,*APT] #c 
,DIETZG5 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 :5 IT CAME UP 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 CONNECTION ) ! FI<T ( ! MIDDLE CLASS = EMANCIPATION1 WAS 9EVITABLE 9 PRACTICE2 BUT AS !ORY IT WAS A RETROGRESSION COMP>$ ) ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E SO F> AHEAD ?AT !Y SAW IT ONLY AS A BACKSLID+ 9TO OBSOLETE IDEAS ( ! #a#h?-C5TURY 5LI<T5M5T4 ,BECAUSE !Y SAW SO V]Y CLE>LY ! WEAKNESSES ( ! B\RGEOIS POLITICAL FI<T 9 ,G]MANY - :ILE UND]RAT+ ! VITALITY ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM - !Y DID NOT GIVE MU* ATT5TION TO ! ACCOMPANY+ !ORY4 ,ONLY OCCASIONALLY !Y DIRECT$ AT IT SOME CONTEMPTU\S WORDS1 TO REFUTE ANY ID5TIFICATION ( ! TWO K9DS ( MAT]IALISM4 ,DUR+ !IR 5TIRE LIFETIME !IR ATT5TION WAS CONC5TRAT$ UPON ! ANTI!SIS ( !IR !ORY TO ! IDEALI/ SY/EMS ( ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY1 ESPECIALLY ,HEGEL4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM .<#a.>1 H[EV]1 WAS SOME:AT MORE ?AN A M]E REPETITION ( #a#h?-C5TURY IDEAS2 ! 5ORM\S PROGRESS ( ! SCI5CE ( NATURE 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY WAS ITS BASIS & WAS A S\RCE ( VIGOR4 ,A CRITICISM ( ITS F\NDATIONS HAD TO TACKLE PROBLEMS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( PO/-,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ WAS A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS & AXIOMS :I* W]E UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ AS ! RESULTS ( NATURAL SCI5CE & :I* W]E 9 P>T ACCEPT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS TOO4 

,H]E LIES ! IMPORTANCE ( ! WRIT+S ( ,JOSEPH ,DIETZG54 ,DIETZG51 AN >TISAN1 A TANN] LIV+ 9 ,RH9EL&1 :O AFT]W>DS W5T TO ,AM]ICA & !RE TOOK SOME P>T 9 ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 WAS A SELF-MADE SOCIALI/ PHILOSOPH] & AU?OR4 ,9 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC MATT]S HE CONSID]$ HIMSELF A PUPIL ( ,M>X1 :OSE !ORY ( VALUE & CAPITAL HE 5TIRELY COMPREH5D$4 ,9 PHILOSOPHY HE WAS AN 9DEP5D5T ORIG9AL ?9K]1 :O SET =? ! PHILOSOPHICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! NEW WORLD VIEW4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ?\< !Y HONORABLY M5TION$ HIM AS 0! PHILOSOPH] ( ! PROLET>IAT0 DID NOT AGREE ) EV]Y?+ HE WROTE2 !Y BLAM$ HIS REPETITIONS1 (T5 JUDG$ HIM CONFUS$1 & IT IS D\BTFUL :E!R !Y EV] UND]/OOD ! ESS5CE ( HIS >GUM5TS1 F> REMOV$ FROM !IR [N MODE ( ?9K+4 ,9DE$1 :]EAS ,M>X EXPRESSES ! NEW TRU? ( HIS VIEWS AS PRECISE /ATEM5TS & %>P LOGICAL >GUM5TS1 ,DIETZG5 SEES HIS *IEF AIM 9 /IMULAT+ HIS READ]S TO ?9K = !MSELVES ON ! PROBLEM ( ?9K+4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE HE REPEATS HIS >GUM5TS 9 MANY =MS1 EXPOSES ! REV]SE ( :AT HE /AT$ BE=E1 & ASSIGNS TO EV]Y TRU? ! LIMITS ( ITS TRU?1 FE>+ ABOVE ALL ?AT ! READ] %\LD ACCEPT ANY /ATEM5T AS A DOGMA4 ,?US HE TEA*ES PRACTICAL DIALECTICS4 ,:]EAS 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S HE IS (T5 VAGUE1 HIS FIR/ WORK ,! NATURE ( HUMAN BRA9 WORK 7#a#h#f#i71 & HIS LAT] ,A SOCIALI/'S EXCURSIONS 9TO ! FIELD ( EPI/EMOLOGY 7#a#h#g#g71 AS WELL AS SOME SMALL] PAMPHLETS >E BRILLIANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 ,!Y =M AN ESS5TIAL P>T 9 ! 5TIRETY ( ! WORLD-VIEW ?AT WE D5OTE BY ! NAME ( ,M>XISM4 ,! FIR/ PROBLEM 9 ! SCI5CE ( HUMAN KN[L$GE3 ! ORIG9 ( IDEAS1 WAS ANSW]$ BY ,M>X 9 ! DEMON/RATION ?AT !Y >E PRODUC$ BY ! SURR\ND+ WORLD4 ,! SECOND1 ADJO9+ PROBLEM1 H[ ! IMPRESSIONS ( ! SURR\ND+ WORLD >E TRANS=M$ 9TO IDEAS1 WAS ANSW]$ BY ,DIETZG54 ,M>X /AT$ :AT REALITIES DET]M9E ?\<T2 ,DIETZG5 E/ABLI%$ ! RELATION BETWE5 REALITY & ?\<T4 ,OR1 9 ! WORDS ( ,H]MAN ,GORT]1 ,M>X PO9T$ \T :AT ! WORLD DOES TO ! M9D1 ,DIETZG5 PO9T$ \T :AT ! M9D DOES ITSELF4 

,DIETZG5 PROCE$S FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( DAILY LIFE1 & ESPECIALLY FROM ! PRACTICE ( NATURAL SCI5CE4 0,SY/EMATIZATION IS ! ESS5CE1 IS ! G5]AL EXPRESSION ( ALL ACTIVITY ( SCI5CE4 ,SCI5CE SEEKS ONLY BY \R UND]/&+ TO BR+ ! OBJECTS ( ! WORLD 9TO ORD] & SY/EM40 ,HUMAN M9D TAKES FROM A GR\P ( PH5OM5A :AT IS COMMON TO !M 7E4G4 FROM A ROSE1 A *]RY1 A SETT+ SUN !IR COLOR71 LEAVES \T !IR SPECIFIC DIFF]5CES1 & FIXES !IR G5]AL *>ACT] 7R$7 9 A CONCEPT2 OR IT EXPRESSES AS A RULE :AT REPEATS ITSELF 7E4G4 /ONES FALL TO ! E>?74 ,! OBJECT IS CONCRETE1 ! SPIRITUAL CONCEPT IS AB/RACT4 0,BY MEANS ( \R ?9K+ WE HAVE1 POT5TIALLY1 ! WORLD TW(OLD1 \TSIDE AS REALITY1 9SIDE1 9 \R HEAD1 AS ?\<TS1 AS IDEAS1 AS AN IMAGE4 ,\R BRA9S DO NOT GRASP ! ?+S !MSELVES BUT ONLY !IR CONCEPT1 !IR G5]AL IMAGE4 ,! 5DLESS V>IETY ( ?+S1 ! 9F9ITE WEAL? ( !IR *>ACT]S1 F9DS NO ROOM 9 \R M9D04 ,= \R PRACTICAL LIFE 9DE$1 9 ORD] TO =ESEE EV5TS & MAKE PR$ICTIONS1 WE DO NOT WANT ALL ! SPECIAL CASES BUT ONLY ! G5]AL RULE4 ,! ANTI!SIS ( M9D & MATT]1 ( ?\<T & REALITY1 ( SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL1 IS ! ANTI!SIS ( AB/RACT & CONCRETE1 ( G5]AL & SPECIAL4 

,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS NOT AN ABSOLUTE ANTI!SIS4 ,! 5TIRE WORLD1 ! SPIRITUAL AS WELL AS ! VISIBLE & TANGIBLE WORLD1 IS OBJECT TO \R ?9K+4 ,?+S SPIRITUAL DO EXI/1 !Y TOO >E REALLY EXI/+1 AS ?\<TS2 ?US !Y TOO >E MAT]IALS = \R BRA9 ACTIVITY ( =M+ CONCEPTS4 ,! SPIRITUAL PH5OM5A >E ASSEMBL$ 9 ! CONCEPT ( M9D4 ,! SPIRITUAL & ! MAT]IAL PH5OM5A1 M9D & MATT] TOGE!R1 CON/ITUTE ! 5TIRE REAL WORLD1 A COH]5T 5TITY 9 :I* MATT] DET]M9ES M9D & M9D1 ?R\< HUMAN ACTIVITY1 DET]M9ES MATT]4 ,?AT WE CALL ?IS TOTAL WORLD A UNITY MEANS ?AT EA* P>T EXI/S ONLY AS A P>T ( ! :OLE1 IS 5TIRELY DET]M9$ BY ! ACTION ( ! :OLE1 ?AT1 H5CE1 ITS QUALITIES & ITS SPECIAL *>ACT] CONSI/S 9 ITS RELATIONS TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,?US ALSO M9D1 I4E4 ALL ?+S SPIRITUAL1 IS A P>T ( ! WORLD'S TOTALITY1 & ITS NATURE CONSI/S 9 ! TOTALITY ( ITS RELATIONS TO ! WORLD'S :OLE1 :I* WE !N1 AS ! OBJECT ( ?9K+1 OPPOSE TO IT UND] ! NAME MAT]IAL1 \T]1 OR REAL WORLD4 ,IF N[ WE CALL ?IS MAT]IAL WORLD PRIM>Y & ! M9D DEP5D5T1 IT MEANS = ,DIETZG5 SIMPLY ?AT ! 5TIRETY IS PRIM>Y & ! P>T SECOND>Y4 ,SU* A DOCTR9E :]E SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL ?+S1 5TIRELY 9T]DEP5D5T1 =M ONE UNIT$ WORLD1 MAY RI<TLY BE CALL$ MONISM4 

,?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! REAL WORLD ( PH5OM5A & ! SPIRITUAL WORLD ( CONCEPTS PRODUC$ BY \R ?9K+ IS ESPECIALLY SUITABLE TO CLE> UP ! NATURE ( SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTIONS4 ,PHYSICS HAS DISCOV]$ ?AT ! PH5OM5A ( LI<T CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY RAPID VIBRATIONS PROPAGAT$ ?R\< SPACE1 OR1 AS ! PHYSICI/S SAID1 ?R\< SPACE-FILL+ E!R4 ,DIETZG5 QUOTES A PHYSICI/ /AT+ ?AT !SE WAVES >E ! REAL NATURE ( LI<T :]EAS ALL ?AT WE SEE AS LI<T & COLOR IS ONLY AN APPE>ANCE4 0,! SUP]/ITION ( PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATION H]E0 ,DIETZG5 REM>KS 0HAS L$ US A/RAY FROM ! PA? ( SCI5TIFIC 9DUCTION1 9 ?AT WAVES RU%+ ?R\< ! E!R ) A VELOCITY ( #d1 7,G]MAN7 MILES P] SECOND1 & CON/ITUT+ ! TRUE NATURE ( LI<T >E OPPOS$ TO ! REAL PH5OM5A ( LI<T & COLOR4 ,! P]V]SION BECOMES MANIFE/ :]E ! VISIBLE WORLD IS D5OT$ AS A PRODUCT ( ! HUMAN M9D1 & ! E!R VIBRATIONS1 DISCLOS$ BY ! 9TELLECT ( ! MO/ ACUTE ?9K]S1 AS ! CORPOREAL REALITY40 ,IT IS QUITE ! REV]SE1 ,DIETZG5 SAYS3 ! COLOR$ WORLD ( PH5OM5A IS ! REAL WORLD1 & ! E!R WAVES >E ! PICTURE CON/RUCT$ BY ! HUMAN M9D \T ( !SE PH5OM5A4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 ?IS ANTAGONISM WE HAVE TO DO ) DIFF]5T MEAN+S AB\T ! T]MS TRU? & REALITY4 ,! ONLY TE/ TO DECIDE :E!R \R ?\<TS >E TRU? IS ALWAYS F\ND 9 EXP]IM5T1 PRACTICE1 EXP]I5CE4 ,! MO/ DIRECT ( EXP]I5CES IS EXP]I5CE ITSELF2 ! EXP]I5C$ WORLD ( PH5OM5A IS ! SURE/ ( ALL ?+S1 ! MO/ 9DUBITABLE REALITY4 ,SURELY WE KN[ PH5OM5A ?AT >E ONLY APPE>ANCES4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! EVID5CES ( DIFF]5T S5SES >E NOT 9 ACCORDANCE & HAVE TO BE FITT$ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY 9 ORD] TO GET A H>MONI\S WORLD-PICTURE4 ,%\LD WE ASSUME ! IMAGE BEH9D ! MIRROR1 :I* WE CAN SEE BUT CANNOT T\*1 AS A COMMON REALITY1 !N SU* A CONFUS$ KN[L$GE W\LD BR+ PRACTICAL FAILURE4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! 5TIRE WORLD ( PH5OM5A %\LD BE NO?+ BUT APPE>ANCE C\LD MAKE S5SE ONLY IF WE ASSUM$ ANO!R S\RCE ( KN[L$GE - E4G4 A DIV9E VOICE SPEAK+ 9 US - TO BE BR\<T 9 H>MONY ) ! O!R EXP]I5CES4 

,APPLY+ N[ ! SAME TE/ ( PRACTICE TO ! PHYSICI/ WE SEE ?AT HIS ?9K+ IS CORRECT ALSO4 ,BY MEANS ( HIS VIBRAT+ E!R HE NOT ONLY EXPLA9$ KN[N PH5OM5A BUT EV5 PR$ICT$ 9 ! RI<T WAY A NUMB] ( UNSUSPECT$ NEW PH5OM5A4 ,SO HIS !ORY IS A GOOD1 A TRUE !ORY4 ,IT IS TRU? BECAUSE IT EXPRESSES :AT IS COMMON TO ALL !SE EXP]I5CES 9 A %ORT =MULA ?AT ALL[S ( EASY D$UCTION ( !IR 5DLESS DIV]SITY4 ,?US ! E!R WAYS MU/ BE CONSID]$ A TRUE PICTURE ( REALITY4 ,! E!R ITSELF ( C\RSE CANNOT BE OBS]V$ 9 ANY WAY2 OBS]VATION %[S ONLY PH5OM5A ( LI<T4 

,H[ IS IT !N1 ?AT ! PHYSICI/S SPOKE ( ! E!R & ITS VIBRATIONS AS A REALITY8 ,FIR/LY AS A MODEL1 CONCEIV$ BY ANALOGY4 ,FROM EXP]I5CE WE KN[ ( WAVES 9 WAT] & 9 ! AIR4 ,IF N[ WE ASSUME SU* WAVES 9 ANO!R1 F9] SUB/ANCE FILL+ ! UNIV]SE1 WE MAY TRANSF] TO IT A NUMB] ( WELL-KN[N WAVE PH5OM5A1 & WE F9D !SE CONFIRM$4 ,SO WE F9D \R WORLD ( REALITY GR[+ WID]4 ,) \R SPIRITUAL EYES WE SEE NEW SUB/ANCES1 NEW P>TICLES MOV+1 9VISIBLY BECAUSE !Y >E BEYOND ! P[] ( \R BE/ MICROSCOPES1 BUT CONCEIVABLE AFT] ! MODEL ( \R VISIBLE CO>S] SUB/ANCES & P>TICLES4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 H[EV]1 ) E!R AS A NEW 9VISIBLE REALITY1 ! PHYSICI/S L&$ 9TO DIFFICULTIES4 ,! ANALOGY WAS NOT P]FECT3 ! WORLD-FILL+ E!R HAD TO BE ASSIGN$ QUALITIES 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM WAT] OR AIR2 ?\< CALL$ A SUB/ANCE IT DEVIAT$ SO COMPLETELY FROM ALL KN[N SUB/ANCES ?AT AN ,5GLI% PHYSICI/ ONCE COMP>$ IT SOMEH[ TO PIT*4 ,:5 IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT LI<T WAVES W]E ELECTROMAGNETIC VIBRATIONS1 IT 5SU$ ?AT ! E!R HAD TO TRANSMIT ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC PH5OM5A TOO4 ,= ?IS ROLE1 A COMPLICAT$ /RUCTURE HAD TO BE DEVIS$1 A SY/EM ( MOV+1 /RA9+1 & SP9N+ CONTRIVANCES1 ?AT MI<T BE US$ AS A CO>SE MODEL1 BUT :I* NOBODY W\LD CALL ! TRUE REALITY ( ?IS F9E/ ( FLUIDS FILL+ SPACE BETWE5 ! ATOMS4 ,! ?+ BECAME WORSE :5 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! #b? C5TURY ! !ORY ( RELATIVITY CAME UP & D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( E!R ALTOGE!R4 ,PHYSICI/S !N GREW ACCU/OM$ TO DEAL ) A VOID SPACE1 EQUIPP$ H[EV] ) QUALITIES EXPRESS$ 9 MA!MATICAL =MULAS & EQUATIONS4 ,) ! =MULAS ! PH5OM5A C\LD BE COMPUT$ 9 ! RI<T WAY2 ! MA!MATICAL SYMBOLS W]E ! ONLY ?+ REMA9+4 ,! MODELS & IMAGES W]E NON-ESS5TIAL1 & ! TRU? ( A !ORY DOES NOT MEAN ANY?+ MORE ?AN ?AT ! =MULAS >E EXACT4 

,?+S BECAME WORSE /ILL :5 PH5OM5A W]E DISCOV]$ ?AT C\LD BE REPRES5T$ ONLY BY LI<T CONSI/+ ( A /REAM ( SO CALL$ QUANTA1 SEP>AT$ P>TICLES HURRY+ ?R\< SPACE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! !ORY ( VIBRATIONS HELD ! FIELD TOO1 SO ?AT ACCORD+ TO NE$S ONE !ORY OR ! O!R HAD TO BE APPLI$4 ,?US TWO /RICTLY CONTRADICTORY !ORIES BO? W]E TRUE1 EA* TO BE US$ )9 ITS GR\P ( PH5OM5A4 ,N[ AT LA/ PHYSICI/S BEGAN TO SUSPECT ?AT !IR PHYSICAL 5TITIES1 =M]LY CONSID]$ ! REALITY BEH9D ! PH5OM5A1 W]E ONLY IMAGES1 AB/RACT CONCEPTS1 MODELS MORE EASILY TO COMPREH5D ! PH5OM5A4 ,:5 ,DIETZG5 HALF A C5TURY BE=E WROTE D[N HIS VIEWS :I* W]E SIMPLY A CONSEQU5CE ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 !RE WAS NO PHYSICI/ :O DID NOT FIRMLY BELIEVE 9 ! REALITY ( WORLD E!R4 ,! VOICE ( A SOCIALI/ >TISAN DID NOT P5ETRATE 9TO ! UNIV]SITY LECTURE ROOMS4 ,N[ADAYS IT IS PRECISELY ! PHYSICI/S :O ASS]T ?AT !Y >E DEAL+ ) MODELS & IMAGES ONLY1 :O >E CONT9UALLY DISCUSS+ ! PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS ( !IR SCI5CE1 & :O EMPHASIZE ?AT SCI5CE AIMS SOLELY AT RELATIONS & =MULAS ?R\< :I* FUTURE PH5OM5A MAY BE PR$ICT$ FROM =M] ONES4 

,9 ! WORD PH5OM5ON 0?AT :I* APPE>S01 !RE IS CONTA9$ AN OPPOSIT5ESS TO ! REALITY ( ?+S2 IF WE SPEAK ( 0APPE>+S0 !RE MU/ BE SOME?+ ELSE ?AT APPE>S4 ,NOT AT ALL1 SAYS ,DIETZG52 PH5OM5A APPE> 7OR OCCUR71 ?AT IS ALL4 ,9 ?IS PLAY ( WORDS WE MU/ NOT ?9K1 ( C\RSE1 ( :AT APPE>S TO ME OR TO ANO!R OBS]V]2 ALL ?AT HAPP5S1 :E!R MAN SEES IT OR NOT1 IS A PH5OM5ON1 & ALL !SE HAPP5+S =M ! TOTALITY ( ! WORLD1 ! REAL WORLD ( PH5OM5A4 0,S5SE P]CEPTION %[S AN 5DLESS TRANS=MATION ( MATT] 444 ,! S5SUAL WORLD1 ! UNIV]SE AT ANY PLACE & ANY TIME IS A NEW ?+ ?AT DID NOT EXI/ BE=E4 ,IT >ISES & PASSES AWAY1 PASSES & >ISES UND] \R H&S4 ,NO?+ REMA9S ! SAME1 LA/+ IS ONLY P]PETUAL *ANGE1 & EV5 ! *ANGE V>IES 444 ,! 7MIDDLE CLASS7 MAT]IALI/1 SURELY1 ASS]TS ! P]MAN5CY1 ET]NITY1 9DE/RUCTIBILITY ( MATT] 444 ,:]E DO WE F9D SU* ET]NAL1 IMP]I%ABLE =MLESS MATT]8 ,9 ! REAL WORLD ( PH5OM5A WE MEET ONLY ) =MS ( P]I%ABLE MATT] 444 ,ET]NAL & IMP]I%ABLE MATT] EXI/S PRACTICALLY1 9 REALITY1 ONLY AS ! SUM TOTAL ( ITS P]I%ABLE PH5OM5A40 ,9 %ORT1 MATT] IS AN AB/RACTION4 

,:]EAS PHILOSOPH]S SPOKE ( ! ESS5CE ( ?+S1 PHYSICI/S SPOKE ( MATT]1 ! LA/+ BACKGR\ND BEH9D ! *ANG+ PH5OM5A4 ,REALITY1 !Y SAY1 IS MATT]2 ! WORLD IS ! TOTALITY ( MATT]4 ,?IS MATT] CONSI/S ( ATOMS1 ! 9V>IABLE ULTIMATE BUILD+ /ONES ( ! UNIV]SE1 ?AT BY !IR V>I\S COMB9ATIONS IMPOSE ! IMPRESSION ( 5DLESS *ANGE4 ,ON ! MODEL ( SURR\ND+ H>D OBJECTS1 AS AN EXT5SION ( ! VISIBLE WORLD ( /ONES1 GRAMS1 & DU/1 !SE /ILL SMALL] P>TICLES W]E ASSUM$ TO BE ! CON/ITU5TS ( ! 5TIRE WORLD1 ( ! FLUID WAT] AS WELL AS ( ! =MLESS AIR4 ,! TRU? ( ! ATOMIC !ORY HAS /OOD ! TE/ ( A C5TURY ( EXP]I5CE1 9 AN 5DLESS NUMB] ( GOOD EXPLANATIONS & SUCCESSFUL PR$ICTIONS4 ,ATOMS ( C\RSE >E NOT OBS]V$ PH5OM5A !MSELVES3 !Y >E 9F]5CES ( \R ?9K+4 ,AS SU* !Y %>E ! NATURE ( ALL PRODUCTS ( \R ?9K+ !IR %>P LIMITATION & DI/9CTION1 !IR PRECISE EQUALITY BELONGS TO !IR AB/RACT *>ACT]4 ,AS AB/RACTIONS !Y EXPRESS :AT IS G5]AL & COMMON 9 ! PH5OM5A1 :AT IS NECESS>Y = PR$ICTIONS4 

,TO ! PHYSICI/1 ( C\RSE1 ATOMS W]E NO AB/RACTIONS BUT REAL SMALL 9VISIBLE P>TICLES1 %>PLY LIMIT$1 EXACTLY ALIKE = EV]Y *EMICAL ELEM5T1 ) PRECISE QUALITIES & PRECISE MASS4 ,BUT MOD]N SCI5CE DE/ROY$ ALSO ?IS ILLUSION4 ,ATOMS1 FIR/LY1 HAVE BE5 DISSOLV$ 9TO /ILL SMALL] P>TICLES1 ELECTRONS1 PROTONS1 NEUTRONS1 =M+ COMPLICAT$ SY/EMS1 SOME ( !M 9ACCESSIBLE TO ANY EXP]IM5T1 M]E PRODUCTS ( ! APPLICATION ( LOGIC4 ,& !SE SMALLE/ ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS PRECISELY DEF9$ P>TICLES F9D+ !MSELVES AT DEF9ITE PO9TS 9 SPACE4 ,MOD]N PHYSICAL !ORY ASSIGNS TO EA* ( !M ! *>ACT] ( A WAVE MOTION EXT5D+ OV] 9F9ITE SPACE4 ,:5 Y\ ASK ! PHYSICI/ :AT IT IS ?AT MOVES 9 SU* WAVES HIS ANSW] CONSI/S 9 PO9T+ TO A MA!MATICAL EQUATION4 ,! WAVES >E NO WAVES ( MATT]1 ( C\RSE2 ?AT :I* MOVES CANNOT EV5 BE CALL$ A SUB/ANCE1 BUT IS R5D]$ MO/ TRULY BY ! CONCEPT ( PROBABILITY2 ! ELECTRONS >E PROBABILITY-WAVES4 ,=M]LY A P>TICLE ( MATT] 9 ITS 9V>IABLE WEI<T PRES5T$ A PRECISELY DEF9$ QUANTITY1 ITS MASS4 ,N[ MASS *ANGES ) ! /ATE ( MOTION & CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ ACCURATELY FROM 5]GY2 5]GY & MASS *ANGE 9TO ONE ANO!R4 ,:]EAS =M]LY !SE CONCEPTS W]E NEATLY SEP>AT$ & ! PHYSICAL WORLD WAS A CLE> SY/EM )\T CONTRADICTION1 PR\DLY PROCLAIM$ ! REAL WORLD1 PHYSICS N[ADAYS1 :5 IT ASSUMES ITS FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTS MATT]1 MASS1 5]GY AS FIX$1 WELL SEP>AT$ 5TITIES1 IS PLUNG$ 9TO A CR[D ( UNSOLVABLE CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! CONTRADICTION IS CLE>$ UP :5 WE SIMPLY CONSID] !M AS :AT !Y >E3 AB/RACTIONS S]VICEABLE TO R5D] ! EV] EXT5D+ WORLD ( PH5OM5A4 

,! SAME HOLDS = ! =CES & LAWS ( NATURE4 ,H]E ,DIETZG5'S EXPOSITIONS >E NOT ADEQUATE & SOME:AT CONFUS$1 PROBABLY BECAUSE AT ! TIME ! ,G]MAN PHYSICI/S US$ ! WORD 0,KRAFT0 9DISCRIM9ATELY = =CE & = 5]GY4 ,A SIMPLE PRACTICAL CASE1 SU* AS GRAVITY1 MAY EASILY CLE> UP ! MATT]4 ,GRAVITY1 PHYSICI/S SAID1 IS ! CAUSE ( FALL+4 ,H]E CAUSE IS NOT SOME?+ PREC$+ ! EFFECTS & DIFF]5T FROM IT2 CAUSE & EFFECT >E SIMULTANE\S & EXPRESS ! SAME ?+ 9 DIFF]5T WORDS4 ,GRAVITY IS A NAME ?AT DOES NOT CONTA9 ANY?+ MORE ?AN ! PH5OM5A !MSELVES2 9 D5OT+ !M BY ?IS WORD WE EXPRESS ! G5]AL1 ! COMMON *>ACT] ( ALL ! PH5OM5A ( FALL+ BODIES4 ,MORE ESS5TIAL ?AN ! NAME IS ! LAW2 9 ALL FREE MOVEM5TS ON E>? !RE IS A CON/ANT D[NW>D ACCEL]ATION4 ,WRIT+ ! LAW AS A MA!MATICAL =MULA WE >E ABLE TO COMPUTE ! MOTIONS ( ALL FALL+ OR ?R[N BODIES ,IT IS NOT NECESS>Y N[ TO KEEP ! PH5OM5A ALL 9 \R HEAD2 TO KN[ FUTURE CASES IT IS SUFFICI5T TO KN[ ! LAW1 ! =MULA4 ,! LAW IS ! AB/RACT CONCEPT \R M9D CON/RUCT$ \T ( ! PH5OM5A4 ,AS A LAW IT IS A PRECISE /ATEM5T ?AT IS ASSUM$ TO HOLD GOOD ABSOLUTELY & UNIV]SALLY1 :]EAS ! PH5OM5A >E DIV]SIFI$ & ALWAYS %[ DEVIATIONS :I* WE !N ASCRIBE TO O!R1 ACCESSORY1 CAUSES4 

,NEWTON EXT5D$ ! LAW ( GRAVITY TO ! CELE/IAL MOTIONS4 ,! ORBIT ( ! MOON WAS 0EXPLA9$0 BY %[+ ?AT IT WAS PULL$ BY ! SAME =CE ?AT MADE /ONES FALL ONTO E>?2 SO ! UNKN[N WAS R$UC$ TO ! KN[N4 ,HIS LAW ( UNIV]SAL GRAVITATION IS EXPRESS$ BY A MA!MATICAL =MULA ?R\< :I* A/RONOM]S >E ABLE TO COMPUTE & PR$ICT ! CELE/IAL PH5OM5A2 & ! RESULT ( C\NTLESS PR$ICTIONS %[S ! TRU? ( ! LAW4 ,SCI5TI/S N[ CALL$ ! GRAVITATION ! 0CAUSE0 ( ALL !SE MOTIONS2 !Y SAW IT AS A REALITY FLOAT+ 9 SPACE1 A K9D ( MY/]I\S IMP1 A SPIRITUAL BE+ CALL$ A 0=CE0 DIRECT+ ! PLANETS 9 !IR C\RSE2 ! LAW WAS A COMM& SOMEH[ PRES5T 9 NATURE :I* ! BODIES HAD TO OBEY4 ,9 REALITY !RE IS NO?+ ( ! SORT2 0CAUSE0 MEANS ! %ORT SUMM>Y OR COMP5DIUM1 0EFFECT0 MEANS ! DIV]SE MULTITUDE ( PH5OM5A4 ,! =MULA B9D+ ! ACCEL]ATION ( EA* P>TICLE TO ITS DI/ANCE FROM ! O!R ONES1 EXPRESSES 9 A %ORT =M EXACTLY ! SAME C\RSE ( ?+S AS DOES A L5G?Y DESCRIPTION ( ! ACTUAL MOTIONS4 ,GRAVITATION AS A SEP>ATE SOME?+ PULL+ & /E]+ ! BODIES DOES NOT EXI/ 9 NATURE BUT ONLY 9 \R HEAD4 ,AS A MY/]I\S COMM& P]MEAT+ SPACE IT HAS NO MORE REAL EXI/5CE ?AN HAS ,SNELL'S LAW ( REFRACTION AS A COMM& TO ! LI<T RAYS ON H[ !Y HAVE TO GO4 ,! C\RSE ( ! LI<T RAYS IS A DIRECT MA!MATICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! DIFF]5T VELOCITY ( LI<T 9 DIFF]5T SUB/ANCES2 9/EAD ( BY ! COMM& ( A LAW IT CAN EQUALLY WELL BE REPRES5T$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ?AT LI<T1 AS IT W]E AN 9TELLIG5T BE+1 *OOSES ! QUICKE/ R\TE TO REA* ! AIM4 ,MOD]N SCI5CE1 9 AN ANALOG\S WAY1 9 ! !ORY ( RELATIVITY R5D]S ! MOTIONS 9 SPACE NOT BY GRAVITATIONAL =CE1 BUT BY PRESCRIB+ ! %ORTE/ ROAD 7! 0GEODESIC07 9 ! DI/ORT$ F\R-DIM5SIONAL SPACE-TIME4 ,N[ AGA9 PHYSICI/S CAME TO CONSID] ?IS W>P$ SPACE AS A 0REALITY0 BEH9D ! PH5OM5A4 ,& AGA9 IT MU/ BE /AT$ ?AT1 LIKE ,NEWTON'S GRAVITATION1 IT IS ONLY A M5TAL AB/RACTION1 A SET ( =MULAS1 BETT] ?AN ! =M]1 H5CE MORE TRUE1 BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS MORE PH5OM5A :I* ! OLD LAW C\LD NOT EXPLA94 

,:AT IS CALL$ 0CAUSALITY0 9 NATURE1 ! REIGN ( NATURAL LAWS-SOMETIMES ONE EV5 SPEAKS ( ! 0LAW ( CAUSALITY10 I4E4 9 NATURE ! LAW HOLDS ?AT LAWS HOLD - SIMPLY COMES D[N TO ! FACT ?AT ! REGUL>ITIES WE F9D 9 ! PH5OM5A >E EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( PRESCRIPTS ABSOLUTELY VALID4 ,IF !RE >E LIMITATIONS1 EXCEPTIONS1 CONDITIONS1 !Y >E EXPRESSLY /AT$ AS SU*1 & WE TRY TO REPRES5T !M BY CORRECT+ ! LAW2 ?IS %[S ?AT ITS *>ACT] IS MEANT TO BE ABSOLUTE4 ,WE >E CONFID5T ?AT IT HOLDS = FUTURE USE2 & IF IT FAILS1 AS (T5 HAPP5S1 OR DOES NOT HOLD PRECISELY1 WE REPRES5T ?IS BY ADDITIONAL 0CAUSES40 

,WE (T5 SPEAK ( ! 9EXORABLE C\RSE ( EV5TS1 OR ( ! NECESSITY 9 NATURE2 OR WE SPEAK ( 0DET]M9ISM10 AS IF ?IS C\RSE HAD BE5 DET]M9$ & FIX$ BY SOMEBODY 9 ADVANCE4 ,ALL !SE HUMAN NAMES *OS5 TO EXPRESS ! ANTI!SIS TO ! >BITR>9ESS & FREE *OICE 9 HUMAN ACTIONS1 D5OT+ A K9D ( COMPULSION1 >E A S\RCE ( MU* CONFUSION & CANNOT R5D] EXACTLY ! *>ACT] ( NATURE4 ,RA!R WE SAY ?AT ! 5TIRE NATURE AT ?IS MOM5T DEP5DS 5TIRELY ON :AT IT WAS A MOM5T BE=E4 ,OR P]HAPS BETT] /ILL3 ?AT NATURE 9 ITS TOTALITY & HI/ORY IS A UNITY1 REMA9+ ID5TICALLY ITSELF 9 ALL ITS V>IATIONS4 ,ALL P>TS >E 9T]RELAT$ AS P>TS ( ONE :OLE1 & ! LAWS ( NATURE >E ! HUMANLY IMP]FECT EXPRESSIONS ( !SE 9T]RELATIONS4 ,NECESSITY CAN BE ASCRIB$ TO !M SOLELY 9 A P>TIAL IMP]FECT DEGREE2 ABSOLUTE NECESSITY MAY BE AFFIRM$ = ! 5TIRETY ( NATURE ONLY4 ,PH5OM5A MAY BE IMP]FECTLY R5D]$ BY \R LAWS2 BUT WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT !Y GO ON 9 A WAY :I* CAN BE ULTIMATELY R$UC$ TO SIMPLE DESCRIPTION1 & C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE ?AN !Y >E4 

,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,M>XISM IS (T5 EXPRESS$1 BY SAY+ ?AT IT PRES5TS1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 A NATURAL SCI5CE ( SOCIETY4 ,H5CE SOCIETY1 JU/ AS NATURE1 IS DET]M9$ BY NATURAL LAWS2 SOCIETY DEVELOPS NOT BY *ANCE OR 9CID5TALLY BUT ACCORD+ TO AN OV]ALL NECESSITY4 ,& S9CE SOCIETY IS HUMAN ACTIVITY1 !N HUMAN ACTION & *OICE & WILL >E NOT >BITR>Y1 NOT *ANCE1 BUT DET]M9$ BY SOCIAL CAUSES4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS WILL N[ BE CLE>4 ,! TOTALITY ( ! WORLD1 CONSI/+ ( NATURE & SOCIETY1 IS A UNITY1 AT ANY MOM5T DET]M9$ BY :AT IT WAS BE=E1 EA* P>T 5TIRELY DET]M9$ BY ! ACTION ( ! RE/4 ,IT REMA9S ! SAME ID5TICAL WORLD1 9 :I* ! HAPP5+S ( ONE P>T1 ( MANK9D OR P>T ( IT1 DEP5D 5TIRELY ON ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 NATURE & SOCIETY TOGE!R4 ,H]E TOO WE TRY TO F9D REGUL>ITIES1 RULES & LAWS1 & WE DEVISE NAMES & CONCEPTS2 BUT SELDOM DO WE ASCRIBE TO !M A SEP>ATE REALITY4 ,:]EAS A PHYSICI/ EASILY BELIEVES 9 GRAVITATION AS A REAL SOME?+ FLOAT+ 9 SPACE >\ND ! SUN & ! PLANETS1 IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE 9 0PROGRESS0 OR 0LIB]TY0 HOV]+ R\ND US & FLOAT+ OV] SOCIETY AS REAL BE+S ?AT CONDUCT MAN LIKE A RUL+ FATE4 ,!Y TOO >E AB/RACTIONS CON/RUCT$ BY ! M9D \T ( P>TIAL RELATIONS & DEP5D5CIES4 ,) !IR 0NECESSITY0 IT IS AS ) ALL NECESSITY 9 NATURE4 ,ITS BASIS IS ! NECESSITY ?AT MAN MU/ EAT TO LIVE4 ,9 ?IS POPUL> SAY+ ! FUNDAM5TAL CONNECTION ( MAN ) ! 5TIRETY ( ! WORLD IS EXPRESS$4 

,?R\< ! IMM5SE COMPLICATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS 0LAWS0 ( SOCIETY >E MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO DISC]N1 & !Y CANNOT N[ BE PUT 9TO ! =M ( EXACT =MULAS4 ,/ILL MORE ?AN 9 NATURE !Y MAY BE SAID TO EXPRESS NOT ! FUTURE BUT \R EXPECTATION AB\T ! FUTURE4 ,IT IS ALREADY A GREAT ?+ ?AT1 :]EAS =M] ?9K]S W]E GROP+ 9 ! D>K1 N[ SOME MA9 L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ,M>XISM AS A SCI5CE ( SOCIETY IS NOT SO MU* ! TRU? ( ! RULES & EXPECTATIONS IT =MULAT$1 BUT RA!R :AT IS CALL$ ITS ME?OD3 ! FUNDAM5TAL CONVICTION ?AT EV]Y?+ 9 ! WORLD ( MANK9D IS DIRECTLY CONNECT$ ) ! RE/4 ,H5CE = EV]Y SOCIAL PH5OM5ON WE HAVE TO LOOK = ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL FACTORS ( REALITY ON :I* IT DEP5DS4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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