,LETT] TO ,*>LES ,SUMN] 

#ahfd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TAGS 3 VIOLATION ( Y\R [N CONVICTIONS1 *>ACT] ( ! CON/ITUTION1 RI<T ( PROP]TY1 CONVICTIONS ( TRU?1 ZEAL = LIB]TY1 ADVOCATES ( LIB]TY1 DR H[E1 *>LES SUMN]1 LIB]TY1 CON/ITUTION4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY C>LFBAGGE1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,BO/ON1,OCT4 #a#b1 #a#h#f#d4,HON4 ,*>LES ,SUMN]1,SIR3 

,SOME F\R OR FIVE WEEKS AGO1 AS ,I WAS 9 CONV]SATION ) ,DR4 ,S4 ,G4 ,H[E & ,JAMES ,M4 ,/ONE1 !Y BO? M5TION$ ?AT1 ON !IR FIR/ READ+ MY >GUM5T ON 0! ,UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ,SLAV]Y10 !Y HAD BE5 CONV9C$ ( ITS TRU?2 & ,DR4 ,H[E ADD$1 0,SUMN] ALWAYS SAID IT WAS TRUE1 BUT SOMEH[ OR O!R HE C\LD NOT ?9K IT WAS PRACTICAL40 

,A FEW DAYS AFT]W>DS ,I SAW ,DR4 ,H[E1 & REPEAT$ TO HIM :AT ,I HAD UND]/OOD HIM TO SAY ( Y\1 AS ABOVE1 & ASK$ HIM :E!R ,I HAD UND]/OOD HIM CORRECTLY4 ,HE SAID ?AT ,I HAD2 0?AT IS1 HE HAD UND]/OOD Y\ TO SAY1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT Y\ DID NOT SEE H[ MY >GUM5T C\LD BE MET40 ,I GAVE HIM SOME ( MY REASONS = WI%+ HIS EXPLICIT TE/IMONY ON ! PO9T1 & HE ADD$1 0,I ?9K ,I CANNOT BE MI/AK5 AB\T IT40 ,HE F9ALLY SAID1 0,I WILL PUT ! QUE/ION DI/9CTLY TO HIM TOMORR[40 

,ON ! #b#cD ULT4 ,I MET HIM AGA91 & HE SAID ?AT HE DID PUT ! QUE/ION TO Y\ ! NEXT DAY1 9 ?IS WAY3 0,MR4 ,SUMN]1 ,I HAVE H]ET(ORE UND]/OOD Y\ TO SAY ?AT ,MR4 ,SPOON]'S POSITION WAS LOGICAL1 & ?AT Y\ DID NOT SEE H[ IT C\LD BE ANSW]$20 & APPEAL$ TO Y\ TO KN[ :E!R HE HAD UND]/OOD Y\ CORRECTLY4 ,HE SAID Y\ ACKN[L$G$ ?AT HE HAD1 & ?AT Y\ ADD$ ?AT 0A JUDGE1 :O WAS 9CL9$ TO DECIDE D\BTFUL QUE/IONS 9 FAVOR ( LIB]TY1 W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO DECIDE ?AT QUE/ION .<( ! CON/ITUTIONALITY ( SLAV]Y.> 9 ! SAME WAY40 

,AT ?IS LA/ CONV]SATION1 ,FRANCIS ,W4 ,BIRD WAS PRES5T1 & CORROBORAT$ ,DR4 ,H[E'S /ATEM5T BY SAY+ ?AT Y\ HAD MADE A SIMIL> /ATEM5T AB\T MY >GUM5T TO HIM1 AT ,WA%+TON1 SOME FEW YE>S AGO4 ,HE ADD$ ?AT HE SAID TO Y\1 0,:Y1 !N1 9 ,HEAV5'S NAME1 DO Y\ NOT TAKE ?AT POSITION80 ,& ?AT Y\ MADE NO REPLY8 

,9 ! =EGO+ ACC\NT ,I HAVE GIV5 FAI?FULLY ! SUB/ANCE ( !IR TE/IMONY1 & V]Y NE>LY !IR PRECISE WORDS1 AS TAK5 D[N IMM$IATELY AFT] ! LA/ CONV]SATION4 

,I CANNOT D\BT ?AT !IR /ATEM5TS >E TRUE1 = ,I HAD TE/IMONY1 NE>LY AS DIRECT & CONCLUSIVE1 TO ! SAME PO9T1 A DOZ5 YE>S AGO1 FROM TWO OR ?REE DIFF]5T S\RCES4 

,S9CE ,DECEMB] #a#h#e#a1 Y\ HAVE BE5 UND] OA?1 AS A ,S5ATOR1 TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION2 & HAVE MADE ! SUBJECT ( ,SLAV]Y Y\R PR9CIPAL TOPIC ( DISCUSSION2 & HAVE MADE1 DUR+ ALL ?AT TIME1 ! L\DE/ PR(ESSIONS ( DEVOTION TO LIB]TY4 ,YET DUR+ ALL ! SAME P]IOD Y\ HAVE BE5 CONT9UALLY CONC$+ ?AT ! CON/ITUTION RECOGNIZ$ ! ,SLAVEHOLD]'S RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS SLAVES2 ?AT ?OSE HELD 9 SLAV]Y HAD NO RI<TS UND] ! CON/ITUTION2 & ?AT ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT 9T]F]E = !IR LIB]ATION4 

,IT N[ APPE>S FROM ! TE/IMONY ( ,DR4 ,H[E & ,MR4 ,BIRD1 ?AT ALL !SE CONCESSIONS AGA9/ LIB]TY1 HAVE BE5 MADE 9 VIOLATION ( Y\R [N CONVICTIONS ( TRU?1 & CONSEQU5TLY 9 VIOLATION ( Y\R (FICIAL OA?2 & ?AT :ILE = A DOZ5 YE>S1 Y\ HAVE BE5 MAK+ ! MO/ BOMBA/IC PRET5SIONS ( ZEAL = FRE$OM1 Y\ HAVE REALLY BE51 ALL ?AT TIME1 A DELIB]ATELY P]JUR$ TRAITOR TO ! CON/ITUTION1 TO LIB]TY1 & TO TRU?4 

,& ?IS Y\ HAVE BE51 ?AT Y\ MI<T BE A ,S5ATOR FROM ,MASSA*USETTS1 RA!R ?AN REMA9 9 PRIVATE LIFE1 & DO Y\R P>T T[>DS $UCAT+ ! PEOPLE 9TO A KN[L$GE ( ! TRUE *>ACT] ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,& HAV+ ONCE 5T]$ ! ,S5ATE ?R\< ! DOOR ( P]JURY1 & TREASON TO LIB]TY1 Y\ HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO ADH]E TO ?AT POSITION1 BECAUSE1 BY ADVOCAT+ ! TRU?1 Y\ W\LD BE CONVICT+ Y\RSELF ( Y\R PREVI\S FALSEHOOD4 

,A ,S5ATOR1 :O1 FROM SU* MOTIVES1 ) L\D PR(ESSIONS ( LIB]TY ON HIS LIPS1 FALSIFIES1 9 BEHALF ( SLAV]Y1 ! CON/ITUTION ( HIS C\NTRY1 :I* HE HAS SWORN TO SUPPORT1 IS AS BASE A TRAITOR AS ANY PR(ESS$ SOLDI] ( LIB]TY CAN BE1 :O %\LD1 = MONEY1 DELIV] UP A PO/ :I* HE HAD SWORN TO DEF5D4 ,?IS TREASON1 IT APPE>S1 Y\ HAVE BE5 CONT9UALLY GUILTY ( = TWELVE LONG YE>S2 & Y\R O/5TATI\S PR(ESSIONS ( ZEAL = LIB]TY DUR+ ?AT TIME1 HAVE1 AS ,I ?9K1 BE5 MADE1 9 GREAT P>T1 ) A VIEW TO HIDE ! REAL TREASON Y\ W]E COMMITT+4 

,MY >GUM5T1 9 ITS LEAD+ FEATURES1 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#d#e4 ,& SEV]AL ADDITIONS TO1 & CONFIRMATIONS ( IT1 HAVE BE5 MADE AT 9T]VALS S9CE4 

,IF ?AT >GUM5T IS TRUE1 SLAV]Y1 FROM ITS FIR/ 9TRODUCTION 9TO ?IS C\NTRY1 TO ?IS TIME1 HAS NEV] HAD ANY LEGAL OR CON/ITUTIONAL EXI/5CE2 BUT HAS BE5 A M]E ABUSE1 TOL]AT$ BY ! /RONGE/ P>TY1 )\T ANY COLOR ( LEGALITY1 EXCEPT :AT WAS D]IV$ FROM FALSE 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! CON/ITUTION1 & FROM PRACTICES1 /ATUTES1 & ADJUDICATIONS1 ?AT W]E 9 PLA9 CONFLICT ) ! FUNDAM5TAL CON/ITUTIONAL LAW4 ,& !SE VIEWS HAVE BE5 VIRTUALLY CONFESS$ TO BE TRUE BY ,JOHN ,C4 ,CALH\N1 ,JAMES ,M4 ,MASON1 ,JEFF]SON ,DAVIS1 & MANY O!R ,S\!RN M52 :ILE SU* PR(ESS$ ADVOCATES ( LIB]TY AS ,*>LES ,SUMN]1 ,H5RY ,WILSON1 ,WILLIAM ,H4 ,SEW>D1 ,SALMON ,P4 ,*ASE1 & ! LIKE1 HAVE BE5 CONT9UALLY D5Y+ !M4 

,HAD ALL ?OSE M5 AT ! ,NOR?1 :O BELIEV$ !SE IDEAS TO BE TRUE1 PROMULGAT$ !M1 AS IT WAS !IR PLA9 & OBVI\S DUTY TO DO1 IT IS REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT WE %\LD LONG S9CE HAVE HAD FRE$OM1 )\T %$D+ ONE DROP ( BLOOD2 C]TA9LY )\T ONE TI! ( ! BLOOD ?AT HAS N[ BE5 %$2 = ! SLAVEHOLD]S W\LD NEV] HAVE D>$1 9 ! FACE ( ! WORLD1 TO ATTEMPT TO OV]?R[ A GOV]NM5T ?AT GAVE FRE$OM TO ALL1 = ! SAKE ( E/ABLI%+ 9 ITS PLACE ONE ?AT %\LD MAKE SLAVES ( ?OSE :O1 BY ! EXI/+ CON/ITUTION1 W]E FREE4 ,BUT SO LONG AS ! ,NOR?1 & ESPECIALLY SO LONG AS ! PR(ESS$ 7?\< HYPOCRITICAL7 ADVOCATES ( LIB]TY1 LIKE ?OSE NAM$1 CONC$$ ! CON/ITUTIONAL RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 SLAVES1 !Y GAVE ! SLAVEHOLD]S ! FULL B5EFIT ( ! >GUM5T ?AT !Y W]E 9SULT$1 DI/URB$1 & 5DANG]$ 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( !IR ACKN[L$G$ CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS2 & ?AT IT WAS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO !IR HONOR1 SECURITY1 & HAPP9ESS ?AT !Y %\LD HAVE A SEP>ATE GOV]NM5T4 ,& ?IS >GUM5T1 CONC$$ TO !M BY ! ,NOR?1 HAS NOT ONLY GIV5 !M /R5G? & UNION AMONG !MSELVES1 BUT HAS GIV5 !M FRI5DS1 BO? 9 ! ,NOR? & AMONG =EIGN NATIONS2 & HAS CO/ ! NATION HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( LIVES1 & ?\S&S ( MILLIONS ( TREASURE4 

,UPON Y\RSELF1 & O!RS LIKE Y\1 PR(ESS$ FRI5DS ( FRE$OM1 :O1 9/EAD ( PROMULGAT+ :AT Y\ BELIEV$ TO BE ! TRU?1 HAVE1 = SELFI% PURPOSES1 D5I$ IT1 & ?US CONC$$ TO ! SLAVEHOLD]S ! B5EFIT ( AN >GUM5T TO :I* !Y HAD NO CLAIM1--UPON Y\R HEADS1 MORE EV51 IF POSSIBLE1 ?AN UPON ! SLAVEHOLD]S !MSELVES1 7:O HAVE ACT$ ONLY 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR ASSOCIATIONS1 9T]E/S1 & AV[$ PR9CIPLES AS SLAVEHOLD]S47 RE/S ! BLOOD ( ?IS HORRIBLE1 UNNECESS>Y1 & !RE=E GUILTY1 W>4 

,Y\R CONCESSIONS1 AS TO ! PRO-SLAV]Y *>ACT] ( ! CON/ITUTION1 HAVE BE5 SU* AS1 IF TRUE1 W\LD PROVE ! CON/ITUTION UNWOR?Y ( HAV+ ONE DROP ( BLOOD %$ 9 ITS SUPPORT4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 SU* AS TO )HOLD FROM ! ,NOR? ALL ! B5EFIT ( ! >GUM5T1 ?AT A W> = ! CON/ITUTION WAS A W> = LIB]TY4 ,Y\ HAVE ?US1 TO ! EXT5T ( Y\R ABILITY1 PLAC$ ! ,NOR? :OLLY 9 ! WRONG1 & ! ,S\? :OLLY 9 ! RI<T4 ,& ! EFFECT ( !SE FALSE POSITIONS 9 :I* ! ,NOR? & ! ,S\? HAVE RESPECTIVELY BE5 PLAC$1 NOT ONLY ) Y\R CONS5T1 BUT1 9 P>T1 BY Y\R EX]TIONS1 HAS BE5 TO FILL ! L& ) BLOOD4 

,! ,S\? C\LD1 CONSI/5TLY ) HONOR1 & PROBABLY W\LD1 LONG BE=E ?IS TIME1 & )\T A CONFLICT1 HAVE SURR5D]$ !IR SLAV]Y TO ! DEM& ( ! CON/ITUTION1 7IF ?AT HAD BE5 PRESS$ UPON !M17 & TO ! MORAL S5TIM5T ( ! WORLD2 :ILE !Y C\LD NOT ) HONOR1 OR AT LEA/ C]TA9LY W\LD NOT1 SURR5D] ANY?+ TO A CONFESS$LY UNCON/ITUTIONAL DEM&1 ESPECIALLY :5 COM+ FROM M]E DEMAGOGUES1 :O W]E SO OP5LY UNPR9CIPL$ AS TO PR(ESS ! GREATE/ MORAL ABHORR5CE ( SLAV]Y1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 = ! SAKE ( (FICE1 SWE> TO SUPPORT IT1 BY SWE>+ TO SUPPORT A CON/ITUTION :I* !Y DECL>$ TO BE ITS BULW>K4 

,Y\1 & O!RS LIKE Y\ HAVE DONE MORE1 ACCORD+ TO Y\R ABILITIES1 TO PREV5T ! PEACEFUL ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y1 ?AN ANY O!R M5 9 ! NATION2 = :ILE HONE/ M5 W]E EXPLA9+ ! TRUE *>ACT] ( ! CON/ITUTION1 AS AN 9/RUM5T GIV+ FRE$OM TO ALL1 Y\ W]E CONT9UALLY D5Y+ IT1 & DO+ Y\R UTMO/ 7& F> MORE ?AN ANY AV[$ PRO SLAV]Y MAN C\LD DO7 TO DEFEAT !IR EF=TS4 ,& IT N[ APPE>S ?AT ALL ?IS WAS DONE BY Y\ 9 VIOLATION ( Y\R [N CONVICTIONS ( TRU?4 

,9 Y\R PRET5D$ ZEAL = LIB]TY1 Y\ HAVE BE5 URG+ ON ! NATION TO ! MO/ FRI<TFUL DE/RUCTION ( HUMAN LIFE2 BUT Y\R LOVE ( LIB]TY HAS NEV] YET 9DUC$ Y\ TO DECL>E PUBLICLY1 BUT HAS P]MITT$ Y\ CON/ANTLY TO D5Y1 A TRU? ?AT WAS SUFFICI5T =1 & VITAL TO1 ! SPE$Y & PEACEFUL ACCOMPLI%M5T ( FRE$OM4 ,Y\ HAVE1 ) DELIB]ATE PURPOSE1 & ?R\< A S]IES ( YE>S1 BETRAY$ ! V]Y CITADEL ( LIB]TY1 :I* Y\ W]E UND] OA? TO DEF5D4 ,& !RE HAS BE51 9 ! C\NTRY1 NO O!R TREASON AT ALL COMP>ABLE ) ?IS4 

,?AT SU* IS ! *>ACT] ?AT HI/ORY WILL GIVE Y\1 ,I HAVE V]Y LITTLE D\BT4 ,& ,I WI% Y\ TO UND]/& ?AT !RE IS ONE :O HAS LONG BELIEV$ SU* TO BE Y\R TRUE *>ACT]1 & ?AT HE N[ HAS ! PRO( ( IT4 ,& UNLESS Y\ MAKE SOME D5IAL OR EXPLANATION ( ! TE/IMONY ( ,DR4 ,H[E & ,MR4 ,BIRD1 ,I %ALL FEEL AT LIB]TY TO USE IT AT MY DISCRETION4 

,L,Y,S,&,] ,S,P,O,O,N,]4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,OCTOB] #a#b1 #ahfd 3 ,LETT] TO ,*>LES ,SUMN] -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,LETT] TO ,*>LES ,SUMN] -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,LETT] TO ,*>LES ,SUMN] -- ,UPDAT$4 

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