,*APT] #f 
,L59 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,H[ ,MA*'S IDEA C\LD ACQUIRE IMPORTANCE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 MAY BE UND]/OOD FROM SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! Y\NG ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA1 [+ TO ! B>B>\S PRE-CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS1 HAD NOT YET1 AS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 F\ND ITS SOCIAL FUNCTION 9 ! S]VICE ( A B\RGEOISIE4 ,SO IT HAD TO ASPIRE = ! D[NFALL ( ,CZ>ISM1 & TO JO9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT /OOD 9 SPIRITUAL 9T]C\RSE ) ! ,WE/]N 9TELLECTUALS & SO TOOK P>T 9 ! SPIRITUAL TR5DS ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,?US IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT EF=TS %\LD BE MADE TO COMB9E !M ) ,M>XISM4 

,( C\RSE ,L59 HAD TO OPPOSE !SE T5D5CIES4 ,M>XIAN !ORY1 9DE$1 CAN GA9 NO?+ ESS5TIAL FROM ,MA*4 ,9S(> AS A BETT] UND]/&+ ( HUMAN ?9K+ IS NE$$ = SOCIALI/S1 ?IS CAN BE F\ND 9 ,DIETZG5'S WORK4 ,MA* WAS SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE HE D$UC$ ANALOG\S IDEAS \T ( ! PRACTICES ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 = ! USE ( SCI5TI/S4 ,9 :AT HE HAS 9 COMMON ) ,DIETZG51 ! R$UCTION ( ! WORLD TO EXP]I5CE1 HE /OPP$ MIDWAY & GAVE1 IMBU$ ) ! ANTI-MAT]IALI/ TR5DS ( HIS TIME1 A VAGUE IDEALI/IC =M TO HIS NEWS4 ,?IS C\LD NOT BE GRAFT$ UPON ,M>XISM4 ,H]E ,M>XI/ CRITICISM WAS NE$$4 

  

,! ,CRITICISM 

,L591 H[EV] 9 ATTACK+ ,MA*1 FROM ! />T PRES5TS ! ANTAGONISM 9 A WRONG WAY4 ,PROCE$+ FROM A QUOTATION ( ,5GELS1 HE SAYS3 

0,BUT ! QUE/ION H]E IS NOT ( ?IS OR ?AT =MULATION ( MAT]IALISM1 BUT ( ! OPPOSITION ( MAT]IALISM TO IDEALISM1 ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL L9ES 9 PHILOSOPHY4 ,>E WE TO PROCE$ FROM ?+S TO S5SATION & ?\<T8 ,OR >E WE TO PROCE$ FROM ?\<T & S5SATION TO ?+S8 ,! FIR/ L9E1 I4E41 ! MAT]IALI/ L9E1 IS ADOPT$ BY ,5GELS4 ,! SECOND L9E1 I4E41 ! IDEALI/ L9E1 IS ADOPT$ BY ,MA*0 7#c#c-#d74 .<#a.> 

,IT IS AT ONCE CLE> ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! TRUE EXPRESSION ( ! ANTI!SIS4 ,ACCORD+ TO MAT]IALISM ! MAT]IAL WORLD PRODUCES ?\<T1 CONSCI\SNESS1 M9D1 ALL ?+S SPIRITUAL4 ,?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! SPIRITUAL PRODUCES ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 IS TAU<T BY RELIGION1 IS F\ND ) ,HEGEL1 BUT IS NOT ,MA*'S OP9ION4 ,! EXPRESSION 0TO PROCE$ FROM 444 TO0 IS US$ TO 9T]MIX TWO QUITE DIFF]5T MEAN+S4 ,PROCE$+ FROM ?+S TO S5SATIONS & ?\<T MEANS3 ?+S CREATE ?\<TS4 ,PROCE$+ - NOT FROM ?\<TS TO ?+S1 AS ,L59 WRONGLY IMPUTES TO ,MA* BUT - FROM S5SATIONS TO ?+S1 MEANS ?AT ONLY ?R\< S5SATIONS WE >RIVE AT ! KN[L$GE ( ?+S4 ,!IR 5TIRE EXI/5CE IS BUILT UP \T ( S5SATIONS2 TO EMPHASIZE ?IS TRU? ,MA* SAYS3 !Y CONSI/ ( S5SATIONS4 

,H]E ! ME?OD FOLL[$ BY ,L59 9 HIS CONTROV]SY MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE HE TRIES TO ASSIGN TO ,MA* OP9IONS DIFF]5T FROM ! REAL ONES4 ,ESPECIALLY ! DOCTR9E ( SOLIPSISM4 ,?US HE CONT9UES3 

0,NO EVASIONS1 NO SOPHISMS 7A MULTITUDE ( :I* WE %ALL YET 5C\NT]7 CAN REMOVE ! CLE> & 9DISPUTABLE FACT ?AT ,]N/ ,MA*'S DOCTR9E ( ?+S AS COMPLEXES ( S5SATIONS 9 SUBJECTIVE IDEALISM & A SIMPLE REHA% ( ,B]KELEIANISM4 ,IF BODIES >E 'COMPLEXES ( S5SATIONS1' AS ,MA* SAYS1 OR 'COMB9ATIONS ( S5SATIONS1' AS ,B]KELEY SAID1 IT 9EVITABLY FOLL[S ?AT ! :OLE WORLD IS BUT MY IDEA4 ,/>T+ FROM SU* A PREMISE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO >RIVE AT ! EXI/5CE ( O!R PEOPLE BESIDES ONESELF3 IT IS ! PURE/ SOLIPSISM4 ,MU* AS ,MA*1 ,AV5>IUS1 ,PETZOLDT & ! O!RS MAY ABJURE SOLIPSISM1 !Y CANNOT 9 FACT ESCAPE SOLIPSISM )\T FALL+ 9TO H[L+ LOGICAL ABSURDITIES40 7#c#d7 

,N[1 IF ANY?+ CAN BE ASS]T$ BEYOND ANY D\BT AB\T ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS1 IT IS ?AT !IR OP9IONS >E NOT SOLIPSISM FELL[-M5 SIMIL> TO MYSELF1 D$UC$ ) MORE OR LESS /R+5T LOGIC1 >E ! BASIS ( !IR WORLD CONCEPTION4 ,L591 H[EV]1 MANIFE/LY DOES NOT C>E AB\T :AT ,MA* REALLY ?9KS1 BUT AB\T :AT HE %\LD ?9K IF HIS LOGIC W]E ID5TICAL ) ,L59'S4 

0,FROM :I* !RE IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE 9F]5CE1 NAMELY ?AT ! 'WORLD CONSI/S ONLY ( MY S5SATIONS4' ,! WORD '\R' EMPLOY$ BY ,MA* 9/EAD ( 'MY' IS EMPLOY$ ILLEGITIMATELY40 7#c#f7 

,?AT 9DE$ IS AN EASY WAY ( >GU+3 :AT ,I WRITE D[N AS ! OP9ION ( MY ADV]S>Y HE REPLACES UNJU/IFIABLY BY :AT HE WROTE D[N HIMSELF4 ,L591 MOREOV]1 KN[S QUITE WELL ?AT ,MA* SPEAKS ( ! OBJECTIVE REALITY ( ! WORLD1 & HIMSELF GIVES NUM]\S QUOTATIONS TO ?AT EFFECT4 ,BUT HE DOES NOT LET HIMSELF BE DECEIV$ AS SO MANY O!RS W]E DECEIV$ BY ,MA*4 

0,SIMIL>LY1 EV5 ,MA* 444 FREQU5TLY /RAYS 9TO A MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORD EXP]I5CE 444 7#a#g#a74 ,H]E NATURE IS TAK5 AS PRIM>Y & S5SATION & EXP]I5CE AS PRODUCTS4 ,HAD ,MA* CONSI/5TLY ADH]$ TO HIS PO9T ( VIEW 9 ! M5TAL QUE/IONS ( EPI/EMOLOGY 444 ,MA*'S SPECIAL 'PHILOSOPHY' IS H]E ?R[N OV]BO>D1 & ! AU?OR 9/9CTIVELY ACCEPTS ! CU/OM>Y /&PO9T ( ! SCI5TI/S40 7#a#g#b7 

,W\LD IT NOT HAVE BE5 BETT] IF HE HAD TRI$ TO UND]/& 9 :AT S5SE IT WAS ?AT ,MA* ASSUMES ?AT ?+S CONSI/ ( S5SATIONS8 

,! 0ELEM5TS0 ALSO >E AN OBJECT ( DIFFICULTY TO ,L594 ,HE SUMM>IZES ,MA*'S OP9ION ON ! ELEM5TS 9 SIX !SES1 AMONG :I* WE F9D1 9 NUMB]S #c & #d3 

0,ELEM5TS >E DIVID$ 9TO ! PHYSICAL & ! PSY*ICAL3 ! LATT] IS ?AT :I* DEP5DS ON ! HUMAN N]VES & ! HUMAN ORGANISM G5]ALLY2 ! =M] DOES NOT DEP5D ON !M3 ! CONNECTION ( PHYSICAL ELEM5TS & ! CONNECTION ( PSY*ICAL ELEM5TS1 IT IS DECL>$1 DO NOT EXI/ SEP>ATELY FROM EA* O!R !Y EXI/ ONLY 9 CONJUNCTION40 7#d#i7 

,ANYBODY1 EV5 IF ACQUA9T$ ONLY SUP]FICIALLY ) ,MA*1 CAN SEE H[ HE IS R5D]$ H]E 9 AN 5TIRELY WRONG & MEAN+LESS WAY4 ,:AT ,MA* REALLY SAYS IS ?IS3 EV]Y ELEM5T1 ?\< DESCRIB$ 9 MANY WORDS1 IS AN 9SEP>ABLE UNITY1 :I* CAN BE P>T ( A COMPLEX ?AT WE CALL PHYSICAL1 BUT :I* COMB9$ ) DIFF]5T O!R ELEM5TS CAN =M A COMPLEX ?AT WE CALL PSY*ICAL4 ,:5 ,I FEEL ! HEAT ( A FLAME1 ?IS S5SATION TOGE!R ) O!RS ON HEAT & !RMOMET]S & ) VISIBLE PH5OM5A COMB9ES 9TO ! COMPLEX 0FLAME0 OR 0HEAT10 TREAT$ 9 PHYSICS4 ,COMB9$ ) O!R S5SATIONS ( PA9 & PLEASURE1 ) REMEMBRANCES & ) OBS]VATIONS ON N]VES1 ! CONTEXT BELONGS TO PHYSIOLOGY OR PSY*OLOGY4 0,NONE 7( !SE CONNECTIONS7 IS ! ONLY EXI/+ ONE1 BO? >E PRES5T AT ! SAME TIME0 SAYS ,MA*4 ,= !Y >E ! SAME ELEM5TS 9 DIFF]5T COMB9ATIONS4 ,L59 MAKES ( ?IS ?AT ! CONNECTIONS >E NOT 9DEP5D5T & ONLY EXI/ TOGE!R4 ,MA* DOES NOT SEP>ATE ! ELEM5TS !MSELVES AS PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL ONES1 NOR DOES HE DI/+UI% A PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL P>T 9 !M ! SAME ELEM5T IS PHYSICAL 9 ONE CONTEXT1 PSY*ICAL 9 ANO!R4 ,IF ,L59 R5D]S !SE IDEAS 9 SU* A SLOPPY & UN9TELLIGIBLE WAY IT IS NO WOND] ?AT HE CANNOT MAKE ANY S5SE \T ( IT1 & SPEAKS ( 0AN 9COH]5T JUMBLE ( ANTI!TICAL PHILOSOPHICAL PO9TS ( VIEW40 7#d#i7 ,IF ONE DOES NOT TAKE ! PA9S OR IS UNABLE TO UNRAVEL ! REAL OP9IONS ( HIS ADV]S>Y & ONLY SNAT*ES UP SOME S5T5CES TO 9T]PRET !M FROM ONE'S [N PO9T ( VIEW1 HE %\LD NOT WOND] ?AT NONS5SE COMES \T4 ,?IS CANNOT BE CALL$ A M>XIAN CRITICISM ( ,MA*4 

,9 ! SAME FAULTY WAY HE R5D]S ,AV5>IUS4 ,HE REPRODUCES A SMALL SUMM>Y BY ,AV5>IUS ( A FIR/ DIVISION ( ! ELEM5TS3 :AT ,I F9D PRES5T ,I P>TLY CALL \T] WORLD 7E4G4 ,I SEE A TREE71 P>TLY NOT 7,I REMEMB] A TREE1 TRUNK ( A TREE74 ,AV5>IUS D5OTES !M AS ?+-LIKE 7SA*HAFT7 & ?\<TLIKE 7G$ANK5HAFT7 ELEM5TS4 ,!REUPON ,L59 9DIGNANTLY EXCLAIMS3 

0,AT FIR/ WE >E ASSUR$ ?AT ! 'ELEM5TS' >E SOME?+ NEW1 BO? PHYSICAL & PSY*ICAL AT ! SAME TIME !N A LITTLE CORRECTION IS SURREPTITI\SLY 9S]T$3 9/EAD ( ! CRUDE1 MAT]IALI/ DIFF]5TIATION ( MATT] 7BODIES1 ?+S7 & ! PSY*ICAL 7S5SATIONS1 RECOLLECTIONS1 FANTASIES7 WE >E PRES5T$ ) ! DOCTR9E ( 'REC5T POSITIVISM' REG>D+ ELEM5TS SUB/ANTIAL & ELEM5TS M5TAL40 7#e#c7 

,CLE>LY HE DOES NOT SUSPECT H[ COMPLETELY HE MISSES ! PO9T4 

,9 A *APT] SUP]SCRIB$ ) ! IRONICAL TITLE ,DOES MAN ?9K ) HIS BRA98 ,L59 QUOTES ,AV5>IUS'S /ATEM5T ?AT ! BRA9 IS NOT ! LODG+1 ! SITE1 ETC4 ( ?9K+2 ?9K+ IS NO RESID5T1 NO PRODUCT1 ETC4 ( ! BRA94 ,H5CE3 MAN DOES NOT ?9K ) HIS BRA94 ,L59 HAS NOT P]CEIV$ ?AT ,AV5>IUS FUR!R ON EXPRESSES CLE>LY 5\<1 ?\< G>BL$ 9 HIS >TIFICIAL T]M9OLOGY1 ?AT ! ACTION ( ! \T] WORLD UPON ! BRA9 PRODUCES :AT WE CALL ?\<TS2 MANIFE/LY ,L59 HAD NOT ! PATI5CE TO UNRAVEL ,AV5>IUS'S 9TRICATE LANGUAGE4 ,BUT TO COMBAT AN OPPON5T Y\ HAVE TO KN[ HIS PO9T IGNORANCE IS NO >GUM5T4 ,:AT ,AV5>IUS CONTRADICTS IS NOT ! ROLE ( ! BRA9 BUT ?AT WE CALL ! PRODUCT ?\<T :5 WE ASSIGN TO IT1 AS A SPIRITUAL BE+1 A SITE 9 ! BRA9 & SAY IT IS LIV+ 9 ! BRA91 IS COMM&+ ! BRA91 OR IS A FUNCTION ( ! BRA94 ,! MAT]IAL BRA91 AS WE SAW1 OCCUPIES PRECISELY ! C5TRAL PLACE ( HIS PHILOSOPHY4 ,L591 H[EV]1 CONSID]S ?IS ONLY AS A 0MY/IFICATION03 

0,AV5>IUS H]E ACTS ON ! ADVICE ( ! *>LATAN 9 ,TURG5EV3 D5\NCE MO/ ( ALL ?OSE VICES :I* Y\ Y\RSELF POSSESS4 ,AV5>IUS TRIES TO PRET5D ?AT HE IS COMBAT+ IDEALISM4444 ,:ILE DI/RACT+ ! ATT5TION ( ! READ] BY ATTACK+ IDEALISM1 ,AV5>IUS IS 9 FACT DEF5D+ IDEALISM1 ALBEIT 9 SLI<TLY DIFF]5T WORDS2 ?\<T IS NOT A FUNCTION ( ! BRA93 ! BRA9 IS NOT ! ORGAN ( ?\<T2 S5SATIONS >E - NOT FUNCTIONS ( ! N]V\S SY/EM1 OH1 NO3 S5SATIONS >E - 'ELEM5TS' 40 7#i#b-#c7 

,! CRITIC RAGES H]E AGA9/ A SELF-MY/IFICATION )\T ANY BASIS4 ,HE F9DS 0IDEALISM0 9 ?AT ,AV5>IUS1 PROCE$S FROM ELEM5TS1 & ELEM5TS >E S5SATIONS4 ,AV5>IUS1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT PROCE$ FROM S5SATIONS BUT FROM :AT SIMPLE UNSOPHI/ICAT$ MAN F9DS PRES5T2 ?+S1 SURR\ND+S1 A WORLD1 FELL[-M51 REMEMBRANCES4 ,MAN DOES NOT F9D PRES5T S5SATIONS1 BE F9DS PRES5T A WORLD4 ,AV5>IUS TRIES TO CON/RUCT A DESCRIPTION ( ! WORLD )\T ! COMMON LANGUAGE ( MATT] & M9D & ITS CONTRADICTIONS4 ,HE F9DS TREES PRES5T1 & HUMAN BRA9S1 & - SO HE BELIEVES - *ANGES 9 ! BRA9S PRODUC$ BY ! TREES1 & ACTIONS & TALK ( FELL[-M5 DET]M9$ BY !SE *ANGES4 ,( ALL ?IS ,L59 MANIFE/LY HAS NO 9KL+4 ,HE TRIES TO MAKE 0IDEALISM0 ( ,AV5>IUS'S SY/EM BY CONSID]+ ,AV5>IUS'S />T+ PO9T1 EXP]I5CE1 TO BE S5SATIONS1 SOME?+ PSY*ICAL1 ACCORD+ TO HIS [N MAT]IALI/ VIEW4 ,HIS ]ROR IS ?AT HE TAKES ! CONTRADI/9CTION MAT]IALISM-IDEALISM 9 ! S5SE ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 ) PHYSICAL MATT] AS ITS BASIS4 ,?US HE %UTS HIMSELF (F COMPLETELY FROM ANY UND]/&+ ( MOD]N VIEWS ?AT PROCE$ FROM EXP]I5CE & PH5OM5A AS ! GIV5 REALITY4 

,L59 N[ BR+S =W>D AN >RAY ( WITNESSES TO DECL>E ?AT ! DOCTR9ES ( ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS >E IDEALISM OR SOLIPSISM4 ,IT IS NATURAL ?AT ! HO/ ( PR(ESSIONAL PHILOSOPH]S1 9 COMPLIANCE ) ! T5D5CY ( B\RGEOIS ?9K+ TO PROCLAIM ! RULE ( M9D OV] MATT]1 TRY TO 9T]PRET & EMPHASIZE ! ANTI-MAT]IALI/ SIDE ( !IR IDEAS2 !Y TOO KN[ MAT]IALISM ONLY AS ! DOCTR9E ( PHYSICAL MATT]4 ,:AT1 WE MAY ASK1 IS ! USE ( SU* WITNESSES8 ,:5 DISPUT$ FACTS HAVE TO BE ASC]TA9$1 WITNESSES >E NECESS>Y4 ,:51 H[EV]1 WE DEAL ) ! UND]/&+ ( SOMEBODY'S OP9IONS & !ORIES1 WE HAVE TO READ & R5D] C>EFULLY :AT HE HIMSELF HAS WRITT5 TO EXP\ND !M2 ?IS IS ! ONLY WAY TO F9D \T SIMIL>ITIES & DIFF]5CES1 TRU? & ]ROR4 ,= ,L591 H[EV]1 MATT]S W]E DIFF]5T4 ,HIS BOOK WAS P>T ( A LAW-SUIT1 AN ACT ( IMPEA*M5T2 AS SU* IT REQUIR$ AN >RAY ( WITNESSES4 ,AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL ISSUE WAS AT /AKE2 ,MA*ISM ?REAT5$ TO CORRUPT ! FUNDAM5TAL DOCTR9ES1 ! !ORETICAL UNITY ( ! ,P>TY2 SO ITS SPOKESM5 HAD TO DO AWAY ) !M4 ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS =M$ A DANG] = ! ,P>TY2 H5CE :AT MATT]$ WAS NOT TO F9D \T :AT WAS TRUE & VALUABLE 9 !IR TEA*+S 9 ORD] TO WID5 \R [N VIEWS4 ,:AT MATT]$ WAS TO DISCR$IT !M1 TO DE/ROY !IR REPUTATION1 TO REVEAL !M AS MUDDLE-HEADS CONTRADICT+ !MSELVES1 SPEAK+ CONFUS$ FUDGE1 TRY+ TO HIDE !IR REAL OP9IONS & NOT BELIEV+ !IR [N ASS]TIONS4 

,ALL ! MIDDLE-CLASS PHILOSOPHICAL WRIT]S1 /&+ BE=E ! NEWNESS ( !SE IDEAS1 LOOK = ANALOGIES & RELATION%IPS ( ,MA* & ,AV5>IUS ) =M] PHILOSOPHIC SY/EMS2 ONE WELCOMES ,MA* AS FITT+ 9 ) ,KANT1 ANO!R SEES A LIK5ESS TO ,HUME1 OR ,B]KELEY1 OR ,FI*TE4 ,9 ?IS MULTITUDE & V>IETY ( SY/EMS IT IS EASY TO F9D \T CONNECTIONS & SIMIL>ITIES EV]Y:]E4 ,L59 REGI/]S ALL SU* CONTRADICTORY JUDGM5TS & 9 ?IS WAY DEMON/RATES ,MA*'S CONFUSION4 ,! LIKE ) ,AV5>IUS4 ,= 9/ANCE3 

0,& IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY :O MORE RUDELY UNMASKS ,AV5>IUS ! MY/IFI] - ,SMI? BY HIS /RAI<T=W>D & CLE> REFUTATION1 OR ,S*UPPE BY HIS 5?USIA/IC OP9ION ( ,AV5>IUS'S CR[N+ WORK4 ,! KISS ( ,WILHELM ,S*UPPE 9 PHILOPSOPHY IS NO BETT] ?AN ! KISS ( ,PET] ,/RUVE OR ,M5%IKOV 9 POLITICS40 7#g#c7 

,IF WE N[ READ ,S*UPPE'S ,OP5 ,LETT] TO ,AV5>IUS1 9 :I* 9 FLATT]+ WORDS HE EXPRESSES HIS AGREEM5T1 WE F9D ?AT HE DID NOT AT ALL GRASP ! ESS5CE ( ,AV5>IUS'S OP9ION2 HE TAKES ! 0MYSELF0 AS ! />T+ PO9T 9/EAD ( ! ELEM5TS F\ND PRES5T1 \T ( :I* ,AV5>IUS CON/RUCTS ! 0MYSELF04 ,HE MISREPRES5TS ,AV5>IUS 9 ! SAME WAY AS ,L59 DOES1 ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT :AT DISPLEAS$ ,L59 PLEAS$ HIM4 ,9 HIS ANSW] ,AV5>IUS1 9 ! C\RTE\S WORDS USUAL AMONG S*OL>S1 TE/IFIES TO HIS SATISFACTION AT ! ASS5T ( SU* A FAM\S ?9K]1 BUT !N AGA9 EXP\NDS ! REAL CONT5TS ( HIS DOCTR9E4 ,L59 NEGLECTS ! CONT5TS ( !SE EXPLANATIONS :I* REFUTE HIS CONCLUSIONS1 & QUOTES ONLY ! COMPROMIS+ C\RTESIES4 

  

,NATURAL ,SCI5CE 

,OV] AGA9/ ,MA*'S IDEAS ,L59 PUTS ! MAT]IALI/IC VIEWS1 ! OBJECTIVE REALITY ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 ( MATT]1 LI<T E!R1 LAWS ( NATURE1 SU* AS NATURAL SCI5CE & HUMAN COMMON S5SE ACCEPT4 ,!SE LA/ >E TWO RESPECTABLE AU?ORITIES2 BUT 9 ?IS CASE !IR WEI<T IS NOT V]Y GREAT4 ,L59 SNE]+LY QUOTES ,MA*'S [N CONFESSION ?AT HE F\ND LITTLE CONS5T AMONG HIS COLLEAGUES4 ,A CRITIC1 H[EV]1 :O BR+S NEW IDEAS CANNOT BE REFUT$ BY ! /ATEM5T ?AT IT IS ! OLD CRITICIZ$ IDEAS ?AT >E G5]ALLY ACCEPT$4 ,& AS TO COMMON S5SE1 I4E4 ! TOTALITY ( OP9IONS ( UN9/RUCT$ PEOPLE3 !Y USUALLY REPRES5T ! DICTA ( SCI5CE ( A =M] P]IOD1 ?AT GRADUALLY1 BY TEA*+ & POPUL> BOOKS1 SEEP$ D[N ! MASSES4 ,?AT ! E>? REVOLVES >\ND ! SUN1 ?AT ! WORLD CONSI/S ( 9DE/RUCTIBLE MATT]1 ?AT MATT] CONSI/S ( ATOMS1 ?AT ! WORLD IS ET]NAL & 9F9ITE - ALL ?IS HAS GRADUALLY P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! M9DS1 FIR/ ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES1 !N ( ! MASSES4 ,:5 SCI5CE PROCE$S TO NEW] & BETT] VIEWS1 ALL ?IS OLD KN[L$GE CAN1 AS 0COMMON S5SE10 BE BR\<T =W>D AGA9/ !M4 

,H[ UNSUSPECT+LY ,L59 LEANS UPON !SE TWO AU?ORITIES - & EV5 9 A WRONG WAY - IS SE5 :5 HE SAYS3 

0,= EV]Y SCI5TI/ :O HAS NOT BE5 L$ A/RAY BY PR(ESSORIAL PHILOSOPHY1 AS WELL AS = EV]Y MAT]IALI/1 S5SATION IS 9DE$ ! DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 CONSCI\SNESS & ! EXT]NAL WORLD3 IT IS ! TRANS=MATION ( ! 5]GY ( EXT]NAL EXCITATION 9TO A /ATE ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION HAS BE51 & IS1 OBS]V$ BY EA* ( US A MILLION TIMES ON EV]Y H&40 7#d#e7 

,?IS 0OBS]V+0 IS ( ! SAME K9D AS :5 ONE %\LD SAY3 WE SEE A ?\S& TIMES ?AT \R EYE SEES & ?AT LI<T FALLS UPON ! RET9A4 ,9 REALITY WE DO NOT SEE \R SEE+ & \R RET9A2 WE SEE OBJECTS & 9F] ! RET9A & ! SEE+4 ,WE DO NOT OBS]VE 5]GY & ITS TRANSITIONS WE OBS]VE PH5OM5A1 & \T ( !SE PH5OM5A PHYSICI/S HAVE AB/RACT$ ! CONCEPT ( 5]GY4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( 5]GY IS A SUMM>IZ$ PHYSICAL EXPRESSION = ! MANY PH5OM5A 9 :I* ONE MEASUR$ QUANTITY DECREAS$1 ANO!R 9CREAS$4 ,!Y >E ALL GOOD EXP$I5T CONCEPTS & 9F]5CES1 RELIABLE 9 ! PR$ICTION ( FUTURE PH5OM5A1 & SO WE CALL !M TRUE4 ,L59 TAKES ?IS TRU? 9 SU* AN ABSOLUTE WAY ?AT HE ?9KS HE EXPRESSES AN OBS]V$ FACT 0ADOPT$ BY EV]Y MAT]IALI/10 :5 HE PRON\NCES :AT IS ACTUALLY A PHYSICAL !ORY4 ,MOREOV] HIS EXPOSITION IS WRONG4 ,?AT 5]GY ( ! LI<T-IMPRESSION IS CONV]T$ 9TO CONSCI\SNESS MAY HAVE BE5 ! BELIEF ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALI/S1 BUT SCI5CE DOES NOT KN[ ( IT4 ,PHYSICAL SCI5CE SAYS ?AT 5]GY TRANS=MS EXCLUSIVELY1 & COMPLETELY1 9TO O!R 5]GY2 ! 5]GY ( ! LI<T-IMPRESSION IS TRANS=M$ 9TO O!R =MS3 *EMICAL1 ELECTRICAL1 HEAT-5]GY2 BUT CONSCI\SNESS IS NOT KN[N 9 PHYSICS AS A =M ( 5]GY4 

,?IS CONF\ND+ ( ! REAL1 OBS]V$ WORLD & ! PHYSICAL CONCEPTS P]MEATES ,L59'S WORK ON EV]Y PAGE4 ,5GELS D5OT$ MAT]IALI/S AS ?OSE :O CONSID]$ NATURE ! ORIG9AL ?+4 ,L59 SPEAKS ( A 0MAT]IALISM :I* REG>DS NATURE1 MATT]1 AS PRIM>Y0 7#c#h74 ,& 9 ANO!R PLACE3 0MATT] IS ! OBJECTIVE REALITY GIV5 TO US 9 S5SATIONS0 7#a#d#d-#e74 ,TO ,L59 NATURE & PHYSICAL MATT] >E ID5TICAL2 ! NAME MATT] HAS ! SAME MEAN+ AS OBJECTIVE WORLD4 ,9 ?IS HE AGREES ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM ?AT 9 ! SAME WAY CONSID]S MATT] AS ! REAL SUB/ANCE ( ! WORLD4 ,?US HIS ANGRY POLEMICS AGA9/ ,MA* CAN BE EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,TO ,MA* MATT] IS AN AB/RACT CONCEPT =M$ \T ( ! PH5OM5A - OR MORE /RICTLY3 S5SATIONS4 ,SO ,L591 N[ F9D+ ! D5IAL ( ! REALITY ( MATT]1 !N READ+ ! SIMPLE /ATEM5T ( ! REALITY ( ! WORLD1 SEES ONLY CONFUSION2 & HE PRET5DS1 N[1 ?AT ,MA* IS A SOLIPSI/ & D5IES ! EXI/5CE ( ! WORLD1 & !N SCORNFULLY REM>KS ?AT ,MA* ?R[S HIS [N PHILOSOPHY TO ! W9DS & RETURNS TO SCI5TIFIC VIEWS4 

,) ! LAWS ( NATURE ! CASE IS ANALOG\S4 ,MA*'S OP9ION ?AT CAUSE & EFFECT AS WELL AS NATURAL LAWS DO NOT FACTUALLY EXI/ 9 NATURE1 BUT >E MAN-MADE EXPRESSIONS ( OBS]V$ REGUL>ITIES1 IS ASS]T$ BY ,L59 TO BE ID5TICAL ) ,KANT'S DOCTR9E4 

0444 ,IT IS MAN :O DICTATES LAWS TO NATURE & NOT NATURE ?AT DICTATES LAWS TO MAN6 ,! IMPORTANT ?+ IS NOT ! REPETITION ( ,KANT'S DOCTR9E ( APRIORISM 444 BUT ! FACT ?AT REASON1 M9D1 CONSCI\SNESS >E H]E PRIM>Y1 & NATURE SECOND>Y4 ,IT IS NOT REASON ?AT IS A P>T ( NATURE1 ONE ( ITS HI<E/ PRODUCTS1 ! REFLECTION ( ITS PROCESSES1 BUT NATURE ?AT IS A P>T ( REASON1 :I* '!REBY IS /RET*$ FROM ! ORD9>Y1 SIMPLE HUMAN REASON KN[N TO US ALL TO A '/UP5D\S1' AS ,DIETZG5 PUTS IT1 MY/]I\S1 DIV9E REASON4 ,! ,KANTIAN-,MA*IAN =MULA1 ?AT 'MAN GIVES LAWS TO NATURE1' IS A FIDEI/ =MULA40 7#a#h#e7 

,?IS CONFUS$ TIRADE1 5TIRELY MISS+ ! PO9T1 CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD IF WE CONSID] ?AT = ,L59 0NATURE0 CONSI/S NOT ONLY 9 MATT] BUT ALSO 9 NATURAL LAWS DIRECT+ ITS BEHAVIOR1 FLOAT+ SOMEH[ 9 ! WORLD AS COMM&]S :O MU/ BE OBEY$ BY ! ?+S4 ,H5CE TO D5Y ! OBJECTIVE EXI/5CE ( !SE LAWS MEANS TO HIM ! D5IAL ( NATURE ITSELF2 TO MAKE MAN ! CREATOR ( NATURAL LAWS MEANS TO HIM TO MAKE HUMAN M9D ! CREATOR ( ! WORLD4 ,H[ !N ! LOGICAL SALTO IS MADE TO ! DEITY AS ! CREATOR MU/ REMA9 AN 5IGMA TO ! UNSOPHI/ICAT$ READ]4 

,TWO PAGES E>LI] HE WRITES3 

0,! REALLY IMPORTANT EPI/EMOLOGICAL QUE/ION ?AT DIVIDES ! PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS IS 444 :E!R ! S\RCE ( \R KN[L$GE ( !SE CONNECTIONS IS OBJECTIVE NATURAL LAW OR PROP]TIES ( \R M9D1 ITS 9NATE FACULTY ( APPREH5D+ C]TA9 A PRIORI TRU?S1 & SO =?4 ,?IS IS :AT SO IRREVOCABLY DIVIDES ! MAT]IALI/S ,FEU]BA*1 ,M>X & ,5GELS FROM ! AGNO/IC 7,HUMEANS7 ,AV5>IUS & ,MA*40 7#a#h#c7 

,?AT ,MA* %\LD ASCRIBE TO ! HUMAN M9D ! P[] TO DISCLOSE C]TA9 APRIORI/IC TRU?S IS A NEW DISCOV]Y OR RA!R FANTASY ( ,L594 ,:]E ,MA* DEALS ) ! PRACTICE ( ! M9D TO AB/RACT G5]AL RULES FROM EXP]I5CE & TO ASSIGN TO !M UNLIMIT$ VALIDITY1 ,L591 CAPTIVAT$ BY TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS1 ?9KS ( DISCLOS+ APRIORI/IC TRU?S4 ,!N HE CONT9UES3 

0,9 C]TA9 P>TS ( HIS WORKS1 ,MA* 444 FREQU5TLY '=GETS' HIS AGREEM5T ) ,HUME & HIS [N SUBJECTIVI/ !ORY ( CAUSALITY & >GUES 'SIMPLY' AS A SCI5TI/1 I4E41 FROM ! 9/9CTIVE MAT]IALI/ /&PO9T4 ,= 9/ANCE1 9 HIS ,ME*ANIK1 WE READ ( ! 'UNI=MITY 444 :I* NATURES TEA*ES US TO M9D 9 ITS PH5OM5A4' ,BUT IF WE DO F9D UNI=MITY 9 ! PH5OM5A ( NATURE1 DOES ?IS MEAN MAT UNI=MITY EXI/S OBJECTIVELY \TSIDE \R M9D8 ,NO4 ,ON ! QUE/ION ( ! UNI=MITY ( NATURE ,MA* ALSO DELIV]S HIMSELF ?US3 444 ',?AT WE CONSID] \RSELVES CAPABLE ( MAK+ PR$ICTIONS ) ! HELP ( SU* A LAW ONLY PROVES ?AT !RE IS SUFFICI5T UNI=MITY 9 \R 5VIRONM5T1 BUT IT DOES NOT PROVE ! NECESSITY ( ! SUCCESS ( \R PR$ICTIONS' 7,W>MELEHRE1 P4#c#h#c74 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT WE MAY & \<T TO LOOK = A NECESSITY AP>T FROM ! UNI=MITY ( \R 5VIRONM5T1 I4E41 ( NATURE40 7#a#h#c7 

,! EMBROILM5T 9 ?IS TANGLE ( S5T5CES1 FUR!R EMBELLI%$ BY C\RTESIES H]E OMITT$ IS UND]/&ABLE ONLY :5 CON=MITY ( NATURE IS ID5TICAL = ,L59 ) ! NECESSITY ( SUCCESS ( \R PROPHECIES2 :51 H5CE1 HE CANNOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 REGUL>ITIES AS !Y OCCUR 9 V>I\S DEGREES ( CLE>NESS 9 NATURE1 & ! APODICTIC EXPRESSION ( EXACT NATURAL LAW4 ,& HE PROCE$S3 

0,:]E TO LOOK = IT IS ! SECRET ( IDEALI/ PHILOSOPHY :I* IS AFRAID TO RECOGNIZE MAN'S P]CEPTIVE FACULTY AS A SIMPLE REFLECTION ( NATURE40 7#a#h#d7 

,9 REALITY !RE IS NO NECESSITY1 EXCEPT 9 \R =MULATION ( NATURAL LAW2 & !N 9 PRACTICE EV] AGA9 WE F9D DEVIATIONS1 :I*1 AGA91 WE EXPRESS 9 ! =M ( ADDITIONAL LAWS4 ,NATURAL LAW DOES NOT DET]M9E :AT NATURE NECESS>ILY WILL DO1 BUT :AT WE EXPECT H] TO DO4 ,! SILLY REM>K ?AT \R M9D %\LD SIMPLY REFLECT NATURE WE MAY LEAVE UNDISCUSS$ N[4 ,HIS CONCLUD+ REM>K3 

0,9 HIS LA/ WORK1 ,]K5NTNIS UND ,IRRTUM1 ,MA* EV5 DEF9ES A LAW ( NATURE AS A 'LIMITATION ( EXPECTATION' 7#b4,AUFLAGE1 ,S4#d#eFF476 ,SOLIPSISM CLAIMS ITS [N40 7#a#h#d7 

,?IS LACKS ALL S5SE S9CE ! DET]M9ATION ( \R EXPECTATION BY NATURAL LAW IS A COMMON AFFAIR ( ALL SCI5TI/S4 ,! EMBODIM5T ( A NUMB] ( PH5OM5A 9 A %ORT =MULA1 A NATURAL LAW1 IS D5OT$ BY ,MA* AS 0ECONOMY ( ?9K+02 HE EXALTS IT 9TO A PR9CIPLE ( RESE>*4 ,WE MI<T EXPECT ?AT SU* A R$UC+ ( AB/RACT !ORY TO ! PRACTICE ( 7SCI5TIFIC7 LABOR %\LD F9D SYMPA?Y AMONG ,M>XI/S4 ,9 ,L591 H[EV]1 IT MEETS ) NO RESPONSE1 & HE EXPOSES HIS LACK ( UND]/&+ 9 SOME DROLL]IES3 

0,?AT IT IS MORE 'ECONOMICAL' TO '?9K' ?AT ONLY ,I & MY S5SATIONS EXI/ IS UNQUE/IONABLE1 PROVID$ WE WANT TO 9TRODUCE SU* AN ABSURD CONCEPTION 9TO EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,IS IT 'MORE ECONOMICAL' TO '?9K' ( ! ATOM AS 9DIVISIBLE1 OR AS COMPOS$ ( POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ELECTRONS8 ,IS IT 'MORE ECONOMICAL' TO ?9K ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION AS BE+ CONDUCT$ BY ! LIB]ALS OR AS BE+ CONDUCT$ AGA9/ ! LIB]ALS8 ,ONE HAS ONLY TO PUT ! QUE/ION 9 ORD] TO SEE ! ABSURDITY1 ! SUBJECTIVISM ( APPLY+ ! CATEGORY ( '! ECONOMY ( ?\<T' H]E40 7#a#i#f-#g7 

,& HE OPPOSES TO IT HIS [N VIEW3 

0,HUMAN ?\<T IS 'ECONOMICAL' ONLY :5 IT CORRECTLY REFLECTS OBJECTIVE TRU?1 & ! CRIT]ION ( ?IS CORRECTNESS IS PRACTICE1 EXP]IM5T & 9DU/RY4 ,ONLY BY D5Y+ OBJECTIVE REALITY1 ?AT IS1 BY D5Y+ ! F\NDATIONS ( ,M>XISM1 CAN ONE S]I\SLY SPEAK ( ECONOMY ( ?\<T 9 ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE40 7#a#i#g7 

,H[ SIMPLE & EVID5T ?AT LOOKS4 ,LET US TAKE AN EXAMPLE4 ,! OLD1 PTOLEMAIC WORLD-SY/EM PLAC$ ! E>? AS RE/+ 9 ! C5T] ( ! WORLD1 ) ! SUN & ! PLANETS REVOLV+ >\ND IT1 ! LATT] 9 EPICYCLES1 A COMB9ATION ( TWO CIRCLES4 ,COP]NICUS PLAC$ ! SUN 9 ! C5T] & HAD ! E>? & ! PLANETS REVOLV+ >\ND IT 9 SIMPLE CIRCLES4 ,! VISIBLE PH5OM5A >E EXACTLY ! SAME AFT] BO? !ORIES1 BECAUSE WE CAN OBS]VE ! RELATIVE MOTIONS ONLY1 & !Y >E ABSOLUTELY ID5TICAL4 ,:I*1 !N1 PICTURES ! OBJECTIVE WORLD 9 ! RI<T WAY8 ,PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE CANNOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 !M2 ! PR$ICTIONS >E ID5TICAL4 ,COP]NICUS PO9T$ TO ! FIX$ />S :I* BY ! P>ALLAX C\LD GIVE A DECISION2 BUT 9 ! OLD !ORY WE C\LD HAVE ! />S MAK+ A YE>LY CIRCLE JU/ AS ! PLANETS DID2 & AGA9 BO? !ORIES GIVE ID5TICAL RESULTS4 ,BUT !N EV]YBODY WILL SAY3 IT IS ABSURD TO HAVE ALL ?OSE ?\S&S ( BODIES DESCRIBE SIMIL> CIRCLES1 SIMPLY TO KEEP ! E>? AT RE/4 ,:Y ABSURD8 ,BECAUSE IT MAKES \R WORLD-PICTURE NE$LESSLY COMPLICAT$4 ,H]E WE HAVE IT - ! ,COP]NICAN SY/EM IS *OS5 & /AT$ TO BE TRUE BECAUSE IT GIVES ! MO/ SIMPLY WORLD SY/EM4 ,?IS EXAMPLE MAY SUFFICE TO %[ ! NAIVITE ( ! IDEA ?AT WE *OOSE A !ORY BECAUSE AFT] ! CRIT]ION ( EXP]I5CE IT PICTURES REALITY RI<TLY4 

,KIR*H(F HAS =MULAT$ ! REAL *>ACT] ( SCI5TIFIC !ORY 9 ! SAME WAY BY HIS WELL-KN[N /ATEM5TS ?AT ME*ANICS1 9/EAD ( 0EXPLA9+0 MOTIONS BY MEANS ( ! 0=CES0 PRODUC+ !M1 HAS ! TASK 0TO DESCRIBE ! MOTIONS 9 NATURE 9 ! MO/ COMPLETE & SIMPLE WAY40 ,?US ! FETI%ISM ( =CES AS CAUSES1 AS A K9D ( WORK+ IMPS1 WAS REMOV$2 !Y >E A %ORT =M ( DESCRIPTION ONLY4 ,MA* ( C\RSE PO9T$ TO ! ANALOGY ( ,KIR*H(F'S VIEWS & HIS [N4 ,L591 TO %[ ?AT HE DOES NOT UND]/& ANY?+ ( IT1 BECAUSE HE IS 5TIRELY CAPTIVAT$ 9 ?IS FETI%ISM1 CALLS \T 9 AN 9DIGNANT TONE3 0,ECONOMY ( ?\<T1 FROM :I* ,MA* 9 #ahgb 9F]R$ ?AT S5SATIONS ALONE EXI/ 444 IS DECL>$ TO BE 444 EQUIVAL5T TO ! SIMPLE/ DESCRIPTION 7( AN OBJECTIVE REALITY1 ! EXI/5CE ( :I* IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO ,KIR*H(F TO D\BT670 7#a#i#h7 

,IT MU/ BE REM>K$1 BESIDES1 ?AT ?9K+ NEV] CAN PICTURE REALITY COMPLETELY2 !ORY IS AN APPROXIMATE PICTURE ?AT R5D]S ONLY ! MA9 FEATURES1 ! G5]AL TRAITS ( A GR\P ( PH5OM5A4 

,AFT] HAV+ CONSID]$ ,L59'S IDEAS ON MATT] & NATURAL LAWS1 WE TAKE AS A ?IRD 9/ANCE SPACE & TIME4 

0,BEHOLD N[ ! 'TEA*+S' ( 'REC5T POSITIVISM' ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,WE READ 9 ,MA*3 ',SPACE & TIME >E WELL ORD]$ 7WOHLGEORDNETE7 SY/EMS ( S]IES ( S5SATIONS' 7,ME*ANIK1 #c4 ,AUFLAGE1 P4#d#i#h74 ,?IS IS PALPABLE IDEALI/ NONS5SE1 SU* AS 9EVITABLY FOLL[S FROM ! DOCTR9E ?AT BODIES >E COMPLEXES ( S5SATIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,MA*1 IT IS NOT MAN ) HIS S5SATIONS ?AT EXI/S 9 SPACE & TIME1 BUT SPACE & TIME ?AT EXI/ 9 MAN1 ?AT DEP5D UPON MAN & >E G5]AT$ BY MAN4 ,HE FEELS ?AT HE IS FALL+ 9TO IDEALISM1 & 'RESI/S' BY MAK+ A HO/ ( RES]VATIONS & 444 BURY+ ! QUE/ION UND] L5G?Y DISQUISITIONS 444 ON ! MUTABILITY ( \R CONCEPTIONS ( SPACE & TIME4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT SAVE HIM1 & CANNOT SAVE HIM1 = ONE CAN REALLY OV]COME ! IDEALI/ POSITION ON ?IS QUE/ION ONLY BY RECOGNIZ+ ! OBJECTIVE REALITY ( SPACE & TIME4 ,& ?IS ,MA* WILL NOT DO AT ANY PRICE4 ,HE CON/RUCTS HIS EPI/EMOLOGICAL !ORY ( TIME & SPACE ON ! PR9CIPLE ( RELATIVISM1 & ?AT IS ALL4 ,RESI/+ ! IDEALI/ CONCLUSIONS :I* 9EVITABLY FOLL[ FROM HIS PREMISES1 ,MA* >GUES AGA9/ ,KANT & 9SI/S ?AT \R CONCEPTION ( SPACE IS D]IV$ FROM EXP]I5CE 7,]K5NTNIS UND ,IRRTUM1 #b4 ,AUFLAGE1 P4#e#c1 #c#h#e74 ,BUT IF OBJECTIVE REALITY IS NOT GIV5 US 9 EXP]I5CE 7AS ,MA* TEA*ES7 4440 7#b#f7 

,:AT IS ! USE ( GO+ ON QUOT+8 ,IT IS ALL A %AM BATTLE1 BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT ,MA* ASSUMES ! REALITY ( ! WORLD2 & ALL PH5OM5A1 CON/ITUT+ ! WORLD1 TAKE PLACE 9 SPACE & TIME4 ,& ,L59 C\LD HAVE BE5 W>N$ ?AT HE WAS ON A FALSE TRACK1 BY A NUMB] ( S5T5CES HE KN[S & P>TLY QUOTES1 :]E ,MA* DISCUSSES ! MA!MATICAL 9VE/IGATIONS ON MULTI-DIM5SIONAL SPACES4 ,!RE ,MA* SAYS3 0,?AT :I* WE CALL SPACE IS A SPECIAL REAL CASE AMONG MORE G5]AL IMAG9$ CASES 444 ,! SPACE ( VISION & T\* IS A ?REEFOLD MANIFOLD1 IT HAS ?REE DIM5SIONS 444 ,! PROP]TIES ( GIV5 SPACE APPE> DIRECTLY AS OBJECTS ( EXP]I5CE 444 ,AB\T ! GIV5 SPACE ONLY EXP]I5CE CAN TEA* US :E!R IT IS F9ITE1 :E!R P>ALLEL L9ES 9T]SECT1 ETC4444 ,TO MANY DIV9ES :O DO NOT KN[ :]E TO PLACE HELL1 & TO SPIRITI/S1 A F\R? DIM5SION MI<T BE V]Y CONV5I5T40 ,BUT 0SU* A F\R? DIM5SION W\LD /ILL REMA9 A ?+ ( IMAG9ATION40 ,!SE QUOTATIONS MAY SUFFICE4 ,:AT HAS ,L59 TO SAY TO ALL ?IS1 BESIDES A NUMB] ( GR\NDLESS SQUIBS & 9VECTIVES8 

0,BUT H[ DOES HE 7,MA*7 DISSOCIATE HIMSELF FROM !M 9 HIS !ORY ( KN[L$GE8 ,BY /AT+ ?AT ?REE-DIM5SIONAL SPACE ALONE IS REAL6 ,BUT :AT SORT ( DEF5SE IS IT AGA9/ ! !OLOGIANS & !IR LIKE :5 Y\ D5Y OBJECTIVE REALITY TO SPACE & TIME80 7#b#a#a7 

,:AT DIFF]5CE MI<T !RE BE BETWE5 REAL SPACE & OBJECTIVE REALITY ( SPACE8 ,AT ANY RATE HE /ICKS TO HIS ]ROR4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS ?AT S5T5CE ( ,MA* ?AT WAS ! BASIS ( ?IS FANTASY8 ,9 ! LA/ *APT] ( HIS ,ME*ANIK1 ,MA* DISCUSSES ! RELATION BETWE5 DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( SCI5CE4 ,!RE HE SAYS3 0,FIR/ WE P]CEIVE ?AT 9 ALL EXP]I5CES ON SPATIAL & TEMPORAL RELATIONS WE HAVE MORE CONFID5CE1 & A MORE OBJECTIVE & REAL *>ACT] IS ASCRIB$ TO !M1 ?AN TO EXP]I5CES ON COLOR1 HEAT OR S\ND 444 ,YET1 LOOK+ MORE EXACTLY1 WE CANNOT FAIL TO SEE ?AT S5SATIONS ( SPACE & TIME >E S5SATIONS JU/ AS ?OSE ( COLOR1 S\ND OR SMELL2 ONLY1 9 ! =M] WE >E MORE TRA9$ & CLE> ?AN 9 ! LATT]4 ,SPACE & TIME >E WELL-ORD]$ SY/EMS ( S]IES ( S5SATIONS 4440 ,MA* PROCE$S H]E FROM EXP]I5CE2 \R S5SATIONS >E ! ONLY S\RCE ( KN[L$GE2 \R 5TIRE WORLD1 9CLUD+ ALL WE KN[ AB\T SPACE & TIME1 IS BUILT UP \T ( !M4 ,! QUE/ION ( :AT IS ! MEAN+ ( ABSOLUTE SPACE & TIME IS TO ,MA* A MEAN+LESS QUE/ION2 ! ONLY S5SIBLE QUE/ION IS H[ SPACE & TIME APPE> 9 \R EXP]I5CE4 ,JU/ AS ) BODIES & MATT] WE CAN =M A SCI5TIFIC CONCEPTION ( TIME & SPACE ONLY ?R\< AB/RACTION \T ( ! TOTALITY ( \R EXP]I5CES4 ,) ! SPACE-&-TIME PATT]N 9 :I* WE 9S]T !SE EXP]I5CES WE >E V]S$1 AS MO/ SIMPLE & NATURAL1 FROM E>LY Y\?4 ,H[ IT !N APPE>S 9 EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE CANNOT BE EXPRESS$ 9 A BETT] WAY ?AN BY ! WORDS ( ,MA*3 WELL-ORD]$ SY/EMS ( S]IES ( EXP]I5CES4 

,:AT1 CONTR>IWISE1 ,L59 ?9KS ( SPACE & TIME1 TRANSPIRES FROM ! FOLL[+ QUOTATION3 

0,9 MOD]N PHYSICS1 HE SAYS1 ,NEWTON'S IDEA ( ABSOLUTE TIME & SPACE PREVAILS 7PP4#d#d#b-#d71 ( TIME & SPACE AS SU*4 ,?IS IDEA SEEMS 'TO US' S5SELESS1 ,MA* CONT9UES - APP>5TLY NOT SUSPECT+ ! EXI/5CE ( MAT]IALI/S & ( A MAT]IALI/ !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE1 HE CLAIMS1 ?IS VIEW WAS H>MLESS 7UNS*ADLI*1 P4#d#d#b7 & !RE=E = A LONG TIME ESCAP$ CRITICISM40 7#b#h7 

,H5CE1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 0MAT]IALISM0 ACCEPTS ,NEWTON'S DOCTR9E1 ! BASIS ( :I* IS ?AT !RE EXI/S AN ABSOLUTE SPACE & AN ABSOLUTE TIME4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! PLACE 9 SPACE IS FIX$ ABSOLUTELY )\T REG>D TO O!R ?+S1 & CAN BE ASC]TA9$ )\T ANY D\BT4 ,:5 ,MA* SAYS ?AT ?IS IS ! PO9T ( VIEW ( CONTEMPOR>Y PHYSICI/S HE SURELY REPRES5TS HIS COLLEAGUES AS TOO OLD-FA%ION$2 9 HIS TIME ALREADY IT WAS RA!R G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT MOTION & RE/ W]E RELATIVE CONCEPTIONS1 ?AT ! PLACE ( A BODY IS ALWAYS ! PLACE RELATIVE TO O!R BODIES1 & ?AT ! IDEA ( ABSOLUTE POSITION HAS NO S5SE4 

,/ILL !RE WAS A C]TA9 D\BT :E!R OR NOT SPACE-FILL+ WORLD E!R DID NOT (F] A FRAME = ABSOLUTE SPACE2 MOTION OR RE/ RELATIVE TO WORLD-E!R C\LD BE RI<TLY CALL$ !N ABSOLUTE MOTION OR RE/4 ,:51 H[EV]1 PHYSICI/S TRI$ TO DET]M9E IT BY MEANS ( ! PROPAGATION ( LI<T1 !Y C\LD F9D NO?+ BUT RELATIVITY4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ) ,MI*ELSON'S FAM\S EXP]IM5T 9 #a#h#h#i1 >RANG$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT 9 ITS RESULT NATURE %\LD 9DICATE ! MOTION ( \R E>? RELATIVE TO ! E!R4 ,BUT NO?+ WAS F\ND2 NATURE REMA9$ MUTE4 ,IT WAS AS IF %E SAID3 Y\R QU]Y HAS NO S5SE4 ,TO EXPLA9 ! NEGATIVE RESULT IT WAS ASSUM$ ?AT !RE ALWAYS OCCURR$ ADDITIONAL PH5OM5A ?AT JU/ CANCEL$ ! EXPECT$ EFFECT - UNTIL ,E9/E9 9 #aie 9 HIS !ORY ( RELATIVITY COMB9$ ALL FACTS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! RESULT WAS SELF-EVID5T4 ,ALSO )9 ! WORLD-OCCUPY+ E!R - ABSOLUTE POSITION WAS %[N TO BE A WORD )\T MEAN+4 ,SO GRADUALLY ! IDEA ( E!R ITSELF WAS DROPP$1 & ALL ?\<T ( ABSOLUTE SPACE DISAPPE>$ FROM SCI5CE4 

,) TIME IT SEEM$ TO BE DIFF]5T2 A MOM5T 9 TIME WAS ASSUM$ TO BE ABSOLUTE4 ,BUT IT WAS ! V]Y IDEAS ( ,MA* ?AT BR\<T AB\T A *ANGE H]E4 ,9 ! PLACE ( TALK ( AB/RACT CONCEPTIONS1 ,E9/E9 9TRODUC$ ! PRACTICE ( EXP]IM5T4 ,:AT >E WE DO+ :5 WE FIX A MOM5T 9 TIME8 ,WE LOOK AT A CLOCK1 & WE COMP>E ! DIFF]5T CLOCKS1 !RE IS NO O!R WAY4 ,9 FOLL[+ ?IS L9E ( >GUM5T ,E9/E9 SUCCE$$ 9 REFUT+ ABSOLUTE TIME & DEMON/RAT+ ! RELATIVITY ( TIME4 ,E9/E9'S !ORY WAS SOON UNIV]SALLY ADOPT$ BY SCI5TI/S1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( SOME ANTI-SEMITIC PHYSICI/S 9 ,G]MANY :O CONSEQU5TLY W]E PROCLAIM$ LUM9>IES ( NATIONAL-SOCIALI/ 0,G]MAN0 PHYSICS4 

,! LATT] DEVELOPM5T C\LD NOT YET BE KN[N TO ,L59 :5 HE WROTE HIS BOOK4 ,BUT IT ILLU/RATES ! *>ACT] ( SU* EXPOSITIONS AS :]E HE WRITES3 

0,! MAT]IALI/ VIEW ( SPACE & TIME HAS REMA9$ 'H>MLESS1' I4E41 COMPATIBLE1 AS H]ET(ORE1 ) SCI5CE1 :ILE ! CONTR>Y VIEW ( ,MA* & ,CO4 WAS A 'H>MFUL' CAPITULATION TO ! POSITION ( FIDEISM40 7#b#a7 

,?US HE D5OTES AS MAT]IALI/ ! BELIEF ?AT ! CONCEPTS ( ABSOLUTE SPACE & ABSOLUTE TIME1 :I* SCI5CE ONCE WANT$ AS ITS !ORY BUT HAD TO DROP AFT]W>DS1 >E ! TRUE REALITY ( ! WORLD4 .<#b.> ,BECAUSE ,MA* OPPOSES !IR REALITY & ASS]TS = SPACE & TIME ! SAME AS = EV]Y CONCEPT1 VIZ4 ?AT WE CAN D$UCE !M ONLY FROM EXP]I5CE1 ,L59 IMPUTES TO HIM 0IDEALISM LEAD+ TO 'FIDEISM'40 

  

,MAT]IALISM 

,\R DIRECT CONC]N H]E IS NOT ) ,MA* BUT ) ,L594 ,MA* OCCUPIES CONSID]ABLE SPACE H]E BECAUSE ,L59'S CRITICISM ( ,MA* DISCLOSES HIS [N PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS4 ,FROM ! SIDE ( ,M>XISM !RE IS 5\< TO CRITICIZE 9 ,MA*2 BUT ,L59 TAKES UP ! MATT] FROM ! WRONG 5D4 ,AS WE HAVE SE5 HE APPEALS TO ! OLD =MS ( PHYSICAL !ORY1 DIFFUS$ 9TO POPUL> OP9ION1 SO AS TO OPPOSE !M AGA9/ ! MOD]N CRITIQUE ( !IR [N F\NDATIONS4 ,WE F\ND1 MOREOV]1 ?AT HE ID5TIFIES ! REAL OBJECTIVE WORLD ) PHYSICAL MATT]1 AS MIDDLE CLASS MAT]IALISM .<#c.> DID =M]LY4 ,HE TRIES TO DEMON/RATE IT BY ! FOLL[+ >GUM5TS3 

0,IF Y\ HOLD ?AT IT IS GIV51 A PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT IS NE$$ = ?IS OBJECTIVE REALITY1 & ?IS CONCEPT HAS BE5 WORK$ \T LONG1 LONG AGO4 ,?IS CONCEPT IS MATT]4 ,MATT] IS A PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORY DESIGNAT+ ! OBJECTIVE REALITY :I* IS GIV5 TO MAN BY HIS S5SATIONS1 & :I* IS COPI$1 PHOTOGRAPH$ & REFLECT$ BY \R S5SATIONS1 :ILE EXI/+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( !M40 7#a#d#d7 

,F9E2 ) ! FIR/ S5T5CE WE ALL CAN AGREE4 ,:5 !N1 H[EV]1 WE W\LD RE/RICT ! *>ACT] ( REALITY TO PHYSICAL MATT]1 WE CONTRADICT ! FIR/ GIV5 DEF9ITION4 ,ELECTRICITY TOO IS OBJECTIVE REALITY2 IS IT PHYSICAL MATT]8 ,\R S5SATIONS %[ US LI<T2 IT IS REALITY BUT NOT MATT]1 & ! CONCEPTS 9TRODUC$ BY ! PHYSICI/S TO EXPLA9 ITS PH5OM5A1 FIR/ ! WORLD E!R1 !N ! PHOTONS1 CAN NOT EASILY BE D5OT$ AS A K9D ( MATT]4 ,IS NOT 5]GY QUITE AS REAL AS IS PHYSICAL MATT]8 ,MORE DIRECTLY ?AN ! MAT]IAL ?+S1 IT IS !IR 5]GY ?AT %[S ITSELF 9 ALL EXP]I5CE & PRODUCES \R S5SATIONS4 ,= ?AT REASON ,O/WALD1 HALF A C5TURY AGO1 PROCLAIM$ 5]GY ! ONLY REAL SUB/ANCE ( ! WORLD2 & HE CALL$ ?IS 0! 5D ( SCI5TIFIC MAT]IALISM10 ,& F9ALLY1 :AT IS GIV5 TO US 9 \R S5SATIONS1 :5 FELL[-M5 SPEAK TO US1 IS NOT ONLY S\ND COM+ FROM LIPS & ?ROAT1 NOT ONLY 5]GY ( AIR VIBRATIONS1 BUT BESIDES1 MORE ESS5TIALLY1 !IR ?\<TS1 !IR IDEAS4 ,MAN'S IDEAS QUITE AS C]TA9LY BELONG TO OBJECTIVE REALITY AS ! TANGIBLE OBJECTS2 ?+S SPIRITUAL CON/ITUTE ! REAL WORLD JU/ AS ?+S CALL$ MAT]IAL 9 PHYSICS4 ,IF 9 \R SCI5CE1 NE$$ TO DIRECT \R ACTIVITY1 WE WI% TO R5D] ! 5TIRE WORLD ( EXP]I5CE1 ! CONCEPT ( PHYSICAL MATT] DOES NOT SUFFICE2 WE NE$ MORE & O!R CONCEPTS2 5]GY1 M9D1 CONSCI\SNESS4 

,IF ACCORD+ TO ! ABOVE DEF9ITION MATT] IS TAK5 AS ! NAME = ! PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPT D5OT+ OBJECTIVE REALITY1 IT EMBRACES F> MORE ?AN PHYSICAL MATT]4 ,!N WE COME TO ! VIEW REPEAT$LY EXPRESS$ 9 =M] *APT]S1 :]E ! MAT]IAL WORLD WAS SPOK5 ( AS ! NAME = ! 5TIRE OBS]V$ REALITY4 ,?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( ! WORD MAT]IAL1 MATT] 9 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 ! DESIGNATION ( ALL ?AT IS REALLY EXI/+ 9 ! WORLD1 09CLUD+ M9D & FANCIES10 AS ,DIETZG5 SAID4 ,IT IS NOT1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! MOD]N !ORIES ( ! /RUCTURE ( MATT] PROVOKE CRITICISM ( HIS IDEAS1 AS ,L59 9DICATES ABOVE ON ! SAME PAGE1 BUT ! FACT ?AT HE ID5TIFIES PHYSICAL MATT] AT ALL ) ! REAL WORLD4 

,! MEAN+ ( ! WORD MATT] 9 ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 AS PO9T$ \T H]E1 IS ( C\RSE 5TIRELY =EIGN TO ,L592 CONTR>Y TO HIS FIR/ DEF9ITION HE WILL RE/RICT IT TO PHYSICAL MATT]4 ,H5CE HIS ATTACK ON ,DIETZG5'S 0CONFUSION03 

0,?9K+ IS A FUNCTION ( ! BRA91 SAYS ,DIETZG54 ',MY DESK AS A PICTURE 9 MY M9D IS ID5TICAL ) MY IDEA ( IT ,BUT MY DESK \TSIDE ( MY BRA9 IS A SEP>ATE OBJECT & DI/9CT FROM MY IDEA4' ,!SE P]FECTLY CLE> MAT]IALI/IC PROPOSITIONS >E1 H[EV]1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY ,DIETZG5 ?US3 ',NEV]!LESS1 ! NON-S5SIBLE IDEA IS ALSO S5SIBLE1 MAT]IAL1 I4E41 REAL4444' ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY FALSE4 ,?AT BO? ?\<T & MATT] >E 'REAL1' I4E41 EXI/1 IS TRUE4 ,BUT TO SAY ?AT ?\<T IS MAT]IAL IS TO MAKE A FALSE /EP1 A /EP T[>DS CONFUS+ MAT]IALISM & IDEALISM4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT ?IS IS ONLY AN 9EXACT EXPRESSION ( ,DIETZG540 7#b#i7 

,H]E ,L59 REPUDIATES HIS [N DEF9ITION ( MATT] AS ! PHILOSOPHICAL EXPRESSION ( OBJECTIVE REALITY4 ,OR IS P]HAPS OBJECTIVE REALITY SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM REALLY EXI/+8 ,:AT HE TRIES TO EXPRESS BUT CANNOT )\T 09EXACTNESS ( EXPRESSION0 - IS ?IS3 ?AT ?\<T MAY REALLY EXI/1 BUT ! TRUE G5U9E REALITY IS ONLY F\ND 9 PHYSICAL MATT]4 

,MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 ID5TIFY+ OBJECTIVE REALITY ) PHYSICAL MATT]1 HAD TO MAKE EV]Y O!R REALITY1 SU* AS ALL ?+S SPIRITUAL1 AN ATTRIBUTE OR PROP]TY ( ?IS MATT]4 ,WE CANNOT WOND]1 !RE=E1 ?AT WE F9D ) ,L59 SIMIL> IDEAS4 ,TO ,PE>SON'S S5T5CE3 0,IT IS ILLOGICAL TO ASS]T ?AT ALL MATT] HAS CONSCI\SNESS0 HE REM>KS3 

0,IT IS ILLOGICAL TO ASS]T ?AT ALL MATT] IS CONSCI\S BUT IT IS LOGICAL TO ASS]T ?AT ALL MATT] POSSESSES A PROP]TY :I* IS ESS5TIALLY AK9 TO S5SATION1 ! PROP]TY ( REFLECTION40 7#i#h7 

,& /ILL MORE DI/9CTLY HE AV]S AGA9/ ,MA*3 

0,AS REG>DS MAT]IALISM1 444 WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 9 ! CASE ( ,DID]OT .<#d.> :AT ! REAL VIEWS ( ! MAT]IALI/S >E4 ,!SE VIEWS DO NOT CONSI/ 9 D]IV+ S5SATION FROM ! MOVEM5T ( MATT] OR 9 R$UC+ S5SATION TO ! MOVEM5T ( MATT]1 BUT 9 RECOGNIZ+ S5SATION AS ONE ( ! PROP]TIES ( MATT] 9 MOTION4 ,ON ?IS QUE/ION ,5GELS %>$ ! /&PO9T ( ,DID]OT40 7#d7 

,:]E ,5GELS MAY HAVE SAID SO1 IS NOT 9DICAT$4 ,WE MAY D\BT :E!R ,L59'S CONVICTION ?AT ,5GELS ON ?IS PO9T AGRE$ ) HIM & ,DID]OT1 RE/S ON PRECISE /ATEM5TS4 ,9 HIS ,ANTI-,DUHR+ ,5GELS EXPRESS$ HIMSELF 9 ANO!R WAY3 0,LIFE IS ! =M ( EXI/5CE ( ALBUM9\S SUB/ANCES02 I4E4 LIFE IS NOT A PROP]TY ( ALL MATT] BUT APPE>S ONLY 9 SU* COMPLICAT$ MOLECUL> /RUCTURES AS ALBUM54 ,SO IT IS NOT PROBABLE ?AT HE %\LD HAVE CONSID]$ S5SITIV5ESS1 :I* WE KN[ AS A PROP]TY ( LIV+ MATT] ONLY1 A PROP]TY ( ALL MATT]1 ,SU* G5]ALIZATIONS ( PROP]TIES OBS]V$ ONLY 9 SPECIAL CASES1 TO MATT] 9 G5]AL1 BELONG TO ! UNDIALECTIC MIDDLE-CLASS FRAME ( M9D4 

,! REM>K MAY BE 9S]T$ H]E ?AT ,PLE*ANOV EXHIBITS IDEAS ANALOG\S TO ,L59'S4 ,9 HIS ,GRUNDPROBLEME DES ,M>XISMUS HE CRITICIZES ! BOTANI/ ,FRANCE ON ! SUBJECT ( ! 0SPIRITUALITY ( MATT]10 ! 0DOCTR9E ?AT MATT] 9 G5]AL & ORGANIC MATT] ESPECIALLY ALWAYS HAS A C]TA9 S5SITIVITY40 ,PLE*ANOV !N EXPRESSES HIS [N VIEW 9 ! WORDS3 0,FRANCE CONSID]S ?IS CONTRADICTORY TO MAT]IALISM4 ,9 REALITY IT IS ! TRANSF] ( ,FEU]BA*'S MAT]IALI/IC DOCTR9E4 ,WE MAY ASS]T ) C]TA9TY ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W\LD HAVE GIV5 ATT5TION TO ?IS TR5D ( ?\<T ) ! GREATE/ 9T]E/40 ,?IS IS A CAUTI\S ASS]TION TE/IFY+ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 !IR WRIT+S NEV] %[$ ANY 9T]E/ 9 ?IS TR5D ( ?\<T4 ,FRANCE AS A LIMIT$-M9D$ NATURALI/ KN[S ONLY ! ANTI!SIS ( VIEWS 9 MIDDLE-CLASS ?9K+2 HE ASSUMES ?AT MAT]IALI/S BELIEVE 9 MATT] ONLY1 H5CE ! DOCTR9E ?AT 9 ALL MATT] !RE IS SOME?+ SPIRITUAL IS1 TO HIM1 NO MAT]IALISM AT ALL4 ,PLE*ANOV1 ON ! O!R H&1 CONSID]S IT A SMALL MODIFICATION ( MAT]IALISM ?AT MAKES IT MORE RESI/ANT4 

,L59 WAS QUITE WELL AW>E ( ! CONCORDANCE ( HIS VIEWS ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,= HIM 0MAT]IALISM0 IS ! COMMON BASIS ( ,M>XISM & MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 ,AFT] HAV+ EXP\ND$ ?AT ,5GELS 9 HIS BOOKLET ON ,FEU]BA* *>G$ !SE MAT]IALI/S ) ?REE ?+S - ?AT !Y REMA9$ ) ! MAT]IALI/ DOCTR9E ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 ?AT !IR MAT]IALISM WAS ME*ANICAL1 & ?AT 9 ! REALM ( SOCIAL SCI5CE1 !Y HELD FA/ TO IDEALISM & DID NOT UND]/& ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM - HE PROCE$S3 

0,EXCLUSIVELY = !SE ?REE ?+S & EXCLUSIVELY )9 !SE LIMITS1 DOES ,5GELS REFUTE BO? ! MAT]IALISM ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY & ! DOCTR9ES ( ,BU*N] & ,CO46 ,ON ALL O!R1 MORE ELEM5T>Y1 QUE/IONS ( MAT]IALISM 7QUE/IONS DI/ORT$ BY ! ,MA*IANS7 !RE IS & CAN BE NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ! ONE H& & ALL !SE OLD MAT]IALI/S ON ! O!R40 7#b#h#f7 

,?AT ?IS IS AN ILLUSION ( ,L59'S HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES !SE ?REE ?+S C>RY ALONG AS !IR CONSEQU5CES AN UTT] DIFF]5CE 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL EPI/EMOLOGICAL IDEAS4 ,& 9 ! SAME WAY1 ,L59 CONT9UES1 ,5GELS WAS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,DUHR+ 9 HIS MAT]IALISM3 

0,= ,5GELS 444 ,DUHR+ WAS NOT A SUFFICI5TLY /EADFA/1 CLE> & CONSI/5T MAT]IALI/40 7#b#h#h7 

,COMP>E ?IS ) ! WAY ,5GELS F9I%$ ,DUHR+ (F 9 WORDS ( SCORNFUL CONTEMPT4 

,L59'S CONCORDANCE ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM & HIS 5SU+ DISCORDANCE ) ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM IS MANIFE/ 9 MANY CONSEQU5CES4 ,! =M] WAG$ ITS MA9 W> AGA9/ RELIGION2 & ! *IEF REPROA* ,L59 RAISES AGA9/ ,MA* & HIS FOLL[]S IS ?AT !Y SU/A9 FIDEISM4 ,WE MET ) IT 9 SEV]AL QUOTATIONS ALREADY2 9 HUNDR$S ( PLACES ALL ?R\< ! BOOK WE F9D FIDEISM AS ! OPPOSITE ( MAT]IALISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS DID NOT KN[ ( FIDEISM2 !Y DREW ! L9E BETWE5 MAT]IALISM & IDEALISM4 ,9 ! NAME FIDEISM EMPHASIS IS LAID UPON RELIGION4 ,L59 EXPLA9S :5CE HE TOOK ! WORD4 0,9 ,FRANCE1 ?OSE :O PUT FAI? ABOVE REASON >E CALL$ FIDEI/S 7FROM ! ,LAT9 FIDES1 FAI?740 7#c#f7 

,?IS OPPOSIT5ESS ( RELIGION TO REASON IS A REM9ISC5CE FROM PRE-M>XIAN TIMES1 FROM ! EMANCIPATION ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS1 APPEAL+ TO 0REASON0 9 ORD] TO ATTACK RELIGI\S FAI? AS ! *IEF 5EMY 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE2 0FREE ?9K+0 WAS OPPOS$ TO 0OBSCURANTISM40 ,L591 9 CONT9UALLY PO9T+ TO FIDEISM AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! CONTE/$ DOCTR9ES 9DICATES ?AT ALSO TO HIM 9 ! WORLD ( IDEAS RELIGION IS ! *IEF 5EMY4 

,?US HE SCOLDS ,MA* = SAY+ ?AT ! PROBLEM ( DET]M9ISM CANNOT BE SETTL$ EMPIRICALLY3 9 RESE>*1 ,MA* SAYS EV]Y SCI5TI/ MU/ BE DET]M9I/ BUT 9 PRACTICAL AFFAIRS HE REMA9S 9DET]M9I/4 

0,IS ?IS NOT OBSCURANTISM 444 :5 DET]M9ISM IS CONF9$ TO ! FIELD ( '9VE/IGATION1' :ILE 9 ! FIELD ( MORALITY1 SOCIAL ACTIVITY1 & ALL FIELDS O!R ?AN '9VE/IGATION' ! QUE/ION IS LEFT TO A 'SUBJECTIVE E/IMATE'40 7#b#b#c7 444 0,& SO ?+S HAVE BE5 AMICABLY DIVID$3 !ORY = ! PR(ESSORS1 PRACTICE = ! !OLOGIANS60 7#b#b#d7 

,?US EV]Y SUBJECT IS SE5 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( RELIGION4 ,MANIFE/LY IT WAS UNKN[N TO ,L59 ?AT ! DEEPLY RELIGI\S ,CALV9ISM WAS A RIGIDLY DET]M9I/IC DOCTR9E1 :]EAS ! MAT]IALI/ MIDDLE CLASS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY PUT !IR FAI? 9TO FREE WILL1 H5CE PROCLAIM$ 9DET]M9ISM4 ,AT ?IS PO9T A REAL ,M>XIAN ?9K] W\LD NOT HAVE MISS$ ! OPPORTUNITY ( EXPLA9+ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,MA*I/S ?AT IT WAS ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM ?AT OP5$ ! WAY = DET]M9ISM 9 ! FIELD ( SOCIETY2 WE HAVE %[N ABOVE ?AT ! !ORETICAL CONVICTION ?AT RULES & LAWS HOLD 9 A REALM - ?IS MEANS DET]M9ISM - CAN F9D A F\NDATION ONLY :5 WE SUCCE$ 9 E/ABLI%+ PRACTICALLY SU* LAWS & CONNECTIONS4 ,FUR!R1 ?AT ,MA* BECAUSE HE BELONG$ TO ! MIDDLE CLASS & WAS B\ND TO ITS FUNDAM5TAL L9E ( ?\<T1 BY NECESSITY WAS 9DET]M9I/ 9 HIS SOCIAL VIEWS2 & ?AT 9 ?IS WAY HIS IDEAS W]E BACKW>D & 9COMPATIBLE ) ,M>XISM4 ,BUT NO?+ ( ! SORT IS F\ND 9 ,L592 ?AT IDEAS >E DET]M9$ BY CLASS IS NOT M5TION$2 ! !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES HANG 9 ! AIR4 ,( C\RSE !ORETICAL IDEAS MU/ BE CRITICIZ$ BY !ORETICAL >GUM5TS4 ,:51 H[EV]1 ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES >E EMPHASIZ$ ) SU* VEHEM5CE1 ! SOCIAL ORIG9S ( ! CONTE/$ IDEAS %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 LEFT \T ( CONSID]ATION4 ,?IS MO/ ESS5TIAL *>ACT] ( ,M>XISM DOES NOT SEEM TO EXI/ = ,L594 

,SO WE >E NOT A/ONI%$ ?AT AMONG =M] AU?ORS IT IS ESPECIALLY ,]N/ ,HAECKEL :O IS E/EEM$ & PRAIS$ BY ,L594 ,9 A F9AL *APT] 9SCRIB$ 0,]N/ ,HAECKEL & ,]N/ ,MA*0 HE COMP>ES & OPPOSES !M4 0,MA* 444 BETRAYS SCI5CE 9TO ! H&S ( FIDEISM BY VIRTUALLY DES]T+ TO ! CAMP ( PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM0 7#d#b#b74 ,BUT 0EV]Y PAGE0 9 ,HAECKEL'S WORK 0IS A SLAP 9 ! FACE ( ! 'SACR$' TEA*+S ( ALL (FICIAL PHILOSOPHY & !OLOGY40 ,HAECKEL 09/ANTLY1 EASILY & SIMPLY REVEAL$ 444 ?AT !RE IS A F\NDATION4 ,?IS F\NDATION IS NATURAL-SCI5TIFIC MAT]IALISM40 7#d#b#c74 

,9 HIS PRAISE IT DOES NOT DI/URB HIM ?AT ! WRIT+S ( ,HAECKEL COMB9E1 AS G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$1 POPUL> SCI5CE ) A MO/ SUP]FICIAL PHILOSOPHY - ,L59 HIMSELF SPEAKS ( HIS 0PHILOSOPHICAL NAIVITE0 & SAYS 0?AT HE DOES NOT 5T] 9TO AN 9VE/IGATION ( PHILOSOPHICAL FUNDAM5TALS40 ,:AT IS ESS5TIAL TO HIM IS ?AT ,HAECKEL WAS A DAUNTLESS FI<T] AGA9/ PROM95T RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES4 

0,! /ORM PROVOK$ BY ,]N/ ,HAECKEL'S ,! ,RIDDLE ( ! ,UNIV]SE 9 EV]Y CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY /RIK+LY BR\<T \T1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! P>TIZAN *>ACT] ( PHILOSOPHY 9 MOD]N SOCIETY &1 ON ! O!R1 ! TRUE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! /RUGGLE ( MAT]IALISM AGA9/ IDEALISM & AGNO/ICISM4 ,! FACT ?AT ! BOOK WAS SOLD 9 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( COPIES1 ?AT IT WAS IMM$IATELY TRANSLAT$ 9TO ALL LANGUAGES & ?AT IT APPE>$ 9 SPECIAL *EAP $ITIONS1 CLE>LY DEMON/RATES ?AT ! BOOK 'HAS F\ND ITS WAY TO ! MASSES'1 ?AT !RE >E NUMB]S ( READ]S :OM ,]N/ ,HAECKEL AT ONCE WON OV] TO HIS SIDE4 ,?IS POPUL> LITTLE BOOK BECAME A WEAPON 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! PR(ESSORS ( PHILOSOPHY & !OLOGY 9 EV]Y C\NTRY ( ! WORLD SET AB\T D5\NC+ & ANNIHILAT+ ,HAECKEL 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE WAY40 7#d#b#c7 

,:AT CLASS-FI<T WAS ?IS8 ,:I* CLASS WAS H]E REPRES5T$ BY ,HAECKEL AGA9/ :I* O!R CLASS8 ,L59 IS SIL5T ON ?IS PO9T4 ,%\LD HIS WORDS BE TAK5 TO IMPLY ?AT ,HAECKEL1 UNWITT+LY1 ACT$ AS A SPOKESMAN ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE8 ,!N IT MU/ BE REM>K$ ?AT ,HAECKEL WAS A VEHEM5T OPPON5T TO SOCIALISM1 & ?AT 9 HIS DEF5SE ( ,D>W9ISM HE TRI$ TO RECOMM5D IT TO ! RUL+ CLASS BY PO9T+ \T ?AT IT WAS AN >I/OCRATIC !ORY1 ! DOCTR9E ( ! SELECTION ( ! BE/1 MO/ FIT TO REFUTE 0! UTT] NONS5SE ( SOCIALI/ LEVEL+04 ,:AT ,L59 CALLS A TEMPE/ RAIS$ BY ! ,WELTRAETSEL WAS 9 REALITY ONLY A BREEZE )9 ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ! LA/ EPISODE ( ITS CONV]SION FROM MAT]IALISM TO IDEALI/IC WORLD CONCEPTION4 ,HAECKEL'S ,WELTRAETSEL WAS ! LA/ FL>E UP1 9 A WEAK5$ =M1 ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 & ! IDEALI/1 MY/IC1 & RELIGI\S T5D5CIES W]E SO /RONG ALREADY AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE & ! 9TELLECTUALS ?AT FROM ALL SIDES !Y C\LD P\NCE UPON ,HAECKEL'S BOOK & %[ UP ITS DEFICI5CIES4 ,:AT WAS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! BOOK = ! MASS ( ITS READ]S AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS WE HAVE 9DICAT$ ABOVE4 ,:5 ,L59 SPEAKS H]E ( A CLASS FI<T HE DEMON/RATES H[ LITTLE HE KNEW ( ! CLASS FI<T 9 C\NTRIES ( DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 & SAW IT ONLY AS A FI<T = & AGA9/ RELIGION4 

  

,PLE*ANOV'S ,VIEWS 

,! K9%IP ) MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM REVEAL$ 9 ,L59'S BOOK IS NOT SIMPLY A P]SONAL DEVIATION FROM ,M>XISM4 ,ANALOG\S VIEWS >E F\ND 9 ,PLE*ANOV1 AT ! TIME ! ACKN[L$G$ FIR/ & PROM95T !ORI/ ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,GRUNDPROBLEME DES ,M>XISMUS 7,FUNDAM5TAL ,PROBLEMS ( ,M>XISM71 FIR/ WRITT5 9 ,RUSSIAN1 ) A ,G]MAN TRANSLATION 9 #a#i#a1 HE BEG9S BY BROADLY TREAT+ ! CONCORDANCE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,FEU]BA*4 ,:AT USUALLY IS CALL$ ,FEU]BA*'S ,HUMANISM1 HE EXPLA9S1 MEANS ?AT ,FEU]BA* PROCE$S FROM MAN TO MATT]4 0,! WORDS ( ,FEU]BA* QUOT$ ABOVE ON ! 'HUMAN HEAD' %[ ?AT ! QUE/ION ( 'BRA9 MATT]' WAS ANSW]$ AT ! TIME 9 A MAT]IALI/ S5SE4 ,& ?IS PO9T ( VIEW WAS ALSO ACCEPT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,IT BECAME ! BASIS ( !IR PHILOSOPHY40 ,( C\RSE ,M>X & ,5GELS ASSUM$ ?AT HUMAN ?\<TS >E PRODUC$ 9 ! BRA91 JU/ AS !Y ASSUM$ ?AT ! E>? REVOLV$ >\ND ! SUN4 ,PLE*ANOV1 H[EV]1 PROCE$S3 0,:5 WE DEAL ) ?IS !SIS ( ,FEU]BA*1 WE GET ACQUA9T$ AT ! SAME TIME ) ! PHILOSOPHICAL SIDE ( ,M>XISM40 ,HE !N QUOTES ! S5T5CES ( ,FEU]BA*3 ',?9K+ COMES FROM BE+1 BUT BE+ COMES NOT FROM ?9K+4 ,BE+ EXI/S 9 ITSELF & BY ITSELF1 EXI/5CE HAS ITS BASIS 9 ITSELF20 & HE CONCLUDES BY ADD+ 0,M>X & ,5GELS MADE ?IS OP9ION ON ! RELATION BETWE5 BE+ & ?9K+ ! BASIS ( !IR MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY40 ,SURELY2 BUT ! QUE/ION IS :AT !Y MEAN BY 0BE+04 ,9 ?IS COLORLESS WORD MANY OPPOS+ CONCEPTS ( LAT] TIMES >E CONTA9$ UNDI/+UI%$4 ,ALL ?AT IS P]CEPTIBLE TO US WE CALL BE+2 FROM ! SIDE ( NATURAL SCI5CE IT CAN MEAN MATT]1 FROM ! SIDE ( SOCIAL SCI5CE ! SAME WORD CAN MEAN ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 ,TO ,FEU]BA* IT WAS ! MAT]IAL SUB/ANCE ( MAN3 0MAN IS :AT HE EATS02 TO ,M>X IT IS SOCIAL REALITY1 I4E4 A SOCIETY ( PEOPLE1 TOOLS1 PRODUCTION-RELATIONS1 ?AT DET]M9ES CONSCI\SNESS4 

,PLE*ANOV !N SPEAKS ( ! FIR/ ( ,M>X'S !SES ON ,FEU]BA*2 HE SAYS ?AT ,M>X H]E 0COMPLETES & DEEP5S ,FEU]BA*'S IDEAS02 HE EXPLA9S ?AT ,FEU]BA* TOOK MAN 9 HIS PASSIVE RELATIONS1 ,M>X 9 HIS ACTIVE RELATION TO NATURE4 ,HE PO9TS TO ! LAT] /ATEM5T 9 ,DAS ,KAPITAL3 0,:IL/ MAN WORKS UPON \TSIDE NATURE & *ANGES IT1 HE *ANGES AT ! SAME TIME HIS [N NATURE10 & HE ADDS3 0,! PR(UNDITY ( ?IS ?\<T BECOMES CLE> 9 ! LI<T ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE 444 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 ?\<1 ?AT ,M>X'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE IS A DIRECT (FSPR+ ( ,FEU]BA*'S OR1 MORE RI<TLY1 REPRES5TS ,FEU]BA*'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE :I*1 !N1 HAS BE5 DEEP5$ BY ,M>X 9 A MA/]LY WAY40 ,& AGA91 ON ! NEXT PAGE1 HE SPEAKS ( 0MOD]N MAT]IALISM1 ! MAT]IALISM ( ,FEU]BA*1 ,M>X & ,5GELS40 ,:AT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 RA!R1 IS ?AT ! AMBIGU\S S5T5CE3 BE+ DET]M9ES ?\<T1 IS COMMON TO !M1 & ?AT ! MAT]IALI/ DOCTR9E ?AT BRA9 PRODUCES ?\<T IS ! MO/ UNESS5TIAL P>T ( ,M>XISM & CONTA9S NO TRACE YET ( A REAL !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 

,! ESS5TIAL SIDE ( ,M>XISM IS :AT DI/+UI%$ IT FROM O!R MAT]IALI/ !ORIES & :AT MAKES !M ! EXPRESSION ( DIFF]5T CLASS /RUGGLES4 ,FEU]BA*'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE1 BELONG+ TO ! FI<T = EMANCIPATION ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 HAS ITS BASIS 9 ! LACK ( SCI5CE ( SOCIETY AS ! MO/ P[]FUL REALITY DET]M9+ HUMAN ?9K+4 ,M>XIAN !ORY ( KN[L$GE PROCE$S FROM ! ACTION ( SOCIETY1 ?IS SELF-MADE MAT]IAL WORLD ( MAN1 UPON ! M9D1 & SO BELONGS TO ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,C]TA9LY ,M>X'S !ORY ( KN[L$GE DESC5D$1 HI/ORICALLY1 FROM ,HEGEL & ,FEU]BA*2 BUT EQUALLY C]TA9LY IT GREW 9TO SOME?+ 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ,HEGEL & ,FEU]BA*4 ,IT IS A SIGNIFICANT 9DICATION ( ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ,PLE*ANOV ?AT HE DOES NOT SEE ?IS ANTAGONISM & ?AT HE ASSIGNS ! MA9 IMPORTANCE TO ! TRIVIAL COMMUNITY ( OP9ION - :I* IS UNIMPORTANT = ! REAL ISSUE - ?AT ?\<TS >E PRODUC$ BY ! BRA94 

  

,NOTES 

#a4 ,ALL NUMB]S 9 R\ND BRACKETS REF] TO PAGES 9 ,L59'S ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM1 ,=EIGN ,LANGUAGES ,PUBLI%+ ,H\SE1 ,PEK+1 #a#i#g#b4 

#b4 ,?REE OBSOLETE IDEAS1 AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ,L59ISM AS ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE PHILOSOPHY1 W]E AFT]W>DS IMPOS$ UPON ,RUSSIAN SCI5CE1 AS MAY BE 9F]R$ FROM ! FOLL[+ COMMUNICATION 9 ,WALDEM> ,KAEMPF]T1 ,SCI5CE 9 ,SOVIET-,RUSSIA3 0,T[>D ! 5D ( ! ,TROTSKY PURGE1 ! ,A/RONOMICAL ,DIVISION ( ! ,ACADEMY ( SCI5CES PASS$ SOME IMPASSION$ RESOLUTIONS1 :I* W]E SIGN$ BY ! PRESID5T & EI<TE5 MEMB]S & :I* DECL>$ ?AT 'MOD]N B\RGEOIS COSMOGONY IS 9 A /ATE ( DEEP IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION RESULT+ FROM ITS REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ! ONLY TRUE DIALECTIC-MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPT1 NAMELY ! UNITY ( ! UNIV]SE ) RESPECT TO SPACE AS WELL AS TIME'1 & A BELIEF 9 RELATIVITY WAS BR&$ AS 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y'40 

#c4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

#d4 ,DID]OT1 ONE ( ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 HAD WRITT5 0?AT ! FACULTY ( S5SATION IS A G5]AL PROP]TY ( MATT]1 OR A PRODUCT ( ITS ORGANIZATION0 7,L591 P4#b#i74 ,! WID] SCOPE ADMITT$ 9 ! LATT] EXPRESSION WAS DROPP$ BY ,L594 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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