,*APT] #g 
,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,! CONCORDANCE ( ,L59 & ,PLE*ANOV 9 !IR BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS & !IR COMMON DIV]G5CE FROM ,M>XISM PO9TS TO !IR COMMON ORIG9 \T ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! NAME & G>B ( A DOCTR9E OR !ORY DEP5D ON ITS SPIRITUAL DESC5T2 !Y 9DICATE ! E>LI] ?9K] TO :OM WE FEEL MO/ 9DEBT$ & :OM WE ?9K WE FOLL[4 ,! REAL CONT5T1 H[EV]1 DEP5DS ON ITS MAT]IAL ORIG9 & IS DET]M9$ BY ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* IT DEVELOP$ & HAS TO WORK4 ,M>XISM ITSELF SAYS ?AT ! MA9 SOCIAL IDEAS & SPIRITUAL TR5DS EXPRESS ! AIMS ( ! CLASSES1 I4E4 ! NE$S ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 & *ANGE ) ! CLASS /RUGGLES !MSELVES4 ,SO !Y CANNOT BE UND]/OOD ISOLAT$ FROM SOCIETY & CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS HOLDS = ,M>XISM ITSELF4 

,9 !IR E>LY DAYS ,M>X & ,5GELS /OOD 9 ! FIR/ RANKS ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS OPPOSITION1 NOT YET DISJO9$ 9TO ITS DIFF]5T SOCIAL TR5DS1 AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM 9 ,G]MANY4 ,!IR DEVELOPM5T T[>DS ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 !N1 WAS ! !ORETICAL REFLEX ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS T[>DS 9DEP5D5T ACTION AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! PRACTICAL CLASS-ANTAGONISM F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! !ORETICAL ANTAGONISM4 ,! FI<T ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ FEUDAL DOM9ANCE WAS EXPRESS$ BY MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM .<#a.>1 COGNATE TO ,FEU]BA*'S DOCTR9E1 :I* US$ NATURAL SCI5CE TO FI<T RELIGION AS ! CONSECRATION ( ! OLD P[]S4 ,! WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS [N FI<T HAS LITTLE USE = NATURAL SCI5CE1 ! 9/RUM5T ( ITS FOE3 ITS !ORETICAL WEAPON 9 SOCIAL SCI5CE1 ! SCI5CE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,TO FI<T RELIGION BY MEANS ( NATURAL SCI5CE HAS NO SIGNIFICANCE = ! WORK]S2 !Y KN[1 MOREOV]1 ?AT ITS ROOTS WILL BE CUT (F ANYH[ FIR/ BY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 !N BY !IR [N CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,NEI!R HAVE !Y ANY USE = ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT ?\<TS >E PRODUC$ BY ! BRA94 ,!Y HAVE TO UND]/& H[ IDEAS >E PRODUC$ BY SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS ! CONT5T ( ,M>XISM1 AS IT GR[S AMONG ! WORK]S AS A LIV+ & /IRR+ P[]1 AS ! !ORY EXPRESS+ !IR GR[+ P[] ( ORGANIZATION & KN[L$GE4 ,:5 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY CAPITALISM GA9$ COMPLETE MA/]Y 9 ,WE/]N & ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE AS WELL AS 9 ,AM]ICA1 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM DISAPPE>$4 ,M>XISM WAS ! ONLY MAT]IALI/ CLASS-VIEW REMA9+4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 MATT]S W]E DIFF]5T4 ,H]E ! FI<T AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM WAS ANALOG\S TO ! =M] FI<T AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM 9 ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA TOO *UR* & RELIGION W]E ! /RONGE/ SUPPORTS ( ! SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T3 !Y HELD ! RURAL MASSES1 5GAG$ 9 PRIMITIVE AGR>IAN PRODUCTION1 9 COMPLETE IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION WAS H]E A PRIME SOCIAL NECESSITY4 ,S9CE 9 ,RUSSIA !RE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT B\RGEOISIE ?AT AS A FUTURE RUL+ CLASS C\LD TAKE UP ! FI<T1 ! TASK FELL TO ! 9TELLIG5TSIA DUR+ SCORES ( YE>S IT WAG$ A /R5U\S FI<T = 5LI<T5M5T ( ! MASSES AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM4 ,AMONG ! ,WE/]N B\RGEOISIE1 N[ REACTION>Y & ANTI-MAT]IALI/1 IT C\LD F9D NO SUPPORT :ATEV] 9 ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,IT HAD TO APPEAL TO ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S1 :O ALONE SYMPA?IZ$ ) IT1 & IT TOOK OV] !IR ACKN[L$G$ !ORY1 ,M>XISM4 ,?US IT CAME AB\T ?AT EV5 9TELLECTUALS :O W]E SPOKESM5 ( ! FIR/ RUDIM5TS ( A ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 SU* AS ,PET] ,/RUVE & ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI1 PRES5T$ !MSELVES AS ,M>XI/S4 ,!Y HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! PROLET>IAN ,M>XISM ( ! ,WE/3 :AT !Y LE>N$ FROM ,M>X WAS ! DOCTR9E ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ) CAPITALISM AS ! NEXT PHASE4 ,A P[] = REVOLUTION CAME UP 9 ,RUSSIA = ! FIR/ TIME :5 ! WORK]S TOOK UP ! FI<T1 FIR/ BY /RIKES ONLY1 !N 9 COMB9ATION ) POLITICAL DEM&S4 ,N[ ! 9TELLECTUALS F\ND A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS TO JO9 UP )1 9 ORD] TO BECOME ITS SPOKESM5 9 A SOCIALI/ P>TY4 

,?US ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,RUSSIA WAS AT ! SAME TIME A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CZ>I/ ABSOLUTISM1 UND] ! BANN] ( SOCIALISM4 ,SO ,M>XISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 DEVELOP+ AS ! !ORY ( ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 ! SOCIAL CONFLICT1 NECESS>ILY ASSUM$ ANO!R *>ACT] ?AN 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,IT WAS /ILL ! !ORY ( A FI<T+ WORK+ CLASS1 BUT ?IS CLASS HAD TO FI<T FIR/ & =EMO/ = :AT 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAD BE5 ! FUNCTION & WORK ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ) ! 9TELLECTUALS AS ITS ASSOCIATES4 ,SO ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS1 9 ADAPT+ ! !ORY TO ?IS LOCAL TASK1 HAD TO F9D A =M ( ,M>XISM 9 :I* CRITICISM ( RELIGION /OOD 9 ! =EFRONT4 ,!Y F\ND IT 9 AN APPROA* TO E>LI] =MS ( MAT]IALISM1 & 9 ! FIR/ WRIT+S ( ,M>X FROM ! TIME :5 9 ,G]MANY ! FI<T ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK]S AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM WAS /ILL UNDIVID$4 

,?IS APPE>S MO/ CLE>LY 9 ,PLE*ANOV1 ! 0FA!R ( ,RUSSIAN ,M>XISM40 ,AT ! TIME ?AT 9 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES !ORI/S OCCUPI$ !MSELVES ) POLITICAL PROBLEMS1 HE TURN$ HIS ATT5TION TO ! OLD] MAT]IALI/S4 ,9 HIS ,BEITRAGE ZUR ,GES*I*TE DES ,MAT]IALISMUS 7,CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! ,HI/ORY ( ,MAT]IALISM7 HE TREATS ! ,FR5* MAT]IALI/S ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 ,HELVETIUS1 ,LAMETTRIE1 & COMP>ES !M ) ,M>X1 TO %[ H[ MANY VALUABLE & IMPORTANT IDEAS W]E ALREADY CONTA9$ 9 !IR WORKS4 ,H5CE WE UND]/& :Y 9 HIS ,GRUNDPROBLEME DES ,M>XISMUS HE /RESSES ! CONCORDANCE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,FEU]BA* & EMPHASIZES ! VIEWPO9TS ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 

,YET ,PLE*ANOV WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,WE/]N1 ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN WORK]S'1 MOVEM5T4 ,HE WAS KN[N AS ! H]ALD ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* HE PR$ICT$ !ORETICALLY AT A TIME :5 PRACTICALLY !RE WAS H>DLY ANY TRACE4 ,HE WAS E/EEM$ AS ONE ( ! V]Y FEW :O OCCUPI$ !MSELVES ) PHILOSOPHY2 HE PLAY$ AN 9T]NATIONAL ROLE & TOOK P>T 9 ! DISCUSSIONS ON ,M>XISM & RE=MISM4 ,WE/]N SOCIALI/S /UDI$ HIS WRIT+S )\T P]CEIV+ AT ! TIME ! DIFF]5CES HIDD5 )9 !M4 ,?US HE WAS DET]M9$ BY ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS LESS EXCLUSIVELY ?AN ,L594 

,L59 WAS ! PRACTICAL LEAD] ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,H5CE 9 HIS !ORETICAL IDEAS ITS PRACTICAL CONDITIONS & POLITICAL AIMS >E %[N MORE CLE>LY4 ,! CONDITIONS ( ! FI<T AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM DET]M9$ ! BASIC VIEWS EXPOS$ 9 HIS BOOK4 ,!ORETICAL1 ESPECIALLY PHILOSOPHIC VIEWS >E NOT DET]M9$ BY AB/RACT /UDIES & *ANCE READ+ 9 PHILOSOPHICAL LIT]ATURE1 BUT BY ! GREAT LIFE-TASKS :I*1 IMPOS$ BY ! NE$S ( PRACTICAL ACTIVITY1 DIRECT ! WILL & ?\<T ( MAN4 ,TO ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVI/ P>TY ! FIR/ LIFE-TASK WAS ! ANNIHILATION ( ,CZ>ISM & ( ! BACKW>D B>B>\S SOCIAL SY/EM ( ,RUSSIA4 ,*UR* & RELIGION W]E ! !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS ( ?AT SY/EM1 ! IDEOLOGY & GLORIFICATION ( ABSOLUTISM1 EXPRESSION & SYMBOL ( ! SLAV]Y ( ! MASSES4 ,H5CE A REL5TLESS FI<T AGA9/ !M WAS NE$$2 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION /OOD 9 ! C5T] ( ,L59'S !ORETICAL ?\<T2 ANY CONCESSION H[EV] SMALL TO 0FIDEISM0 WAS AN ATTACK ON ! LIFE-N]VE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,AS A FI<T AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM1 L&$ PROP]TY1 & CL]GY1 ! FI<T 9 ,RUSSIA WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ! =M] FI<T ( B\RGEOISIE & 9TELLECTUALS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE2 SO ! ?\<TS & FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ( ,L59 MU/ BE SIMIL> TO :AT HAD BE5 PROPAGAT$ 9 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM1 & HIS SYMPA?IES W5T TO ITS SPOKESM54 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 IT WAS ! WORK+ CLASS :O HAD TO WAGE ! FI<T2 SO ! FI<T+ ORGANIZATION HAD TO BE A SOCIALI/ P>TY1 PROCLAIM+ ,M>XISM AS ITS CRE$1 & TAK+ FROM ,M>XISM :AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 ! DOCTR9E ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 & ! DOCTR9E ( CLASS W> AS ITS MOV+ =CE4 ,H5CE ,L59 GAVE TO HIS MAT]IALISM ! NAME & G>B ( ,M>XISM1 & ASSUM$ IT TO BE ! REAL - I4E4 PECULI>LY WORK+-CLASS AS CONTRA/$ ) MIDDLE-CLASS - ,M>XISM4 

,?IS ID5TIFICATION WAS SUPPORT$ BY /ILL ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA CAPITALISM HAD NOT GR[N UP GRADUALLY FROM SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( A MIDDLE CLASS1 AS IT HAD 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,BIG 9DU/RY WAS IMPORT$ FROM \TSIDE AS A =EIGN ELEM5T BY ,WE/]N CAPITALISM1 EXPLOIT+ ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S4 ,MOREOV] ,WE/]N F9ANCIAL CAPITAL1 BY ITS LOANS TO ,CZ>ISM1 EXPLOIT$ ! 5TIRE AGR>IAN ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 :O W]E HEAVILY TAX$ TO PAY ! 9T]E/S4 ,WE/]N CAPITAL H]E ASSUM$ ! *>ACT] ( COLONIAL CAPITAL1 ) ! ,CZ> & HIS (FICIALS AS ITS AG5TS4 ,9 C\NTRIES EXPLOIT$ AS COLONIES ALL ! CLASSES HAVE A COMMON 9T]E/ 9 ?R[+ (F ! YOKE ( ! USURI\S =EIGN CAPITAL1 TO E/ABLI% !IR [N FREE ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 LEAD+ AS A RULE TO HOME CAPITALISM4 ,?IS FI<T IS WAG$ AGA9/ WORLD-CAPITAL1 H5CE (T5 UND] ! NAME ( SOCIALISM2 & ! WORK]S ( ! ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 :O /& AGA9/ ! SAME FOE1 >E ! NATURAL ALLIES4 ,?US 9 ,*9A ,SUN ,YAT-,S5 WAS A SOCIALI/2 S9CE1 H[EV]1 ! ,*9ESE B\RGEOISIE :OSE SPOKESMAN HE WAS1 WAS A NUM]\S & P[]FUL CLASS1 HIS SOCIALISM WAS 0NATIONAL0 & HE OPPOS$ ! 0]RORS0 ( ,M>XISM4 

,L591 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HAD TO RELY ON ! WORK+ CLASS1 & BECAUSE HIS FI<T HAD TO BE IMPLACABLE & RADICAL1 HE ESP\S$ ! MO/ RADICAL IDEOLOGY ( ! ,WE/]N PROLET>IAT FI<T+ WORLD-CAPITALISM1 VIZ4 ,M>XISM4 ,S9CE1 H[EV]1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION %[$ A MIXTURE ( TWO *>ACT]S1 MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION 9 ITS IMM$IATE AIMS1 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ITS ACTIVE =CES1 ! APPROPRIATE BOL%EVI/ !ORY TOO HAD TO PRES5T TWO *>ACT]S1 MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM 9 ITS BASIC PHILOSOPHY1 PROLET>IAN EVOLUTIONISM 9 ITS DOCTR9E ( CLASS FI<T4 ,?IS MIXTURE WAS T]M$ ,M>XISM4 ,BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT ,L59'S ,M>XISM1 AS DET]M9$ BY ! SPECIAL ,RUSSIAN ATTITUDE T[>D CAPITALISM1 MU/ BE FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! REAL ,M>XISM GR[+ AS !IR BASIC VIEW 9 ! WORK]S ( ! C\NTRIES ( BIG CAPITALISM4 ,M>XISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE IS ! WORLD VIEW ( A WORK+ CLASS CONFRONT+ ! TASK ( CONV]T+ A MO/ HI<LY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 ITS [N WORLD ( LIFE & ACTION1 9TO COMMUNISM4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS C\LD NOT MAKE ?IS !IR OBJECT2 !Y HAD FIR/ TO OP5 ! WAY = A FREE DEVELOPM5T ( A MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 .<#b.> ,TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S ! NUCLEUS ( ,M>XISM IS NOT CONTA9$ 9 ,M>X'S !SIS ?AT SOCIAL REALITY DET]M9ES CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT 9 ! S5T5CE ( Y\NG ,M>X1 9SCRIB$ 9 BIG LETT]S 9 ! ,MOSC[ ,PEOPLE'S ,H\SE1 ?AT RELIGION IS ! OPIUM ( ! PEOPLE4 

,IT MAY HAPP5 ?AT 9 A !ORETICAL WORK !RE APPE> NOT ! IMM$IATE SURR\ND+S & TASKS ( ! AU?OR1 BUT MORE G5]AL & REMOTE 9FLU5CES & WID] TASKS4 ,9 ,L59'S BOOK1 H[EV]1 NO?+ ( ! SORT IS P]CEPTIBLE4 ,IT IS A MANIFE/ & EXCLUSIVE REFLECTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AT :I* HE WAS AIM+4 ,ITS *>ACT] SO 5TIRELY CORRESPONDS TO MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM ?AT1 IF IT HAD BE5 KN[N AT ! TIME 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE - BUT ONLY CONFUS$ RUMORS ON ! 9T]NAL /RIFES ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM P5ETRAT$ H]E - & IF IT C\LD HAVE BE5 RI<TLY 9T]PRET$1 ONE C\LD HAVE PR$ICT$ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION MU/ SOMEH[ RESULT 9 A K9D ( CAPITALISM BAS$ ON A WORK]S' /RUGGLE4 

,!RE IS A WIDESPREAD OP9ION ?AT ! BOL%EVI/ P>TY WAS M>XI/1 & ?AT IT WAS ONLY = PRACTICAL REASONS ?AT ,L591 ! GREAT S*OL> & LEAD] ( ,M>XISM1 GAVE TO ! REVOLUTION ANO!R DIRECTION ?AN :AT ,WE/]N WORK]S CALL$ COMMUNISM - !REBY %[+ HIS REALI/IC M>XIAN 9SI<T4 ,! CRITICAL OPPOSITION TO ! ,RUSSIAN & ,C4,P4 POLITICS TRIES 9DE$ TO OPPOSE ! DESPOTIC PRACTICE ( ! PRES5T ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T - T]M$ ,/AL9ISM - TO ! 0TRUE0 ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLES ( ,L59 & OLD BOL%EVISM4 ,WRONGLY SO4 ,NOT ONLY BECAUSE 9 PRACTICE !SE POLITICS W]E 9AUGURAT$ ALREADY BY ,L594 ,BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! ALLEG$ ,M>XISM ( ,L59 & ! BOL%EVI/ P>TY IS NO?+ BUT A LEG5D4 ,L59 NEV] KNEW REAL ,M>XISM4 ,:5CE %\LD HE HAVE TAK5 IT8 ,CAPITALISM HE KNEW ONLY AS COLONIAL CAPITALISM2 SOCIAL REVOLUTION HE KNEW ONLY AS ! ANNIHILATION ( BIG L& [N]%IP & ,CZ>I/ DESPOTISM4 ,RUSSIAN BOL%EVISM CANNOT BE REPROA*$ = HAV+ AB&ON$ ! WAY ( ,M>XISM3 = IT WAS NEV] ON ?AT WAY4 ,EV]Y PAGE ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHICAL WORK IS !RE TO PROVE IT2 & ,M>XISM ITSELF1 BY ITS !SIS ?AT !ORETICAL OP9IONS >E DET]M9$ BY SOCIAL RELATIONS & NECESSITIES1 MAKES CLE> ?AT IT C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE4 ,M>XISM1 H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME %[S ! NECESSITY ( ! LEG5D2 EV]Y MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTION1 REQUIR+ WORK+-CLASS & PEASANT SUPPORT1 NE$S ! ILLUSION ?AT IT IS SOME?+ DIFF]5T1 L>G]1 MORE UNIV]SAL4 ,H]E IT WAS ! ILLUSION ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WAS ! FIR/ /EP ( WORLD REVOLUTION LIB]AT+ ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAN CLASS FROM CAPITALISM2 ITS !ORETICAL EXPRESSION WAS ! LEG5D ( ,M>XISM4 

,( C\RSE ,L59 WAS A PUPIL ( ,M>X2 FROM ,M>X HE HAD LE>N$ :AT WAS MO/ ESS5TIAL = ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ! UNCOMPROMIS+ PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,JU/ AS = ANALOG\S REASONS1 ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS W]E PUPILS ( ,M>X4 ,& SURELY ! FI<T ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 9 !IR MASS ACTIONS & !IR SOVIETS1 WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT PRACTICAL EXAMPLE ( MOD]N PROLET>IAN W>F>E4 ,?AT1 H[EV]1 ,L59 DID NOT UND]/& ,M>XISM AS ! !ORY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ?AT HE DID NOT UND]/& CAPITALISM1 B\RGEOISIE1 PROLET>IAT 9 !IR HI<E/ MOD]N DEVELOPM5T1 WAS %[N /RIK+LY :5 FROM ,RUSSIA1 BY MEANS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! WORLD REVOLUTION WAS TO BE />T$1 & ! ADVICE & W>N+S ( ,WE/]N ,M>XI/S W]E 5TIRELY DISREG>D$4 ,AN UNBROK5 S]IES ( BLUND]S1 FAILURES1 & DEFEATS1 ( :I* ! PRES5T WEAKNESS ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS ! RESULT1 %[$ ! UNAVOIDABLE %ORTCOM+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN LEAD]%IP4 

,RETURN+ N[ TO ! TIME ?AT ,L59 WROTE HIS BOOK WE HAVE TO ASK :AT !N WAS ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! CONTROV]SY ON ,MA*ISM4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T COMPRIS$ WID] CIRCLES ( 9TELLECTUALS ?AN ,WE/]N SOCIALISM2 SO P>T ( !M CAME UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ANTI-MAT]IALI/ MIDDLE-CLASS TR5DS4 ,IT WAS NATURAL ?AT ,L59 %\LD %>PLY TAKE UP ! FI<T AGA9/ SU* T5D5CIES4 ,HE DID NOT LOOK UPON !M AS W\LD A ,M>XI/ :O UND]/&S !M AS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON1 EXPLA9+ !M \T ( !IR SOCIAL ORIG91 & ?US R5D]+ !M 9EFFECTUAL2 NO:]E 9 HIS BOOK DO WE F9D AN ATTEMPT AT OR A TRACE ( SU* AN UND]/&+4 ,TO ,L59 MAT]IALISM WAS ! TRU? E/ABLI%$ BY ,FEU]BA*1 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 & ! MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALI/S2 BUT !N /UPIDITY1 REACTION1 MONEY-9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! SPIRITUAL P[] ( !OLOGY HAD BR\<T AB\T A REVULSION 9 ,EUROPE4 ,N[ ?IS CORRUPTION ?REAT5$ TO ASSAIL BOL%EVISM TOO2 SO IT HAD TO BE OPPOS$ ) ! UTMO/ VIGOR4 

,9 ?IS ACTION ,L59 ( C\RSE WAS 5TIRELY RI<T4 ,TO BE SURE1 IT WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! TRU? ( ,M>X OR ,MA*1 NOR :E!R \T ( ,MA*'S IDEAS SOME?+ C\LD BE US$ 9 ,M>XISM4 ,IT WAS ! QUE/ION :E!R MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM OR MIDDLE-CLASS IDEALISM1 OR SOME MIXTURE1 W\LD AF=D ! !ORETICAL BASIS = ! FI<T AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! IDEOLOGY ( A SELF-CONT5T$1 ALREADY DECL9+ B\RGEOISIE CAN NEV] FIT 9 ) A RIS+ MOVEM5T1 NOT EV5 ) A RIS+ MIDDLE CLASS ITSELF4 ,IT W\LD HAVE L$ TO WEAKNESS1 :]E UNFOLD+ ( ! UTMO/ VIGOR WAS NECESS>Y4 ,ONLY ! RIGOR ( MAT]IALISM C\LD MAKE ! ,P>TY H>D1 SU* AS WAS NE$$ = A REVOLUTION4 ,! T5D5CY ( ,MA*ISM1 SOMEH[ P>ALLEL TO REVISIONISM 9 ,G]MANY1 WAS TO BREAK ! RADICALISM ( /RUGGLE & ! SOLID UNITY ( ! P>TY1 9 !ORY & 9 PRACTICE4 ,?IS WAS ! DANG] ?AT ,L59 SAW QUITE CLE>LY4 0,:5 ,I READ IT 7,BOGDANOV'S BOOK7 ,I BECAME EXCE$+LY PROVOK$ & 5RAG$10 HE WROTE TO ,GORKY1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#h4 ,9DE$1 WE P]CEIVE ?IS 9 ! VEHEM5CE ( HIS ATTACK UPON ! ADV]S>Y1 9 EV]Y PAGE ( ! WORK2 IT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 WRITT5 9 A CONT9U\S FURY4 ,IT IS NOT A FUNDAM5TAL DISCUSSION CLE>+ ! IDEAS1 AS WAS1 = EXAMPLE ,5GELS'S BOOK AGA9/ ,DUHR+2 IT IS ! W>-PAMPHLET ( A P>TY LEAD] :O HAS TO W>D (F BY ANY MEANS ! DANG] TO HIS P>TY4 ,SO IT C\LD NOT BE EXPECT$ ?AT HE %\LD TRY REALLY TO UND]/& ! HO/ILE DOCTR9ES2 9 CONSEQU5CE ( HIS [N UNM>XIAN ?9K+ HE C\LD ONLY MIS9T]PRET & MISREPRES5T !M4 ,! ONLY ?+ NE$$ WAS TO KNOCK !M D[N1 TO DE/ROY !IR SCI5TIFIC CR$IT1 & ?US TO EXPOSE ! ,RUSSIAN ,MA*I/S AS IGNORANT P>ROTS ( REACTION>Y BLOCKHEADS4 

,& HE SUCCE$$4 ,HIS FUNDAM5TAL VIEWS W]E ! VIEWS ( ! BOL%EVI/ P>TY AT L>GE1 AS DET]M9$ BY IS HI/ORICAL TASK4 ,AS SO (T51 ,L59 HAD FELT EXACTLY ! PRACTICAL EXIG5CIES4 ,MA*ISM WAS CONDEMN$ & EXPELL$ FROM ! P>TY4 ,AS A UNIT$ BODY ! P>TY C\LD TAKE ITS C\RSE AGA91 9 ! VAN ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 T[>DS ! REVOLUTION4 

,! WORDS ( ,DEBOR9 QUOT$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ?US >E ONLY P>TIALLY TRUE4 ,WE CANNOT SPEAK ( A VICTORY ( ,M>XISM1 :5 !RE IS ONLY QUE/ION ( A SO-CALL$ REFUTATION ( MIDDLE-CLASS IDEALISM ?R\< ! IDEAS ( MIDDLE-CLASS MAT]IALISM4 ,BUT D\BTLESS ,L59'S BOOK WAS AN IMPORTANT FEATURE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,P>TY1 DET]M9+ 9 A HI< DEGREE ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( PHILOSOPHIC OP9IONS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,H]EAFT] ! REVOLUTION1 UND] ! NEW SY/EM ( /ATE CAPITALISM - A COMB9ATION ( MIDDLE CLASS MAT]IALISM & ! M>XIAN DOCTR9E ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ADORN$ ) SOME DIALECTIC T]M9OLOGY - WAS1 UND] ! NAME 0,L59ISM10 PROCLAIM$ ! (FICIAL ,/ATE-PHILOSOPHY4 ,IT WAS ! RI<T DOCTR9E = ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS :O1 N[ ?AT NATURAL SCI5CE & TE*NICS =M$ ! BASIS ( A RAPIDLY DEVELOP+ PRODUCTION SY/EM UND] !IR DIRECTION1 SAW ! FUTURE OP5 UP BE=E !M AS ! RUL+ CLASS ( AN IMM5SE EMPIRE4 

  

,NOTES 

#a4 ,! PHRASE 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS H]E US$ AS A TRANSLATION = ! ,G]MAN WORD 0BURG]LI*04 ,! MORE MOD]N T]M US$ 9 ,M>XI/ DISC\RSE = ?IS CONCEPT IS 0B\RGEOIS0 7I4E4 RELAT+ TO ! CAPITALI/ OR B\RGEOIS CLASS7 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM ! RA!R IMPRECISE T]M 0MIDDLE CLASS01 :I* IS (T5 US$ AS A BROAD DESCRIPTION = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ETC4 ,SIMIL>LY :5 ?IS TEXT REF]S TO 0! MIDDLE CLASS0 IT IS REF]R+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE OR CAPITALI/ CLASS4 7,NOTE BY ,M,I,A7 

#b4 ,BOL%EVI/ HI/ORIANS1 S9CE !Y KNEW CAPITALISM ONLY 9 ! *>ACT] ( COLONIAL CAPITALISM1 W]E KE5 9 RECOGNIZ+ ! ROLE ( COLONIAL CAPITAL 9 ! WORLD1 & W]E ABLE TO WRITE EXCELL5T /UDIES ON IT4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y READILY OV]LOOK$ ITS DIFF]5CE FROM HOME CAPITALISM4 ,?US ,PROKROVSKI 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA REPRES5TS #aiag AS ! 5D ( A ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( MANY C5TURIES4 

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