVELY PRODUC$ BY !M & MUTUALLY EX*ANG$ ON ! M>KET4  

',VALUE'1 !N1 9 ALL ITS D5OM9ATIONS1 JU/ AS O!R ECONOMIC ?+S OR RELATIONS SU* AS 'COMMODITY'1 'MONEY'1 'LABOR-P[]'1 'CAPITAL'1 MEANS TO ,M>X A SOCIO-HI/ORICAL FACT OR SOME?+ :I* ?\< NOT PHYSICAL IS /ILL GIV5 9 AN EMPIRICALLY V]IFIABLE MANN]4.<#c#d.> ',AS 9 G5]AL1 ) EV]Y SOCIO-HI/ORICAL SCI5CE1 WE MU/ ALWAYS KEEP 9 M9D :5 CONSID]+ ! PROGRESS ( ECONOMIC !ORY1 ?AT ! SUBJECT MATT]1 H]E MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 IS GIV5 9 ! M9D ( ! OBS]V] JU/ AS IT IS 9 REALITY1 & ?AT ITS CATEGORIES EXPRESS1 !RE=E1 =MS ( BE+1 MODES ( EXI/5CE1 & (T5 ONLY S+LE ASPECTS ( ?IS DEF9ITE SOCIETY OR SUBJECT MATT]4.<#c#e.> 

,WE %ALL LAT] 9 ANO!R CONNECTION /UDY ! F>-REA*+ !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS APP>5TLY M9OR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ( ,M>X & ?AT ( ! CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S4 ,WE H]E CONF9E \RSELVES TO ONE MO/ IMPORTANT RESULT4 ,! CONCEPT ( COMMODITY1 9 ! SPECIAL =M & CONTEXT 9 :I* IT APPE>S UND] ! CONDITIONS ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( 'CAPITALI/IC COMMODITY PRODUCTION'1 9CLUDES FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ A COMMODITY ( A PECULI> NATURE1 9CORPORAT+ ! FLE% & BLOOD 9 ! H&S & HEADS ( ! WAGE-LABOR]S - ! COMMODITY LABOR-P[]4 ',!SE LABOR]S :O HAVE TO SELL !MSELVES PIECEMEAL1 >E A COMMODITY LIKE EV]Y O!R >TICLE ( COMM]CE1 & >E CONSEQU5TLY EXPOS$ TO ALL ! VICISSITUDES ( COMPETITION1 TO ALL ! FLUCTUATIONS ( ! M>KET'4.<#c#f.> ,FUR!R1 ! SELL]S ( ?IS PECULI> COMMODITY1 UND] ! V]Y CONDITIONS ( ITS SALE1 >E NEV] 9 ! POSITION ( FREE AG5TS1.<#c#g.> = !Y LIVE ONLY SO LONG AS !Y F9D WORK1 & F9D WORK ONLY SO LONG AS !IR LABOR 9CREASES CAPITAL4'.<#c#h.> 

,ONLY BY BE>+ 9 M9D ?IS SPECIFIC S5SE 9 :I* = ,M>X 'COMMODITY PRODUCTION' OR 'G5]AL' COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 BECOMES 5TIRELY EQUIVAL5T TO PRES5T-DAY 'CAPITALI/' COMMODITY PRODUCTION.<#c#i.> CAN WE UND]/& ! IMPORTANCE ( ?AT G5]AL ANALYSIS ( 'COMMODITY' :I* 9 ,M>X'S BOOK PREC$ES ALL FUR!R ANALYZES & CRITIQUE ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,M>X IS AW>E ( ! 'DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS' :I* >E NECESS>Y 9 ORD] ?AT A PRODUCT MAY BECOME A 'COMMODITY' & ?AT1 9 ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 'MONEY' %\LD APPE> AS ! G5]AL COMMODITY1 = ! PURPOSE ( EX*ANGE4 ',! APPE>ANCE ( PRODUCTS AS COMMODITIES PRESUPPOS$ SU* A DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?AT ! SEP>ATION ( USE-VALUE FROM EX*ANGE-VALUE1 A SEP>ATION :I* FIR/ BEG9S ) B>T]1 MU/ ALREADY HAVE BE5 COMPLET$4' ,AGA91 '! PECULI> FUNCTIONS ( MONEY :I* IT P]=MS1 EI!R AS ! M]E EQUIVAL5T ( COMMODITIES1 OR AS MEANS ( CIRCULATION1 OR MEANS ( PAYM5T1 AS HO>D OR AS UNIV]SAL MONEY1 PO9T TO V]Y DIFF]5T /AGES 9 ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION'4.<#d.> ,YET WE KN[ BY EXP]I5CE ?AT A RELATIVELY PRIMITIVE DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY SUFFICES = ! PRODUCTION ( ALL !SE =MS4 ,IT IS O!RWISE ) CAPITAL4 ',! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( ITS EXI/5CE >E BY NO MEANS GIV5 ) ! M]E CIRCULATION ( MONEY & COMMODITIES4 ,IT CAN SPR+ 9TO LIFE ONLY :5 ! [N] ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SUBSI/5CE MEETS 9 ! M>KET ) ! FREE LABOR] SELL+ HIS LABOR P[]4 ,& ?IS ONE HI/ORICAL CONDITION COMPRISES A WORLD'S HI/ORY4 ,CAPITAL !RE=E1 ANN\NCES FROM ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE A NEW EPO* 9 ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION4'.<#d#a.> 

,AT ?IS /AGE ONLY >E WE ABLE TO GRASP ! FULL IMPORTANCE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL AS ! ONLY =M ( EXI/5CE ( CAPITAL :I* ADEQUATELY REPRES5TS ! NATURE ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ',9DU/RIAL CAPITAL1' ACCORD+ TO AN EXPRESS ASS]TION ( ,M>X :I* WE MAY SAFELY TAKE TO BE HIS F9AL & MO/ COMPLETE /ATEM5T ON ?IS MATT]1 'GIVES TO PRODUCTION ITS CAPITALI/IC *>ACT]4 ,ITS EXI/5CE 9CLUDES ?AT ( CLASS ANTAGONISM BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & LABOR]S4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT ASSUMES CONTROL OV] SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 ! TE*NIQUE & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! LABOR PROCESS >E REVOLUTIONIZ$ & ) !M ! ECONOMIC & HI/ORICAL TYPE ( SOCIETY4 ,! O!R K9DS ( CAPITAL1 :I* APPE> BE=E 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL AMID PA/ OR DECL9+ CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 >E NOT ONLY SUBORD9AT$ TO IT & SUFF] *ANGES 9 ! ME*ANISM ( !IR FUNCTIONS CORRESPOND+ ) IT1 BUT MOVE ON IT AS A BASIS2 !Y LIVE & DIE1 /& & FALL1 AS ?IS1 !IR BASIS1 LIVES & DIES1 /&S & FALLS4'.<#d#b.> 

,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,CONCRETE ,APPLICATION  

,! PR9CIPLE ( HI/ORICAL SPECIFICATION1 BESIDES ITS !ORETICAL IMPORTANCE AS AN IMPROV$ ME?OD ( SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS & RESE>*1 BECOMES ( FIR/-RATE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE AS A POLEMICAL WEAPON 9 ! DISPUTES BETWE5 ! APOLOGI/S DEF5D+ & ! CRITICS ASSAIL+ ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,! MANN] 9 :I* ?IS WEAPON IS WIELD$ BY ! ,M>XI/S APPE>S 9 ! /ATEM5TS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 REPLY+ TO ! B\RGEOIS OBJECTIONS TO COMMUNISM4.<#d#c.> ,ONE BASIC =M ( >GUM5T RECURS 9 ALL !SE REPLIES4 ,9 ANSW] TO ! ACCUSATION ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S WANT TO ABOLI% PROP]TY1 9DIVIDUALITY1 LIB]TY1 CULTURE1 LAW1 FAMILY1 'FA!RL&'1 ETC1 ! ,COMMUNI/S SAY ?AT ! PO9T AT ISSUE H]E IS NOT ! G5]AL F\NDATIONS ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE BUT ONLY ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL =MS ASSUM$ BY !M 9 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,ALL ECONOMIC1 CLASS & O!R RELATIONS :I* CON/ITUTE ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL *>ACT] ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY >E DISCUSS$1 ALWAYS ) ! RESULT ?AT ! W\LD-BE DEF5D]S ( ! NATURAL & NECESS>Y F\NDATIONS ( ALL SOCIAL ORD] >E DRIV5 TO BECOME ! BIAS$ PROTAGONI/S ( ! PECULI> CONDITIONS ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ! PECULI> NE$S ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4  

,! FIR/ OBJECTION RAIS$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE TO COMMUNISM IS ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S WANT TO ABOLI% PROP]TY4 ,TO ?IS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O REPLIES3 

',! ABOLITION ( EXI/+ PROP]TY RELATIONS IS NOT ALL A DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ,COMMUNISM4 

',ALL PROP]TY RELATION%IPS 9 ! PA/ HAVE BE5 CONT9UALLY SUBJECT TO HI/ORICAL *ANGE CONSEQU5T UPON ! *ANGE 9 HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 

',! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 = EXAMPLE1 ABOLI%$ FEUDAL PROP]TY 9 FAVOR ( B\RGEOIS PROP]TY4 

',! DI/+UI%+ FEATURE ( ,COMMUNISM IS NOT ! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY G5]ALLY1 BUT ! ABOLITION ( B\RGEOIS PROP]TY4 

',BUT MOD]N B\RGEOIS PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ! F9AL & MO/ COMPLETE EXPRESSION ( ! SY/EM ( PRODUC+ & APPROPRIAT+ PRODUCTS ?AT IS BAS$ ON CLASS ANTAGONISM1 ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! MANY BY ! FEW4 

',9 ?IS S5SE1 ! !ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S MAY BE SLAMM$ UP 9 ! S+LE PHRASE3 ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4' 

,IT IS !N FUR!R >GU$ ?AT ! PROP]TY TO BE ABOLI%$ IS NOT ! 'H>D-WON1 P]SONALLY ACQUIR$ PROP]TY' :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( ! !ORETICAL SPOKESM5 ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IS '! GR\NDWORK ( ALL P]SONAL FRE$OM1 ACTIVITY & 9DEP5D5CE'4 ,SU* PROP]TY REALLY MEANS '! PROP]TY ( ! PETTY >TISAN & ! SMALL PEASANT'1 A =M ( PROP]TY ?AT EXI/$ BE=E ! B\RGEOIS =M4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S HAVE NO NE$ TO ABOLI% ?AT4 ',! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY HAS ABOLI%$ IT & IS ABOLI%+ IT DAILY4' ',PROP]TY 9 ITS PRES5T =M MOVES )9 ! ANTAGONISM ( CAPITAL & WAGE-LABOR4' ,IT HAS A SPECIFIC & DIFF]5T SIGNIFICANCE = EA* ( ! TWO GREAT CLASSES CONFRONT+ EA* O!R 9 MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY - !  B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ',TO BE A CAPITALI/ IS TO HAVE NOT ONLY A P]SONAL1 BUT A SOCIAL /ATUS 9 PRODUCTION4' ,9 ! SAME WAY WAGE-LABOR1 ! LABOR ( ! PROLET>IAT1 DOES NOT CREATE 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY = ! LABOR]3 IT CREATES CAPITAL1 IE ! SOCIAL P[] ?AT EXPLOITS WAGE-LABOR4 ',! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY1 !RE=E1 DOES NOT MEAN ! TRANS=MATION ( P]SONAL PROP]TY 9TO SOCIAL PROP]TY1 IT IS ONLY ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( ! PROP]TY ?AT UND]GOES A *ANGE2 IT LOSES ITS CLASS *>ACT]4'  

,! SECOND OBJECTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE IS ?AT ! COMMUNI/S WANT TO DE/ROY 9DIVIDUALITY & FRE$OM4 ,COMMUNISM REPLIES ?AT :AT IS AT /AKE H]E IS ONLY ! 'B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALITY1 9DEP5D5CE & FRE$OM'4  

',BY FRE$OM IS MEANT1 UND] ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION3 FREE TRADE1 FREE SELL+ & FREE BUY+4 ,BUT IF HAGGL+ DISAPPE>S1 FREE HAGGL+ DISAPPE>S ALSO4 ,?IS TALK AB\T FREE HAGGL+1 & ALL O!R BRAGGADOCIO ( \R B\RGEOISIE AB\T FRE$OM 9 G5]AL1 HAS A MEAN+1 IF ANY1 ONLY 9 CONTRA/ ) RE/RICT$ HAGGL+1 ) ! FETT]$ TRAD]S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES2 BUT HAS NO MEAN+ :5 OPPOS$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ABOLITION ( HAGGL+1 ( ! B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & ( ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4' 

,! B\RGEOIS CALLS IT AN 'ABOLITION ( PROP]TY' :5 PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ABOLI%$4 ,BUT ?IS PROP]TY1 9 ! H&S ( ?IS CLASS1 EXI/S ONLY BY BE+ CUT ( FROM ! VA/ MAJORITY ( SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! MOM5T :5 LABOR CAN NO MORE BE TRANS=M$ 9TO CAPITAL1 MONEY1 R5T2 9 %ORT 9TO A SOCIAL P[] CAPABLE ( BE+ MONOPOLIZ$1 ! B\RGEOIS COMPLA9S ?AT '9DIVIDUALITY IS BE+ DE/ROY$'4 ,HE CONFESSES1 !RE=E1 ?AT BY '9DIVIDUALITY' HE MEANS NONE O!R ?AN ?AT ( ! B\RGEOIS1 IE ! CAPITALI/ [N] ( PROP]TY4 ',?IS 9DIVIDUALITY MU/1 9DE$1 BE DE/ROY$4'  

,9 ! SAME WAY ! B\RGEOISIE CONFUSES ! G5]AL CONCEPT ( WORK1 & ACTIVITY1 ) ! SPECIFIC B\RGEOIS =M ( WAGE-LABOR1 ! =C$ LABOR ( ! PROP]TYLESS WORK] = ! BEHE/ ( ! NON-LABOR+ [N]S ( CAPITAL4 ,IF ! B\RGEOISIE IS AFRAID ?AT ) ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY ALL ACTIVITY WILL CEASE & UNIV]SAL LAZ9ESS OV]TAKE US1 ! ,MANIFE/O REJO9S3  

',ACCORD+ TO ?IS1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY \<T LONG AGO TO HAVE BE5 WRECK$ ?R\< %E] IDL5ESS3 = ?OSE ( ITS MEMB]S :O WORK ACQUIRE NO?+ & ?OSE :O ACQUIRE ANY?+ DO NOT WORK4 ,! :OLE ( ?IS OBJECTION IS BUT ANO!R EXPRESSION ( ! TAUTOLOGY3 ,!RE CAN NO LONG] BE ANY WAGE-LABOR :5 !RE IS NO LONG] ANY CAPITAL4'  

,NEXT1 ! B\RGEOISIE LAM5TS ! ?REAT5$ LOSS ( CULTURE ?R\< ! ADV5T ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,TO ?IS COMPLA9T ALSO ,M>X HAS A SPECIFIC REPLY3 

',JU/ AS TO ! B\RGEOIS ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASS PROP]TY IS ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( PRODUCTION ITSELF1 SO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASS CULTURE IS TO HIM ID5TICAL ) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ALL CULTURE4 

',?AT CULTURE ! LOSS ( :I* HE LAM5TS IS1 = ! 5ORM\S MAJORITY1 A M]E TRA9+ TO ACT AS A MA*9E4' 

,AS 9 ! CASE ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 FRE$OM & CULTURE1 ! SO-CALL$ M5ACE ( ,COMMUNISM TO ! /ATE & ! LAW IS NOT AIM$ AT ?OSE G5]AL FUNCTIONS ( UNIFY+ ! ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY 9TO A LIV+ & DEVELOP+ :OLE :I* HAVE1 9 ! PA/1 P]=CE BE5 FULFILL$ BY /ATE COMPULSION & CO]CIVE LAW1 ?\< 9 AN 9CREAS+LY DEFECTIVE MANN]4 ,IT IS SPECIFICALLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! PRES5T-DAY /ATE :I* IS 'ONLY AN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE = MANAG+ ! AFFAIRS ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS AS A :OLE' - & AGA9/ ?AT MOD]N B\RGEOIS LEGAL ORD] :I* IS 'ONLY ! WILL ( ! B\RGEOISIE MADE 9TO A LAW = ALL - A WILL :OSE CONT5T IS DET]M9$ BY ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4' 

,ABOLITION ( ! FAMILY6 ',EV5 ! MO/ RADICAL1'SAYS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 'FL>ES UP AT ?IS 9FAM\S PROPOSAL ( ! ,COMMUNI/S4' ,ONCE MORE ! ,M>XI/ REPLIES SPECIFICALLY3  

',ON :AT F\NDATIONS IS ! PRES5T FAMILY1 ! B\RGEOIS FAMILY1 BAS$8 ,ON CAPITAL1 ON PRIVATE GA94 ,9 ITS COMPLETELY DEVELOP$ =M IT EXI/S ONLY = ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT IT F9DS ITS COMPLEM5T 9 ! =CIBLE ABS5CE ( ! FAMILY AMONG ! PROLET>IANS & 9 PUBLIC PRO/ITUTION4'  

,! ,COMMUNI/S ADMIT ?AT !Y 'WANT TO ABOLI% ! EXPLOITATION ( *ILDR5 BY !IR P>5TS'4  

,!Y RETORT TO ! EV]-CURR5T /UPIDITY ?AT ',COMMUNI/S WANT TO 9TRODUCE A COMMUNITY ( WIVES'1 ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y IT IS ! 'PRES5T SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS M>RIAGE :I* IS 9 REALITY A SY/EM ( WIVES 9 COMMON'4.<#d#d.> ,= ! RE/1 IT IS SELF-EVID5T ?AT '! ABOLITION ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION MU/ 9VOLVE ! ABOLITION ( ! COMMUNITY ( WOM5 >IS+ \T ( ?AT SY/EM1 ?AT IS1 ( PRO/ITUTION BO? (FICIAL & UN(FICIAL'4  

,TO ! FUR!R *>GE MADE BY ! NATIONALI/S ?AT ,COMMUNISM IS GO+ TO 'ABOLI% ! ,FA!RL&' ! ,MANIFE/O REPLIES ?AT 9 PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY '! WORK]S HAVE NO ,FA!RL&'4 ',ONE CANNOT TAKE FROM !M :AT !Y DO NOT HAVE4'.<#d#e.> ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AS ,5GELS PO9T$ \T2 ! ANCI5T COMMUNAL PROP]TY 9 L& HAS BE51 = ALL FREE M51 'A REAL ,FA!RL&1 IE AN 9H]IT$ FREE COMMUNAL PROP]TY'4.<#d#f.> 

,! ATTITUDE ( ! PROLET>IAT ( EA* C\NTRY ) REG>D TO ! SO-CALL$ NATIONAL 9T]E/S DEP5DS UPON ! SPECIFIC /AGE REA*$ BY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T ON A NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL SCALE3 

',9 SO F> AS ! EXPLOITATION ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL BY ANO!R IS ABOLI%$1 ! EXPLOITATION ( ONE NATION BY ANO!R IS ALSO ABOLI%$4 ,) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 CLASSES )9 ! NATION1 ! HO/ILITY ( ONE NATION TO ANO!R WILL DISAPPE>4' 

,AGA91 9 REPLY TO '! 9DICTM5TS LEVEL$ AGA9/ ,COMMUNISM FROM A RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 & G5]ALLY1 FROM AN IDEOLOGICAL /&PO9T'1 ! ,MANIFE/O SUMM>ILY PO9TS TO ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL *>ACT] ( ALL HUMAN IDEAS3 

',:AT ELSE DOES ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS PROVE ?AN ?AT 9TELLECTUAL PRODUCTION *ANGES ITS *>ACT] AS MAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS *ANG$8 ,! RUL+ IDEAS ( AN AGE HAVE EV] BE5 ONLY ! IDEAS ( ! RUL+ CLASS4  

',:5 ! ANCI5T WORLD WAS 9 DECL9E1 ! ANCI5T RELIGIONS W]E CONQU]$ BY ,*RI/IANITY4 ,:5 ,*RI/IAN IDEAS SUCCE$$ 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY TO ! IDEAS ( ,5LI<T5M5T1 FEUDAL SOCIETY F\<T ITS DEA? BATTLE ) ! !N REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE4 ,! IDEAS ( RELIGI\S LIB]TY & FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE M]ELY EXPRESS$ ! SWAY ( FREE COMPETITION )9 ! DOMA9 ( KN[L$GE4' 

,TO ?AT FRACTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE :I* CONC$ES ?AT RELIGI\S1 MORAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 LEGAL IDEAS1 ETC1 HAVE BE5 MODIFI$ 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME REPROA*ES ,COMMUNISM = ABOLI%+ ! ET]NAL TRU?S COMMON TO ALL SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 SU* AS FRE$OM1 JU/ICE1 ETC1 = DO+ AWAY ) RELIGION & MORALITY ALTOGE!R1 9/EAD ( REMOLD+ !M - ,M>X REPLIES ?AT EV5 9 ?IS MO/ G5]AL =M TRADITIONAL IDEAS /ILL RETA9 A SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL ELEM5T4 ,!Y DO NOT DEP5D ANY LONG] ON ! DEF9ITE =M :I* CLASS ANTAGONISMS HAVE ASSUM$ 9 A GIV5 EPO* ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y DO DEP5D1 H[EV]1 ON ! HI/ORICAL FACT CONT9U+ ?R\< ALL !SE EPO*S - ! EXI/5CE ( CLASS ANTAGONISMS3  

',:ATEV] =M !Y MAY HAVE TAK51 ONE FACT IS COMMON TO ALL PA/ AGES1 VIZ ! EXPLOITATION ( ONE P>T ( SOCIETY BY ! O!R4 ,NO WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ALL PA/ AGES1 DESPITE ! MULTIPLICITY & V>IETY IT DISPLAYS1 MOVES )9 C]TA9 COMMON =MS1 OR G5]AL IDEAS1 :I* CANNOT COMPLETELY VANI% EXCEPT ) ! TOTAL DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASS ANTAGONISM4'  

',! ,COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION IS ! MO/ RADICAL RUPTURE ) TRADITIONAL PROP]TY RELATIONS1 NO WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ITS DEVELOPM5T 9VOLVES ! MO/ RADICAL RUPTURE ) TRADITIONAL IDEAS4' 

,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,*ANGE  

,TRADITIONAL !ORY ( SOCIETY1 SPREAD OV] SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S & SPLIT 9TO MANY S*OOLS & CURR5TS1 DOES NOT PRES5T ITSELF TO ! PRES5T-DAY OBS]V] AS A HOMOG5E\S 5TITY4 ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 IF WE DISREG>D ! FUNDAM5TAL DIV]G5CE :I* HAS APPE>$ )9 B\RGEOIS ?\<T S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 A NEW & PR$OM9ANTLY HI/ORICAL CURR5T OPPOS$ ITSELF - AT FIR/ ) A MONOPOLI/IC CLAIM1 LAT] ONLY AS A SUPPLEM5T>Y SECOND =M - TO ! HI!RTO PREVAIL+ !ORETICAL APPROA*4  

,! CLASSICAL PHASE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORY1 CONT9U+ 9TO ! FIR/ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY AN UNSOPHI/ICAT$ G5]ALIZATION ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLES4 ,LAT]1 9 ! H&S ( ! 'VULG>' ECONOMI/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?IS UNSOPHI/ICAT$ ATTITUDE BECAME A MORE OR LESS CONSCI\S T5D5CY TO REPRES5T ! ECONOMIC SY/EM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 CONTRA/ TO ITS POLITICS - OR AT LEA/ B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION AS DI/+UI%$ FROM DI/RIBUTION - AS A G5]AL & UN*ANGEABLE =M ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! F\ND]S ( MOD]N 'ECONOMICS'1 & ! CORRESPOND+ S*OOLS ( 'G5]AL' OR '=MAL' SOCIOLOGY1 HAVE EV5 EMPHASIZ$ ! 'UNSPECIFIC' TREATM5T ( !IR SUBJECT MATT] AS ! V]Y CRIT]ION ( !IR NEW & ASSUM$LY 'DIS9T]E/$' SCI5TISM4 ,A MORE DETAIL$ ANALYSIS WILL BE NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T 9 EA* ( !SE CURR5TS A MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORY ! SPECIAL MANN] 9 :I* ! A PRIORI ( DEF9ITE PREMISES EVOLV+ \T ( ! HI/ORICAL & CLASS-CONDITION$ POSITION ( ALL B\RGEOIS SCI5CE1 P5ETRATES 9TO ! ME?ODS & RESULTS ( ! 9VE/IGATOR & 9TO ! CONCEPTS & PROPOSITIONS SET UP BY ! !ORI/4  

,A FUR!R COMPLICATION IS ADD$ BY ! FACT ?AT1 9 DEAL+ ) CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORY1 WE CAN (T5 NO LONG] EXACTLY DET]M9E H[ F> IT ALREADY REPRES5TS A REACTION TO ! ATTACK ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,! ORIG9 ( NOT A FEW AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ITS LAT] DEVELOPM5TS IS TO BE DIRECTLY TRAC$ TO ! ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,WE M5TION P>TICUL>LY1 FROM ! LA/ TWO G5]ATIONS ( ,G]MAN SOCIOLOGI/S1 JURI/S1 HI/ORIANS1 & PHILOSOPH]S1 ,TONNIES & ,/AMML]1 ,MAX ,WEB] & ,TROELTS*1 ,S*EL] & ,MANNHEIM2 & AMONG ! ECONOMI/S1 AS NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT BUT P]HAPS ! MO/ TYPICAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ?IS :OLE GR\P - ,W]N] ,SOMB>T4 ,! MANIFOLD BROK5 & DI/ORT$ =MS ASSUM$ BY ! CONTROV]SY ) ,M>XISM1 UND] ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( ,G]MAN ACADEMIC SCI5CE1 APPE> MO/ /RIK+LY 9 ! LA/ NAM$ ,G]MAN SAVANT4 ,W]N] ,SOMB>T ORIG9ALLY WAS - OR AT LEA/ BELIEV$ HIMSELF TO BE - A ?OR\<-GO+ ,M>XI/1 BUT LAT]1 ) ! *ANG+ POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS LEAD+ UP TO ! PRES5T REGIME ( A SO-CALL$ ',NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM' 9 ,G]MANY1 *ANG$ HE>T & F9ALLY BECAME AN \TRI<T ANTI-,M>XI/4.<#d#g.> ,NOT)/&+ !SE DI/ORTIONS1 ! IRRESI/IBLE 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY ,M>X'S !ORY ON ALL PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE IS CLE>LY EVID5T EV5 9 ! LAT] C>E] ( ,SOMB>T4 ,AS LATE AS #a#i#b#g1 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ! ?IRD VOLUME ( HIS MA9 ECONOMIC WORK HE TE/IFI$ TO ! FACT ?AT 'ALL ?AT IS GOOD 9 ?IS WORK IS DUE TO ,M>X'4.<#d#h.> ,ONE YE> LAT]1 AT ! ,ZURI* ,SOCIOLOGICAL ,CONF]5CE1 HE VOLUNTE]$ A 'P]SONAL CONFESSION' ?AT HE HAD BE5 A 'CONV9C$ ,M>XI/' UP TO #a#h#i#d4 ,ON ! SAME OCCASION HE CLAIM$ TO HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO 5UNCIATE ! PR9CIPLE ( ! SO-CALL$ 'NON-EVALUATIVE *>ACT] ( A G5U9E SOCIOLOGICAL SCI5CE'1 & TRAC$ BACK ! ORIG9 ( ?IS WELL-KN[N DOCTR9E ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL RESE>* TO ! 'CONTRADICTION' :I* HAD AT ?AT E>LY TIME >IS5 )9 HIMSELF1 IE BETWE5 HIS 9T]NAL ,M>XI/ 'CONVICTION'1 & HIS WORLDLY POSITION AS A ',ROYAL ,PRUSSIAN ,UNIV]SITY ,PR(ESSOR'4.<#d#i.> 

,= ALL !SE REASONS1 9 CONFRONT+ ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ) B\RGEOIS SCI5CE WE %ALL NOT SO MU* REF] TO ! MORE REC5T DISPLAYS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL ?\<T 9 :I* !IR P]SI/+ DIFF]5CE IS ALREADY MODIFI$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T BY MUTUAL 9T]ACTION4 ,WE %ALL RA!R TRY TO BR+ \T ! UND]LY+ FUNDAM5TAL CONTRA/ 9 ?AT PURE =M 9 :I* IT ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ 9 ! CLASSICAL & PO/-CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS WRIT]S ( ! EI<TE5? & E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURIES ON ! ONE H&1 & 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ! O!R4  

,CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S CONC]N !MSELVES ) EXI/+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!Y +5U\SLY REG>D SOCIETY'S BASIC RELATION%IPS AS HAV+ ! IMMUTABLE *>ACT] ( A G5U9E NATURAL LAW1 & >E = JU/ ?IS REASON UNABLE TO BECOME AW>E ( OR TO 9VE/IGATE SCI5TIFICALLY ANY O!R ?AN ?IS ACTUALLY GIV5 =M ( SOCIETY4  

,EV5 :5 B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORI/S APPE> TO SPEAK ( O!R SOCIAL =MS1 !IR REAL SUBJECT MATT] IS /ILL ! PREVAIL+ =M ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY :OSE MA9 *>ACT]I/ICS !Y F9D DUPLICAT$ 9 ALL O!R =MS4 ,:5 !Y SPEAK ( 'SOCIETY' 9 G5]AL1 WE CAN /ILL RECOGNIZE1 ) ONLY SLI<T V>IATIONS1 9 ?IS FIGURE ( SO-CALL$ G5]AL SOCIETY ! WELL-KN[N FEATURES ( PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS MO/ EVID5T 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! GREAT F\ND]S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES & !IR FOLL[]S1 ! ,G]MAN IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPH]S FROM ,KANT TO ,HEGEL1 :O NAIVELY US$ NOT ONLY ! T]M 'SOCIETY'1 BUT EV5 ! T]M 'CIVIL SOCIETY'1 AS A TIMELESS CONCEPT4.<#e.> 

,EV5 :5 B\RGEOIS 9VE/IGATORS SPEAK ( A HI/ORICAL 'DEVELOPM5T' ( SOCIETY1 !Y DO NOT /EP BEYOND ! MAGIC CIRCLE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!Y CONSID] ALL ! E>LI] =MS AS 'PRELIM9>Y /AGES' LEAD+ UP TO ! PRES5T MORE OR LESS FULLY DEVELOP$ =M ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y CON/ANTLY APPLY ! CONCEPTS DRAWN FROM ACTUAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS TO ! PREC$+ HI/ORICAL =MS4 ,RI<T 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !Y DESCRIBE ?OSE PHASES ( PRIMITIVE HI/ORY :I* CAN NOT POSSIBLY BE REPRES5T$ BY ! CATEGORIES ( MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 IE PROP]TY1 /ATE1 FAMILY1 ETC1 AS NOT BELONG+ TO HI/ORY PROP]1 BUT AS M]ELY 'PREHI/ORIC'4 ,EV5 ,JOHANN ,GOTTFRI$ ,H]D]1 :O /OOD 9 A MU* CLOS] RELATION TO REAL HI/ORY ?AN MO/ ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 WROTE 9 HIS ,DI>Y3 ',H[ MANY AGES MAY HAVE PASS$ BY BE=E WE LE>N$ TO KN[ OR ?9K8 ,! ,PHO5ICIAN8 ,! ,E?IOPIAN8 ,OR NONE ( !SE8 ,>E WE !N1 ) \R ,MOSES1 9 ! RI<T PLACE8'.<#e#a.> 

,JU/ AS 9 !IR /UDY ( PA/ CONDITIONS1 SO 9 !IR ANALYSIS ( PRES5T T5D5CIES1 B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORI/S REMA9 TI$ TO ! B\RGEOIS CATEGORIES4 ,!Y SIMPLY CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ANY FUTURE *ANGES O!R ?AN ?OSE RESULT+ FROM AN 'EVOLUTION>Y' DEVELOPM5T1 & :I* REVEAL NO BREA* ) ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ! PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y REG>D ALL SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS AS PA?OLOGICAL 9T]F]5CES ) 'NORMAL' SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4.<#e#b.> ,!Y EXPECT1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION>Y 'CYCLE' HAS RUN ITS FULL C\RSE1 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL CONDITIONS TO BE REE/ABLI%$ AS UN*ANG$ 9 !IR FUNDAM5TALS1 AS ACCORD+ TO A SIMIL> !ORY 7HELD BY ! POLITICIANS7 POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ! ANCI5 REGIME >E F9ALLY REE/ABLI%$ BY ! ',RE/ORATION'4 ,!Y HOLD ALL T5D5CIES ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM :I* AIM AT ANY ?+ BEYOND ?IS1 AS M]E 'DI/URBANCE ( HEAL?Y SOCIAL PROGRESS' &1 !ORETICALLY1 AS 'UNSCI5TIFIC' FANTASIES4  

,M>X'S SOCIAL SCI5CE IS FUNDAM5TALLY OPPOS$ TO ALL !SE TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS ( CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS !ORY4 ,?IS CONTRA/ IS1 H[EV]1 NOT SO SIMPLE ?AT IT CAN BE R$UC$ TO ! BIBLICAL =MULA ',LET Y\R SPEE* BE YEA1 YEA - NAY1 NAY'4 ,IT W\LD BE ALTOGE!R WRONG1 = 9/ANCE1 TO IMAG9E ?AT S9CE ! B\RGEOIS !ORY IS ! DOCTR9E ( A 'B\RGEOIS SOCIETY'1 ,M>X'S SOCIALI/ !ORY MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ! DOCTR9E ( A 'SOCIALI/ SOCIETY'4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM IS NOT AT ALL CONC]N$ ) ! PA9T+ ( A FUTURE /ATE ( SOCIETY4 ,M>X LEAVES ?AT TO ! SECT>IANS ( ! OLD & NEW ,UTOPIAS4 ,HE1 ACCORD+ TO HIS MAT]IALI/IC PR9CIPLE1 DEALS ) ! REAL =M ( SOCIETY :I* EXI/S TODAY1 IE B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,?US ,M>X1 AS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS '!ORI/S' :O CONT9UALLY T5D TO G5]ALIZE 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R ! FACTS !Y 'DISCOV]'1 MORE NE>LY APPROA*ES ! ME?OD ( ! CLASSICAL B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS1 FROM :I* H[EV]1 9 ANO!R DIRECTION1 HE KEPT HIMSELF ALL ! MORE ALO( ?R\< HIS 9SI/5CE UPON A /RICTLY !ORETICAL =M ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE4  

,NOR IS ! B\RGEOIS CONCEPT ( DEVELOPM5TAL /AGES :OLLY REPUDIAT$ BY ,M>X4 ,HE PLA9LY DI/+UI%ES ! HI/ORICAL =MS ( ',ASIATIC'1 ',ANTIQUE' & ',FEUDAL' SOCIETY1 & GR\PS !M1 TOGE!R ) MOD]N ',B\RGEOIS' SOCIETY1 9TO A S]IES ( 'PROGRESSIVE EPO*S ( SOCIO-ECONOMIC =MATION'4 ,AL?\< HE DOES NO MORE REG>D1 AS ! B\RGEOIS !ORI/S HAD DONE1 ALL PREVI\S =MS ( SOCIETY AS M]E PRELIM9>Y /EPS TO ITS PRES5T & F9AL =MATION1 /ILL HE 9DULGES 9 ! /ATEM5T ?AT ! PRES5T =M ( SOCIETY IS ITSELF M]ELY ! LA/ ( A S]IES ( PRELIM9>Y /EPS &1 AS IT W]E1 'CONCLUDES ! PRE-HI/ORY ( A REALLY HUMAN SOCIETY'4.<#e#c.> ,HE DOES NOT RAISE A FUNDAM5TAL OBJECTION TO ! EXT5SION ( SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTS D]IV$ FROM ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS /ATE ( SOCIETY TO ! CONDITIONS ( PA/ HI/ORICAL EPO*S4 ,HE EXPLICITLY /ATES ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS ! MO/ DEVELOP$ & MO/ COMPLEX HI/ORICAL ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION FURNI% A KEY TO ! UND]/&+ ( E>LI] EPO*S ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC =MATION4.<#e#d.> ,HE EV5 5DORS$1 9 HIS E>LY YE>S1 ! 'CORRECT IDEA' UND]LY+ ?AT 'COMMON ACTION ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 :I* REG>D$ ! PRIMITIVE /ATE ( MAN AS ! TRUE /ATE ( HUMAN NATURE'4.<#e#e.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT HE LAT] REPLAC$ ?IS REVOLUTION>Y SLOGAN ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & ! FRE% IMPETUS :I* IT HAD 9 ! MEANTIME RECEIV$ ?R\< ! FIR/ GREAT DISCOV]]S ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BY ! MORE SOB] PR9CIPLES ( A /RICTLY EMPIRICAL & MAT]IALI/IC RESE>*4 ,H[EV]1 HE DID NOT EV5 !N AB&ON ! UND]LY+ IDEA BUT RA!R RE%AP$ IT 9 A CRITICAL SPIRIT & GAVE IT A NEW & FRUITFUL APPLICATION4 ,9 ! SAME WAY EV5 ! B\RGEOIS IDEA ( 'EVOLUTION' WAS NOT COMPLETELY WIP$ \T 9 ,M>X'S !ORY ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,JU/ AS !RE IS - 9 SPITE ( ALL ! 9T]V5+ REVOLUTIONS1 & 9 FACT1 REALIZ$ JU/ BY !SE REVOLUTIONS - ONE PROGRESSIVE L9E ( DEVELOPM5T LEAD+ UP FROM ! HI/ORIC & 'PREHI/ORIC' PA/ TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y =M ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 SO WILL ! FUTURE SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 SPR++ FROM ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ?\< 9VOLV+ A FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION ( ! PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS ORD]1 /ILL REMA91 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 AN \TGR[? ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY4  

,PR9CIPLE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PRACTICE 7,PRAXIS7  

,! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( ! DEVELOPM5TAL CONCEPT ( B\RGEOIS SOCIAL SCI5CE />TS FROM A RECOGNITION ( ! ILLUSION>Y *>ACT] ( ?AT 'SO-CALL$ HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION'1 ACCORD+ TO :I* '! LA/ /AGE REG>DS ! PREC$+ /AGES AS BE+ ONLY PRELIM9>Y TO ITSELF1 & !RE=E CAN ONLY LOOK AT !M ONESID$LY'4.<#e#f.> ,JU/ :]E ,M>X SEEMS TO ADOPT ?IS NAIVE PSEUDO-,D>W9IAN METAPHYSICS ( EVOLUTION1 :I* LAT] WAS FULLY & BL9DLY ACCEPT$ BY SU* OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S AS ,KAUTSKY1.<#e#g.> & ON ACC\NT ( :I* SU* HET]ODOX M>XI/S AS ,GEORGES ,SOREL HAVE ALTOGE!R D5I$ ANY APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EVOLUTION TO SCI5TIFIC SOCIOLOGY1.<#e#h.> HE ACTUALLY REV]SES ! :OLE CONCEPTION & !REBY DE/ROYS ITS METAPHYSICAL *>ACT]4 ,:ILE B\RGEOIS EVOLUTIONI/S IMAG9E1 ) ,SP5C]1 ?AT !Y CAN EXPLA9 ! MORE COMPLEX ORGANIZATION ( ! HI<] TYPES BO? ( ANIMAL SPECIES & SOCIAL =MS BY REF]5CE TO ! SIMPL] ORGANIZATION ( ! L[]1 ,M>X BREAKS UP ?IS ILLUSION ) ! P>ADOXICAL /ATEM5T ?AT '! ANATOMY ( MAN IS A KEY TO ! ANATOMY ( ! APE'4.<#e#i.> 

,?IS CRITICAL CONSCI\SNESS BREAKS ! MAGIC SPELL ( ! METAPHYSICAL 'LAW' ( EVOLUTION4 ,FROM A VALID A PRIORI AXIOM1 IT IS R$UC$ TO A WORK+ HYPO!SIS :I* MU/ BE EMPIRICALLY V]IFI$ 9 EA* CASE4 ,EV5 ?\< B\RGEOIS SOCIETY DOES PROVIDE A 'KEY' TO ANCI5T SOCIETY1 IT DOES NOT !RE=E FOLL[ ?AT SU* CATEGORIES AS COMMODITY1 MONEY1 /ATE1 LAW1 ETC1 MU/ HAVE ! SAME MEAN+ = ANCI5T SOCIETY & ITS MODE ( PRODUCTION AS !Y HAVE = MOD]N CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION & = ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY :I* IS BAS$ UPON IT4 ,?US1 ! PA? IS MADE FREE = A /RICTLY EMPIRICAL RESE>*4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY MAY CONTA9 ! RELATIONS ( E>LI] SOCIETIES 9 A FUR!R DEVELOP$ =M4 ,IT MAY CONTA9 !M AS WELL 9 DEG5]ATE1 /UNT$ & TRAVE/I$ =MS AS1 EG ! COMMUNAL PROP]TY ( PRIMITIVE TIMES1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 WAS CONTA9$ 9 A TRAVE/I$ =M 9 ! ,RUSSIA ',MIR'4.<#f.> ,IT LIKEWISE CONTA9S )9 ITSELF ! G]MS ( FUTURE DEVELOPM5TS ( PRES5T SOCIETY1 ?\< BY NO MEANS !IR COMPLETE DET]M9ATION4 ,! FALSE IDEALI/IC CONCEPT ( EVOLUTION AS APPLI$ BY B\RGEOIS SOCIAL !ORI/S1 IS CLOS$ ON BO? SIDES1 & 9 ALL PA/ & FUTURE =MS ( SAFETY R$ISCOV]S ONLY ITSELF4 ,! NEW1 CRITICAL & MAT]IALI/IC ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLE ( DEVELOPM5T IS1 ON ! O!R H&1 OP5 ON BO? SIDES4 ,M>X DOES NOT DEAL ) ,ASIATIC1 ,ANTIQUE1 OR ,FEUDAL SOCIETY1 & /ILL LESS ) ?OSE PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES :I* PREC$$ ALL WRITT5 HI/ORY1 M]ELY AS 'PRELIM9>Y /AGES' ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,HE REG>DS !M1 9 !IR TOTALITY1 AS SO MANY 9DEP5D5T HI/ORICAL =MATIONS :I* >E TO BE UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( !IR [N CATEGORIES4 ,9 ! SAME WAY HE DEF9ES ! SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ SOCIETY >IS+ \T ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION NOT ONLY AS A FUR!R DEVELOP$ =M ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 BUT AS A NEW TYPE :I* IS NO LONG] TO BE BASICALLY EXPLA9$ BY ANY ( ! B\RGEOIS CATEGORIES4 ,M>X'S QU>REL ) ! ,UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S IS NOT1 AS MANY HAVE IMAG9$1 9SPIR$ BY !IR IDEA ( A FUTURE /ATE1 TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 LEAV+ \T ! %AD[S4 ,ALL SU* UTOPIAN S*EMES WILL1 :5 WORK$ \T 9 DETAIL & PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 9EVITABLY REPRODUCE ONLY ! SAME OLD B\RGEOIS =M ( SOCIETY WE KN[ SO WELL4.<#f#a.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,M>XISM1 :ILE C>EFULLY AVOID+ A DETAIL$ PA9T+ ( FUTURE /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T1 NEV]!LESS 5DEAVORS1 9 ITS MAT]IALI/IC ANALYSIS & CRITIQUE ( ! SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL FEATURES ( CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 TO F9D ! MA9 T5D5CIES ( ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T LEAD+ UP1 FIR/ TO ?AT TRANSITIONAL /AGE :I* IS OP5$ BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 & ULTIMATELY1 TO ?AT FUR!R ADVANC$ /AGE :I* ,M>X CALLS ! COMPLETELY DEVELOP$ COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY4 
,COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY 9 ITS 'FIR/ PHASE'1 AS IT IS JU/ EM]G+ FROM ! WOMB ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AFT] LONG LABOR PA9S1 IS /ILL 9 MANY WAYS1 9 ITS ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 LEGAL1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL /RUCTURE1 DET]M9$ BY B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLES4 ,COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY 9 ITS 'SECOND PHASE'1 :]E IT HAS ALREADY DEVELOP$ ON ITS [N BASIS1 WILL BE AS F> REMOTE FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 AS1 9 ! O!R DIRECTION1 ! CLASSLESS & /ATELESS 'PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM' ( ! E>LIE/ EPO*S ( HUMAN SOCIETY IS REMOV$ FROM CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY1 :5 IT IS FULLY DEVELOP$1 WILL HAVE LEFT ! N>R[ B\RGEOIS HORIZON F> BEH9D & WILL ULTIMATELY REALIZE ! SLOGAN :I*1 9 AN AB/RACT =M1 WAS FIR/ 5UNCIAT$ BY ! 'UTOPIAN' PIONE]S ON ! ?RE%OLD ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 ',FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S4'.<#f#b.> 

,TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL DIALECTIC ( ,HEGEL1 :I* HE O!RWISE REG>D$ AS ! P]FECT$ 9/ALLM5T ( A DEVELOPM5TAL 9VE/IGATION ( SOCIETY1 ,M>X RAIS$ ! OBJECTION ?AT1 9 ! 'MY/IFI$ =M' 9 :I* IT BECAME FA%IONABLE 9 ,G]MANY1 IT 'SEEM$ TO GLORIFY EXI/+ CONDITIONS'4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! NEW & RATIONAL =M 9 :I* ?IS ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC REAPPE>S 9 ,M>XI/ SOCIAL RESE>*1 HAS BECAME 'A SC&AL & ABOM9ATION TO ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS DOCTR9AIRE SPOKESM52 BECAUSE IT 9CLUDES 9 ITS POSITIVE UND]/&+ ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS AT ! SAME TIME AN UND]/&+ ( !IR NEGATION & ( !IR NECESS>Y DIS9TEGRATION2 BECAUSE IT CONCEIVES ( EV]Y =M MANIFE/$ AS BE+ 9 ! FLUX ( MOVEM5T1 IE ALSO FROM ITS TRANSITORY ASPECT2 BECAUSE IT LETS NO?+ IMPOSE UPON IT1 & BECAUSE IT IS ESS5TIALLY CRITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y'4.<#f#c.> ,! \T/&+ DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,HEGEL 9 ?IS RESPECT1 IS EVID5T )\T A MORE DETAIL$ ANALYSIS4 ,HEGEL1 :O GLORIFI$ EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS & MOD]ATE PROGRESS )9 ! N>R[ CONF9ES ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,PRUSSIAN ,/ATE1.<#f#d.> EXPLICITLY LIMIT$ ! VALIDITY ( HIS DIALECTICAL PR9CIPLE TO ! PA/ DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY & CONSIGN$ FUTURE PROGRESS 9 A PURPOSELY IRRATIONAL MANN] TO ! 'MOLE1 BURR[+ BEL[ ! SURFACE'4.<#f#e.> ,AGA91 ?\< CRITICIZ+ ! SO-CALL$ ',PRE-=MATION ,HYPO!SIS'1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ALL FUTURE =MS >E ALREADY PHYSICALLY CONTA9$ 9 ?OSE ?AT PREC$E !M1 HE EMPHASIZ$ AT ! SAME TIME ! CORRECTNESS ( ! IDEA UND]LY+ ?IS HYPO!SIS1 IE ! ASSUMPTION ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 'REMA9S BY ITSELF 9 ITS PROCESS & ?AT BY SU* A DEVELOPM5T NO NEW CONT5T IS BR\<T AB\T1 BUT ONLY A *ANGE ( =M'4 ,DEVELOPM5T IS1 !RE=E1 ACCORD+ TO ,HEGEL1 'ONLY TO BE REG>D$ AS IF IT W]E A PLAY2 ! SOME?+ ELSE :I* IS SET BY IT1 IS 9 FACT NO?+ ELSE'4.<#f#f.> ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT FROM ?IS /&PO9T :I*1 9 ITS UNYIELD+ ,HEGELIAN =MULA1 AM\NTS ALMO/ TO AN 9VOLUNT>Y CRITICISM ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EVOLUTION AS US$ BY ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL 9VE/IGATORS1 !RE IS NO ROOM = ! CONSCI\S HUMAN-SOCIAL ACT1 :I* WILL RADICALLY TRANS=M & OV]?R[ ! PRES5T ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,HEGEL SAID1 CONC]N+ ! REAL 'PURPOSE' ( ALL HI/ORICAL ACTION1 ?AT 'IT IS ALREADY FULFILL$ 9 TRU?1 & NE$ NOT WAIT = US'4 ,ITS ACTUAL P]=MANCE1 !N1 ONLY 'REMOVES ! SEMBLANCE AS IF IT W]E NOT YET P]=M$'4.<#f#g.> ,H5CE 9 CONTRA/ TO SOME ( HIS FOLL[]S1 :O LAT] ON ACTUALLY TRI$ TO USE HIS DIALECTICAL ME?OD AS AN 9/RUM5T = REVOLUTION1 ,HEGEL CONSID]$ ! ONLY PURPOSE ( HIS PHILOSOPHY TO BE TO 'REE/ABLI%' ! CONVICTION FROM :I* 'EV]Y UNSOPHI/ICAT$ CONSCI\SNESS PROCE$S'3 ':AT IS REASONABLE IS REAL1 & :AT IS REAL IS REASONABLE'1 & ?US TO BR+ AB\T ! F9AL 'RECONCILIATION' BETWE5 'REASON AS SELF-CONSCI\S M9D' & 'REASON AS A GIV5 REALITY'4.<#f#h.> 

,IT IS H]E ?AT WE FACE ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CE ( ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( B\RGEOIS EVOLUTION>Y METAPHYSICS :I* IS IMPLI$ 9 ,M>X'S MAT]IALI/IC CRITICISM ( ! ,HEGELIAN IDEALI/ DIALECTIC4 ,M>X'S /UDY ( SOCIETY IS BAS$ UPON A FULL RECOGNITION ( ! REALITY ( HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 ,M>X TREATS ALL CONDITIONS ( EXI/+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS *ANG+1 I4E4 MORE EXACTLY1 AS CONDITIONS 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ *ANG$ BY HUMAN ACTIONS4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS NOT1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 A G5]AL 5TITY :I* CAN BE REPLAC$ BY ANO!R /AGE 9 A HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS BO? ! RESULT ( AN E>LI] PHASE & ! />T+ PO9T ( A NEW PHASE1 ( ! SOCIAL CLASS W> :I* IS LEAD+ TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4  

"9 ,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% 9  ,M>XI/ ,QU>T]LY 7PUBLI%$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,M>XI/ ,ASSOCIATION71 ,VOL #a_/#c1 ,OCT-,DEC #a#i#c#g1 PP #c#e#f-#c#g#h4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a4 ,SEE ,M>X'S LETT] TO ,5GELS ( #g_/#g_/#f#f1 ,M>X-,5GELS-,GESAMT ,AUSGABE 7,M ,E ,G ,A  ,I,I,I1 #c2 P #c#d#e72 ALSO ,M>X'S LETT] TO ,BEESLY ( #a#b_/#f_/#g#a1 & FUR!R ! LETT] TO ,5GELS ( #b#c_/#e_/#f#i 9 :I* ,SP5C]'S NAME IS CURTLY M5TION$ ALONG ) SOME O!R CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT]S 7,M ,E ,G ,A  ,I,I,I1 #d2 P #e#h74 ,SEE ALSO ! IRONICAL DISMISSAL ( ',COMTI/ RECIPES = ! COOK-%OPS ( ! FUTURE' 9 ,M>X'S REPLY TO ! REVIEW] ( ,CAPITAL 9 ! ,P>IS ,REVUE POSITIVI/E 9 ! PREFACE TO ! SECOND $ITION ( ,CAPITAL1 #a#h#g#b-#g#c1 & ,5GELS' LETT] TO ,TONNIES ( #b#d_/#a_/#i#e QUOT$ 9 ,G4 ,MAY]'S ,BIOGRAPHY ( ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS 7#a#i#c#d7 ,VOL ,I,I1 P #e#e#b4 ,LETT]S ( #g_/#g_/#f#f & #a#b_/#f_/#g#a 9 ,M>X-,5GELS1 ,SELECT$ ,CORRESPOND5CE1 ,MOSC[ ND1 PP #b#a#g-#h1 #c#b#b4 

#b4 ,SEE ,LEVY-,BRUEHL1 ,LA ,PHILOSOPHIE D',AUGU/E ,COMTE 7#a#i71 P #h4 

#c4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,ADAM ,F]GUSON1 ,AN ,ESSAY ON ! ,HI/ORY ( ,CIVIL ,SOCIETY1 #agfg & ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,AN ,9QUIRY 9TO ! ,NATURE & ,CAUSES ( ! ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS1 #a#g#g#f4 

#d4 ,H]EAFT] REF]R$ TO AS ,PREFACE #a#h#e#i4 ,9 ,5GLI% 9 ,M>X-,5GELS ,SELECT$ ,WORKS 7#a VOL $71 ,LONDON #a#i#f#h1 PP #a#h#a-#e4 

#e4 ,SEE COMPREH5SIVE MANUSCRIPTS ( #ahdc N[ PUBLI%$ 9 ,M ,E ,G ,A  ,I1 #a1 #a2 PP #d#a-#e#e#c1 QV ,M>X1 ,CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI<T1 ,CAMBRIDGE #a#i#g4 

#f4 ,SEE ,HEGEL1 ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW1 ,P>T ,I,I,I1 ,SECTION #b 7,CIVIL ,SOCIETY71 ESP 8#a#h#h ET SEQ 7,SY/EM ( ,NE$S71 8#b#c ET SEQ 7,POLICE74 

#g4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I1 ,MOSC[ #a#i#e#i1 P #h FOOTNOTE #b & ,!ORIES ( ,SURPLUS ,VALUE ,I,I,I1 PP #e#g#a-#g#f 7,G]MAN $74 

#h4 ,SEE LETT] TO ,5GELS ( #g_/#g_/#f#f4 

#i4 ,SEE ! CONCLUD+ S5T5CE ( ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA* & ! ,5D ( ,CLASSICAL ,PHILOSOPHY1 #a#h#h#h4 ,A SIMIL> /ATEM5T1 ) AN AMPLIFY+ REF]5CE TO ! EQUAL IMPORTANCE ( ! 'DEVELOP$ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONDITIONS 9 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE'1 IS F\ND 9 ! PREFACE TO ! FIR/ ,G]MAN $ITION ( ,5GELS' ,SOCIALISM1 ,UTOPIAN & ,SCI5TIFIC1 #a#h#h#b4 

#a4 ,SEE ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,MOSC[ ND1 P #a#e#d4 

#a#a4 ,SEE ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 #a#h#e#i1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,N ,I ,/ONE1 ,*>LES ,K]R1 ,*ICAGO #a#i#d1 P #bi FOOTNOTE #a4 

#a#b4 ,SEE ! MS ( A 'G5]AL 9TRODUCTION' TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY DAT$ #b#e_/#h_/#e#g1 FIR/ PR9T$ 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT ,X,X,I1 #a1 #aic - H]EAFT] REF]R$ TO AS ,9TRODUCTION #a#h#e#g4 ,AVAILABLE 9 ,5GLI% 9 ,/ONE TRANSLATION 7NOTE #aa ABOVE7 & 9 ,C ,J ,>?UR'S $ITION ( ,M>X-,5GELS1 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 ,LONDON #a#i#g1 PP #a#b#d-#a#e#b4 ,PAGE REF]5CES >E TO ! ,>?UR $ITION4  

#a#c4 ,L59 BEGAN TO WRITE ?IS BOOK 9 #ahif :ILE HE WAS 9 PRISON & W5T ON ) IT DUR+ HIS EXILE 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN $ITION APPE>$ 9 #a#h#i#i1 ! SECOND 9 #a#i#g4 ,5GLI% $ITION 9 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS ,I,I,I4 

#a#d4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I1 PP #a< ET SEQ4 

#a#e4 IBID1 PP #fci ET SEQ2 IBID1 PP #ffd ET SEQ4 

#a#f4 IBID1 *APT]S #cb & #cc DEAL+ ) 'SO-CALL$ ORIG9AL ACCUMULATION' & ! 'MOD]N COLONIAL SY/EM'4 

#a#g4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I,I,I1 ,MOSC[ $ITION1 PP #f#a#d-#h#a#b4 

#a#h4 IBID1 PP #g#h#b-#h#a#b4 

#a#i4 IBID1 P #f#a#d4 

#b4 IBID1 PP #fad ET SEQ4 

#b#a4 ,SEE ,HILF]D+'S ,F9ANCE ,CAPITAL1 #aia & ,L59'S ,IMP]IALISM1 ! ,NEWE/ ,/AGE ( ,CAPITALISM1 #a#i#a#g4 

#b#b4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I1 P #a#d#f1 & = MORE DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( ! V>I\S =MS :I* CAPITAL ASSUMES 9 ITS DIFF]5T /AGES1 ,CAPITAL ,I,I1 ,*AP #a4  

#b#c4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I1 P #a#f#c4  

#b#d4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I,I1 ,*APT]S #a-#d2 ,I,I,I1 ,*APT]S #a#f-#b1 #b#a-#c#f4  

#b#e4 IBID1 ,I,I,I1 ,*APT]S #b & #c#f4 

#b#f4 ,SEE ,9TRODUCTION #a#h#e#g1 P #adh & ,CAPITAL ,I1 P #ceb :]E ,M>X EXPRESSLY /ATES ?AT HE CANNOT H]E GO FUR!R 9TO ! TOPIC ( ! CLEAVAGE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 AL?\< '! :OLE ECONOMIC HI/ORY ( SOCIETY IS SUMM$ UP 9 ! MOVEM5T ( ?IS ANTAGONISM'4 - ,SEE ALSO ! MORE DETAIL$ DISCUSSION ( ! LAT] *ANGES 9 ! PLAN ( ,CAPITAL 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO MY $ITION1 ,B]L9 #a#i#c#b1 PP #h ET SEQ 7REPR9T$ 9 ?IS COLLECTION ( ESSAYS74 

#b#g4 ,SEE ,9TRODUCTION #a#h#e#g1 PP #ad ET SEQ4 

#b#h4 IBID1 P #a#b#e4 

#b#i4 ,SEE ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITCAL ,ECONOMY1 OP5+ S5T5CE4 

#c4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I1 OP5+ S5T5CE4 

#c#a4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I1 PP #c#f-#c#h4 

#c#b4 ,SEE PO/SCRIPT TO SECOND $ITION ( ,CAPITAL1 #a#h#g#b-#g#c - H]EAFT] REF]R$ TO AS ,PO/SCRIPT #a#h#g#c4 ,9 ,MOSC[ $ITION1 PP #a#b-#b4 

#c#c4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I1 PP #g#a-#h#c4 

#c#d4 ,SEE ,M>X'S LETT] TO ,5GELS #b_/#d_/#e#h1 9 :I* HE SAYS ?AT ?IS CONCEPT ( VALUE 'AL?\< AN AB/RACTION1 IS AN HI/ORICAL AB/RACTION :I*1 !RE=E1 C\LD NOT ONLY BE MADE ON ! BASIS ( A P>TICUL> ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY'4 ,SEE ,SELECT$ ,CORRESPOND5CE1 P #a#b#g4 

#c#e4 ,SEE ,9TRODUCTION #a#h#e#g1 P #a#d#f4 - ,SEE ALSO ! PREC$+ REM>K ON P #ada :]E ,M>X OPPOS+ HIS [N '!ORETICAL' ME?OD TO ?AT HI!RTO APPLI$ BY ! CLASSICAL !ORI/S1 EMPHASIZ$ ! SAME PO9T3 ',EV5 :5 APPLY+ A !ORETICAL ME?OD WE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ! SUBJECT1 SOCIETY1 AS \R REAL PRESUPPOSITION'4 

#c#f4 ,SEE ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 

#c#g4 ,SEE ! ,REPORT ( ! ,9SPECTORS ( ,FACTORIES ( ! SIX MON?S 5D+ ,APRIL #c1 #a#h#e1 P #de - QUOT$ BY ,M>X 9 ,CAPITAL ,I1 P #cb FOOTNOTE4 

#c#h4 ,SEE ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 

#c#i4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I1 P #ag FOOTNOTE #a2 SEE ALSO ,CAPITAL ,I,I1 PP #c#a1 #cc ET SEQ1 #a#a#f-#g ETC4 

#d4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I1 P #a#g4 

#d#a4 IBID2 SEE ALSO ,CAPITAL ,I,I1 P #c#e4 

#d#b4 ,SEE ,CAPITAL ,I,I1 P #e#e4 

#d#c4 ,SEE ALSO ! SECOND SECTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 #a#h#d#h4 

#d#d4 ,?IS /ATEM5T CALLS TO M9D ! REM>K ( A ,TURKI% AMBASSADOR MADE TO ,VOLTAIRE ?AT 'Y\ ,*RI/IANS KEEP Y\R S]AGLIOS )\T ANY FUR!R EXP5SE 9 ! H\SE ( Y\R FRI5DS' 7REPORT$ BY ,HUME 9 ,ESSAYS ,X,I,X74 ,A SIMIL> /ATEM5T IS MADE BY ! ,DE ,GONC\RTS AS TO ! SY/EM ( M>RIAGE PREVAIL+ AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE AT !IR TIME4 

#d#e4 ,! CONCLUSION ?AT ! G5]AL NOTIONS ( ,FA!RL&1 ,RELIGION1 ,MORALS1 ,LOYALTY TO ! ,GOV]NM5T ETC LOSE ALL MEAN+ = ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE1 BECAUSE ')\T PROP]TY1 !Y HAVE NO ,FA!RL&1 )\T ,FA!RL&1 EV]YBODY IS AGA9/ !M1 & !Y !MSELVES MU/ BE UP 9 >MS AGA9/ EV]YBODY'1 HAD ALREADY BE5 BR\<T =W>D BY ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONI/ ,BRISSOT 9 HIS ,OBS]VATIONS D'UN REPUBLICA9 SUR LES DIFF]5TS SY/EMES D'AMM9I/RATION PROV9CIALES1 #a<g 7,SEE ,M>X'S EXC]PTS 9 ,M ,E ,G ,A  ,I1 #f1 PP #f#a#f-#a#g74 

#d#f4 ,SEE ,5GELS' >TICLE ON ',! ,M>K' 7APP5DIX TO FIR/ ,G]MAN $ITION ( ,SOCIALISM1 ,UTOPIAN & ,SCI5TIFIC1 #a#h#h#b74 

#d#g4 ,WE M5TION FROM ! WRIT+S ( ,SOMB>T1 9 :I* ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS REFLECT$1 ! FOLL[+3 

 #ahid ET SEQ4 ,REVIEW >TICLES & BOOKS1 ,M>XI/ 9 T5D5CY2 AMONG !M ! FIR/ SCI5TIFIC APPRECIATION ( ! ?IRD VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL 9 ,>*IV FUR SOZIALE ,BEWEGUNG1 ,V,I,I4 

 #a#h#i#g4 ,FIR/ $ITION ( ! BOOK ,SOCIALISM & ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS 9 ! #a#i? ,C5TURY4 #a#i1 PAMPHLET1 ,NEV]!LESS6 ,!ORETICAL & ,HI/ORICAL ,NOTES ON ! ,LABOR ,TRADE ,UNION ,MOVEM5T4 

 #a#i#b#d4 ,T5? & 'FULLY REVIS$' $ITION ( ! BOOK ,SOCIALISM & ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS UND] ! *ANG$ TITLE ,PROLET>IAN ,SOCIALISM 7,M>XISM74 

 ,SUBSEQU5T TO ,HITL]'S ACCESSION TO P[] A NEW BOOK ,G]MAN ,SOCIALISM1 ETC4 

 ,COMP>E ALSO ! >TICLES ON ,SOMB>T'S C>E] BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT ,X,V,I,I,I1 #b1 PP #gd ET SEQ 7',! 0,G]MAN SCI5CE0 BEH9D ! WORK]S'71 & BY ! PRES5T WRIT] 9 ,>*IV FUR DIE ,GES*I*TE DES ,SOZIALISMUS UND D] ,>BEIT]BEWEGUNG ,X,V,I4 

#d#h4 ,SEE ,SOMB>T1 ,MOD]N ,CAPITALISM1 VOLUME ,I,I,I 7#a#i#b#g7 P ,X,I,X 7'UND ALLES1 WAS ETWAS ,GUTES 9 ME9EM ,W]KE I/1 V]DANKT ES DEM ,GEI/E ,M>X'74 

#d#i4 ,SEE ! RECORD ( ! ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,CONF]5CE4 

#e4 ,SEE ,M>X1 ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY4 

#e#a4 -- ,SEE ,J4 ,G4 ,H]D]1 ,J\RNAL ME9] ,REISE #a#g#f#i4 

#e#b4 ,?US ,COMTE REG>D$ REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS ( SOCIETY AS ANALOG\S TO DISEASE 9 ! HUMAN BODY4 ,HE DID NOT1 = ?IS REASON1 IGNORE !M TOTALLY BUT RA!R1 FOLL[+ ! PHYSICIAN ,BR\SSAIS 7:O FIR/ SUBJECT$ ! PH5OM5A ( DISEASE TO ! LAWS GOV]NM+ HEAL?Y BODIES7 PROCLAIM$ ! /UDY ( ?IS 'PA?OLOGIE SOCIALE' AS A POSSIBLE SUB/ITUTE = ! EXP]IM5TAL ME?OD US$ BY ! PHYSICI/S4 

#e#c4 ,SEE ,PREFACE1 #a#h#e#i4 

#e#d4 ,SEE ,9TRODUCTION1 #a#h#e#g1 P #a#d#e4 

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