,*APT] #d 
,MA* 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ! LAT] P>T ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 MIDDLE-CLASS SOCIETY .<#a.> TURN$ AWAY MORE & MORE FROM MAT]IALISM4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 ASS]T$ ITS SOCIAL MA/]Y2 BUT ! RISE ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS PROCLAIM+ AS ITS AIM ! ANNIHILATION ( CAPITALISM1 L$ TO MISGIV+S AS TO ! DURABILITY ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,WORLD & FUTURE APPE>$ FULL ( UNSOLVABLE PROBLEMS4 ,S9CE ! VISIBLE1 MAT]IAL =CES ?REAT5$ MIS*IEF1 ! RUL+ CLASS1 TO QUIET ITS APPREH5SIONS & ASSURE ITS SELF-RELIANCE1 TURN$ TO ! BELIEF 9 ! SUP]IOR RULE ( SPIRITUAL P[]S4 ,MY/ICISM & RELIGION GA9$ ! UPP] H&1 & /ILL MORE SO 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 

,NATURAL SCI5TI/S =M A P>T ( MIDDLE-CLASS SOCIETY2 !Y >E 9 CONT9UAL CONTACT ) ! B\RGEOISIE & >E 9FLU5C$ BY ITS SPIRITUAL TR5DS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?R\< ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE1 !Y HAVE TO DEAL ) NEW PROBLEMS & CONTRADICTIONS APPE>+ 9 !IR CONCEPTS4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> PHILOSOPHICAL 9SI<T ?AT 9SPIRES ! CRITICISM ( !IR !ORIES1 BUT RA!R ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( !IR PRACTICAL /UDY ( NATURE4 ,?IS CRITICISM !N TAKES ITS =M & COLOR FROM ! ANTI-MAT]IALI/ TR5DS 9 ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,?US MOD]N NATURAL PHILOSOPHY EXHIBITS TWO *>ACT]S3 CRITICAL REFLECTION OV] ! PR9CIPLES ( SCI5CE1 & A CRITICAL MOOD T[>DS MAT]IALISM4 ,JU/ AS 9 ! TIME ( ,HEGEL1 VALUABLE PROGRESS 9 ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE IS G>B$ 9 MY/ICAL & IDEALI/IC =MS4 

,CRITICS ( ! PREVAIL+ !ORIES CAME =W>D1 9 ! LA/ P>T ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES3 E4G4 ,K>L ,PE>SON 9 ,5GL&1 ,GU/AV ,KIR*H(F & ,]N/ ,MA* 9 ,G]MANY1 ,H5RI ,PO9C>E 9 ,FRANCE1 ALL EXHIBIT+1 ?\< 9 DIFF]5T WAYS1 ! SAME G5]AL TR5D ( ?\<T4 ,AMONG !M ! WRIT+S ( ,MA* HAVE D\BTLESS EX]T$ ! GREATE/ 9FLU5CE UPON ! IDEAS ( ! NEXT G5]ATION4 

,PHYSICS1 HE SAYS1 %\LD NOT PROCE$ FROM MATT]1 FROM ! ATOMS1 FROM ! OBJECTS2 !SE >E ALL D]IV$ CONCEPTS4 ,! ONLY ?+ WE KN[ DIRECTLY IS EXP]I5CE1 & ALL EXP]I5CE CONSI/S 9 S5SATIONS1 S5SE IMPRESSIONS 7,EMPF9DUNG574 ,BY MEANS ( \R WORLD ( CONCEPTS1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( $UCATION & 9TUITIVE CU/OM1 WE EXPRESS EV]Y S5SATION AS ! ACTION ( AN OBJECT UPON \RSELVES AS SUBJECT3 ,I SEE A /ONE4 ,BUT FREE+ \RSELVES FROM ?IS CU/OM WE P]CEIVE ?AT A S5SATION IS A UNIT 9 ITSELF1 GIV5 DIRECTLY )\T ! DI/9CTION ( SUBJECT & OBJECT4 ,?R\< A NUMB] ( SIMIL> S5SATIONS ,I COME TO ! DI/9CTION ( AN OBJECT1 & ,I KN[ ( MYSELF TOO ONLY BY A TOTALITY ( SU* S5SATIONS4 ,S9CE OBJECT & SUBJECT >E BUILT UP ( S5SATIONS IT IS BETT] NOT TO USE A NAME ?AT PO9TS TO A P]SON EXP]I5C+ !M4 ,SO WE PREF] ! NEUTRAL NAME ( 0ELEM5TS01 AS ! SIMPLE/ BASIS ( ALL KN[L$GE4 

,ORD9>Y ?9K+ H]E F9DS ! P>ADOX ?AT ! H>D IMMUTABLE /ONE1 ! PROTOTYPE ( ! SOLID 0?+0 %\LD BE =M$ BY1 %\LD 0CONSI/ (0 SU* TRANSI5T SUBJECTIVE /UFF AS S5SATIONS4 ,ON CLOS] EXAM9ATION1 H[EV]1 WE SEE ?AT :AT CON/ITUTES ! ?+1 ITS QUALITIES1 >E SIMPLY ?IS & NO?+ ELSE4 ,FIR/ ITS H>DNESS IS NO?+ BUT ! TOTALITY ( A NUMB] ( (T5 PA9FUL S5SATIONS2 & SECONDLY ITS IMMUTABILITY IS ! SUM TOTAL ( \R EXP]I5CES ?AT ON \R RETURN+ TO ! SAME SPOT ! SAME S5SATIONS REPEAT !MSELVES4 ,SO WE EXPECT !M AS A FIX$ 9T]CONNECTION 9 \R S5SATIONS4 ,9 \R KN[L$GE ( ! ?+ !RE IS NO?+ ?AT HAS NOT SOMEH[ ! *>ACT] ( A S5SATION4 ,! OBJECT IS ! SUM TOTAL ( ALL S5SATIONS AT DIFF]5T TIMES ?AT1 ?R\< A C]TA9 CON/ANCY ( PLACE & SURR\ND+S CONSID]$ AS RELAT$1 >E COMB9$ & D5OT$ BY A NAME4 ,IT IS NO MORE2 !RE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME ) ,KANT A 0?+ 9 ITSELF0 7,D+ AN SI*7 BEYOND ?IS S5SATION-MASS2 WE CANNOT EV5 EXPRESS 9 WORDS :AT WE W\LD HAVE TO ?9K ( IT4 ,SO ! OBJECT IS =M$ 5TIRELY BY S5SATIONS2 IT CONSI/S M]ELY ( S5SATIONS4 ,MA* OPPOSES HIS VIEWS TO ! CURR5T PHYSICAL !ORY BY ! WORDS3 

0,NOT BODIES PRODUCE S5SATIONS1 BUT ELEM5T-COMPLEXES 7S5SATION-COMPLEXES7 CON/ITUTE ! BODIES4 ,:5 ! PHYSICI/ CONSID]S ! BODIES AS ! P]MAN5T REALITY1 ! 'ELEM5TS' AS ! TRANSI5T APPE>ANCE1 HE DOES NOT REALIZE ?AT ALL 'BODIES' >E ONLY M5TAL SYMBOLS = ELEM5T-COMPLEXES 7S5SATION-COMPLEXES70 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#b#c74 

,! SAME HOLDS = ! SUBJECT4 ,:AT WE D5OTE BY 0,I MYSELF0 IS A COMPLEX ( RECOLLECTIONS & FEEL+S1 =M] & PRES5T S5SATIONS & ?\<TS CONNECT$ BY CONT9UITY ( MEMORY1 B\ND TO A SPECIAL BODY1 BUT ONLY P>TLY P]MAN5T4 

0,:AT IS PRIM>Y IS NOT MYSELF BUT ! ELEM5TS 444 ,! ELEM5TS CON/ITUTE ! MYSELF 444 ,! ELEM5TS ( CONSCI\SNESS ( ONE P]SON >E /RONGLY CONNECT$1 ?OSE ( DIFF]5T P]SONS >E ONLY WEAKLY & PASS+LY CONNECT$4 ,H5CE EV]YBODY ?9KS HE KN[S ONLY ( HIMSELF AS AN 9DIVISIBLE & 9DEP5D5T UNITY0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#a#i74 

,9 HIS WORK ,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG 7#a#h#h#c7 7,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,ME*ANICS7 HE WRITES ALONG ! SAME L9ES3 

0,NATURE CONSI/S ( ! ELEM5TS GIV5 BY ! S5SES4 ,PRIMITIVE MAN FIR/ TAKES \T ( !M C]TA9 COMPLEXES ( !SE ELEM5TS ?AT PRES5T !MSELVES ) A C]TA9 /ABILITY & >E MO/ IMPORTANT TO HIM4 ,! FIR/ & OLDE/ WORDS >E NAMES = '?+S'4 ,H]E AB/RACTION IS MADE FROM ! SURR\ND+S1 FROM ! CONT9UAL SMALL *ANGES ( !SE COMPLEXES1 :I* >E NOT HE$$ BECAUSE !Y >E NOT IMPORTANT4 ,9 NATURE !RE IS NO 9V>IABLE ?+4 ,! ?+ IS AN AB/RACTION1 ! NAME IS A SYMBOL = A COMPLEX ( ELEM5TS ( :I* WE NEGLECT ! *ANGES4 ,?AT WE D5OTE ! 5TIRE COMPLEX BY ONE WORD1 ONE SYMBOL1 IS DONE BECAUSE WE WANT TO AWAK5 AT ONCE ALL IMPRESSIONS ?AT BELONG TOGE!R4444 ,! S5SATIONS >E NO 'SYMBOLS ( ?+S'4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! '?+' IS A M5TAL SYMBOL = A S5SATION-COMPLEX ( RELATIVE /ABILITY4 ,NOT ! ?+S1 ! BODIES1 BUT COLORS1 S\NDS1 PRESSURES1 TIMES 7:AT WE USUALLY CALL S5SATIONS7 >E ! TRUE ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD4 ,! 5TIRE PROCESS HAS AN ECONOMICAL MEAN+4 ,9 PICTUR+ FACTS WE BEG9 ) ! ORD9>Y MORE /ABLE & HABITUAL COMPLEXES1 & AFT]W>DS = CORRECTION ADD :AT IS UNUSUAL0 7P4#d#e#d74 

,9 ?IS TREATM5T ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! SCI5CE ( ME*ANICS HE COMES CLOSE TO ! ME?OD ( ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM4 ,TO HIM ! HI/ORY ( SCI5CE IS NOT A SEQU5CE ( G5IUSES PRODUC+ M>VEL\S DISCOV]IES4 ,HE %[S H[ ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS >E FIR/ SOLV$ BY ! M5TAL ME?ODS ( COMMON LIFE1 UNTIL AT LA/ !Y ACQUIRE !IR MO/ SIMPLE & ADEQUATE !ORETICAL EXPRESSION4 ,EV] AGA9 ! ECONOMIC FUNCTION ( SCI5CE IS EMPHASIZ$4 

0,! AIM ( ALL SCI5CE IS TO SUB/ITUTE & TO SAVE EXP]I5CES ?R\< ! PICTUR+ & ! =ECA/+S ( FACTS BY ?\<TS1 BECAUSE !SE PICTURES >E MORE EASILY AT H& ?AN ! EXP]I5CES !MSELVES & 9 MANY RESPECTS MAY /& = !M0 7P4 #d#e#b74 0,:5 WE DEPICT FACTS BY ?\<TS WE NEV] IMITATE !M EXACTLY1 BUT ONLY FIGURE ?OSE SIDES ?AT >E IMPORTANT = US2 WE HAVE AN AIM ?AT DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY >OSE \T ( PRACTICAL 9T]E/S4 ,\R PICTURES >E ALWAYS AB/RACTIONS4 ,?IS AGA9 %[S AM ECONOMIC TR5D0 7P4#d#e#d74 

,H]E WE SEE SCI5CE1 SPECIALIZ$ AS WELL AS COMMON KN[L$GE1 CONNECT$ ) ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 AS AN IMPLEM5T ( EXI/5CE4 

0,! BIOLOGICAL TASK ( SCI5CE IS TO (F] A MO/ P]FECT ORI5TATION TO MAN 9 ! FULL POSSESSION ( HIS S5SES0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#b#i74 

,= MAN1 9 ORD] TO REACT EFFICI5TLY TO ! IMPRESSIONS ( HIS SURR\ND+S 9 EA* SITUATION1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO REMEMB] ALL =M] CASES ( ANALOG\S SITUATIONS ) !IR RESULTS4 ,HE HAS ONLY TO KN[ :AT RESULTS G5]ALLY1 AS A RULE1 & ?IS DET]M9ES HIS ACTIONS4 ,! RULE1 ! AB/RACT CONCEPT IS ! 9/RUM5T READY AT H& ?AT SAVES ! M5TAL CONSID]ATION ( ALL =M] CASES4 ,:AT NATURAL LAW /ATES IS NOT :AT WILL HAPP5 & MU/ HAPP5 9 NATURE1 BUT :AT WE EXPECT WILL HAPP52 & ?AT IS ! V]Y PURPOSE !Y HAVE TO S]VE4 

,! =MATION ( AB/RACT CONCEPTS1 ( RULES & LAWS ( NATURE1 9 COMMON LIFE AS WELL AS 9 SCI5CE1 IS AN 9TUITIVE PROCESS1 9T5D$ TO SAVE BRA9 WORK1 AIM+ AT ECONOMY ( ?9K+4 ,MA* %[S 9 A NUMB] ( EXAMPLES 9 ! HI/ORY ( SCI5CE H[ EV]Y PROGRESS CONSI/S 9 GREAT] ECONOMY1 9 ?AT A L>G] FIELD ( EXP]I5CES IS COMPIL$ 9 A %ORT] WAY1 SO ?AT 9 ! PR$ICTIONS A REPETITION ( ! SAME BRA9 OP]ATIONS IS AVOID$4 0,) ! %ORT LIFETIME ( MAN & MS LIMIT$ MEMORY1 NOTABLY KN[L$GE IS ONLY ATTA9ABLE BY ! UTMO/ ECONOMY ( ?9K+40 ,SO ! TASK ( SCI5CE CONSI/S 9 0REPRES5T+ FACTS AS COMPLETELY AS POSSIBLE BY A M9IMUM ( BRA9WORK0 7,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG1 P4#d#f#a74 

,ACCORD+ TO ,MA* ! PR9CIPLE ( ECONOMY ( ?9K+ DET]M9ES ! *>ACT] ( SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION4 ,:AT SCI5CE /ATES AS PROP]TIES ( ?+S & LAWS AB\T ATOMS >E 9 REALITY RELATIONS BETWE5 S5SATIONS4 ,! PH5OM5A BETWE5 :I* ! LAW ( GRAVITATION E/ABLI%ES RELATIONS1 CONSI/ 9 A NUMB] ( VISUAL AUDITORY OR TACTILE IMPRESSIONS2 ! LAW SAYS ?AT !Y OCCUR NOT BY *ANCE1 & PR$ICTS H[ WE MAY EXPECT !M4 ,( C\RSE WE CANNOT EXPRESS ! LAW 9 ?IS =M2 IT W\LD BE 9APPROPRIATE1 UNSUITABLE TO PRACTICE BECAUSE ( ITS COMPLEXITY4 ,BUT AS A PR9CIPLE1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO /ATE ?AT EV]Y LAW ( NATURE DEALS ) RELATIONS BETWE5 PH5OM5A4 ,IF N[ CONTRADICTIONS APPE> 9 \R CONCEPTIONS AB\T ATOMS & WORLD E!R1 !Y LIE NOT 9 NATURE BUT 9 ! =MS WE *OOSE = \R AB/RACTIONS 9 ORD] TO HAVE !M AVAILABLE 9 ! MO/ TRACTABLE WAY4 ,! CONTRADICTION DISAPPE>S :5 WE EXPRESS ! RESULTS ( \R RESE>* AS RELATIONS BETWE5 OBS]V$ QUANTITIES1 ULTIMATELY BETWE5 S5SATIONS4 

,! UNCONC]N$ SCI5TIFIC VIEW IS EASILY OBSCUR$ IF A PO9T ( VIEW FIT = A LIMIT$ AIM IS MADE ! BASIS ( ALL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,?IS IS ! CASE1 SAYS ,MA*1 0:5 ALL EXP]I5CES >E CONSID]$ AS ! EFFECTS ( AN \T] WORLD UPON \R CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AN APP>5TLY 9EXTRICABLE TANGLE ( METAPHYSICAL DIFFICULTIES RESULTS4 ,! PHANTOM DISAPPE>S DIRECTLY IF WE TAKE MATT]S 9 !IR MA!MATICAL =M1 & MAKE IT CLE> TO \RSELVES ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( FUNCTIONS & RELATIONS ALONE AVAILS1 & ?AT ! MUTUAL DEP5D5CE ( EXP]I5CES IS ! ONLY ?+ WE WI% TO KN[0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#b#h74 ,IT MI<T SEEM ?AT ,MA* H]E EXPRESSES SOME D\BTS AB\T ! EXI/5CE ( AN \T] WORLD 9DEP5D5T ( MAN4 ,9 C\NTLESS O!R S5T5CES1 H[EV]1 HE SPEAKS 9 A CLE> WAY ( SURR\ND+ NATURE 9 :I* WE HAVE TO LIVE & :I* WE HAVE TO 9VE/IGATE4 ,IT MEANS ?AT SU* AN \T] WORLD AS IS ACCEPT$ BY PHYSICS & BY ORD9>Y OP9ION1 ! WORLD ( MATT] & =CES AS PRODUC+ ! PH5OM5A1 LEADS US 9TO CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS CAN BE REMOV$ ONLY IF WE RETURN TO ! PH5OM5A & 9/EAD ( SPEAK+ WORDS & AB/RACT T]MS EXPRESS \R RESULTS AS RELATIONS BETWE5 OBS]VATIONS4 ,?IS IS :AT WAS AFT]W>DS CALL$ ,MA*'S PR9CIPLE3 IF WE ASK :E!R A /ATEM5T HAS A MEAN+ & :AT IS ITS MEAN+1 WE HAVE TO LOOK = :AT EXP]IM5TS MAY TE/ IT4 ,IT HAS %[N ITS IMPORTANCE 9 MOD]N TIMES1 FIR/ 9 DISCUSSIONS ON TIME & SPACE 9 ! !ORY ( RELATIVITY1 & !N 9 ! UND]/&+ ( ATOMIC & RADIATION PH5OM5A4 ,MA*'S AIM WAS TO F9D A BROAD] FIELD ( 9T]PRETATION = PHYSICAL PH5OM5A4 ,9 DAILY LIFE ! SOLID BODIES >E MO/ ADEQUATE S5SATION-COMPLEXES1 & ME*ANICS1 ! SCI5CE ( !IR MOTIONS1 WAS ! FIR/ WELL DEVELOP$ P>T ( PHYSICS4 ,BUT ?IS REASON DOES NOT JU/IFY \R E/ABLI%+ ! =M & SCI5CE ( ATOMS AS ! PATT]N = ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,9/EAD ( EXPLA9+ HEAT1 LI<T1 ELECTRICITY1 *EMI/RY1 BIOLOGY1 ALL 9 T]MS ( SU* SMALL P>TICLES1 EV]Y REALM %\LD DEVELOP ITS [N ADEQUATE CONCEPTS4 

,YET !RE IS A C]TA9 AMBIGUITY 9 ,MA*'S EXPRESSIONS ON ! \T] WORLD1 REVEAL+ A MANIFE/ PROP5SITY T[>DS SUBJECTIVISM1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! G5]AL MY/ICAL TR5D 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 LAT] YE>S HE LIK$ TO DISCOV] COGNATE TR5DS EV]Y:]E1 & GAVE PRAISE TO IDEALI/IC PHILOSOPHIES ?AT D5Y ! REALITY ( MATT]4 ,MA* DID NOT ELABORATE HIS VIEWS 9TO A CONCISE COH]5T SY/EM ( PHILOSOPHY ) ALL CONSEQU5CES WELL DEVELOP$4 ,HIS AIM WAS TO GIVE CRITICAL ?\<TS1 TO /IMULATE NEW IDEAS1 (T5 9 P>ADOXES %>PLY PO9T$ AGA9/ PREVAIL+ OP9IONS1 )\T C>+ :E!R ALL HIS /ATEM5TS W]E MUTUALLY CONSI/5T & ALL PROBLEMS SOLV$4 ,HIS WAS NOT A PHILOSOPH]'S M9D CON/RUCT+ A SY/EM1 BUT A SCI5TI/'S M9D1 PRES5T+ HIS IDEAS AS A P>TIAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! :OLE1 FEEL+ AS P>T ( A COLLECTIVITY ( 9VE/IGATORS1 SURE ?AT O!RS WILL CORRECT HIS ]RORS & WILL COMPLETE :AT HE LEFT UNA*IEV$4 0,! SUPREME PHILOSOPHY ( A NATURAL SCI5TI/0 HE SAYS ELSE:]E 0IS TO BE CONT5T ) AN 9COMPLETE WORLD VIEW & TO PREF] IT TO AN APP>5TLY COMPLETE BUT UNSATISFACTORY SY/EM0 7,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG1 P4#d#c#g74 

,MA*'S T5D5CY TO EMPHASIZE ! SUBJECTIVE SIDE ( EXP]I5CE APPE>S 9 ?AT ! IMM$IATELY GIV5 ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD1 :I* WE CALL PH5OM5A1 >E D5OT$ AS S5SATIONS4 ,SURELY ?IS MEANS AT ! SAME TIME A DEEP] ANALYSIS ( ! PH5OM5A2 9 ! PH5OM5ON ?AT A /ONE FALLS >E CONTA9$ A NUMB] ( VISUAL S5SATIONS COMB9$ ) ! MEMORY ( =M] VISUAL & SPATIAL S5SATIONS4 ,MA*'S ELEM5TS1 ! S5SATIONS1 MAY BE CALL$ ! SIMPLE/ CON/ITU5TS ( ! PH5OM5A4 ,BUT :5 HE SAYS3 0,?US IT IS TRUE ?AT ! WORLD CONSI/S ( \R S5SATIONS0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#a7 HE MEANS TO PO9T TO ! SUBJECTIVE *>ACT] ( ! ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD4 ,HE DOES NOT SAY 0MY0 S5SATIONS2 SOLIPSISM 7! DOCTR9E ?AT ,I MYSELF ONLY AM EXI/+7 IS 5TIRELY =EIGN TO HIM & IS EXPRESSLY REFUT$2 0,I MYSELF0 IS ITSELF A COMPLEX ( S5SATIONS4 ,BUT :]E HE SPEAKS ( FELL[-M5 9 RELATION TO ! WORLD ( S5SATIONS1 HE IS NOT 5TIRELY CLE>4 

0,JU/ AS LITTLE AS ,I CONSID] R$ & GRE5 AS BELONG+ TO AN 9DIVIDUAL BODY1 SO LITTLE ,I MAKE AN ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE - FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ( G5]AL ORI5TATION - BETWE5 MY S5SATIONS & ANO!R'S S5SATIONS4 ,! SAME ELEM5TS >E MUTUALLY CONNECT$ 9 MANY 'MYSELFS' AS !IR NODAL PO9TS4 ,!SE NODAL PO9TS1 H[EV]1 >E NO?+ P]5NIAL1 !Y >ISE & DISAPPE> & *ANGE CONT9UALLY0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#b#i#d74 

,H]E IT MU/ BE OBJECT$ ?AT 0R$0 & 0GRE50 AS BELONG+ TO MORE BODIES >E NOT ! SIMPLE S5SATIONAL ELEM5TS ( EXP]I5CE1 BUT !MSELVES ALREADY AB/RACT CONCEPTS4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ,MA* H]E REPLACES ! AB/RACT CONCEPTS BODY & MATT] BY O!R AB/RACT CONCEPTS1 QUALITIES & COLORS1 ?AT AS REALITIES APPE> 9 MY & 9 ANO!R'S S5SATIONS4 ,& :5 HE CALLS MY S5SATION & ANO!R'S ANALOG\S S5SATION ! SAME ELEM5T1 ?IS WORD IS TAK5 9 ANO!R S5SE4 

,MA*'S !SIS ?AT ! WORLD CONSI/S ( \R S5SATIONS1 EXPRESSES ! TRU? ?AT WE KNEW ( ! WORLD ONLY ?R\< \R S5SATIONS2 !Y >E ! MAT]IALS \T ( :I* WE BUILD \R WORLD2 9 ?IS S5SE ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ MYSELF1 0CONSI/S0 ( S5SATIONS ONLY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! EMPHASIS UPON ! SUBJECTIVE *>ACT] ( S5SATIONS REVEALS ! SAME MIDDLE-CLASS TR5D ( ?\<T ?AT WE M9D 9 O!R CONTEMPOR>Y PHILOSOPHIES4 ,IT IS EV5 MORE EVID5T :5 HE PO9TS \T ?AT !SE VIEWS MAY T5D TO OV]COME DUALISM1 ?IS ET]NAL PHILOSOPHICAL ANTI!SIS ( ! TWO WORLDS ( MATT] & M9D4 ,! PHYSICAL & ! PSY*ICAL WORLD = ,MA* CONSI/ ( ! SAME ELEM5TS1 ONLY 9 A DIFF]5T >RANGEM5T4 ,! S5SATION GRE5 9 SEE+ A LEAF1 ) O!R S5SATIONS IS AN ELEM5T ( ! MAT]IAL LEAF2 ! SAME S5SATION1 ) O!RS ( MY BODY1 MY EYE1 MY REM9ISC5CES1 IS AN ELEM5T ( 0MYSELF10 ( MY PSY*E4 

0,?US ,I SEE NO ANTI!SIS ( ! PHYSICAL & ! PSY*ICAL1 BUT ,I SEE A SIMPLE ID5TITY RELATIVE TO !SE ELEM5TS4 ,9 ! S5SUAL REALM ( MY CONSCI\SNESS EV]Y OBJECT IS PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL AT ! SAME TIME0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P#c#f74 0,NOT ! /UFF IS DIFF]5T 9 BO? REALMS1 BUT ! T5D5CY ( ! RESE>*0 7P4#a#d74 

,?US DUALISM HAS DISAPPE>$2 ! 5TIRE WORLD IS A UNITY1 CONSI/+ ( ! SELF-SAME ELEM5TS2 & !SE ELEM5TS >E NOT ATOMS BUT S5SATIONS4 ,& 9 ,]K5NTNIS UND ,IRRTUM HE ADDS 9 A FOOTNOTE 

0,!RE IS NO DIFFICULTY 9 BUILD+ UP EV]Y PHYSICAL HAPP5+ \T ( S5SATIONS1 I4E4 PSY*ICAL ELEM5TS2 BUT !RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( SEE+ H[ \T ( ! USUAL PHYSICAL ELEM5TS1 MASSES & MOTIONS1 ANY PSY*ICAL HAPP5+ MI<T BE CON/RUCT$ 444 ,WE HAVE TO CONSID] ?AT NO?+ CAN BE OBJECT ( EXP]I5CE OR SCI5CE ?AT CANNOT BE 9 SOME WAY A P>T ( CONSCI\SNESS0 7P4#a#b74 

,H]E1 9 ?IS FOOTNOTE ADD$ LAT]1 9 #a#i#e1 ! WELL CONSID]$ EQUIVAL5CE ( BO? WORLDS1 PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL1 ! C>EFUL NEUTRAL *>ACT]IZ+ ( ! ELEM5TS1 IS GIV5 UP BY CALL+ !M PSY*ICAL1 & ! ANTI-MAT]IALI/IC SPIRIT ( ! B\RGEOISIE BREAKS ?R\<4 ,S9CE IT IS NOT \R AIM TO CRITICIZE & TO CONTE/ BUT ONLY TO SET =? ,MA*'S VIEWS WE %ALL NOT 5T] 9TO ! TAUTOLOGY ( ! LA/ S5T5CE1 ?AT ONLY :AT IS 9 CONSCI\SNESS CAN BE CONSCI\S & ?AT H5CE ! WORLD IS SPIRITUAL4 

,! NEW 9SI<T ?AT ! WORLD IS BUILT UP \T ( S5SATIONS AS ITS ELEM5TS1 MEETS ) DIFFICULTIES1 ,MA* SAYS1 BECAUSE 9 \R UNCRITICAL Y\? WE TOOK OV] A WORLD VIEW ?AT HAD GR[N 9TUITIVELY 9 ! ?\S&S ( YE>S ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE MAY BREAK ITS SPELL BY CRITICALLY REPEAT+ ! PROCESS ?R\< CONSCI\S PHILOSOPHIC REASON+4 ,/>T+ ) ! MO/ SIMPLE EXP]I5CES1 ! ELEM5T>Y S5SATIONS1 WE CON/RUCT ! WORLD /EP BY /EP3 \RSELVES1 ! \T] WORLD1 \R BODY AS P>T ( ! \T] WORLD1 CONNECT$ ) \R [N FEEL+1 ACTIONS & REM9ISC5CES4 ,?US1 BY ANALOGY1 WE RECOGNIZE FELL[-M5 AS K9DR$1 & SO !IR S5SATIONS1 DISCLOS$ BY !IR SAY+S1 MAY BE US$ AS ADDITIONAL MAT]IAL 9 CON/RUCT+ ! WORLD4 ,H]E ,MA* /OPS2 FUR!R /EPS T[>D AN OBJECTIVE WORLD >E NOT MADE4 

,?AT ?IS IS NO ACCID5TAL 9COMPLET5ESS IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT WE F9D ! SAME ?+ ) ,C>NAP1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ ?9K]S 9 MOD]N PHILOSOPHY ( SCI5CE4 ,9 HIS WORK ,D] LOGIS*E ,AUFBAU D] ,WELT 7,! LOGICAL CON/RUCTION ( ! WORLD7 HE SETS HIMSELF ! SAME TASK1 BUT MORE ?OR\<LY3 IF WE />T ) KN[+ NO?+1 HAV+ H[EV] \R FULL CAPACITY ( ?9K+1 H[ CAN WE E/ABLI% 70CON/ITUTE07 ! WORLD ) ALL ITS CONT5TS8 ,I />T ) 0MY S5SATIONS0 & MAKE !M 9TO A SY/EM ( 0SAY+S0 & 0OBJECTS0 70OBJECT0 IS ! NAME GIV5 TO EV]Y?+ AB\T :I* WE MAY UTT] A SAY+72 ?US ,I E/ABLI% PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL 0OBJECTS0 & CON/RUCT 0! WORLD0 AS AN ORD]$ SY/EM ( MY S5SATIONS4 ,! PROBLEM ( DUALISM ( BODY & M9D1 ( MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL1 F9DS H]E ! SAME ANSW] AS ) ,MA*3 BO? CONSI/ ( ! SAME MAT]IALS1 ! S5SATIONS1 ONLY ORD]$ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 ,! S5SATIONS ( FELL[-M51 ACCORD+ TO !IR /ATEM5TS1 LEAD TO A PHYSICAL WORLD EXACTLY CORRESPOND+ TO M9E4 ,SO WE CALL IT ! 09T]SUBJECTIVE WORLD10 COMMON TO ALL SUBJECTS2 ?IS IS ! WORLD ( NATURAL SCI5CE4 ,H]E ,C>NAP /OPS1 SATISFI$ ?AT DUALISM HAS BE5 REMOV$1 & ?AT ANY QUE/ AB\T ! REALITY ( ! WORLD IS N[ %[N TO BE MEAN+LESS1 BECAUSE 0REALITY0 CANNOT BE TE/$ 9 ANO!R WAY ?AN BY \R EXP]I5CE1 \R S5SATIONS4 ,SO ! *A9 ( PROGRESSIVE CON/ITUT+S IS BROK5 (F H]E4 

,IT IS EASY TO SEE ! LIMIT$NESS ( ?IS WORLD /RUCTURE4 ,IT IS NOT F9I%$4 ,! WORLD ?US CON/ITUT$ BY ,MA* & BY ,C>NAP IS A MOM5T>Y WORLD SUPPOS$ UN*ANG+4 ,! FACT ?AT ! WORLD IS 9 CONT9U\S EVOLUTION IS DISREG>D$4 ,SO WE MU/ GO ON PA/ :]E ,C>NAP /OPP$4 ,ACCORD+ TO \R EXP]I5CE PEOPLE >E BORN & DIE2 !IR S5SATIONS >ISE & DISAPPE>1 BUT ! WORLD REMA9S4 ,:5 MY S5SATIONS \T ( :I* ! WORLD WAS CON/ITUT$1 CEASE ) MY DEA?1 ! WORLD CONT9UES TO EXI/4 ,FROM ACKN[L$G$ SCI5TIFIC FACTS ,I KN[ ?AT LONG AGO !RE WAS A WORLD )\T MAN1 )\T ANY LIV+ BE+4 ,! FACTS ( EVOLUTION1 F\ND$ ON \R S5SATIONS COND5S$ 9TO SCI5CE1 E/ABLI% A PREVI\S WORLD )\T ANY S5SATIONS4 ,?US FROM AN 9T]SUBJECTIVE WORLD COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 CON/ITUT$ AS A WORLD ( PH5OM5A BY SCI5CE1 WE PROCE$ TO ! CON/ITUTION ( AN OBJECTIVE WORLD4 ,!N ! 5TIRE WORLD VIEW *ANGES4 ,ONCE ! OBJECTIVE WORLD IS CON/ITUT$1 ALL PH5OM5A BECOME 9DEP5D5T ( OBS]V+ MAN1 AS RELATIONS BETWE5 P>TS ( ! WORLD1 ,! WORLD IS ! TOTALITY ( AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( P>TS ACT+ UPON ANO!R2 EV]Y P>T CONSI/S 9 ! TOTALITY ( ITS ACTIONS & REACTIONS ) ! RE/1 & ALL !SE MUTUAL ACTIONS >E ! PH5OM5A1 ! OBJECT ( SCI5CE4 

,MAN ALSO IS P>T ( ! WORLD2 WE TOO >E ! TOTALITY ( \R MUTUAL 9T]ACTIONS ) ! RE/1 ! \T] WORLD4 ,\R S5SATIONS >E N[ SE5 9 A NEW LI<T2 !Y >E ! ACTIONS ( ! WORLD UPON US1 ONLY A SMALL P>T ( ALL HAPP5+S 9 ! WORLD BUT1 ( C\RSE1 ! ONLY ONES IMM$IATELY GIV5 TO US4 ,:5 N[ MAN IS BUILD+ UP ! WORLD \T ( HIS S5SATIONS1 IT IS A RECON/RUCTION 9 ! M9D ( AN ALREADY OBJECTIVELY EXI/+ WORLD4 ,AGA9 WE HAVE ! WORLD TW(OLD1 ) ALL ! PROBLEMS ( EPI/EMOLOGY1 ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 ,H[ !Y MAY BE SOLV$ )\T METAPHYSICS IS %[N BY ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM4 

,IF ONE ASKS :Y TWO SU* PROM95T PHILOSOPH]S ( SCI5CE OMITT$ ?IS OBVI\S /EP T[>D ! CON/ITUTION ( AN OBJECTIVE WORLD1 ! ANSW] CAN ONLY BE F\ND 9 !IR MIDDLE-CLASS WORLD VIEW4 ,!IR 9/9CTIVE T5ET IS ANTI-MAT]IALI/IC4 ,BY ADH]+ TO ! 9T]SUBJECTIVE WORLD !Y HAVE WON A MONI/IC WORLD SY/EM1 ! PHYSICAL WORLD CONSI/+ ( PSY*ICAL ELEM5TS1 SO ?AT MAT]IALISM IS REFUT$4 ,WE HAVE H]E AN 9/RUCTIVE EXAMPLE H[ CLASS VIEWS DET]M9E SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY4 

,SUMM>IZ+ ,MA*'S IDEAS WE DI/+UI% TWO /EPS4 ,FIR/ ! PH5OM5A >E R$UC$ TO S5SATIONS EXPRESS+ !IR SUBJECTIVE *>ACT]4 ,?R\< ! DESIRE TO F9D DIRECT REALITY ONLY 9 ! S5SATIONS AS PSY*ICAL 5TITIES1 HE DOES NOT PROCE$ BY PRECISE D$UCTIONS TO AN OBJECTIVE WORLD ?AT OBVI\SLY IS MATT] ( FACT1 ?\< 9 A MY/ICAL VAGUE WAY4 ,!N COMES A SECOND /EP FROM ! WORLD ( PH5OM5A TO ! PHYSICAL WORLD4 ,:AT PHYSICS1 & BY ! POPUL> DISP]SION ( SCI5CE ALSO COMMON OP9ION1 ASSUMES AS ! REALITY ( ! WORLD - MATT]1 ATOMS1 5]GY1 NATURAL LAWS1 ! =MS ( SPACE & TIME4 MYSELF - >E ALL AB/RACTIONS FROM GR\PS ( PH5OM5A4 ,MA* COMB9ES BO? /EPS 9TO ONE BY SAY+ ?AT ?+S >E S5SATION-COMPLEXES4 

,! SECOND /EP CORRESPONDS TO ,DIETZG52 ! SIMIL>ITY H]E IS MANIFE/4 ,! DIFF]5CES >E ACC\NT$ = BY !IR DIFF]5T CLASS VIEWS4 ,DIETZG5 /OOD ON ! BASIS ( DIALECTIC MAT]IALISM1 & HIS EXPOSITIONS W]E A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ,M>XISM4 ,MA*1 BORNE BY ! 9CIPI5T REACTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 SAW HIS TASK 9 A FUNDAM5TAL CRITICISM ( PHYSICAL MAT]IALISM BY ASS]T+ DOM9ANCE TO SOME SPIRITUAL PR9CIPLE4 ,!RE IS A DIFF]5CE1 MOREOV]1 9 P]SONALITY & AIMS4 ,DIETZG5 WAS A COMPREH5SIVE PHILOSOPH]1 EAG] TO F9D \T H[ \R BRA9S WORK2 ! PRACTICE ( LIFE & SCI5CE WAS TO HIM MAT]IAL = ! KN[L$GE ( KN[L$GE4 ,MA* WAS A PHYSICI/ :O BY HIS CRITICISMS TRIES TO IMPROVE ! WAYS 9 :I* BRA9S WORK$ 9 SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATIONS4 ,DIETZG5'S AIM WAS TO GIVE CLE> 9SI<T 9TO ! ROLE ( KN[L$GE 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 = ! USE ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE4 ,MA*'S AIM WAS AN AMELIORATION ( ! PRACTICE ( PHYSICAL RESE>*1 = ! USE ( NATURAL SCI5CE4 

,SPEAK+ ( PRACTICE1 ,MA* EXPRESSES HIMSELF 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,AT ONE TIME HE SEES NO UTILITY 9 EMPLOY+ ! ORD9>Y AB/RACTIONS3 0,WE KN[ ONLY ( S5SATIONS1 & ! ASSUMPTION ( ?OSE NUCLEI 7P>TICLES ( MATT]7 & !IR MUTUAL ACTIONS AS ! ASSIGN$ ORIG9S ( S5SATIONS1 %[S ITSELF 5TIRELY FUTILE & SUP]FLU\S0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#a74 ,ANO!R TIME HE DOES NOT WI% TO DISCR$IT ! COMMON VIEW ( UNSOPHI/ICAT$ 0NAIVE REALISM10 BECAUSE IT R5D]S GREAT S]VICES TO MANK9D 9 !IR COMMON LIFE4 ,IT HAS GR[N AS A PRODUCT ( NATURE1 :]EAS EV]Y PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM IS AN EPHEM]AL PRODUCT ( >T1 = TEMPOR>Y AIMS4 ,SO WE HAVE TO SEE 0:Y & TO :AT PURPOSES WE USUALLY TAKE ONE PO9T ( VIEW1 & :Y & TO :AT PURPOSE WE TEMPOR>ILY GIVE IT UP4 ,NO PO9T ( VIEW HOLDS ABSOLUTELY2 EA* IMPORTS = SPECIAL AIMS ONLY0 7,ANALYZE D] ,EMPF9DUNG51 P4#c74 

,9 ! PRACTICAL APPLICATION ( HIS VIEWS UPON PHYSICS ,MA* MET ) LITTLE SUCCESS4 ,HIS CAMPAIGN WAS *IEFLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ MATT] & ATOMS DOM9AT+ PHYSICAL SCI5CE4 ,NOT SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y >E & %\LD BE ACKN[L$G$ AS AB/RACTIONS3 0,ATOMS WE CAN OBS]VE NO:]E1 !Y >E AS EV]Y SUB/ANCE PRODUCTS ( ?\<T0 7,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG1 P4#d#f#c74 ,BUT BECAUSE !Y >E IMPRACTICAL AB/RACTIONS4 ,!Y MEAN AN ATTEMPT TO R$UCE ALL PHYSICS TO ME*ANICS1 TO ! MOTION ( SMALL P>TICLES1 0& IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT BY ME*ANICAL HYPO!SES A REAL ECONOMY ( SCI5TIFIC ?\<T CANNOT BE A*IEV$0 7,DIE ,ME*ANIK 9 IHR] ,5TWICKLUNG1 P4#d#f#i74 ,BUT HIS CRITICISM ( HEAT AS A =M ( MOTION ( SMALL P>TICLES1 ALREADY 9 #a#h#g#c1 & ( ELECTRICITY AS A /REAM+ FLUID1 F\ND NO E*O AMONG PHYSICI/S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y !SE EXPLANATIONS DEVELOP$ 9 EV] WID] APPLICATIONS1 & !IR CONSEQU5CES W]E CONFIRM$ EV] AGA92 ATOMIC !ORY C\LD BOA/ ( EV] MORE RESULTS & WAS EXT5D$ EV5 TO ELECTRICITY 9 ! !ORY ( ELECTRONS4 ,H5CE ! G5]ATION ( PHYSICI/S ?AT FOLL[$ HIM1 :ILE SYMPA?IZ+ ) HIS G5]AL VIEWS & ACCEPT+ !M1 DID NOT FOLL[ HIM 9 MS SPECIAL APPLICATIONS4 ,ONLY 9 ! NEW C5TURY1 :5 ATOMIC & ELECTRONIC !ORY HAD PROGRESS$ 9 A BRILLIANT DISPLAY1 & :5 ! !ORY ( RELATIVITY >OSE1 !RE APPE>$ A HO/ ( GL>+ CONTRADICTIONS 9 :I* ,MA*'S PR9CIPLES %[$ !MSELVES ! BE/ GUIDES 9 CLE>+ UP ! DIFFICULTIES4 

  

,NOTE 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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