,*APT] #a 
,M>XISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,! EVOLUTION ( ,M>X'S IDEAS 9TO :AT IS N[ CALL$ ,M>XISM CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ! P]IOD 9 :I* !Y >OSE4 ,IT WAS ! TIME :5 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM MADE ITS 5TRY 9TO ,G]MANY4 ,?IS BR\<T AB\T A GR[+ OPPOSITION TO ! EXI/+ >I/OCRATIC ABSOLUTISM4 ,! ASC5D+ B\RGEOIS CLASS NE$$ FRE$OM ( TRADE & COMM]CE1 FAVORABLE LEGISLATION1 A GOV]NM5T SYMPA!TIC TO ITS 9T]E/S1 FRE$OM ( PRESS & ASSEMBLY1 9 ORD] TO SECURE ITS NE$S & DESIRES 9 AN UNHAMP]$ FI<T4 ,9/EAD IT F\ND ITSELF CONFRONT$ ) A HO/ILE REGIME1 AN OMNIPOT5T POLICE1 & A PRESS C5SOR%IP :I* SUPPRESS$ EV]Y CRITICISM ( ! REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE =CES1 :I* L$ TO ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 FIR/ HAD TO BE CONDUCT$ ON A !ORETICAL LEVEL1 AS A /RUGGLE ( IDEAS & A CRITICISM ( ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( IDEAS4 ,! CRITICISM ( ! Y\NG B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA WAS DIRECT$ MA9LY AGA9/ RELIGION & ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY4 

,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY 9 :I* ! SELF-DEVELOPM5T ( ! 0,ABSOLUTE ,IDEA0 CREATES ! WORLD & !N1 AS DEVELOP+ WORLD1 5T]S ! CONSCI\SNESS ( MAN1 WAS ! PHILOSOPHICAL GUISE SUIT$ TO ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD ( ! EPO* ( ! 0,RE/ORATION0 AFT] #a#h#a#e4 ,RELIGION H&$ D[N BY PA/ G5]ATIONS S]V$1 AS ALWAYS1 AS ! !ORETICAL BASIS & JU/IFICATION = ! P]PETUATION ( OLD CLASS RELATIONS4 ,S9CE AN OP5 POLITICAL FI<T WAS /ILL IMPOSSIBLE1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FEUDAL OLIG>*Y HAD TO BE CONDUCT$ 9 A VEIL$ =M1 AS AN ATTACK ON RELIGION4 ,?IS WAS ! TASK ( ! GR\P ( Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS ( #ahd AMONG :OM ,M>X GREW UP & ROSE TO A LEAD+ POSITION4 

,:ILE /ILL A /UD5T ,M>X ADMITT$1 AL?\< RELUCTANTLY1 ! =CE ( ! ,HEGELIAN ME?OD ( ?\<T1 DIALECTICS1 & MADE IT HIS [N4 ,?AT HE *OSE = HIS DOCTOR'S !SIS ! COMP>ISON ( ! TWO GREAT MAT]IALI/IC PHILOSOPH]S ( ANCI5T ,GREECE1 ,DEMOCRITUS & ,EPICURUS1 SEEMS TO 9DICATE1 H[EV]1 ?AT 9 ! DEEP RECESSES ( SUB-CONSCI\SNESS ,M>X 9CL9$ TO MAT]IALISM4 ,%ORTLY !REAFT] HE WAS CALL$ UPON TO ASSUME ! $ITOR%IP ( A NEW PAP] F\ND$ BY ! OPPOSITIONAL ,RHE9I% B\RGEOISIE 9 ,COLOGNE4 ,H]E HE WAS DRAWN 9TO ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,SO WELL DID HE CONDUCT ! FI<T ?AT AFT] A YE> ( PUBLICATION ! PAP] WAS BANN$ BY ! ,/ATE AU?ORITIES4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ,FEU]BA* MADE HIS F9AL /EP T[>DS MAT]IALISM4 ,FEU]BA* BRU%$1 AWAY ,HEGEL'S FANTA/IC SY/EM1 TURN$ T[>DS ! SIMPLE EXP]I5CES ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 & >RIV$ AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT RELIGION WAS A MAN-MADE PRODUCT4 ,=TY YE>S LAT] ,5GELS /ILL SPOKE F]V5TLY ( ! LIB]AT+ EFFECT ?AT ,FEU]BA*'S WORK HAD ON HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 & ( ! 5?USIASM IT >\S$ 9 ,M>X1 DESPITE CRITICAL RES]VATIONS4 ,TO ,M>X IT MEANT ?AT N[ 9/EAD ( ATTACK+ A HEAV5LY IMAGE !Y HAD TO COME TO GRIPS ) E>?LY REALITIES4 ,?US 9 #ahdc 9 HIS ESSAY ,KRITIK D] ,HEGELS*5 ,RE*TSPHILOSOPHIE 7,A ,CRITICISM ( ! ,HEGELIAN ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW7 HE WROTE3 

0,AS F> AS ,G]MANY IS CONC]N$ ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION IS PRACTICALLY COMPLET$2 & ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION IS ! BASIS ( ALL CRITICISM 444 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION IS 9DIRECTLY ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?AT WORLD :OSE SPIRITUAL >OMA IS RELIGION 444 ,RELIGION IS ! MOAN ( ! OPPRESS$ CREATURE1 ! S5TIM5T ( A HE>TLESS WORLD1 AS IT IS ! SPIRIT ( SPIRITLESS CONDITIONS4 ,IT IS ! OPIUM ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! ABOLITION ( RELIGION AS ! ILLUSORY HAPP9ESS ( ! PEOPLE IS ! DEM& = !IR REAL HAPP9ESS1 ! DEM& TO AB&ON ! ILLUSIONS AB\T !IR CONDITION IS A DEM& TO AB&ON A CONDITION :I* REQUIRES ILLUSIONS4 ,! CRITICISM ( RELIGION !RE=E CONTA9S POT5TIALLY ! CRITICISM ( ! ,VALE ( ,TE>S :OSE AUREOLE IS RELIGION4 ,CRITICISM HAS PLUCK$ ! IMAG9>Y FL[]S :I* ADORN$ ! *A91 NOT ?AT MAN %\LD WE> HIS FETT]S D5UD$ ( FANCIFUL EMBELLI%M5T1 BUT ?AT HE %\LD ?R[ (F ! *A9 & BREAK ! LIV+ FL[] 444 ,?US ! CRITICISM ( HEAV5 IS TRANS=M$ 9TO ! CRITICISM ( E>?1 ! CRITICISM ( RELIGION 9TO ! CRITICISM ( ,LAW1 & ! CRITICISM ( !OLOGY 9TO ! CRITICISM ( POLITICS40 

,! TASK CONFRONT+ ,M>X WAS TO 9VE/IGATE ! REALITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 COLLABORATION ) ,5GELS DUR+ !IR /AY 9 ,P>IS & ,BRUSSELS1 HE MADE A /UDY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ,FR5* SOCIALISM1 AS WELL AS ( ,5GLI% ECONOMY & ! ,5GLI% WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 :I* L$ T[>DS FUR!R ELABORATION ( ! DOCTR9E KN[N AS 0,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM04 ,AS ! !ORY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BY WAY ( CLASS /RUGGLES WE F9D IT EXP\ND$ 9 ,LA MIS]E DE LA PHILOSOPHIE 7WRITT5 9 #ahdf AGA9/ ,PR\DHON'S ,PHILOSOPHIE DE LE MIS]E71 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 7#a#h#d#h71 & 9 ! (T-QUOT$ PREFACE TO ,ZUR ,KRITIK D] ,POLITIS*5 ,OEKONOMIE 7#a#h#e#i74 

,M>X & ,5GELS !MSELVES REF] TO ?IS SY/EM ( ?\<T AS MAT]IALISM1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 0IDEALISM0 ( ,HEGEL & ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS4 ,:AT DO !Y UND]/& BY MAT]IALISM8 ,5GELS1 DISCUSS+ AFT]W>DS ! FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL PROBLEMS ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM 9 HIS ,ANTI-,DUHR+ & 9 HIS BOOKLET ON ,FEU]BA*1 /ATES 9 ! LATT] PUBLICATION3 

0,! GREAT BASIC QUE/ION ( ALL PHILOSOPHY1 ESPECIALLY ( MOD]N PHILOSOPHY1 IS ?AT CONC]N+ ! RELATION ( ?9K+ & BE+444,?OSE :O ASS]T$ ! PRIMACY ( ! SPIRIT TO NATURE &1 !RE=E1 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE1 ASSUM$ WORLD-CREATION 9 SOME =M OR O!R1 COMPRIS$ ! CAMP ( IDEALISM4 ,! O!RS1 :O REG>D$ NATURE AS PRIM>Y1 BELONG TO ! V>I\S S*OOLS ( MAT]IALISM40 

,?AT NOT ONLY ! HUMAN M9D IS B\ND UP ) ! MAT]IAL ORGAN ( ! BRA91 BUT ?AT1 ALSO1 MAN ) HIS BRA9 & M9D IS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ! RE/ ( ! ANIMAL K+DOM & ! 9ORGANIC WORLD1 WAS A SELF-EVID5T TRU? TO ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,?IS CONCEPTION IS COMMON TO ALL 0S*OOLS ( MAT]IALISM40 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES ,M>XI/ MAT]IALISM FROM O!R S*OOLS MU/ BE LE>N$ FROM ITS V>I\S POLEMIC WORKS DEAL+ ) PRACTICAL QUE/IONS ( POLITICS & SOCIETY4 ,!N WE F9D ?AT TO ,M>X MAT]IALI/IC ?\<T WAS A WORK+ ME?OD4 ,IT WAS MEANT TO EXPLA9 ALL PH5OM5A BY MEANS ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 ! EXI/+ REALITIES4 ,9 HIS WRIT+S HE DOES NOT DEAL ) PHILOSOPHY1 NOR DOES HE =MULATE MAT]IALISM 9 A SY/EM ( PHILOSOPHY2 HE IS UTILIZ+ IT AS A ME?OD = ! /UDY ( ! WORLD1 & ?US DEMON/RATES ITS VALIDITY4 ,9 ! ESSAY QUOT$ ABOVE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,M>X DOES NOT DEMOLI% ! ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY ( ,LAW BY PHILOSOPHICAL DISPUTATIONS1 BUT ?R\< AN ANNIHILAT+ CRITICISM ( ! REAL CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY4 

,9 ! MAT]IALI/ ME?OD PHILOSOPHICAL SOPHI/RY & DISPUTATIONS >\ND AB/RACT CONCEPTS >E REPLAC$ BY ! /UDY ( ! REAL WORLD4 ,LET US TAKE A FEW EXAMPLES TO ELUCIDATE ?IS PO9T4 ,! /ATEM5T 0,MAN PROPOSES1 ,GOD DISPOSES0 IS 9T]PRET$ BY ! !OLOGIAN FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ,GOD4 ,! MAT]IALI/ SE>*ES = ! CAUSE ( ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 EXPECTATIONS & RESULTS1 & F9DS IT 9 ! SOCIAL EFFECTS ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE & COMPETITION4 ,! POLITICIAN DEBATES ! DESIRABILITY ( FRE$OM & ( SOCIALISM2 ! MAT]IALI/ ASKS3 FROM :AT 9DIVIDUALS OR CLASSES DO !SE DEM&S SPR+1 :AT SPECIFIC CONT5T DO !Y HAVE1 & TO :AT SOCIAL NE$ DO !Y CORRESPOND8 ,! PHILOSOPH]1 9 AB/RACT SPECULATIONS AB\T ! ESS5CE ( TIME1 SEEKS TO E/ABLI% :E!R OR NOT ABSOLUTE TIME EXI/S4 ,! MAT]IALI/ COMP>ES CLOCKS TO SEE :E!R SIMULTANE\SNESS OR SUCCESSION ( TWO PH5OM5A CAN BE E/ABLI%$ UNMI/AKABLY4 

,FEU]BA* HAD PREC$$ ,M>X 9 US+ ! MAT]IALI/ ME?OD1 9S(> AS HE PO9T$ \T ?AT RELIGI\S CONCEPTS & IDEAS >E D]IV$ FROM MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 ,HE SAW 9 LIV+ MAN ! S\RCE ( ALL RELIGI\S ?\<TS & CONCEPTS4 0,D] ,M5S* I/1 WAS ] IS/0 7,MAN IS :AT HE EATS7 IS A WELL-KN[N ,G]MAN PUN SUMM>IZ+ HIS DOCTR9E4 ,:E!R HIS MAT]IALISM W\LD BE VALID1 H[EV]1 DEP5D$ ON :E!R HE W\LD BE SUCCESSFUL 9 PRES5T+ A CLE> & CONV9C+ EXPLANATION ( RELIGION4 ,A MAT]IALISM ?AT LEAVES ! PROBLEM OBSCURE IS 9SUFFICI5T & WILL FALL BACK 9TO IDEALISM4 ,M>X PO9T$ \T ?AT ! M]E PR9CIPLE ( TAK+ LIV+ MAN AS ! />T+ PO9T IS NOT 5\<4 ,9 HIS !SES ON ,FEU]BA* 9 #ahde HE =MULAT$ ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 HIS MAT]IALI/IC ME?OD & ,FEU]BA*'S AS FOLL[S3 

0,FEU]BA* RESOLVES ! RELIGI\S ESS5CE 9TO ! HUMAN ESS5CE 7DAS M5S*LI*E ,WES574 ,BUT ! HUMAN ESS5CE IS NO AB/RACTION 9H]5T 9 EA* S+LE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 ITS REALITY IT IS ! 5SEMBLE ( ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS0 7,!SIS #f74 0,HIS WORK CONSI/S 9 ! DISSOLUTION ( ! RELIGI\S WORLD 9TO ITS SECUL> BASIS4 ,! FACT1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! SECUL> F\NDATION LIFTS ITSELF ABOVE ITSELF & E/ABLI%ES ITSELF 9 ! CL\DS AS AN 9DEP5D5T REALM IS ONLY TO BE EXPLA9$ BY ! SELF-CLEAVAGE & SELF-CONTRADICTIONS ( ?IS SECUL> BASIS4 ,! LATT] ITSELF1 !RE=E1 MU/ FIR/ BE UND]/OOD 9 ITS CONTRADICTIONS1 & !N1 BY ! REMOVAL ( ! CONTRADICTION1 MU/ BE REVOLUTIONIZ$ 9 PRACTICE0 7,!SIS #d74 

,9 %ORT1 MAN CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY AS A SOCIAL BE+4 ,FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL WE MU/ PROCE$ TO SOCIETY1 & !N ! SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS \T ( :I* RELIGION CAME =?1 MU/ BE DISSOLV$4 ,! REAL WORLD1 ! MAT]IAL1 S5SUAL WORLD1 :]E ALL IDEOLOGY & CONSCI\SNESS HAVE !IR ORIG91 IS ! DEVELOP+ HUMAN SOCIETY - ) NATURE 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 ( C\RSE1 AS ! BASIS ON :I* SOCIETY RE/S & ( :I* IT IS A P>T TRANS=M$ BY MAN4 

,A PRES5TATION ( !SE IDEAS MAY BE F\ND 9 ! MANUSCRIPT ( ,DIE ,DEUTS*E ,IDEOLOGIE 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY71 WRITT5 9 #ahde BUT NOT PUBLI%$4 ,! P>T ?AT DEALS ) ,FEU]BA* WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #aibe BY ,RJAZANOV1 !N *IEF ( ! ,M>X-,5GELS ,9/ITUTE 9 ,MOSC[2 ! COMPLETE WORK WAS NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL #a#i#c#b4 ,H]E ! !SES ON ,FEU]BA* >E WORK$ \T AT GREAT] L5G?4 ,AL?\< IT IS MANIFE/ ?AT ,M>X WROTE IT D[N QUITE HURRI$LY1 HE NEV]!LESS GAVE A BRILLIANT PRES5TATION ( ALL ! ESS5TIAL IDEAS CONC]N+ ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY1 :I* LAT] F\ND !IR %ORT EXPRESSION1 PRACTICALLY1 9 ! PROLET>IAN PROPAG&A PAMPHLET1 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O &1 !ORETICALLY1 9 ! PREFACE TO ,ZUR ,KRITIK D] ,POLITIS*5 ,OEKONOMIE 7,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY74 

,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY IS DIRECT$ FIR/ ( ALL AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT !ORETICAL VIEW :I* REG>D$ CONSCI\SNESS AS ! CREATOR1 & IDEAS DEVELOP+ FROM IDEAS AS ! DET]M9+ FACTORS ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,!Y >E TREAT$ H]E CONTEMPTU\SLY AS 0! PHANTOMS =M$ 9 ! HUMAN BRA90 ?AT >E 0NECESS>Y SUBLIMATES ( !IR MAT]IAL1 EMPIRICALLY V]IFIABLE LIFE PROCESS B\ND TO MAT]IAL PREMISES40 ,IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO PUT EMPHASIS ON ! REAL WORLD1 ! MAT]IAL & EMPIRICALLY-GIV5 WORLD AS ! S\RCE ( ALL IDEOLOGY4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO NECESS>Y TO CRITICIZE ! MAT]IALI/ !ORIES ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ,FEU]BA*4 ,AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ IDEOLOGY1 ! RETURN TO BIOLOGICAL MAN & HIS PR9CIPAL NE$S IS CORRECT BUT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO F9D A SOLUTION TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ & :Y RELIGI\S IDEAS ORIG9ATE IF WE TAKE ! 9DIVIDUAL AS AN AB/RACT ISOLAT$ BE+4 ,HUMAN SOCIETY 9 ITS HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION IS ! DOM9ANT REALITY CONTROLL+ HUMAN LIFE4 ,ONLY \T ( SOCIETY CAN ! SPIRITUAL LIFE ( MAN BE EXPLA9$4 ,FEU]BA*1 9 HIS ATTEMPT TO F9D AN EXPLANATION ( RELIGION BY A RETURN TO ! 0REAL0 MAN DID NOT F9D ! REAL MAN1 BECAUSE HE SE>*ES = HIM 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! HUMAN BE+ G5]ALLY4 ,FROM HIS APPROA* ! WORLD ( IDEAS CANNOT BE EXPLA9$4 ,?US HE WAS =C$ TO FALL BACK ON ! IDEOLOGY ( UNIV]SAL HUMAN LOVE4 0,9S(> AS ,FEU]BA* IS A MAT]IALI/10 ,M>X SAID1 0HE DOES NOT DEAL ) HI/ORY1 & 9S(> AS HE CONSID]S HI/ORY1 HE IS NOT A MAT]IALI/40 

,:AT ,FEU]BA* C\LD NOT ACCOMPLI% WAS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM ( ,M>X3 AN EXPLANATION ( MAN'S IDEAS \T ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD4 ,A BRILLIANT SURVEY ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY F9DS ITS PHILOSOPHICAL SUMM>Y 9 ! S5T5CE3 0,M51 DEVELOP+ !IR MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & !IR MAT]IAL 9T]C\RSE ALONG ) ?IS1 !IR REAL EXI/5CE1 ALT] !IR ?9K+ & ! PRODUCTS ( !IR ?9K+40 ,?US1 AS RELATION BETWE5 REALITY & ?9K+1 MAT]IALISM IS 9 PRACTICE PROV5 TO BE RI<T4 ,WE KN[ REALITY ONLY ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ! S5SES4 ,PHILOSOPHY1 AS !ORY ( KN[L$GE1 !N F9DS ITS BASIS 9 ?IS PR9CIPLE3 ! MAT]IAL1 EMPIRICALLY GIV5 WORLD IS ! REALITY :I* DET]M9ES ?\<T4 

,! BASIC PROBLEM 9 ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE 7EPI/EMOLOGY7 WAS ALWAYS3 :AT TRU? CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ?9K+4 ,! T]M 0CRITICISM ( KN[L$GE0 7,]K5NTNISKRITIK7 US$ BY PR(ESSIONAL PHILOSOPH]S = ?IS !ORY ( KN[L$GE1 ALREADY IMPLIES A VIEWPO9T ( D\BT4 ,9 HIS SECOND & FIF? !SES ON ,FEU]BA* ,M>X REF]S TO ?IS PROBLEM & AGA9 PO9TS TO ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( MAN AS ! ESS5TIAL CONT5T ( HIS LIFE3 

0,! QUE/ION :E!R OBJECTIVE TRU? CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO HUMAN ?9K+ IS NOT A QUE/ION ( !ORY BUT A PRACTICAL QUE/ION4 ,9 PRACTICE MAN MU/ PROVE ! TRU?1 I4E4 ! REALITY & P[]1 ! ?IS-SID$NESS ( HIS ?9K+0 7,!SIS #b74 0,FEU]BA*1 NOT SATISFI$ ) AB/RACT ?9K+1 APPEALS TO S5SU\S P]CEPTION 7,ANS*AUUNG71 BUT HE DOES NOT CONCEIVE S5SU\SNESS 7DIE ,S9NLI*KEIT7 AS A PRACTICAL HUMAN-S5SU\S ACTIVITY0 ,!SIS #e74 

,:Y PRACTICAL8 ,BECAUSE MAN 9 ! FIR/ PLACE MU/ LIVE4 ,HIS BODILY /RUCTURE1 HIS FACULTIES & HIS ABILITIES1 & ALL HIS ACTIVITY >E ADAPT$ TO ?IS V]Y 5D4 ,) !SE HE MU/ ASS]T HIMSELF 9 ! EXT]NAL WORLD1 I4E4 9 NATURE1 & AS AN 9DIVIDUAL 9 SOCIETY4 ,TO !SE ABILITIES BELONGS ! ACTIVITY ( ! ORGAN ( ?\<T1 ! BRA91 & ! FACULTY ( ?9K+ ITSELF4 ,?9K+ IS A BODILY FACULTY4 ,9 EV]Y PHASE ( LIFE MAN USES HIS P[] ( ?\<T TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS FROM HIS EXP]I5CES1 ON :I* EXPECTATIONS & HOPES >E BUILT1 & !SE CONCLUSIONS REGULATE HIS BEHAVIOR & HIS ACTIONS4 ,! CORRECTNESS ( HIS CONCLUSIONS1 ! TRU? ( HIS ?9K+1 IS %[N BY ! V]Y FACT ( HIS EXI/5CE1 S9CE IT IS A CONDITION = HIS SURVIVAL4 ,BECAUSE ?9K+ IS AN EFFICI5T ADAPTATION TO LIFE1 IT EMBODIES TRU?1 NOT = EV]Y CONCLUSION1 BUT 9 ITS G5]AL *>ACT]4 ,ON ! BASIS ( HIS EXP]I5CES MAN D]IVES G5]ALIZATIONS & RULES1 NATURAL LAWS1 ON :I* HIS EXPECTATIONS >E BAS$4 ,!Y >E G5]ALLY CORRECT1 AS IS WITNESS$ BY HIS SURVIVAL4 ,SOMETIMES1 H[EV]1 FALSE CONCLUSIONS MAY BE DRAWN1 ) FAILURE & DE/RUCTION 9 !IR WAKE4 ,LIFE IS A CONT9U\S PROCESS ( LE>N+1 ADAPTATION1 DEVELOPM5T4 ,PRACTICE IS ! UNSP>+ TE/ ( ! CORRECTNESS ( ?9K+4 

,LET US FIR/ CONSID] ?IS 9 RELATION TO NATURAL SCI5CE4 ,9 ! PRACTICE ( ?IS SCI5CE1 ?\<T F9DS ITS PURE/ & MO/ AB/RACT =M4 ,?IS IS :Y PHILOSOPHICAL SCI5TI/S TAKE ?IS =M AS ! SUBJECT ( !IR D$UCTIONS & PAY LITTLE ATT5TION TO ITS SIMIL>ITY TO ! ?9K+ ( EV]YBODY 9 HIS EV]YDAY ACTIVITY4 ,YET ?9K+ 9 ! /UDY ( NATURE IS ONLY A HI<LY DEVELOP$ SPECIAL FIELD 9 ! 5TIRE SOCIAL LABOR PROCESS4 ,?IS LABOR PROCESS DEM&S AN ACCURATE KN[L$GE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A & ITS 9TEGRATION 9TO 0LAWS ( NATURE01 9 ORD] TO UTILIZE !M SUCCESSFULLY 9 ! FIELD ( TE*NICS4 ,! DET]M9ATION ( !SE LAWS ?R\< OBS]VATION ( SPECIAL PH5OM5A IS ! TASK ( SPECIALI/S4 ,9 ! /UDY ( NATURE IT IS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT PRACTICE1 EXP]IM5T1 IS ! TE/ ( TRU?4 ,H]E1 TOO1 WE F9D ?AT ! OBS]V$ REGUL>ITIES1 =MULAT$ AS LAWS ( NATURE1 >E G5]ALLY FAIRLY DEP5DABLE GUIDES TO HUMAN PRACTICE2 ?\< !Y >E FREQU5TLY NOT 5TIRELY CORRECT & (T5 BALK EXPECTATION1 !Y >E IMPROV$ CON/ANTLY ?R\< ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE1 ,IF1 !RE=E1 MAN AT TIMES WAS REF]R$ TO AS ! 0LEGISLATOR ( NATURE0 IT MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT NATURE (T5 DISREG>DS HIS LAWS & SUMMONS HIM TO MAKE BETT] ONES4 

,! PRACTICE ( LIFE1 H[EV]1 COMPRISES MU* MORE ?AN ! SCI5TIFIC /UDY ( NATURE4 ,! RELATION ( ! SCI5TI/ TO ! WORLD1 DESPITE HIS EXP]IM5TS1 REMA9S OBS]VATIONAL4 ,TO HIM ! WORLD IS AN EXT]NAL ?+ TO LOOK AT4 ,BUT 9 REALITY MAN DEALS ) NATURE 9 HIS PRACTICAL LIFE BY ACT+ UPON IT & MAK+ IT P>T ( HIS EXI/5CE4 ,MAN DOES NOT /& AGA9/ NATURE AS TO AN EXT]NAL ALI5 WORLD4 ,BY ! TOIL ( HIS H&S MAN TRANS=MS ! WORLD1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! ORIG9AL NATURAL SUB/ANCE IS H>DLY DISC]NIBLE1 & 9 ?IS PROCESS TRANS=MS HIMSELF TOO4 ,?US MAN HIMSELF BUILDS HIS NEW WORLD3 HUMAN SOCIETY1 EMB$D$ 9 NATURE TRANS=M$ 9TO A TE*NICAL APP>ATUS4 ,MAN IS ! CREATOR ( ?IS WORLD4 ,:AT MEAN+1 !N1 HAS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R HIS ?9K+ EMBODIES TRU?8 ,! OBJECT ( HIS ?9K+ IS :AT HE HIMSELF PRODUCES BY HIS PHYSICAL & M5TAL ACTIVITIES1 & :I* HE CONTROLS ?R\< HIS BRA94 

,?IS IS NOT A QUE/ION ( P>TIAL TRU?S4 ,5GELS 9 HIS BOOKLET ON ,FEU]BA* REF]R$ TO ! SYN!SIZ+ ( ! NATURAL DYE ALIZ>9 7CONTA9$ 9 MADD]7 AS A PRO( ( ! TRU? ( HUMAN ?9K+4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 PROVES ONLY ! VALIDITY ( ! *EMICAL =MULA EMPLOY$2 IT CANNOT PROVE ! VALIDITY ( MAT]IALISM AS AGA9/ ,KANT'S 0,?+-9-ITSELF40 ,?IS CONCEPT1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM ,KANT'S PREFACE TO HIS ,CRITICISM ( ,PURE ,REASON1 RESULTS FROM ! 9CAPACITY ( B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY TO UND]/& ! E>?LY ORIG9 ( MORAL LAW4 ,! 0,?+-9-ITSELF0 IS NOT REFUT$ BY *EMICAL 9DU/RY BUT BY ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM EXPLA9+ MORAL LAW ?R\< SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM ?AT 5ABL$ ,5GELS TO SEE ! FALLACY ( ,KANT'S PHILOSOPHY1 TO PROVE ! FALLACI\SNESS ( :I* HE !N (F]$ O!R >GUM5TS4 ,?US1 TO REPEAT1 IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( P>TIAL TRU?S 9 A SPECIFIC FIELD ( KN[L$GE1 :]E ! PRACTICAL \TCOME AFFIRMS OR REFUTES !M4 ,! PO9T 9 QUE/ION IS A PHILOSOPHICAL ONE1 NAMELY1 :E!R HUMAN ?\<T IS CAPABLE ( GRASP+ ! DEEPE/ TRU? ( ! WORLD4 ,?AT ! PHILOSOPH] 9 HIS SECLUD$ /UDY1 :O H&LES EXCLUSIVELY AB/RACT PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS1 :I* >E D]IV$ 9 TURN FROM AB/RACT SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTS !MSELVES =MULAT$ \TSIDE ( PRACTICAL LIFE - ?AT HE1 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS WORLD ( %AD[S1 %\LD HAVE HIS D\BTS1 IS EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,BUT = HUMAN BE+S1 :O LIVE & ACT 9 ! PRACTICAL EV]YDAY WORLD1 ! QUE/ION CANNOT HAVE ANY MEAN+4 ,! TRU? ( ?\<T1 SAYS ,M>X1 IS NO?+ BUT ! P[] & MA/]Y OV] ! REAL WORLD4 

,( C\RSE ?IS /ATEM5T IMPLIES ITS C\NT]P>T3 ?9K+ CANNOT EMBODY TRU? :]E ! HUMAN M9D DOES NOT MA/] ! WORLD4 ,:5 ! PRODUCTS ( MAN'S H& - AS ,M>X EXP\ND$ 9 ,DAS ,KAPITAL - GR[ 9TO A P[] OV] HIM1 :I* HE NO LONG] CONTROLS & :I* 9 ! =M ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE & CAPITAL CONFRONTS HIM AS AN 9DEP5D5T SOCIAL BE+1 MA/]+ MAN & EV5 ?REAT5+ TO DE/ROY HIM1 !N HIS M9D SUBMITS TO ! MY/ICISM ( SUP]NATURAL BE+S & HE D\BTS ! ABILITY ( HIS ?9K+ TO DI/+UI% TRU?4 ,?US 9 ! C\RSE ( PA/ C5TURIES ! MY? ( SUP]NATURAL HEAV5LY TRU? UNKN[ABLE TO MAN OV]%AD[$ ! MAT]IALI/IC PRACTICE ( DAILY EXP]I5CES4 ,NOT UNTIL SOCIETY HAS EVOLV$ TO A /ATE :]E MAN WILL BE ABLE TO COMPREH5D ALL SOCIAL =CES & WILL HAVE LE>N$ TO MA/] !M - 9 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9 %ORT - WILL HIS ?9K+ 5TIRELY CORRESPOND TO ! WORLD4 ,BUT ALREADY BE=E1 :5 ! NATURE ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION AS A FUNDAM5TAL BASIS ( LIFE & FUTURE DEVELOPM5T HAS BECOME CLE> TO MAN1 :5 ! M9D - BE IT ONLY !ORETICALLY AT FIR/ - ACTUALLY MA/]S ! WORLD1 \R ?9K+ WILL BE FULLY TRUE4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT BY ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY AS =MULAT$ BY ,M>X1 BECAUSE N[ HIS !SIS IS FULFILL$1 MAT]IALISM GA9S P]MAN5T MA/]Y & BECOMES ! ONLY COM=MABLE PHILOSOPHY4 ,?US ,M>XIAN !ORY ( SOCIETY 9 PR9CIPLE MEANS A TRANS=MATION ( PHILOSOPHY4 

,M>X1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT CONC]N$ ) PURE PHILOSOPHY4 0,PHILOSOPH]S HAVE 9T]PRET$ ! WORLD DIFF]5TLY1 BUT :AT MATT]S IS TO *ANGE IT10 HE SAYS 9 HIS LA/ !SIS ON ,FEU]BA*4 ,! WORLD SITUATION PRESS$ = PRACTICAL ACTION4 ,AT FIR/ 9SPIR$ BY ! RIS+ B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION TO ABSOLUTISM1 !N /R5G!N$ BY ! NEW =CES ?AT EMANAT$ FROM ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ?R\< !IR /UDY ( SOCIAL REALITIES1 >RIV$ AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION FOLL[+ ON ! HEELS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION W\LD BR+ ! F9AL LIB]ATION ( MANK9D4 ,FROM N[ ONW>D !IR ACTIVITY WAS DEVOT$ TO ?IS REVOLUTION1 & 9 0,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O0 !Y LAID D[N ! FIR/ DIRECTIONS = ! WORK]S' CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,M>XISM HAS S9CE BE5 9SEP>ABLY CONNECT$ ) ! CLASS FI<T ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IF WE ASK :AT ,M>XISM IS1 WE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL UND]/& ?AT IT DOES NOT 5COMPASS EV]Y ?+ ,M>X EV] ?\<T & WROTE4 ,! VIEWS ( HIS E>LI] YE>S1 = 9/ANCE1 SU* AS QUOT$ ABOVE1 >E REPRES5TATIVE ONLY 9 P>T2 !Y >E PHASES 9 A DEVELOPM5T LEAD+ T[>D ,M>XISM4 ,NEI!R WAS IT COMPLETE AT ONCE2 :]EAS ! ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE & ! AIM ( COMMUNISM IS ALREADY \TL9$ 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ! !ORY ( CAPITALISM & SURPLUS VALUE IS DEVELOP$ MU* LAT]4 ,MOREOV]1 ,M>X'S IDEAS !MSELVES1 DEVELOP$ ) ! *ANGE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS4 ,! *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION & ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,/ATE 9 #a#h#d#h1 :5 ! PROLET>IAT HAD ONLY BEGUN TO APPE>1 DIFF]$ 9 ASPECT FROM ?AT ( LAT] YE>S AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 OR TODAY4 ,ESS5TIAL1 H[EV]1 >E ,M>X'S NEW CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCI5CE4 ,!RE IS FIR/ ( ALL ! DOCTR9E ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 ! !ORY ( ! DET]M9ATION ( ALL POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL PH5OM5A1 ( SPIRITUAL LIFE 9 G5]AL1 BY ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & RELATIONS4 ,! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 ITSELF BAS$ ON ! /ATE ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 DET]M9ES ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 ESPECIALLY ?R\< ! =CE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!RE IS1 FUR!RMORE1 ! PRES5TATION ( CAPITALISM AS A TEMPOR>Y HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON1 ! ANALYSIS ( ITS /RUCTURE BY ! !ORY ( VALUE & SURPLUS VALUE1 & ! EXPLANATION ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ?R\< ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION T[>DS COMMUNISM4 ,) !SE !ORIES ,M>X HAS 5RI*$ HUMAN KN[L$GE P]MAN5TLY4 ,!Y CON/ITUTE ! SOLID F\NDATION ( ,M>XISM AS A SY/EM ( ?\<T4 ,FROM !M FUR!R CONCLUSIONS MAY BE DRAWN UND] NEW & *ANG$ CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,BECAUSE ( ?IS SCI5TIFIC BASIS1 H[EV]1 ,M>XISM IS MORE ?AN A M]E SCI5CE4 ,IT IS A NEW WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! PA/ & ! FUTURE1 AT ! MEAN+ ( LIFE1 ( ! WORLD1 ( ?\<T2 IT IS A SPIRITUAL REVOLUTION1 IT IS A NEW WORLD-VIEW1 A NEW LIFE-SY/EM4 ,AS A SY/EM ( LIFE ,M>XISM IS REAL & LIV+ ONLY ?R\< ! CLASS ?AT ADH]ES TO IT4 ,! WORK]S :O >E IMBU$ ) ?IS NEW \TLOOK1 BECOME AW>E ( !MSELVES AS ! CLASS ( ! FUTURE1 GR[+ 9 NUMB] & /R5G? & CONSCI\SNESS1 /RIV+ TO TAKE PRODUCTION 9TO !IR [N H&S & ?R\< ! REVOLUTION TO BECOME MA/]S ( !IR [N FATE4 ,H5CE ,M>XISM AS ! !ORY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS A REALITY1 & AT ! SAME TIME A LIV+ P[]1 ONLY 9 ! M9DS & HE>TS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS4 

,?US ,M>XISM IS NOT AN 9FLEXIBLE DOCTR9E OR A /]ILE DOGMA ( IMPOS$ TRU?S4 ,SOCIETY *ANGES1 ! PROLET>IAT GR[S1 SCI5CE DEVELOPS4 ,NEW =MS & PH5OM5A >ISE 9 CAPITALISM1 9 POLITICS1 9 SCI5CE1 :I* ,M>X & ,5GELS C\LD NOT HAVE =ESE5 OR SURMIS$4 ,=MS ( ?\<T & /RUGGLE1 ?AT UND] =M] CONDITIONS W]E NECESS>Y MU/ UND] LAT] CONDITIONS GIVE WAY TO O!R ONES4 ,BUT ! ME?OD ( RESE>* :I* !Y FRAM$ REMA9S UP TO ?IS DAY AN EXCELL5T GUIDE & TOOL T[>DS ! UND]/&+ & 9T]PRETATION ( NEW EV5TS4 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 5ORM\SLY 9CREAS$ UND] CAPITALISM1 TODAY /&S ONLY AT ! ?RE%OLD ( ITS REVOLUTION &1 H5CE1 ( ITS ,M>XI/ DEVELOPM5T2 ,M>XISM ONLY N[ BEG9S TO GET ITS FULL SIGNIFICANCE AS A LIV+ =CE 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?US ,M>XISM ITSELF IS A LIV+ !ORY :I* GR[S1 ) ! 9CREASE ( ! PROLET>IAT & ) ! TASKS & AIMS ( ITS FI<T4 

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