,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,! ,NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,AG5DA 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TAGS 3 BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! NATURAL WORLD1 VILLAGES T[NS NEI<BORHOODS & CITIES1 HUMANITY & ! NATURAL WORLD1 PRIVATE >5AS ( LIFE1 P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 /RUGGLE ) ! /ATE1 MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 P[] ( ! /ATE1 POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP1 9T]DEP5D5CE AMONG COMMUNITIES4 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS >TICLE APPE>S 9 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES ) ! P]MISSION ( ! AU?OR &  CONSI/S ( EXC]PTS FROM ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7#a#i#h#g2 ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e71 ) REVISIONS4  

,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,! ,NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,AG5DA 

BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9  

  

,PHOTO BY LONGZIJUN1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,ANY AG5DA ?AT TRIES TO RE/ORE & AMPLIFY ! CLASSICAL MEAN+ ( POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP MU/ CLE>LY 9DICATE :AT !Y >E NOT1 IF ONLY BECAUSE ( ! CONFUSION ?AT SURR\NDS ! TWO WORDS4 4 4 4 ,POLITICS IS NOT /ATECRAFT1 & CITIZ5S >E NOT 0CON/ITU5TS0 OR 0TAXPAY]S40  ,/ATECRAFT CONSI/S ( OP]ATIONS ?AT 5GAGE ! /ATE3 ! EX]CISE ( ITS MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE1 ITS CONTROL ( ! 5TIRE REGULATIVE APP>ATUS ( SOCIETY 9 ! =M ( LEGAL & ORD9ANCE-MAK+ BODIES1 & ITS GOV]NANCE ( SOCIETY BY MEANS ( PR(ESSIONAL LEGISLATORS1 >MIES1 POLICE =CES1 & BUREAUCRACIES4  ,/ATECRAFT TAKES ON A POLITICAL PAT9A :5 SO-CALL$ 0POLITICAL P>TIES0 ATTEMPT1 9 V>I\S P[] PLAYS1 TO OCCUPY ! (FICES ?AT MAKE /ATE POLICY & EXECUTE IT4  ,?IS K9D ( 0POLITICS0 HAS AN ALMO/ T$I\S TYPICALITY4  ,A 0POLITICAL P>TY0 IS NORMALLY A /RUCTUR$ HI]>*Y1 FLE%$ \T BY A MEMB]%IP ?AT FUNCTIONS 9 A TOP-D[N MANN]4  ,IT IS A M9IATURE /ATE1 & 9 SOME C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION & ,NAZI ,G]MANY1 A P>TY ACTUALLY CON/ITUT$ ! /ATE ITSELF4  

   ,! ,SOVIET & ,NAZI EXAMPLES ( ! P>TY QUA /ATE W]E ! LOGICAL EXT5SION ( ! P>TY 9TO ! /ATE4  ,9DE$1 EV]Y P>TY HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! /ATE1 NOT 9 ! CITIZ5RY4  ,! CONV5TIONAL P>TY IS HIT*$ TO ! /ATE LIKE A G>M5T TO A MANIK94  ,H[EV] V>I$ ! G>M5T & ITS DESIGN MAY BE1 IT IS NOT P>T ( ! BODY POLITIC2 IT M]ELY DRAPES IT4  ,!RE IS NO?+ AU!NTICALLY POLITICAL AB\T ?IS PH5OM5ON3  IT IS MEANT PRECISELY TO CONTA9 ! BODY POLITIC1 TO CONTROL IT & TO MANIPULATE IT1 NOT TO EXPRESS ITS WILL--OR EV5 P]MIT IT TO DEVELOP A WILL4  ,9 NO S5SE IS A CONV5TIONAL 0POLITICAL0 P>TY D]IVATIVE ( ! BODY POLITIC OR CON/ITUT$ BY IT4  ,LEAV+ METAPHORS ASIDE1 0POLITICAL0 P>TIES >E REPLICATIONS ( ! /ATE :5 !Y >E \T ( P[] & >E (T5 SYNONYM\S ) ! /ATE :5 !Y >E 9 P[]4  ,!Y >E =M$ TO MOBILIZE1 TO COMM&1 TO ACQUIRE P[]1 & TO RULE4  ,?US !Y >E AS 9ORGANIC AS ! /ATE ITSELF--AN EXCRESC5CE ( SOCIETY ?AT HAS NO REAL ROOTS 9 IT1 NO RESPONSIV5ESS TO IT BEYOND ! NE$S ( FACTION1 P[]1 & MOBILIZATION4  

   ,POLITICS1 BY CONTRA/1 IS AN ORGANIC PH5OM5ON4  ,IT IS ORGANIC 9 ! V]Y REAL S5SE ?AT IT IS ! ACTIVITY ( A PUBLIC BODY--A COMMUNITY1 IF Y\ WILL--JU/ AS ! PROCESS ( FL[]+ IS AN ORGANIC ACTIVITY ( A PLANT4  ,POLITICS1 CONCEIV$ AS AN ACTIVITY1 9VOLVES RATIONAL DISC\RSE1 PUBLIC EMP[]M5T1 ! EX]CISE ( PRACTICAL REASON1 & ITS REALIZATION 9 A %>$1 9DE$ P>TICIPATORY1 ACTIVITY4  ,IT IS ! SPH]E ( SOCIETAL LIFE BEYOND ! FAMILY & ! P]SONAL NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT /ILL RETA9S ! 9TIMACY1 9VOLVEM5T1 & S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY 5JOY$ 9 PRIVATE >5AS ( LIFE4  ,GR\PS MAY =M TO ADVANCE SPECIFIC POLITICAL VIEWS & PROGRAMS1 BUT !SE VIEWS & PROGRAMS >E NO BETT] ?AN !IR CAPACITY TO ANSW] TO ! NE$S ( AN ACTIVE PUBLIC BODY4 4 4 4  

   ,BY CONTRA/1 POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 9 !IR AU!NTIC S5SE1 EM]GE \T ( ! BODY POLITIC ITSELF1 & AL?\< !IR PROGRAMS >E =MULAT$ BY !ORI/S1 !Y ALSO EM]GE FROM ! LIV$ EXP]I5CES & TRADITIONS ( ! PUBLIC ITSELF4  ,! POPULI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT SWEPT \T ( AGR>IAN ,AM]ICA & CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA OR ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ & PEASANT MOVEM5TS ( ,SPA9 & ,MEXICO >TICULAT$ DEEPLY FELT1 ALBEIT (T5 UNCONSCI\S1 PUBLIC DESIRES & NE$S4  ,AT !IR BE/1 G5U9E POLITICAL MOVEM5TS BR+ TO CONSCI\SNESS ! SUBT]RANEAN ASPIRATIONS ( DISCONT5T$ PEOPLE & EV5TUALLY TURN ?IS CONSCI\SNESS 9TO POLITICAL CULTURES ?AT GIVE COH]5CE TO 9*OATE & =MLESS PUBLIC DESIRES4 4 4 4  

   ,! IMM$IATE GOAL ( A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ AG5DA IS NOT TO EX]CISE SUDD5 & MASSIVE CONTROL BY REPRES5TATIVES & !IR BUREAUCRATIC AG5TS OV] ! EXI/+ ECONOMY2 ITS IMM$IATE GOAL IS TO REOP5 A PUBLIC SPH]E 9 FLAT OPPOSITION TO /ATISM1 ONE ?AT ALL[S = MAXIMUM DEMOCRACY 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! T]M1 & TO CREATE 9 EMBRYONIC =M ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN GIVE P[] TO A PEOPLE G5]ALLY4  ,IF ?IS P]SPECTIVE CAN BE 9ITIALLY A*IEV$ ONLY BY MORALLY EMP[]$ ASSEMBLIES ON A LIMIT$ SCALE1 AT LEA/ IT WILL BE A =M ( POPUL> P[] ?AT CAN1 9 TIME1 EXP& LOCALLY & GR[ OV] WIDE REGIONS4  ,?AT ITS FUTURE IS UN=ESEEABLE DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT IT DEVELOPM5T DEP5DS UPON ! GR[+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE1 NOT UPON ! GR[+ P[] ( ! /ATE--& H[ ?AT CONSCI\SNESS1 CONCRETIZ$ 9 HI< DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 WILL DEVELOP MAY BE AN OP5 ISSUE BUT IT WILL SURELY BE A POLITICAL ADV5TURE4  

   4 4 4 ,! RECOV]Y & DEVELOPM5T ( POLITICS MU/1 ,I SUBMIT1 TAKE ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ! CITIZ5 & HIS OR H] IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T BEYOND ! FAMILIAL & PRIVATE >5AS ( LIFE4  ,!RE CAN BE NO POLITICS )\T COMMUNITY4  ,& BY COMMUNITY ,I MEAN A MUNICIPAL ASSOCIATION ( PEOPLE RE9=C$ BY ITS [N ECONOMIC P[]1 ITS [N 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! GRASS ROOTS1 & ! CONF$]AL SUPPORT ( NE>BY COMMUNITIES ORGANIZ$ 9TO A T]RITORIAL NETWORK ON A LOCAL & REGIONAL SCALE4  ,P>TIES ?AT DO NOT 9T]TW9E ) !SE GRASSROOTS =MS ( POPUL> ORGANIZATION >E NOT POLITICAL 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE ( ! T]M4  ,9 FACT1 !Y >E BUREAUCRATIC & ANTI!TICAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A P>TICIPATORY POLITICS & P>TICIPAT+ CITIZ5S4  ,! AU!NTIC UNIT ( POLITICAL LIFE1 9 EFFECT1 IS ! MUNICIPALITY1 :E!R AS A :OLE1 IF IT IS HUMANLY SCAL$1 OR 9 ITS V>I\S SUBDIVISIONS1 NOTABLY ! NEI<BORHOOD4 4 4 4  

   ,A NEW POLITICAL AG5DA CAN BE A MUNICIPAL AG5DA ONLY IF WE >E TO TAKE \R COMMITM5TS TO DEMOCRACY S]I\SLY4  ,O!RWISE WE WILL BE 5TANGL$ ) ONE OR ANO!R V>IANT ( /ATECRAFT1 A BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURE ?AT IS DEMON/RABLY 9IMICABLE TO A VIBRANT PUBLIC LIFE4  ,! LIV+ CELL ?AT =MS ! BASIC UNIT ( POLITICAL LIFE IS ! MUNICIPALITY1 FROM :I* EV]Y?+--SU* AS CITIZ5%IP1 9T]DEP5D5CE1 CONF$]ATION1 & FRE$OM--EM]GES4  ,!RE IS NO WAY TO PIECE TOGE!R ANY POLITICS UNLESS WE BEG9 ) ITS MO/ ELEM5T>Y =MS3 ! VILLAGES1 T[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & CITIES 9 :I* PEOPLE LIVE ON ! MO/ 9TIMATE LEVEL ( POLITICAL 9T]DEP5D5CE BEYOND PRIVATE LIFE4  ,IT IS ON ?IS LEVEL ?AT !Y CAN BEG9 TO GA9 A FAMILI>ITY ) ! POLITICAL PROCESS1 A PROCESS ?AT 9VOLVES A GOOD DEAL MORE ?AN VOT+ & 9=MATION4  ,IT IS ON ?IS LEVEL1 TOO1 ?AT !Y CAN GO BEYOND ! PRIVATE 9SUL>ITY ( FAMILY LIFE--A LIFE ?AT IS CURR5TLY CELEBRAT$ = ITS 9W>DNESS & SECLUSION--& IMPROVISE ?OSE PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MAKE = BROAD COMMUNITY P>TICIPATION & CONSOCIATION4  

   ,9 %ORT1 IT IS ?R\< ! MUNICIPALITY ?AT PEOPLE CAN RECON/ITUTE !MSELVES FROM ISOLAT$ MONADS 9TO AN 9NOVATIVE BODY POLITIC & CREATE AN EXI/5TIALLY VITAL1 9DE$ PROTOPLASMIC CIVIC LIFE ?AT HAS CONT9UITY & 9/ITUTIONAL =M AS WELL AS CIVIC CONT5T4  ,I REF] H]E TO ! BLOCK ORGANIZATIONS1 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 T[N MEET+S1 CIVIC CONF$]ATIONS1 & ! PUBLIC >5AS = DISC\RSE ?AT GO BEYOND SU* EPISODIC1 S+LE-ISSUE DEMON/RATIONS & CAMPAIGNS1 VALUABLE AS !Y MAY BE TO R$RESS TO R$RESS SOCIAL 9JU/ICES4  ,BUT PROTE/ ALONE IS NOT 5\<2 9DE$1 IT IS USUALLY DEF9$ BY :AT PROTE/]S OPPOSE1 NOT BY ! SOCIAL *ANGES !Y MAY WI% TO 9/ITUTE4  ,TO IGNORE ! IRR$UCIBLE CIVIC UNIT ( POLITICS & DEMOCRACY IS TO PLAY *ESS )\T A *ESSBO>D1 = IT IS ON ?IS CIVIC PLANE ?AT ! LONG-RANGE 5DEAVOR ( SOCIAL R5EWAL MU/ EV5TUALLY BE PLAY$ \T4 4 4 4  

   ,ALL /ATI/ OBJECTIONS ASIDE1 ! PROBLEM ( RE/OR+ MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES SEEMS =MIDABLE IF IT IS CA/ 9 /RICTLY /RUCTURAL & SPATIAL T]MS4  ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY & ,LONDON HAVE NO WAY ( 0ASSEMBL+0 IF !Y TRY TO EMULATE ANCI5T ,A!NS1 ) ITS COMP>ATIVELY SMALL CITIZ5 BODY4  ,BO? CITIES1 9 FACT1 >E NO LONG] CITIES 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE ( ! T]M & H>DLY RATE AS MUNICIPALITIES EV5 BY N9ETE5?-C5TURY /&>DS ( URBANISM4  ,VIEW$ 9 /RICTLY MACROSCOPIC T]MS1 !Y >E SPRAWL+ URBAN BELTS ?AT SUCK UP MILLIONS ( PEOPLE DAILY FROM COMMUNITIES AT A SUB/ANTIAL DI/ANCE FROM !IR COMM]CIAL C5T]S4  

   ,BUT !Y >E ALSO MADE UP ( NEI<BORHOODS--?AT IS TO SAY1 ( SMALL] COMMUNITIES ?AT HAVE A C]TA9 MEASURE ( ID5TITY1 :E!R DEF9$ BY A %>$ CULTURAL H]ITAGE1 ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 A COMMONALITY ( SOCIAL VIEWS1 OR EV5 AN ES!TIC TRADITION SU* AS ,GRE5WI* ,VILLAGE 9 ,NEW ,YORK OR ,CAMD5 ,T[N 9 ,LONDON4  ,H[EV] MU* !IR ADM9I/RATION AS LOGI/ICAL1 SANIT>Y1 & COMM]CIAL >TIFACTS REQUIRES A HI< DEGREE ( COORD9ATION BY EXP]TS & !IR AIDES1 !Y >E POT5TIALLY OP5 TO POLITICAL &1 9 TIME1 PHYSICAL DEC5TRALIZATION4  ,POPUL>1 EV5 BLOCK ASSEMBLIES CAN BE =M$ IRRESPECTIVE ( ! SIZE ( A CITY1 PROVID$ ITS CULTURAL COMPON5TS >E ID5TIFI$ & !IR UNIQU5ESS FO/]$4  

   ,AT ! SAME TIME ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ 7OR EQUIVAL5TLY1 COMMUNALI/7 VIEWS ,I PROP\ND H]E >E MEANT TO BE A *ANG+ & =MATIVE P]SPECTIVE--A CONCEPT ( POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP TO ULTIMATELY TRANS=M CITIES & URBAN MEGALOPOLISES E?ICALLY AS WELL AS SPATIALLY1 & POLITICALLY AS WELL AS ECONOMICALLY4  ,9S(> AS !SE VIEWS GA9 PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE1 !Y CAN BE EXPECT$ NOT ONLY TO 5L>GE !IR VISION & EMBRACE CONF$]ATIONS ( NEI<BORHOODS BUT ALSO TO ADVANCE A GOAL ( PHYSICALLY DEC5TRALIZ+ URBAN C5T]S4  ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT M]E ELECTORAL 0CON/ITU5TS0 >E TRANS=M$ BY $UCATION & EXP]I5CE 9TO ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 ! ISSUE ( HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES CAN H>DLY BE AVOID$ AS ! 0NEXT /EP0 T[>D A /ABLE & VIABLE =M ( CITY LIFE4  ,IT W\LD BE FOOLH>DY TO TRY TO PR$ICT 9 ANY DETAIL A S]IES ( SU* 0NEXT /EPS0 OR ! PACE AT :I* !Y WILL OCCUR4  ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT AS A P]SPECTIVE1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS MEANT TO BE AN EV]-DEVELOP+1 CREATIVE1 & RECON/RUCTIVE AG5DA AS WELL AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE & TO AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON PR(IT1 COMPETITION1 & M9DLESS GR[?4  

   ,M9IMALLY !N1 ATTEMPTS TO 9ITIATE ASSEMBLIES CAN BEG9 ) POPULATIONS ?AT RANGE ANY:]E FROM A MODE/ RESID5TIAL NEI<BORHOOD TO A DOZ5 NEI<BORHOODS OR MORE4  ,!Y CAN BE COORD9AT$ BY /RICTLY M&AT$ DELEGATES :O >E ROTATABLE1 RECALLABLE1 & ABOVE ALL1 RIGOR\SLY 9/RUCT$ 9 WRITT5 =M TO EI!R SUPPORT OR OPPOSE :ATEV] ISSUE ?AT APPE>S ON ! AG5DA ( LOCAL CONF$]AL C\NCILS COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM SEV]AL NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4  

   ,!RE IS NO MY/]Y 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS =M ( ORGANIZATION4  ,! HI/ORICAL EVID5CE = !IR EFFICACY & !IR CONT9UAL REAPPE>ANCE 9 TIMES ( RAPID SOCIAL *ANGE IS CONSID]ABLE & P]SUASIVE4  ,! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 DESPITE ! SIZE ( ,P>IS 7BETWE5 #e1 & #f17 & ! LOGI/ICAL DIFFICULTIES ( ! ]A 7A TIME :5 NO?+ MOV$ FA/] ?AN A HORSE7 FUNCTION$ ) A GREAT DEAL ( SUCCESS ON !IR [N1 COORD9AT$ BY SECTIONAL DELEGATES 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4  ,!Y W]E NOTABLE NOT ONLY = !IR EFFECTIV5ESS 9 DEAL+ ) POLITICAL ISSUES BAS$ ON A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE2 !Y ALSO PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 PROVISION+ ! CITY1 9 PREV5T+ ! HO>D+ ( FOOD1 & 9 SUPPRESS+ SPECULATION1 SUP]VIS+ ! MAXIMUM = FIX$ PRICES1 & C>RY+ \T MANY O!R COMPLEX ADM9I/RATIVE TASKS4  ,?US1 FROM A M9IMAL /&PO9T1 NO CITY NE$ BE CONSID]$ SO L>GE ?AT POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CANNOT />T1 LEA/ ( ALL ONE ?AT HAS DEF9ABLE NEI<BORHOODS ?AT MI<T 9T]L9K ) EA* O!R ON EV]-BROAD] CONF$]ATIONS4  

   ,! REAL DIFFICULTY IS L>GELY ADM9I/RATIVE3  H[ TO PROVIDE = ! MAT]IAL AM5ITIES ( CITY LIFE1 SUPPORT COMPLEX LOGI/ICAL & TRAFFIC BURD5S1 OR MA9TA9 A SANIT>Y 5VIRONM5T4  ,?IS ISSUE IS (T5 OBSCUR$ BY A S]I\S CONFUSION BETWE5 ! =MULATION ( POLICY & ITS ADM9I/RATION4  ,= A COMMUNITY TO DECIDE 9 A P>TICIPATORY MANN] :AT SPECIFIC C\RSE ( ACTION IT %\LD TAKE 9 DEAL+ ) A TE*NICAL PROBLEM DOES NOT OBLIGE ALL ITS CITIZ5S TO EXECUTE ?AT POLICY4  ,! DECISION TO BUILD A ROAD1 = EXAMPLE1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT EV]YONE MU/ KN[ H[ TO DESIGN & CON/RUCT ONE4  ,?AT IS A JOB = 5G9E]S1 :O CAN (F] ALT]NATIVE DESIGNS--A V]Y IMPORTANT POLITICAL FUNCTION ( EXP]TS1 TO BE SURE1 BUT ONE :OSE S\NDNESS ! PEOPLE 9 ASSEMBLY CAN BE FREE TO DECIDE4  ,TO DESIGN & CON/RUCT A ROAD IS /RICTLY AN ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITY1 ALBEIT ONE ?AT ALWAYS OP5 TO PUBLIC SCRUT9Y4  

   ,IF ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICY MAK+ & ADM9I/RATION IS KEPT CLE>LY 9 M9D1 ! ROLE ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & ! PEOPLE :O ADM9I/] !IR DECISIONS EASILY DI/+UI%ES LOGI/ICAL PROBLEMS FROM POLITICAL ONES1 :I* >E ORD9>ILY 5TANGL$ ) EA* O!R 9 DISCUSSIONS ON DEC5TRALI/IC POLITICS4  ,SUP]FICIALLY1 ! ASSEMBLY SY/EM IS 0REF]5DUM0 POLITICS3  IT IS BAS$ ON A 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 TO %>E DECISION MAK+ ) ! POPULATION AT L>GE1 & ABIDE BY ! RULE ( ! MAJORITY 9 DEAL+ ) PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT A MUNICIPALITY1 A REGIONAL CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES1 OR = ?AT MATT]1 A NATIONAL 5TITY4 4 4 4  

   ,?AT A MUNICIPALITY CAN BE AS P>O*IAL AS A TRIBE IS FAIRLY OBVI\S--& IS NO LESS TRUE TODAY ?AN IT HAS BE5 9 ! PA/4  ,H5CE ANY MUNICIPAL MOVEM5T ?AT IS NOT CONF$]AL--?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT DOES NOT 5T] 9TO A NETWORK ( MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS TO T[NS & CITIES 9 ITS [N REGION--CAN NO MORE BE REG>D$ AS A TRULY POLITICAL 5TITY 9 ANY TRADITIONAL S5SE ?AN A NEI<BORHOOD ?AT DOES NOT WORK ) O!R NEI<BORHOODS 9 ! CITY 9 :I* IT IS LOCAT$4  ,CONF$]ATION--BAS$ ON %>$ RESPONSIBILITIES1 FULL ACC\NTABILITY ( CONF$]AL DELEGATES TO !IR COMMUNITIES1 ! RI<T TO RECALL1 & FIRMLY M&AT$ REPRES5TATIVES--=MS AN 9DISP5SABLE P>T ( A NEW POLITICS4  ,TO DEM& ?AT EXI/+ T[NS & CITIES REPLICATE ! NATION-/ATE ON A LOCAL LEVEL IS TO SURR5D] ANY COMMITM5T TO SOCIAL *ANGE AS SU*4 4 4 4  

   ,:AT IS CONF$]ALISM AS CONCEIV$ 9 ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ FRAMEWORK1 & AS IT W\LD FUNCTION 9 A FREE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY8  ,IT W\LD ABOVE ALL BE A NETWORK ( C\NCILS :OSE MEMB]S OR DELEGATES >E ELECT$ FROM POPUL> FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES1 9 ! V>I\S VILLAGES1 T[NS1 & EV5 NEI<BORHOODS ( L>GE CITIES4  ,!SE CONF$]AL C\NCILS W\LD BECOME ! MEANS = 9T]L9K+ VILLAGES1 T[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & CITIES 9TO CONF$]AL NETWORKS4  ,P[] ?US W\LD FL[ FROM ! BOTTOM UP 9/EAD ( FROM ! TOP D[N1 & 9 CONF$]ATIONS ! FL[ ( P[] FROM ! BOTTOM UP W\LD DIM9I% ) ! SCOPE ( ! F$]AL C\NCIL1 RANG+ T]RITORIALLY FROM LOCALITIES TO REGIONS & FROM REGIONS TO EV]-BROAD] T]RITORIAL >EAS4  

   ,! MEMB]S ( !SE CONF$]AL C\NCILS W\LD BE /RICTLY M&AT$1 RECALLABLE1 & RESPONSIBLE TO ! ASSEMBLIES ?AT *OOSE !M = ! PURPOSE ( COORD9AT+ & ADM9I/]+ ! POLICIES =MULAT$ BY ! ASSEMBLIES !MSELVES4  ,! FUNCTIONS ( ! C\NCILS W\LD BE PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE & PRACTICAL1 UNLIKE REPRES5TATIVES 9 REPUBLICAN SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T1 :O HAVE POLICY-MAK+ P[]S4  ,9DE$1 ! CONF$]ATION W\LD MAKE ! SAME DI/9CTION ?AT IS MADE ON ! MUNICIPAL LEVEL1 BETWE5 POLICY-MAK+ & ADM9I/RATION4  ,POLICY-MAK+ W\LD REMA9 EXCLUSIVELY ! RI<T ( ! POPUL> COMMUNITY ASSEMBLIES BAS$ ON ! PRACTICES ( P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY4  ,ADM9I/RATION--! COORD9ATION & EXECUTION ( ADOPT$ POLICIES--W\LD BE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! CONF$]AL C\NCILS4  ,:]EV] POLICY-MAK+ SLIPS FROM ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE1 IT IS DEV\R$ BY ITS DELEGATES1 :O QUICKLY BECOME BUREAUCRATS4  

   ,A CRUCIAL ELEM5T 9 GIV+ REALITY TO CONF$]ALISM IS ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( COMMUNITIES = AN AU!NTIC MUTUALISM BAS$ ON %>$ RES\RCES1 PRODUCE1 & POLICY-MAK+4  ,:ILE A REASONABLE MEASURE ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY IS DESIRABLE = EA* LOCALITY & REGION1 CONF$]ALISM IS A MEANS = AVOID+ LOCAL P>O*IALISM ON ! ONE H& & AN EXTRAVAGANT NATIONAL & GLOBAL DIVISION ( LABOR ON ! O!R4  ,UNLESS A COMMUNITY IS OBLIG$ TO C\NT ON O!RS G5]ALLY TO SATISFY IMPORTANT MAT]IAL NE$S & REALIZE COMMON POLITICAL GOALS1 9T]L9K+ IT TO A GREAT] :OLE1 EXCLUSIVITY & P>O*IALISM BECOME A G5U9E POSSIBILITIES4  ,ONLY 9S(> AS CONF$]ATION IS AN EXT5SION ( P>TICIPATORY ADM9I/RATION--BY MEANS ( CONF$]AL NETWORKS--CAN DEC5TRALIZATION & LOCALISM PREV5T ! COMMUNITIES ?AT COMPOSE L>G] BODIES ( ASSOCIATION FROM P>O*IALLY )DRAW+ 9TO !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( WID] >EAS ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION4  

   ,CONF$]ALISM IS ?US A WAY ( P]PETUAT+ 9T]DEP5D5CE AMONG COMMUNITIES & REGIONS--9DE$1 IT IS A WAY ( DEMOCRATIZ+ ?AT 9T]DEP5D5CE )\T SURR5D]+ ! PR9CIPLE ( LOCAL CONTROL4  ,?R\< CONF$]ATION1 A COMMUNITY CAN RETA9 ITS ID5TITY & R\ND$NESS :ILE P>TICIPAT+ 9 A %>+ WAY ) ! L>G] :OLE ?AT MAKES UP A BALANC$ ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 4 4 4  

   ,?US LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT AN EF=T SIMPLY TO 0TAKE OV]0 CITY C\NCILS TO CON/RUCT A MORE 05VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY0 CITY GOV]NM5T4  ,!SE ADH]5TS--OR OPPON5TS--( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 9 EFFECT1 LOOK AT ! CIVIC /RUCTURES ?AT EXI/ BE=E !IR EYES N[ & ESS5TIALLY 7ALL RHETORIC TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+7 TAKE !M AS !Y EXI/4  ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 BY CONTRA/1 IS AN EF=T TO TRANS=M & DEMOCRATIZE CITY GOV]NM5TS1 TO ROOT !M 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 TO KNIT !M TOGE!R ALONG CONF$]AL L9ES1 TO APPROPRIATE A REGIONAL ECONOMY ALONG CONF$]AL & MUNICIPAL L9ES4  

   ,9 FACT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM GA9S ITS LIFE & ITS 9TEGRITY PRECISELY FROM ! DIALECTICAL T5SION IT PROPOSES BETWE5 ! NATION-/ATE & ! MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATION4  ,ITS 0LAW ( LIFE10 TO USE AN OLD ,M>XIAN T]M1 CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ITS /RUGGLE ) ! ,/ATE4  ,!N T5SION BETWE5 MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS & ! ,/ATE MU/ BE CLE> & UNCOMPROMIS+4  ,S9CE !SE CONF$]ATIONS W\LD EXI/ PRIM>ILY 9 OPPOSITION TO /ATECRAFT1 !Y CANNOT BE COMPROMIS$ BY ! ,/ATE1 PROV9CIAL OR NATIONAL ELECTIONS1 MU* LESS A*IEV$ BY !SE MEANS4  ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS =M$ BY ITS /RUGGLE ) ! ,/ATE1 /R5G!N$ BY ?IS /RUGGLE1 9DE$1 DEF9$ BY ?IS /RUGGLE4  ,DIVE/$ ( ?IS DIALECTICAL T5SION ) ! ,/ATE1 ( ?IS DUALITY ( P[] ?AT MU/ ULTIMATELY BE ACTUALIZ$ 9 A FREE 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES10 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM BECOMES LITTLE MORE ?AN SEW] SOCIALISM4  

   ,:Y IS ! ASSEMBLY CRUCIAL TO SELF-GOV]NANCE8  ,IS IT NOT 5\< TO USE ! REF]5DUM1 AS ! ,SWISS DO TODAY1 & RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( DEMOCRATIC PROC$URE 9 A SIMPLE & SEEM+LY UNCOMPLICAT$ WAY8  ,:Y CAN'T POLICY DECISIONS BE MADE ELECTRONICALLY AT HOME--AS 0,?IRD ,WAVE0 5?USIA/S HAVE SUGGE/$--BY 0AUTONOM\S0 9DIVIDUALS1 EA* LI/5+ TO DEBATES & VOT+ 9 ! PRIVACY ( HIS OR H] HOME8  

   ,A NUMB] ( VITAL ISSUES1 9VOLV+ ! NATURE ( CITIZ5%IP & ! RECOV]Y ( AN 5HANC$ CLASSICAL VISION ( POLITICS1 MU/ BE CONSID]$ 9 ANSW]+ !SE QUE/IONS4  ,! 0AUTONOM\S0 9DIVIDUAL QUA 0VOT]0 :O1 9 LIB]AL !ORY1 =MS ! IRR$UCIBLE UNIT ( ! REF]5DUM PROCESS IS A FICTION4  ,LEFT TO HIS OR H] [N PRIVATE DE/9Y 9 ! NAME ( 0AUTONOMY0 & 09DEP5D5CE10 ! 9DIVIDUAL BECOMES AN ISOLAT$ BE+ :OSE V]Y FRE$OM IS D5UD$ ( ! LIV+ SOCIAL & POLITICAL MATRIX FROM :I* HIS OR H] 9DIVIDUALITY ACQUIRES ITS FLE% & BLOOD4 4 4 4 ,! NOTION ( 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* IS (T5 CONFUS$ ) 9DEP5D5T ?9K+ & FRE$OM1 HAS BE5 SO M>BL$ BY PURE B\RGEOIS EGOISM ?AT WE T5D TO =GET ?AT \R 9DIVIDUALITY DEP5DS HEAVILY ON COMMUNITY SUPPORT SY/EMS & SOLID>ITY4  ,IT IS NOT BY *ILDI%LY SUBORD9AT+ \RSELVES TO ! COMMUNITY ON ! ONE H& OR BY DETA*+ \RSELVES FROM IT ON ! O!R ?AT WE BECOME MATURE HUMAN BE+S4  ,:AT DI/+UI%ES US AS SOCIAL BE+S1 HOPEFULLY ) RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 FROM SOLIT>Y BE+S :O LACK ANY S]I\S AFFILIATIONS1 IS \R CAPACITIES = SOLID>ITY ) ONE ANO!R1 = MUTUALLY 5HANC+ \R SELF-DEVELOPM5T & CREATIVITY & ATTA9+ FRE$OM )9 A SOCIALLY CREATIVE & 9/ITUTIONALLY RI* COLLECTIVITY4  

   0,CITIZ5%IP0 AP>T FROM COMMUNITY CAN BE AS DEBAS+ TO \R POLITICAL SELFHOOD AS 0CITIZ5%IP0 9 A TOTALIT>IAN /ATE4  ,9 BO? CASES1 WE >E ?RU/ BACK TO ! CONDITION ( DEP5D5CE ?AT *>ACT]IZES 9FANCY & *ILDHOOD4  ,WE >E R5D]$ DANG]\SLY VULN]ABLE TO MANIPULATION1 :E!R BY P[]FUL P]SONALITIES 9 PRIVATE LIFE OR BY ! /ATE & BY CORPORATIONS 9 ECONOMIC LIFE4  ,9 NEI!R CASE DO WE ATTA9 9DIVIDUALITY OR COMMUNITY4  ,BO?1 9 FACT1 >E DISSOLV$ BY REMOV+ ! COMMUNAL GR\ND ON :I* G5U9E 9DIVIDUALITY DEP5DS4  ,RA!R1 IT IS 9T]DEP5D5CE )9 AN 9/ITUTIONALLY RI* & R\ND$ COMMUNITY--:I* NO ELECTRONIC M$IA CAN PRODUCE--?AT FLE%ES \T ! 9DIVIDUAL ) ! RATIONALITY1 SOLID>ITY1 S5SE ( JU/ICE1 & ULTIMATELY ! REALITY ( FRE$OM ?AT MAKES = A CREATIVE & CONC]N$ CITIZ54  

   ,P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY SEEM1 ! AU!NTIC ELEM5TS ( A RATIONAL & FREE SOCIETY >E COMMUNAL1 NOT 9DIVIDUAL4  ,CONCEIV$ 9 MORE 9/ITUTIONAL T]MS1 ! MUNICIPALITY IS NOT ONLY ! BASIS = A FREE SOCIETY2 IT IS ! IRR$UCIBLE GR\ND = G5U9E 9DIVIDUALITY AS WELL4  ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! MUNICIPALITY IS ALL ! GREAT] BECAUSE IT CON/ITUTES ! DISCURSIVE >5A 9 :I* PEOPLE CAN 9TELLECTUALLY & EMOTIONALLY CONFRONT ONE ANO!R1 9DE$1 EXP]I5CE ONE ANO!R ?R\< DIALOGUE1 BODY LANGUAGE1 P]SONAL 9TIMACY1 & FACE-TO-FACE MODES ( EXPRESSION 9 ! C\RSE ( MAK+ COLLECTIVE DECISIONS4  ,I SPEAK1 H]E1 ( ! ALL-IMPORTANT PROCESS ( COMMUNIZ+1 ( ! ONGO+ 9T]C\RSE ( MANY LEVELS ( LIFE1 ?AT MAKES = SOLID>ITY1 NOT ONLY ! 0NEI<BORL9ESS0 SO 9DISP5SABLE = TRULY ORGANIC 9T]P]SONAL RELATION%IPS4  

   ,! REF]5DUM1 CONDUCT$ 9 ! PRIVACY ( ONE'S VOT+ BOO? OR1 AS SOME 0,?IRD ,WAVE0 5?USIA/S W\LD HAVE IT1 9 ! ELECTRONIC ISOLATION ( ONE'S HOME1 PRIVATIZES DEMOCRACY & !REBY SUBV]TS IT4  ,VOT+1 LIKE REGI/]+ ONE'S PREF]5CES = A P>TICUL> SOAP OR DET]G5T 9 A OP9ION POLL1 IS ! TOTAL QUANTIFICATION ( CITIZ5%IP1 POLITICS1 9DIVIDUALITY1 & ! V]Y =MATION ( IDEAS AS A MUTUALLY 9=MATIVE PROCESS4  ,! M]E VOTE REFLECTS A PRE=MULAT$ 0P]C5TAGE0 ( \R P]CEPTIONS & VALUES1 NOT !IR FULL EXPRESSION4  ,IT IS ! TE*NICAL DEBAS+ ( VIEWS 9TO M]E PREF]5CES1 ( IDEALS 9TO M]E TA/E1 ( OV]ALL COMPREH5SION 9TO QUANTIFICATION SU* ?AT HUMAN ASPIRATIONS & BELIEFS CAN BE R$UC$ TO NUM]ICAL DIGITS4  

   ,F9ALLY1 ! 0AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL10 LACK+ ANY COMMUNITY CONTEXT1 SUPPORT SY/EMS1 & ORGANIC 9T]C\RSE1 IS DIS5GAG$ FROM ! *>ACT]-BUILD+ PROCESS--! PAIDEIA--?AT ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS ASSIGN$ TO POLITICS AS ONE ( ITS MO/ IMPORTANT $UCATIONAL FUNCTIONS4  ,TRUE CITIZ5%IP & POLITICS 5TAIL ! ONGO+ =MATION ( P]SONALITY1 $UCATION1 & A GR[+ S5SE ( PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY & COMMITM5T ?AT R5D] COMMUNIZ+ & AN ACTIVE BODY POLITIC MEAN+FUL1 9DE$ ?AT GIVE IT EXI/5TIAL SUB/ANCE4  ,IT IS NOT 9 ! PRIVACY ( ! S*OOL1 ANY MORE ?AN 9 ! PRIVACY ( ! VOT+ BOO?1 ?AT !SE VITAL P]SONAL & POLITICAL ATTRIBUTES >E =M$4  ,!Y REQUIRE A PUBLIC PRES5CE1 EMBODI$ BY VOCAL & ?9K+ 9DIVIDUALS1 A RESPONSIVE & DISCURSIVE PUBLIC SPH]E1 TO A*IEVE REALITY4  0,PATRIOTISM10 AS ! ETYMOLOGY ( ! WORD 9DICATES1 IS ! NATION-/ATE'S CONCEPTION ( ! CITIZ5 AS A *ILD1 ! OB$I5T CREATURE ( ! NATION-/ATE CONCEIV$ AS A PAT]FAMILIAS OR /]N FA!R1 :O OR*E/RATES BELIEF & COMM&S DEVOTION4  ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE >E ! 0SONS0 & 0DAU<T]S0 ( A 0FA!RL&10 WE PLACE \RSELVES 9 AN 9FANTILE RELATION%IP TO ! /ATE4  

   ,SOLID>ITY OR PHILIA1 BY CONTRA/1 IMPLIES A S5SE ( COMMITM5T4  ,IT IS CREAT$ BY KN[L$GE1 TRA9+1 EXP]I5CE1 & REASON--9 %ORT1 BY A POLITICAL $UCATION DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( POLITICAL P>TICIPATION4  ,PHILIA IS ! RESULT ( ! $UCATIONAL & SELF-=MATIVE PROCESS ?AT PA$EIA IS MEANT TO A*IEVE4  ,9 ! ABS5CE ( A HUMANLY SCAL$1 COMPREH5SIBLE1 & 9/ITUTIONALLY ACCESSIBLE MUNICIPALITY1 ?IS ALL-IMPORTANT FUNCTION ( POLITICS & ITS EMBODIM5T 9 CITIZ5%IP IS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE TO A*IEVE4  ,9 ! ABS5CE ( PHILIA OR ! MEANS TO CREATE IT1 WE GAUGE 0POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T0 BY ! 0P]C5TAGE0 ( 0VOT]S0 :O 0P>TICIPATE0 9 ! 0POLITICAL PROCESS0--A DEGRADATION ( WORDS ?AT TOTALLY D5ATURES !IR AU!NTIC MEAN+ & EVISC]ATES !IR E?ICAL CONT5T4 4 4 4  

   ,BE !Y L>GE OR SMALL1 ! 9ITIAL ASSEMBLIES & ! MOVEM5T ?AT SEEKS TO FO/] !M 9 CIVIC ELECTIONS REMA9 ! ONLY REAL S*OOL = CITIZ5%IP WE HAVE4  ,!RE IS NO CIVIC 0CURRICULUM0 O!R ?AN A LIV+ & CREATIVE POLITICAL REALM ?AT CAN GIVE RISE TO PEOPLE :O TAKE MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS S]I\SLY4  ,:AT WE MU/ CLE>LY DO 9 AN ]A ( COMMODIFICATION1 RIVALRY1 ANOMIE1 & EGOISM IS TO CONSCI\SLY CREATE A PUBLIC SPH]E ?AT WILL 9CULCATE ! VALUES ( HUMANISM1 COOP]ATION1 COMMUNITY1 & PUBLIC S]VICE 9 ! EV]YDAY PRACTICE ( CIVIC LIFE4  ,GRASSROOTS CITIZ5%IP GOES H& 9 H& ) GRASSROOTS POLITICS4  

   ,! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 = ALL ITS MANY %ORTCOM+S1 (F]S US REM>KABLE EXAMPLES ( H[ A HI< S5SE ( CITIZ5%IP CAN BE RE9=C$ NOT ONLY BY SY/EMATIC $UCATION BUT BY AN ETIQUETTE ( CIVIC BEHAVIOR & AN >TI/IC CULTURE ?AT ADORNS IDEALS ( CIVIC S]VICE ) ! REALITIES ( CIVIC PRACTICE4  ,DEF]5CE TO OPPON5TS 9 DEBATES1 ! USE ( LANGUAGE TO A*IEVE CONS5SUS1 ONGO+ PUBLIC DISCUSSION 9 ! AGORA 9 :I* EV5 ! MO/ PROM95T ( ! POLIS'S FIGURES W]E EXPECT$ TO DEBATE PUBLIC ISSUES ) ! LEA/ KN[N1 ! USE ( WEAL? NOT ONLY TO MEET P]SONAL NE$S BUT TO ADORN ! POLIS ITSELF 7?US PLAC+ A HI< PREMIUM ON ! DISACCUMULATION RA!R ?AN ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?71 A MULTITUDE ( PUBLIC FE/IVALS1 DRAMAS1 & SATIRES L>GELY C5T]$ ON CIVIC AFFAIRS & ! NE$ TO FO/] CIVIC SOLID>ITY--ALL ( !SE & MANY O!R ASPECTS ( ,A!NS'S POLITICAL CULTURE CREAT$ ! CIVIC SOLID>ITY & RESPONSIBILITY ?AT MADE = ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ CITIZ5S ) A DEEP S5SE ( CIVIC MISSION4  

   ,= \R P>T1 WE CAN DO NO LESS--& HOPEFULLY1 9 TIME1 CONSID]ABLY MORE4  ,! DEVELOPM5T ( CITIZ5%IP MU/ BECOME AN >T1 NOT M]ELY AN $UCATION--& A CREATIVE >T 9 ! ES!TIC S5SE ?AT APPEALS TO ! DEEPLY HUMAN DESIRE = SELF-EXPRESSION 9 A MEAN+FUL POLITICAL COMMUNITY4  ,IT MU/ BE A P]SONAL >T 9 :I* EV]Y CITIZ5 IS FULLY AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT HIS OR H] COMMUNITY 5TRU/S ITS DE/9Y TO HIS OR H] MORAL PROBITY & RATIONALITY4  ,IF ! IDEOLOGICAL AU?ORITY ( /ATE P[] & /ATECRAFT TODAY RE/S ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! 0CITIZ50 IS AN 9COMPET5T BE+1 ! MUNICIPALI/ CONCEPTION ( CITIZ5%IP RE/S ON PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE4  ,EV]Y CITIZ5 W\LD BE REG>D$ AS COMPET5T TO P>TICIPATE DIRECTLY 9 ! 0AFFAIRS ( /ATE0--9DE$1 :AT IS MORE IMPORTANT1 HE OR %E W\LD BE 5C\RAG$ TO DO SO4  

   ,EV]Y MEANS W\LD BE PROVID$1 :E!R ES!TIC OR 9/ITUTIONAL1 TO FO/] P>TICIPATION 9 FULL AS AN $UCATIVE & E?ICAL PROCESS ?AT TURNS ! CITIZ5'S LAT5T COMPET5CE 9TO AN ACTUAL REALITY4  ,SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE W\LD BE CONSCI\SLY OR*E/RAT$ TO FO/] A PR(\ND S5SITIVITY1 9DE$ AN ACTIVE S5SE ( CONC]N = ! ADJUDICATION ( DIFF]5CES )\T D5Y+ ! NE$ = VIGOR\S DISPUTE :5 IT IS NE$$4  ,PUBLIC S]VICE W\LD BE SE5 AS A UNIQUELY HUMAN ATTRIBUTE1 NOT A 0GIFT0 ?AT A CITIZ5 CONF]S ON ! COMMUNITY OR AN ON]\S TASK ?AT HE OR %E MU/ FULFILL4  ,COOP]ATION & CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY W\LD BECOME EXPRESSIONS ( ACTS ( SOCIABILITY & PHILIA1 NOT ORD9ANCES ?AT ! CITIZ5 IS EXPECT$ TO HONOR 9 ! BREA* & EVADE :]E HE OR %E CAN DO SO4  

   ,PUT BLUNTLY & CLE>LY1 ! MUNICIPALITY W\LD BECOME A !AT] 9 :I* LIFE 9 ITS MO/ MEAN+FUL PUBLIC =M IS ! PLOT1 A POLITICAL DRAMA :OSE GR&EUR IMP>TS NOBILITY & GR&EUR TO ! CITIZ5RY ?AT =MS ! CA/4  ,BY CONTRA/1 \R MOD]N CITIES HAVE BECOME 9 L>GE P>T AGGLOM]ATIONS ( B$ROOM AP>TM5TS 9 :I* M5 & WOM5 SPIRITUALLY WI!R AWAY & !IR P]SONALITIES BECOME TRIVIALIZ$ BY ! PETTY CONC]NS ( AMUSEM5T1 CONSUMPTION1 & SMALL TALK4  

   ,! LA/ & ONE ( ! MO/ 9TRACTABLE PROBLEMS WE FACE IS ECONOMIC4  ,TODAY1 ECONOMIC ISSUES T5D TO C5T] ON 0:O [NS :AT10 0:O [NS MORE ?AN :OM10 &1 ABOVE ALL1 H[ DISP>ITIES 9 WEAL? >E TO BE RECONCIL$ ) A S5SE ( CIVIC COMMONALITY4  ,NE>LY ALL MUNICIPALITIES HAVE BE5 FRAGM5T$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 ECONOMIC /ATUS1 PITT+ POOR1 MIDDLE1 & WEAL?Y CLASSES AGA9/ EA* O!R (T5 TO ! RU9 ( MUNICIPAL FRE$OM ITSELF1 AS ! BLOODY HI/ORY ( ,ITALY'S M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE CITIES SO CLE>LY DEMON/RATES4  

   ,!SE PROBLEMS HAVE NOT DISAPPE>$ 9 REC5T TIMES4  ,9DE$1 9 MANY CASES !Y >E AS SEV]E AS !Y HAVE EV] BE54  ,BUT :AT IS UNIQUE AB\T \R [N TIME--A FACT SO LITTLE UND]/OOD BY MANY LIB]ALS & RADICALS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE--IS ?AT 5TIRELY NEW TRANSCLASS ISSUES HAVE EM]G$ ?AT CONC]N 5VIRONM5T1 GR[?1 TRANSPORTATION1 CULTURAL DEGRADATION1 & ! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE G5]ALLY--ISSUES ?AT HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ BY URBANIZATION1 NOT BY CITIFICATION4  ,CUTT+ ACROSS CONFLICT+ CLASS 9T]E/S >E SU* TRANSCLASS ISSUES AS ! MASSIVE DANG]S ( !RMONUCLE> W>1 GR[+ /ATE AU?ORIT>IANISM1 & ULTIMATELY GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL BREAKD[N4  ,TO AN EXT5T UNP>ALLEL$ 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 AN 5ORM\S V>IETY ( CITIZ5S' GR\PS HAVE BR\<T PEOPLE ( ALL CLASS BACKGR\NDS 9TO COMMON PROJECTS >\ND PROBLEMS1 (T5 V]Y LOCAL 9 *>ACT]1 ?AT CONC]N ! DE/9Y & WELF>E ( !IR COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4  

   ,ISSUES SU* AS ! SIT+ ( NUCLE> REACTORS OR NUCLE> WA/E DUMPS1 ! DANG]S ( ACID RA91 & ! PRES5CE ( TOXIC DUMPS1 TO CITE ONLY A FEW ( ! MANY PROBLEMS ?AT BELEAGU] 9NUM]ABLE ,AM]ICAN & ,BRITI% MUNICIPALITIES1 HAVE UNIT$ AN A/ONI%+ V>IETY ( PEOPLE 9TO MOVEM5TS ) %>$ CONC]NS ?AT R5D] A RITUALI/IC CLASS ANALYSIS ( !IR MOTIVES A MATT] ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE4  ,C>RI$ /ILL FUR!R1 ! ABSORPTION ( SMALL COMMUNITIES BY L>G] ONES1 ( CITIES BY URBAN BELTS1 & URBAN BELTS BY 0/&>D METROPOLITAN /ATI/ICAL >EAS0 OR CONURBATIONS HAS GIV5 RISE TO MILITANT DEM&S = COMMUNAL 9TEGRITY & SELF-GOV]NM5T1 AN ISSUE ?AT SURM\NTS /RICTLY CLASS & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4  ,! LIT]ATURE ON ! EM]G5CE ( !SE TRANSCLASS MOVEM5TS1 SO SECOND>Y TO 9T]NEC9E /RUGGLES )9 CITIES ( E>LI] TIMES1 IS SO IMM5SE ?AT TO M]ELY LI/ ! S\RCES W\LD REQUIRE A SIZABLE VOLUME4  

   ,I HAVE GIV5 ?IS BRIEF OV]VIEW ( AN EM]G+ G5]AL SOCIAL 9T]E/ OV] OLD P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S TO DEMON/RATE ?AT A NEW POLITICS C\LD EASILY COME 9TO BE+--9DE$ ONE ?AT W\LD BE CONC]N$ NOT ONLY ) RE/RUCTUR+ ! POLITICAL L&SCAPE ON A MUNICIPAL LEVEL BUT ! ECONOMIC L&SCAPE AS WELL4  ,! OLD DEBATES BETWE5 0PRIVATE PROP]TY0 & 0NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY10 >E BECOM+ ?READB>E4  ,NOT ?AT !SE DIFF]5T K9DS ( [N]%IP & ! =MS ( EXPLOITATION !Y IMPLY HAVE DISAPPE>$2 RA!R1 !Y >E BE+ 9CREAS+LY OV]%AD[$ BY NEW REALITIES & CONC]NS4  ,PRIVATE PROP]TY1 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE1 ) ITS CASE = P]PETUAT+ ! CITIZ5 AS AN ECONOMICALLY SELF-SUFFICI5T & POLITICALLY SELF-EMP[]$ 9DIVIDUAL1 IS FAD+ AWAY4  ,IT IS DISAPPE>+ NOT BECAUSE 0CREEP+ SOCIALISM0 IS DEV\R+ 0FREE 5T]PRISE0 BUT BECAUSE 0CREEP+ CORPORATISM0 IS DEV\R+ EV]YONE--IRONICALLY1 9 ! NAME ( 0FREE 5T]PRISE40  ,! ,GREEK IDEAL ( ! POLITICALLY SOV]EIGN CITIZ5 :O CAN MAKE A RATIONAL JUDGM5T 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS BECAUSE HE IS FREE FROM MAT]IAL NE$ OR CLI5TAGE HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO A MOCK]Y4  ,! OLIG>*ICAL *>ACT] ( ECONOMIC LIFE ?REAT5S DEMOCRACY1 SU* AS IT IS1 NOT ONLY ON A NATIONAL LEVEL BUT ALSO ON A MUNICIPAL LEVEL1 :]E IT /ILL PRES]VES A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9TIMACY & LEEWAY4  

   ,WE COME H]E TO A BREAK?R\< APPROA* TO A MUNICIPALI/ ECONOMICS ?AT 9NOVATIVELY DISSOLVES ! MY/ICAL AURA SURR\ND+ CORPORATIZ$ PROP]TY & NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY1 9DE$ WORKPLACE ELITISM & 0WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY40  ,I REF] TO ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( PROP]TY1 AS OPPOS$ TO ITS CORPORATIZATION OR ITS NATIONALIZATION4 4 4 4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM PROPOSES ?AT L& & 5T]PRISES BE PLAC$ 9CREAS+LY 9 ! CU/ODY ( ! COMMUNITY--MORE PRECISELY1 ! CU/ODY ( CITIZ5S 9 FREE ASSEMBLIES & !IR DEPUTIES 9 CONF$]AL C\NCILS4 4 4 4 ,9 SU* A MUNICIPAL ECONOMY--CONF$]AL1 9T]DEP5D5T1 & RATIONAL BY ECOLOGICAL1 NOT SIMPLY TE*NOLOGICAL1 /&>DS--WE W\LD EXPECT ?AT ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ?AT DIVIDE PEOPLE TODAY 9TO WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 MANAG]S1 & ! LIKE W\LD BE MELD$ 9TO A G5]AL 9T]E/ 9 :I* PEOPLE SEE !MSELVES AS CITIZ5S GUID$ /RICTLY BY ! NE$S ( !IR COMMUNITY & REGION RA!R ?AN BY P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES & VOCATIONAL CONC]NS4  ,H]E1 CITIZ5%IP W\LD COME 9TO ITS [N1 & RATIONAL AS WELL AS ECOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! PUBLIC GOOD W\LD SUPPLANT CLASS & HI]>*ICAL 9T]E/S4  

   ,AS = ! WORKPLACE1 PUBLIC DEMOCRACY W\LD BE SUB/ITUT$ = ! TRADITIONAL IMAGES ( PRODUCTIVE MANAGEM5T & OP]ATION1 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 & 0ECONOMIC COLLECTIVIZATION40  ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 9 ! WORKPLACE IS NO LONG] 9COMPATIBLE ) A CORPORATIZ$ OR NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY4  ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3  ! EFFECTIVE USE ( 0WORK]S' P>TICIPATION0 9 PRODUCTION1 EV5 ! \TRI<T H&+ OV] ( 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS TO ! WORK]S :O P]=M !M1 HAS BECOME ANO!R =M ( TIME-/UDI$1 ASSEMBLY-L9E RATIONALIZATION1 ANO!R SY/EMATIC ABUSE ( LABOR1 BY BR++ LABOR ITSELF 9TO COMPLICITY ) ITS [N EXPLOITATION4  

   ,MANY WORK]S1 9 FACT1 W\LD LIKE TO GET AWAY FROM !IR WORKPLACES & F9D MORE CREATIVE TYPES ( WORK1 NOT SIMPLY P>TICIPATE 9 PLANN+ !IR [N MIS]Y4  ,:AT 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 MEANT 9 ITS PR(\NDE/ S5SE WAS FREE1 DEMOCRATIC ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( LIFE1 ! GU>ANTEE ( FRE$OM FROM MAT]IAL WANT--NOT SIMPLY ! 9VOLVEM5T ( WORK]S 9 ON]\S PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES ?AT C\LD BETT] BE TURN$ OV] TO MA*9ES4  ,IT IS A BLATANT B\RGEOIS TRICK1 9 :I* MANY RADICALS UNKN[+LY P>TICIPATE1 ?AT 0ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY0 HAS BE5 RE9T]PRET$ TO MEAN 0EMPLOYEE [N]%IP0 OR ?AT 0WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY0 HAS COME TO MEAN WORK]S' 0P>TICIPATION0 9 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T RA!R ?AN FRE$OM FROM ! TYRANNY ( ! FACTORY1 RATIONALIZ$ LABOR1 & PLANN$ PRODUCTION4  

   ,A MUNICIPAL POLITICS1 BAS$ ON COMMUNALI/ PR9CIPLES1 SCORES A SIGNIFICANT ADVANCE OV] ALL ( !SE CONCEPTIONS BY CALL+ = ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY--& ITS MANAGEM5T BY ! COMMUNITY AS P>T ( A POLITICS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4  ,SYNDICALI/ DEM&S = ! 0COLLECTIVIZATION0 ( 9DU/RY & 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 ( 9DIVIDUAL 9DU/RIAL UNITS >E BAS$ ON CONTRACTUAL & EX*ANGE RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ALL COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES1 !REBY 9DIRECTLY REPRIVATIZ+ ! ECONOMY & OP5+ IT TO TRADITIONAL =MS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY--EV5 IF EA* 5T]PRISE IS COLLECTIVELY [N$4  ,BY CONTRA/1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM LIT]ALLY POLITICIZES ! ECONOMY BY DISSOLV+ ECONOMIC DECISION-MAK+ 9TO ! CIVIC DOMA94  ,NEI!R FACTORY NOR L& BECOMES A SEP>ATE OR POT5TIALLY COMPETITIVE UNIT )9 A SEEM+LY COMMUNAL COLLECTIVE4  

   ,NOR DO WORK]S1 F>M]S1 TE*NICIANS1 5G9E]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & ! LIKE P]PETUATE !IR VOCATIONAL ID5TITIES AS SEP>ATE 9T]E/S ?AT EXI/ AP>T FROM ! CITIZ5 BODY 9 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES4  0,PROP]TY0 IS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! MUNICIPALITY AS ! MAT]IAL COMPON5T ( A CIVIC FRAMEWORK1 9DE$ AS P>T ( A L>G] :OLE ?AT IS CONTROLL$ BY ! CITIZ5 BODY 9 ASSEMBLY AS CITIZ5S--NOT AS WORK]S1 F>M]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 OR ANY O!R VOCATIONALLY ORI5T$ SPECIAL-9T]E/ GR\PS4  

   ,:AT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 ! FAM\S 0CONTRADICTION0 OR 0ANTAGONISM0 BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 SO CRUCIAL 9 SOCIAL !ORY & HI/ORY1 IS TRANSC5D$ BY ! T[N%IP1 ! TRADITIONAL ,NEW ,5GL& JURISDICTION1 9 :I* AN URBAN 5TITY IS ! NUCLEUS ( ITS AGRICULTURAL & VILLAGE 5VIRONS--NOT A DOM9E]+ URBAN 5TITY ?AT /&S OPPOS$ TO !M4  ,A T[N%IP1 9 EFFECT1 IS A SMALL REGION )9 /ILL L>G] ONES1 SU* AS ! C\NTY & L>G] POLITICAL JURISDICTIONS4  

   ,SO CONCEIV$1 ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY %\LD BE DI/+UI%$ NOT ONLY FROM CORPORATIZATION BUT ALSO FROM SEEM+LY MORE 0RADICAL0 DEM&S SU* AS NATIONALIZATION & COLLECTIVIZATION4  ,NATIONALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY 9V>IABLY HAS L$ TO BUREAUCRATIC & TOP-D[N ECONOMIC CONTROL2 COLLECTIVIZATION1 9 TURN1 C\LD EASILY LEAD TO A PRIVATIZ$ ECONOMY 9 A COLLECTIVIZ$ =M ) ! P]PETUATION ( CLASS OR CA/E ID5TITIES4  ,BY CONTRA/1 MUNICIPALIZATION W\LD BR+ ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE 9TO ! ORBIT ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 :]E ECONOMIC POLICY C\LD BE =MULAT$ BY ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY--NOTABLY ITS CITIZ5S 9 FACE-TO-FACE RELATION%IPS WORK+ TO A*IEVE A G5]AL 9T]E/ ?AT SURM\NTS SEP>ATE1 VOCATIONALLY DEF9$ SPECIFIC 9T]E/S4  ,! ECONOMY W\LD CEASE TO BE M]ELY AN ECONOMY 9 ! CONV5TIONAL S5SE ( ! T]M1 COMPOS$ ( CAPITALI/IC1 NATIONALIZ$1 OR 0WORK]-CONTROLL$0 5T]PRISES4  ,IT W\LD BECOME ! ECONOMY ( ! POLIS OR ! MUNICIPALITY4  ,! MUNICIPALITY1 MORE PRECISELY1 ! CITIZ5 BODY 9 FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLY1 W\LD ABSORB ! ECONOMY 9TO ITS PUBLIC BUS9ESS1 DIVE/+ IT ( A SEP>ATE ID5TITY ?AT CAN BECOME PRIVATIZ$ 9TO A SELF-S]V+ 5T]PRISE4  

   4 4 4 ,! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY W\LD NOT ONLY ABSORB ! VOCATIONAL DIFF]5CES ?AT C\LD MILITATE AGA9/ A PUBLICLY CONTROLL$ ECONOMY2 IT W\LD ALSO ABSORB ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE 9TO COMMUNAL =MS ( DI/RIBUTION4  0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY & TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S0--! FAM\S DEM& ( V>I\S N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALISMS--W\LD BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ AS P>T ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E4  ,?IS TRADITIONAL MAXIM1 :I* IS MEANT TO ASSURE ?AT PEOPLE WILL HAVE ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( LIFE IRRESPECTIVE ( ! WORK !Y >E CAPABLE ( P]=M+1 W\LD CEASE TO BE M]ELY A PREC>I\S CR$O3  IT W\LD BECOME A PRACTICE1 A WAY ( FUNCTION+ POLITICALLY--ONE ?AT IS /RUCTURALLY BUILT 9TO ! COMMUNITY AS A WAY ( EXI/+ AS A POLITICAL 5TITY4  

   ,MOREOV]1 ! 5ORM\S GR[? ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 RATIONALLY & ECOLOGICALLY EMPLOY$ = SOCIAL RA!R ?AN PRIVATE 5DS1 HAS R5D]$ ! AGE-OLD PROBLEM ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY A MOOT ISSUE4  ,POT5TIALLY1 ALL ! BASIC MEANS = LIV+ 9 COM=T & SECURITY >E AVAILABLE TO ! POPULATIONS ( ! WORLD1 NOT)/&+ ! DIRE--& (T5 FALLACI\S--CLAIMS ( PRES5T-DAY MISAN?ROPES & ANTIHUMANI/S SU* AS ,G>RETT ,H>D91 ,PAUL ,EHRLI*1 & REGRETTABLY1 ADVOCATES ( 0SIMPLE LIV+10 :O CAN B>ELY BE P>T$ FROM !IR COMPUT]S EV5 AS !Y D]IDE TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ALMO/ ANY K9D4  ,IT IS EASILY =GOTT5 ?AT ONLY A FEW G5]ATIONS AGO1 FAM9E WAS NO LESS A PLAGUE ?AN DEADLY 9FECTI\S DISEASES LIKE ! ,BLACK ,DEA?1 & ?AT ! LIFE-SPAN ( MO/ PEOPLE AT ! TURN ( ! LA/ C5TURY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE SELDOM REA*$ FIFTY YE>S ( AGE4  

   ,NO COMMUNITY CAN HOPE TO A*IEVE ECONOMIC AUT>KY1 NOR %\LD IT TRY TO DO SO4  ,ECONOMICALLY1 ! WIDE RANGE ( RES\RCES ?AT >E NE$$ TO MAKE MANY ( \R WIDELY US$ GOODS PRECLUDE SELF-5CLOS$ 9SUL>ITY & P>O*IALISM4  ,F> FROM BE+ A LIABILITY1 ?IS 9T]DEP5D5CE AMONG COMMUNITIES & REGIONS CAN WELL BE REG>D$ AS AN ASSET--CULTURALLY AS WELL AS POLITICALLY4  ,9T]DEP5D5CE AMONG COMMUNITIES IS NO LESS IMPORTANT ?AN 9T]DEP5D5CE AMONG 9DIVIDUALS4  ,DIVE/$ ( ! CULTURAL CROSS-F]TILIZATION ?AT IS (T5 A PRODUCT ( ECONOMIC 9T]C\RSE1 ! MUNICIPALITY T5DS TO %R9K 9TO ITSELF & DISAPPE> 9TO ITS [N CIVIC PRIVATISM4  ,%>$ NE$S & RES\RCES IMPLY ! EXI/5CE ( %>+ &1 ) %>+1 COMMUNICATION1 REJUV5ATION BY NEW IDEAS1 & A WID] SOCIAL HORIZON ?AT YIELDS A WID] S5SIBILITY TO NEW EXP]I5CES4  

   ,! REC5T EMPHASIS 9 5VIRONM5TAL !ORY ON 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY10 IF IT DOES NOT MEAN A GREAT] DEGREE ( PRUD5CE 9 DEAL+ ) MAT]IAL RES\RCES1 IS REGRESSIVE4  ,LOCALISM %\LD NEV] BE 9T]PRET$ TO MEAN P>O*IALISM2 NOR %\LD DEC5TRALISM EV] BE 9T]PRET$ TO MEAN ?AT SMALLNESS IS A VIRTUE 9 ITSELF4  ,SMALL IS NOT NECESS>ILY BEAUTIFUL4  ,! CONCEPT ( HUMAN SCALE1 BY F> ! MORE PREF]ABLE EXPRESSION = A TRULY ECOLOGICAL POLICY1 IS MEANT TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE = PEOPLE TO COMPLETELY GRASP !IR POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T1 NOT TO P>O*IALLY BURY !MSELVES 9 IT TO ! EXCLUSION ( CULTURAL /IMULI FROM \TSIDE !IR COMMUNITY'S B\ND>IES4  

   ,GIV5 !SE COORD9ATES1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO 5VISION A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE ) A NEW REVIVAL ( CITIZ5%IP1 POPUL> CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS1 A NEW K9D ( ECONOMY1 & A C\NT]VAIL+ DUAL P[]1 CONF$]ALLY NETWORK$1 ?AT C\LD >RE/ & HOPEFULLY REV]SE ! GR[+ C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE & CORPORATE 5T]PRISES4  ,MOREOV]1 IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO 5VISION AN EM95TLY PRACTICAL PO9T ( DEP>TURE = GO+ BEYOND ! T[N & CITY AS WE HAVE KN[N !M UP TO N[ & = DEVELOP+ FUTURE =MS ( HABITATION AS COMMUNITIES ?AT SEEK TO A*IEVE A NEW H>MONIZATION BETWE5 PEOPLE & BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! NATURAL WORLD4  ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ITS PRACTICALITY BECAUSE IT IS N[ CLE> ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO TAILOR A HUMAN COMMUNITY TO A NATURAL 0ECOSY/EM0 9 :I* IT IS LOCAT$ CUTS COMPLETELY AGA9/ ! GRA9 ( C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 BE IT /ATE OR CORPORATE4  ,C5TRALIZ$ P[] 9V>IABLY REPRODUCES ITSELF 9 C5TRALIZ$ =MS AT ALL LEVELS ( SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC LIFE4  ,IT NOT ONLY IS BIG2 IT ?9KS BIG4  ,9DE$1 ?IS WAY ( BE+ & ?9K+ IS A CONDITION = ITS SURVIVAL1 NOT ONLY ITS GR[?4  

   ,AS = ! TE*NOLOGICAL BASES = DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES1 WE >E N[ WITNESS+ A REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD HAVE SEEM$ HOPELESSLY UTOPIAN ONLY A FEW DECADES AGO4  ,UNTIL REC5TLY1 SMALL]-SCALE ECOTE*NOLOGIES W]E US$ MA9LY BY 9DIVIDUALS1 & !IR EFFICI5CY B>ELY COMP>$ ) ?AT ( CONV5TIONAL 5]GY S\RCES1 SU* AS FOSSIL FUELS & NUCLE> P[] PLANTS4  ,?IS SITUATION HAS *ANG$ DRAMATICALLY 9 ! PA/ FIFTE5 TO TW5TY YE>S4  ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 W9D TURB9ES HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ & >E CURR5TLY 9 USE ?AT G5]ATE ELECTRIC P[] AT A CO/ ( #g TO #i C5TS P] KIL[ATT-H\R1 COMP>$ ) #b C5TS ONLY A DECADE E>LI]4  ,?IS FIGURE IS V]Y CLOSE TO ! #d-TO-#f-C5T CO/ ( P[] PLANTS FUEL$ BY NATURAL GAS OR COAL4  ,!SE COMP>ISONS1 :I* CAN BE EXPECT$ TO IMPROVE 9 FAVOR ( W9D P[] 9 ! YE>S TO COME1 HAVE FO/]$ ! EXPANSION ( ?IS NONFOSSIL-FUEL S\RCE ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE WORLD1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,9DIA1 :]E !RE HAS BE5 0A MAJOR W9D BOOM0 9 #a#i#i#d1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,WORLDWAT* ,9/ITUTE4#a  

   ,A SIMIL> 0BOOM0 SEEMS TO BE 9 ! MAK+ 9 A V>IETY ( SOL> P[] DEVICES4  ,NEW SOL> COLLECTORS HAVE BE5 DESIGN$ ?AT 9CREAS+LY APPROXIMATE ! CO/S ( CONV5TIONAL 5]GY S\RCES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 HEAT+ WAT] = DOME/IC USES4  ,PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS1 9 :I* SILICON IS US$ TO CONV]T SOL> 5]GY 9TO ELECTRONS1 HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ TO A PO9T :]E 0?\S&S ( VILLAG]S 9 ! DEVELOP+ WORLD .<>E.> US+ PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS TO P[] LI<TS1 TELEVISIONS1 & WAT] PUMPS1 NE$S ?AT >E O!RWISE MET ) K]OS5E LAMPS1 LEAD-ACID BATT]IES1 OR DIESEL 5G9ES40  ,9 FACT1 MORE ?AN #b1 HOMES 9 ,MEXICO1 ,9DONESIA1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 & SOME #b1 9 ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC HAVE BE5 0SOL>IZ$10 PROBABLY ) A GOOD MANY MORE TO COME4#b  ,IT CAN BE SAID ) REASONABLE CONFID5CE ?AT ?IS 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGY WILL BECOME ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT--IF NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT--S\RCES ( ELECTRICAL 5]GY 9 ! YE>S TO COME1 YET ONE ?AT IS EM95TLY SUITABLE = HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES4  

   ,TO VIEW TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES AS 9TR9SICALLY H>MFUL1 P>TICUL>LY NONPOLLUT+ S\RCES ( 5]GY & AUTOMAT$ MA*9]Y ?AT CAN FREE HUMAN BE+S ( M9DLESS TOIL 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 IS AS %ORTSI<T$ AS IT IS >ROGANT4  ,UND]/&ABLY1 PEOPLE TODAY WILL NOT ACCEPT A DIET ( PI\S MORAL PLATITUDES ?AT CALL = 0SIMPLE MEANS0 ?AT PRESUMABLY WILL GIVE !M 0RI* 5DS10 :ATEV] !SE MAY BE1 ESPECIALLY IF !SE PLATITUDES >E DELIV]$ BY WELL-PAID ACADEMICS & PRIVILEG$ ,EURO-,AM]ICANS :O HAVE NO S]I\S QU>REL ) ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] AP>T FROM :E!R IT AF=DS !M ACCESS TO 0WILD]NESS0 !ME P>KS4  

   ,= ! MAJORITY ( HUMANITY1 TOIL & NE$LESS %ORTAGES ( FOOD >E AN EV]YDAY REALITY4  ,TO EXPECT !M TO BECOME ACTIVE CITIZ5S 9 A VITAL POLITICAL1 ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ COMMUNITY :ILE 5GAG+ 9 >DU\S WORK = MO/ ( !IR LIVES1 (T5 ON EMPTY BELLIES1 IS AN UNFEEL+ MIDDLE-CLASS PRESUMPTION4  ,UNLESS !Y CAN 5JOY A DEC5T SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE & FRE$OM FROM M9DLESS1 (T5 9VOLUNT>Y TOIL1 IT IS ! HEI<T ( >ROGANCE TO DEGRADE !IR HUMANITY BY CALL+ !M 0M\?S10 AS MANY DEMOGRAPH]S DO1 OR 0CONSUM]S10 AS C]TA9 V]Y COM=TABLE 5VIRONM5TALI/S DO4  

   ,9DE$1 IT IS ! HEI<T ( ELITISM & PRIVILEGE TO D5Y !M ! OPPORTUNITY & ! MEANS = *OOS+ ! K9D ( LIFEWAYS !Y WANT TO PURSUE4  ,NOR HAVE ! WELL-TO-DO /RATA ( ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SOCIETY DEPRIV$ !MSELVES ( ?AT V]Y FRE$OM ( *OICE--A *OICE1 9 FACT1 ?AT !Y TAKE = GRANT$ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE4  ,)\T FO/]+ PROMIS+ ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY ?AT CAN FREE HUMANITY AS A :OLE FROM ITS SUBS]VI5CE TO ! PRES5T1 IRRATIONAL--&1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 ANTI-ECOLOGICAL--SOCIAL ORD]1 WE WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY NEV] A*IEVE ! FREE SOCIETY :OSE EXI/5CE IS A PRECONDITION = H>MONY BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN & BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! NATURAL WORLD4  

   ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT WE CAN IGNORE ! NE$ = A VISION>Y E?ICAL IDEAL4  ,IRONICALLY1 IT HAS BE5 ! ,RI<T'S %REWD EMPHASIS ON E?ICS & MATT]S ( SPIRIT 9 AN 9CREAS+LY MEAN+LESS WORLD ?AT HAS GIV5 IT A CONSID]ABLE $GE OV] ! =CES ( PROGRESS4  ,NAZISM A*IEV$ MU* ( ITS SUCCESS AMONG ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE A HALF C5TURY AGO NOT BECAUSE ( ANY ECONOMIC PANACEAS IT (F]$ BUT BECAUSE ( ITS MY?IC IDEAL ( NATIONHOOD1 COMMUNITY1 & MORAL REG5]ATION4  ,9 REC5T TIMES1 REACTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,AM]ICA HAVE WON MILLIONS TO !IR CAUSE ON SU* VALUES AS ! 9TEGRITY ( ! FAMILY1 RELIGI\S BELIEF1 ! R5EWAL ( PATRIOTISM1 & ! RI<T TO LIFE--A MESSAGE1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT HAS BE5 CON/RU$ NOT ONLY AS A JU/IFICATION = ANTI-ABORTION LEGISLATION BUT AS A HYPO/ATIZATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SACR$NESS1 UNBORN AS WELL AS BORN4  

   ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 LIB]AL & RADICAL CAUSES >E /ILL MIR$ 9 EXCLUSIVELY ECONOMI/IC & PRODUCTIVI/IC APPROA*ES TO POLITICAL ISSUES4  ,!IR MORAL MESSAGE1 ONCE A HEI<T5$ PLEA = SOCIAL JU/ICE1 HAS GIV5 WAY 9CREAS+LY TO /RICTLY MAT]IAL DEM&S4  ,F> MORE ?AN ! ,RI<T1 :I* PRACTICES EGOISM & CLASS W> AGA9/ ! POOR EV5 AS IT EMPHASIZES COMMUNITY VIRTUES1 ! POLITICAL MIDDLE GR\ND & ! ,LEFT TAKE UP ! EM95TLY PRACTICAL ISSUE ( BREAD ON ! TABLE & MONEY 9 ! BANK BUT (F] FEW VALUES ?AT >E SOCIALLY 9SPIRATIONAL4  ,HAV+ EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY1 IT IS EQUALLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ! NE$ TO ADDRESS ! MORAL EMPT9ESS ?AT A M>KET SOCIETY PRODUCES AMONG L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE TODAY4  

   ,MORALITY & E?ICS1 LET ME ADD1 CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO M]E RHETORIC TO MAT* ! CLAIMS ( REACTION>IES BUT MU/ BE ! FELT SPIRITUAL UND]P9N+S ( A NEW SOCIAL \TLOOK4  ,!Y MU/ BE VIEW$ NOT AS A PATRONIZ+ S]MON BUT AS A LIV+ PRACTICE ?AT PEOPLE CAN 9CORPORATE 9TO !IR P]SONAL LIVES & !IR COMMUNITIES4  ,! VACUITY & TRIVIALITY ( LIFE TODAY MU/ BE REPLAC$ PRECISELY BY RADICAL IDEALS ( SOLID>ITY & FRE$OM ?AT SU/A9 ! HUMAN SIDE ( LIFE AS WELL AS ITS MAT]IAL SIDE1 OR ELSE ! IDEALS BY :I* A RATIONAL FUTURE %\LD BE GUID$ WILL DISAPPE> 9 ! COMMODITY-ORI5T$ WORLD WE CALL ! 0M>KETPLACE ( IDEAS40  

   ,! MO/ 9DEC5T ASPECT ( ?IS 0M>KETPLACE0 IS ?AT IDEALS T5D TO BECOME >TIFACTS--M]E COMMODITIES--?AT LACK EV5 ! VALUE ( ! MAT]IAL ?+S WE NE$ TO SU/A9 US4  ,!Y BECOME ! IDEOLOGICAL ORNAM5TS TO G>NI% AN 9H]5TLY ANTIHUMAN & ANTI-ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ONE ?AT ?REAT5S TO UND]M9E MORAL 9TEGRITY AS SU* & ! SIMPLE SOCIAL AM5ITIES ?AT FO/] HUMAN 9T]C\RSE4  

   ,?US A MUNICIPAL AG5DA ?AT IS MEANT TO C\NT]VAIL URBANIZATION & ! NATION-/ATE MU/ BE MORE ?AN A M]E ELECTORAL PLAT=M1 SU* AS WE EXPECT FROM CONV5TIONAL P>TIES4  ,IT MU/ ALSO BE A MESSAGE1 COMP>ABLE TO ! GREAT MANIFE/OS ADVANC$ BY V>I\S SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ! LA/ C5TURY1 :I* CALL$ = MORAL AS WELL AS MAT]IAL & 9/ITUTIONAL RECON/RUCTION4  ,TODAY'S ELECTORAL PLAT=MS1 :E!R 0GRE50 OR 0R$10 RADICAL OR LIB]AL1 >E G5]ALLY %OPP+ LI/S ( DEM&S1 PRECISELY SUIT$ = ?AT 0M>KETPLACE ( IDEAS0 WE HAVE MISNAM$ 0POLITICS40  

   ,NOR CAN A MUNICIPAL AG5DA BE A MEANS = EFFAC+ S]I\S DIFF]5CES 9 \TLOOK4  ,! NE$ = ?9K+ \T IDEAS & /RUGGL+ VIGOR\SLY TO GIVE !M COH]5CE1 :I* ALONE R5D]S AN AG5DA = A NEW MUNICIPAL POLITICS 9TELLIGIBLE1 IS (T5 SACRIFIC$ TO IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION 9 ! NAME ( A*IEV+ A SPECI\S 0UNITY40  ,A CRANKY PLURALISM IS REPLAC+ AN APPRECIATION ( FOCUS$ ?9K+2 A %ALL[ RELATIVISM IS REPLAC+ A S5SE ( CONT9UITY & MEAN+FUL VALUES2 A CONFUS$ ECLECTICISM IS REPLAC+ :OL5ESS1 CL>ITY1 & CONSI/5CY4  ,MANY PROMIS+ MOVEM5TS = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE 9 ! REC5T PA/ W]E PLAGU$ BY A PLURALISM 9 :I* TOTALLY CONTRADICTORY VIEWS W]E NEV] WORK$ \T OR FOLL[$ TO !IR LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS1 A PROBLEM ?AT HAS GR[N EV5 WORSE TODAY DUE TO ! CULTURAL ILLIT]ACY ?AT PLAGUES CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 4 4 4  

   ,A S]I\S POLITICAL MOVEM5T ?AT SEEKS TO ADVANCE A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ AG5DA1 9 TURN1 MU/ BE PATI5T--JU/ AS ! ,RUSSIAN POPULI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY 7ONE ( :OM IS CIT$ 9 ! D$ICATION TO ?IS BOOK7 W]E4  ,! #a#i#fS UPSURGE1 ) ALL ITS G5]\S IDEALS1 FELL AP>T BECAUSE Y\NG RADICALS DEM&$ IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION & S5SATIONAL SUCCESSES4  ,! PROTRACT$ EF=TS ?AT >E SO DIRELY NE$$ = BUILD+ A S]I\S MOVEM5T--P]HAPS ONE :OSE GOALS CANNOT BE REALIZ$ )9 A S+LE LIFETIME--W]E WOEFULLY ABS5T4  ,MANY ( ! RADICALS ( ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 BURN+ ) F]VOR = FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE1 HAVE S9CE )DRAWN 9TO ! UNIV]SITY SY/EM !Y ONCE D5\NC$1 ! P>LIAM5T>Y POSITIONS !Y =M]LY DISDA9$1 & ! BUS9ESS 5T]PRISES !Y FURI\SLY ATTACK$4  

   ,A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T1 9 P>TICUL>1 W\LD NOT--& %\LD NOT--A*IEVE SUDD5 SUCCESS & WIDE PUBLIC ACCOLADES4  ,! PRES5T P]IOD ( POLITICAL MALAISE AT BE/ & \TRI<T REACTION AT WOR/ R5D]S ANY S5SATIONAL SUCCESSES IMPOSSIBLE4  ,IF SU* A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T RUNS C&IDATE = MUNICIPAL C\NCILS ) DEM&S = ! 9/ITUTION ( PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES1 IT WILL MORE LIKELY LOSE ELECTORAL RACES TODAY RA!R ?AN W9 EV5 SLI<T SUCCESSES4  ,DEP5D+ UPON ! POLITICAL CLIMATE AT ANY GIVE TIME OR PLACE1 YE>S MAY PASS BE=E IT W9S EV5 ! MO/ MODE/ SUCCESS4  

   ,9 ANY V]Y REAL S5SE1 H[EV]1 ?IS PROTRACT$ DEVELOPM5T IS A DESID]ATUM4  ,) RAPID SUCCESS1 MANY NAIVE MEMB]S ( A MUNICIPAL ELECTORATE EXPECT RAPID *ANGES--:I* NO M9ORITY1 H[EV] SUB/ANTIAL1 CAN EV] HOPE TO A*IEVE AT ONCE4  ,= AN UNPR$ICTABLE AM\NT ( TIME1 ELECTORAL ACTIVITY WILL PRIM>ILY BE AN $UCATIONAL ACTIVITY1 AN 5DEAVOR TO 5T] ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 H[EV] SMALL & CONTA9$ IT MAY BE ON ! LOCAL LEVEL1 & TO $UCATE & 9T]ACT ) EV] L>G] NUMB]S ( PEOPLE4  

   ,EV5 :]E A MEASURE ( ELECTORAL SUCCESS ON ! LOCAL LEVEL CAN BE A*IEV$1 ! PROSPECT ( IMPLEM5T+ A RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC POLICY IS LIKELY TO BE OB/RUCT$ BY ! OPPOSITION ( ! NATION-/ATE & ! WEAK POSITION ( MUNICIPALITIES 9 MOD]N 0DEMOCRATIC0 NATION-/ATES4  ,AL?\< IT IS HI<LY D\BTFUL ?AT EV5 CIVIC AU?ORITIES W\LD ALL[ A NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY TO ACQUIRE ! LEGAL P[] TO MAKE CIVIC POLICY1 /ILL LESS /ATE & NATIONAL AU?ORITIES1 LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ASSEMBLIES ?AT HAVE NO LEGAL P[] CAN EX]CISE 5ORM\S MORAL P[]4  ,A POPUL> ASSEMBLY ?AT /]NLY VOICES ITS VIEWS ON MANY ISSUES CAN CAUSE CONSID]ABLE DISQUIET AMONG LOCAL AU?ORITIES & G5]ATE A WIDESPREAD PUBLIC REACTION 9 ITS FAVOR OV] A L>GE REGION1 9DE$ EV5 ON A NATIONAL SCALE4  

   ,AN 9T]E/+ CASE 9 PO9T IS ! NUCLE> FREEZE RESOLUTION ?AT WAS ADOPT$ BY MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ T[N MEET+S 9 ,V]MONT A DECADE AGO4  ,NOT ONLY DID ?IS RESOLUTION RESONATE ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 LEAD+ TO AD HOC 0T[N MEET+S0 9 REGIONS ( ! C\NTRY ?AT HAD NEV] SE5 !M1 IT AFFECT$ NATIONAL POLICY ON ?IS ISSUE & CULM9AT$ 9 A DEMON/RATION ( APPROXIMATELY A MILLION PEOPLE 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4  ,YET NONE ( ! T[N MEET+S HAD ! 0LEGAL0 AU?ORITY TO 5=CE A NUCLE> FREEZE1 NOR DID ! ISSUE FALL )9 ! PURVIEW ( A TYPICAL ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+'S AG5DA4  ,HI/ORICALLY1 9 FACT1 FEW CIVIC PROJECTS ?AT RESEMBLE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM BEGAN ) A VIEW T[>D E/ABLI%+ A RADICAL DEMOCRACY ( ANY SORT4  

   ,! =TY-EI<T ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #agic ACTUALLY D]IV$ FROM ! SIXTY ,P>ISIAN ELECTORAL DI/RICTS ( #a#g#h#i4  ,!SE DI/RICTS W]E 9ITIALLY E/ABLI%$ ?R\< A COMPLICAT$ PROCESS 7DELIB]ATELY DESIGN$ TO EXCLUDE ! POOR] PEOPLE ( ,P>IS7 TO *OOSE ! ,P>ISIAN MEMB]S ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE :5 ! K+ CONVOK$ ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL AT ,V]SAILLES4  ,!REAFT] ! DI/RICTS1 HAV+ *OS5 !IR DEPUTIES1 W]E EXPECT$ TO DISB&4  ,9 FACT1 ! SIXTY DI/RICTS REFUS$ TO DESI/ FROM MEET+ REGUL>LY1 DESPITE !IR LACK ( LEGAL /ATUS1 & A YE> LAT] BECAME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! CITY'S GOV]NM5T4  ,) ! RADICALIZATION ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! FE>FUL CITY & NATIONAL AU?ORITIES TRI$ TO WEAK5 ! P[] ( ! DI/RICTS BY R$UC+ !IR NUMB] ( =TY-EI<T--H5CE1 ! MUTATION ( ! OLD DI/RICTS 9TO SECTIONS4  ,F9ALLY1 ! SECTIONS OP5$ !IR DOORS TO EV]YONE1 SOME 9CLUD+ WOM51 )\T ANY PROP]TY OR /ATUS QUALIFICATIONS4  ,?IS MO/ RADICAL ( CIVIC /RUCTURES1 :I* PRODUC$ ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES !RET(ORE SE5 9 HI/ORY1 ?US SL[LY ELB[$ ITS WAY 9TO AU?ORITY1 9ITIALLY )\T ANY LEGAL AU?ORITY :ATEV] & 9 FLAT DEFIANCE ( ! NATION-/ATE4  ,= ALL !IR LIMITATIONS1 ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS REMA9 AN ABID+ EXAMPLE ( H[ A SEEM+LY NONLEGAL ASSEMBLY SY/EM CAN BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A NETWORK ( REVOLUTION>Y POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS >\ND :I* A NEW SOCIETY CAN BE /RUCTUR$4 4 4 4  

   ,:AT IS ( IMM5SE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE IS ?AT PRE/ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 TRADITIONS1 & S5TIM5TS REMA9 ALIVE 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ?R\<\T MO/ ( ! WORLD4  ,RESI/ANCE TO ! 5CROA*M5T ( OPPRESSIVE /ATES HAS BE5 N\RI%$ BY VILLAGE1 NEI<BORHOOD1 & T[N COMMUNITY NETWORKS1 WITNESS SU* /RUGGLES 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4  ,! TREMORS ?AT >E N[ %AK+ ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA >E DUE NOT SOLELY TO DEM&S = GREAT] FRE$OM BUT TO MOVEM5TS = REGIONAL & LOCAL AUTONOMY ?AT *ALL5GE ITS V]Y EXI/5CE AS A C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE4  ,TO IGNORE ! COMMUNAL BASIS ( ?IS MOVEM5T W\LD BE AS MYOPIC AS TO IGNORE ! LAT5T 9/ABILITY ( EV]Y NATION-/ATE2 WORSE W\LD BE TO TAKE ! NATION-/ATE AS IT IS = GRANT$ & DEAL ) IT M]ELY ON ITS [N T]MS4  ,9DE$1 :E!R A /ATE REMA9S 0MORE0 ( A /ATE OR 0LESS0--NO TRIFL+ MATT] TO RADICAL !ORI/S AS DISP>ATE AS ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X--DEP5DS HEAVILY UPON ! P[] ( LOCAL1 CONF$]AL1 & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS TO C\NT]VAIL IT & HOPEFULLY TO E/ABLI% A DUAL P[] ?AT WILL REPLACE IT4 ,! MAJOR ROLE ?AT ! ,MADRID ,CITIZ5S' ,MOVEM5T PLAY$ NE>LY ?REE DECADES AGO 9 WEAK5+ ! ,FRANCO REGIME W\LD REQUIRE A MAJOR /UDY TO DO IT JU/ICE4  

   ,! PROBLEM ( DEAL+ ) ! GR[+ P[] ( NATION-/ATES & ( C5TRALIZ$ CORPORATIONS1 PROP]TY [N]%IP1 PRODUCTION1 & ! LIKE IS PRECISELY A QUE/ION ( P[]--?AT IS TO SAY1 :O %ALL HAVE IT OR :O %ALL BE D5I$ ANY P[] AT ALL4  ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT HAS DONE \R AGE NO S]VICE BY MAK+ P[] AN EVIL AS SU*4  ,F\CAULDIAN PO/MOD]NI/ VIEWS NOT)/&+1 ! BROAD MASS ( PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD TODAY LACK :AT !Y NE$ MO/--! P[] TO *ALL5GE ! NATION-/ATE & >RE/ ! C5TRALIZATION ( ECONOMIC RES\RCES1 LE/ FUTURE G5]ATIONS SEE ALL ! GA9S ( HUMANITY DISSIPAT$ & FRE$OM DISAPPE> FROM SOCIAL DISC\RSE4  

   ,M9IMALLY1 IF P[] IS TO BE SOCIALLY R$I/RIBUT$ SO ?AT ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE :O DO ! REAL WORK ( ! WORLD CAN EFFECTIVELY SPEAK BACK TO ?OSE RUN SOCIAL & ECONOMIC AFFAIRS1 A MOVEM5T IS VITALLY NE$$ TO $UCATE1 MOBILIZE1 &1 US+ ! WISDOM ( ORD9>Y & EXTRAORD9>Y PEOPLE ALIKE1 9ITIATE LOCAL /EPS TO REGA9 P[] 9 ITS MO/ POPUL> & DEMOCRATIC =MS4  ,P[] ( ?IS K9D MU/ BE COLLECT$1 IF WE >E TO TAKE DEMOCRACY S]I\SLY1 9 NEWLY DEVELOP$ 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ASSEMBLIES ?AT ALL[ = ! DIRECT P>TICIPATION ( CITIZ5S 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS4  ,)\T A MOVEM5T TO WORK T[>D SU* A DEMOCRATIC 5D1 9CLUD+ $UCATORS :O >E PREP>$1 9 TURN1 TO BE $UCAT$1 & 9TELLECTUALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ PEOPLE :O CAN DEVELOP & POPUL>IZE ?IS PROJECT1 EF=TS TO *ALL5GE P[] AS IT IS N[ CON/ITUT$ WILL SIMPLY SPUTT] \T 9 ESCAPADES1 RIOTS1 ADV5TURES1 & PROTE/S4 4 4 4  

   ,P[] ?AT IS NOT RETA9$ BY ! PEOPLE IS P[] ?AT IS GIV5 OV] TO ! /ATE4  ,CONV]SELY1 :ATEV] P[] ! PEOPLE GA9 IS P[] ?AT MU/ BE TAK5 AWAY FROM ! /ATE4  ,!RE CAN BE NO 9/ITUTIONAL VACUUM :]E P[] EXI/S3 IT IS EI!R 9VE/$ 9 ! PEOPLE OR IT IS 9VE/$ 9 ! /ATE4  ,:]E ! TWO 0%>E0 P[]1 ?IS CONDITION IS EXTREMELY PREC>I\S & (T5 TEMPOR>Y4  ,SOON] OR LAT]1 ! CONTROL ( SOCIETY & ITS DE/9Y WILL EI!R %IFT T[>D ! PEOPLE & !IR COMMUNITIES AT ITS BASE OR T[>D ! PR(ESSIONAL PRACTITION]S ( /ATECRAFT AT ITS SUMMIT4  ,ONLY IF ! :OLE EXI/+ PYRAMIDAL SOCIAL /RUCTURE IS DISMEMB]$ & RADICALLY DEMOCRATIZ$ WILL ! ISSUE ( DOM9ATION AS SU* DISAPPE> & BE COMPLETELY REPLAC$ BY P>TICIPATION & ! PR9CIPLE ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4  

   ,P[]1 H[EV]1 MU/ BE CONCEIV$ AS REAL1 9DE$ SOLID & TANGIBLE1 NOT ONLY AS SPIRITUAL & PSY*OLOGICAL4  ,TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT P[] IS A MUSCUL> FACT ( LIFE IS TO DRIFT FROM ! VISION>Y 9TO ! E!REAL & MISLEAD ! PUBLIC AS TO ITS CRUCIAL SIGNIFICANCE 9 AFFECT+ SOCIETY'S DE/9Y4  

   ,:AT ?IS MEANS IS ?AT IF P[] IS TO BE REGA9$ BY ! PEOPLE FROM ! /ATE1 ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY MU/ BE DEPR(ESSIONALIZ$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE4  ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IT MU/ BE SIMPLIFI$ & R5D]$ TRANSP>5T1 9DE$1 CLE>1 ACCESSIBLE1 & MANAGEABLE SU* ?AT MO/ ( ITS AFFAIRS CAN BE RUN BY ORD9>Y CITIZ5S4  ,?IS EMPHASIS ON AMATEURISM AS DI/+UI%$ FROM PR(ESSIONALISM IS NOT NEW4  ,IT =M$ ! BASIS ( ,A!NIAN DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE = G5]ATIONS4  ,9DE$1 IT WAS SO ABLY PRACTIC$ ?AT SORTITION RA!R ?AN ELECTION =M$ ! BASIS ( ! POLIS'S DEMOCRACY4  ,IT RESURFAC$ REPEAT$LY1 = EXAMPLE1 9 E>LY M$IEVAL CITY *>T]S & CONF$]ATIONS1 & 9 ! GREAT DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4  

   ,P[] IS ALSO A SOLID & TANGIBLE FACT TO BE RECKON$ ) MILIT>ILY1 NOTABLY 9 ! UBIQUIT\S TRU? ?AT ! P[] ( ! /ATE OR ! PEOPLE EV5TUALLY REPOSES 9 =CE4  ,:E!R ! /ATE HAS P[] ULTIMATELY DEP5DS UPON :E!R IT EX]CISES A MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE4  ,BY ! SAME TOK51 :E!R ! PEOPLE HAVE P[] ULTIMATELY DEP5D UPON :E!R !Y >E >M$ & CREATE !IR [N GRASSROOTS MILITIA1 TO GU>D NOT ONLY !MSELVES FROM CRIM9ALS OR 9VAD]S BUT !IR [N P[] & FRE$OM FROM ! EV]-5CROA*+ P[] ( ! /ATE ITSELF4  ,H]E1 TOO1 ! ,A!NIAN1 ,BRITI%1 & ,AM]ICAN YEOM5 KNEW ONLY TOO WELL ?AT A PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>Y WAS A ?REAT TO LIB]TY & ! /ATE WAS A VEHICLE = DIS>M+ ! PEOPLE4  

   ,A TRUE CIVICISM ?AT TRIES TO CREATE A G5U9E POLITICS1 AN EMP[]$ CITIZ5RY1 & A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY W\LD BE A VULN]ABLE PROJECT 9DE$ IF IT FAIL$ TO REPLACE ! POLICE & ! PR(ESSIONAL >MY ) A POPUL> MILITIA--MORE SPECIFICALLY1 A CIVIC GU>D1 COMPOS$ ( ROTAT+ PATROLS = POLICE PURPOSES & WELL-TRA9$ CITIZ5 MILIT>Y CONT+5TS = DEAL+ ) EXT]NAL DANG]S TO FRE$OM4  ,GREEK DEMOCRACY W\LD NEV] HAVE SURVIV$ ! REPEAT$ ASSAULTS ( ! ,GREEK >I/OCRACY )\T ITS MILITIA ( CITIZ5 HOPLITES1 ?OSE FOOT SOLDI]S :O C\LD ANSW] ! CALL TO >MS ) !IR [N WEAPONS & ELECT$ COMM&]S4  ,! TRAGIC HI/ORY ( ! /ATE'S ASC5DANCY OV] FREE MUNICIPALITIES1 EV5 ! RISE ( OLIG>*Y )9 FREE CITIES ( ! PA/1 IS ! /ORY ( >M$ PR(ESSIONALS :O COMM&E]$ P[] FROM UN>M$ PEOPLES OR DIS>M$ !M PRESUMABLY 7AS SO MANY LIB]ALS W\LD HAVE IT TODAY7 FROM ! 0HAZ>DS0 ( DOME/IC & NEI<BORHOOD 0%OOT\TS40  ,TYPICALLY1 ?IS IS ! C[BOY OR 0GUNSL+]0 IMAGE ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM10 (T5 CYNICALLY IMPOS$ ON ITS MORE TRADITIONAL YEOMAN FACE4  

   ,BEYOND ! MUNICIPAL AG5DA ?AT ,I HAVE PRES5T$ ?US F> LIES ANO!R1 MORE LONG-RANGE1 ONE3 ! VISION ( A POLITICAL WORLD 9 :I* ! /ATE AS SU* W\LD F9ALLY BE REPLAC$ COMPLETELY BY A CONF$]AL NETWORK ( MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES2 ALL SOCIALLY IMPORTANT =MS ( PROP]TY W\LD BE ABSORB$ 9TO A TRULY POLITICAL ECONOMY 9 :I* MUNICIPALITIES1 9T]ACT+ ) EA* O!R ECONOMICALLY AS WELL AS POLITICALLY1 W\LD RESOLVE !IR MAT]IAL PROBLEMS AS CITIZ5S 9 OP5 ASSEMBLIES1 NOT SIMPLY AS PR(ESSIONALS1 F>M]S1 & BLUE- OR :ITE-COLL> WORK]S2 & HUMANLY SCAL$ & PHYSICALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES4  

   ,NOT ONLY W\LD PEOPLE !N BE ABLE TO TRANS=M !MSELVES FROM OCCUPATIONAL BE+S 9TO COMMUNALLY ORI5T$ CITIZ5S2 !Y W\LD CREATE A WORLD 9 :I* ALL WEAPONS C\LD 9DE$ BE BEAT5 9TO PL[%>ES4  ,ULTIMATELY1 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE = NEW NETWORKS ( COMMUNITIES TO EM]GE ?AT W\LD BE EXQUISITELY TAILOR$--PSY*OLOGICALLY & SPIRITUALLY AS WELL AS TE*NOLOGICALLY1 >*ITECTURALLY1 & /RUCTURALLY--TO ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5TS 9 :I* !Y EXI/4  

   ,?IS AG5DA = A MORE DI/ANT FUTURE EMBODIES ! 0ULTIMATE0 VISION ,I HAVE ELABORAT$ 9 GREAT] DETAIL 9 MY PREVI\S WRIT+S4  ,ITS A*IEVEM5T CAN NO LONG] BE SE5 AS A SUDD5 0REVOLUTION0 ?AT )9 A BRIEF SPAN ( TIME WILL REPLACE ! PRES5T SOCIETY ) A RADICALLY NEW ONE4  ,ACTUALLY1 SU* REVOLUTIONS NEV] REALLY HAPP5$ 9 HI/ORY4  ,EV5 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* RADICALS HAVE LONG REG>D$ AS A P>ADIGM ( SUDD5 SOCIAL *ANGE1 WAS G5]ATIONS 9 MAK+ & DID NOT COME TO ITS DEF9ITIVE 5D UNTIL A C5TURY LAT]1 :5 ! LA/ ( ! SANS CULOTTES W]E VIRTUALLY EXT]M9AT$ ON ! B>RICADES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4  

   ,NOR CAN WE AF=D TODAY ! MY? TODAY ?AT B>RICADES >E MORE ?AN A SYMBOL4  ,:AT L9KS MY M9IMAL AG5DA TO MY ULTIMATE ONE IS A PROCESS1 AN ADMITT$LY LONG DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* ! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS & TRADITIONS ( FRE$OM >E SL[LY 5L>G$ & EXP&$4  ,= ! PRES5T1 WE MU/ TRY 9CREAS+LY TO DEMOCRATIZE ! REPUBLIC1 A CALL ?AT CONSI/S ( PRES]V+--& EXP&+--FRE$OMS WE HAVE E>N$ C5TURIES AGO1 TOGE!R ) ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT GIVE !M REALITY4  ,= ! FUTURE IT MEANS ?AT WE MU/ RADICALIZE ! DEMOCRACY WE CREATE1 IMP>T+ AN EV5 MORE CREATIVE CONT5T TO ! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS WE HAVE RESCU$ & TRI$ TO DEVELOP4  

   ,ADMITT$LY1 AT ?AT LAT] PO9T WE WILL HAVE MOV$ FROM A C\NT]VAIL+ POSITION ?AT TRIES TO PLAY \R DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS AGA9/ ! /ATE 9TO A MILITANT ATTEMPT TO REPLACE ! /ATE ) MUNICIPALLY BAS$ CONF$]AL /RUCTURES4  ,IT IS TO BE DEV\TLY HOP$ ?AT BY ?AT TIME1 TOO1 ! /ATE P[] ITSELF WILL HAVE BE5 HOLL[$ \T 9/ITUTIONALLY BY LOCAL OR CIVIC /RUCTURES1 9DE$ ?AT ITS V]Y LEGITIMACY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ITS AU?ORITY AS A CO]CIVE =CE1 WILL SIMPLY LEAD TO ITS COLLAPSE 9 ANY P]IOD ( CONFRONTATION4  ,IF ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ PROVIDE US ) EXAMPLES ( H[ SO MAJOR A %IFT IS POSSIBLE1 IT W\LD BE WELL TO REMEMB] ?AT SEEM+LY ALL-P[]FUL MON>*IES ?AT ! REPUBLICS REPLAC$ TWO C5TURIES AGO W]E SO D5UD$ ( P[] ?AT !Y CRUMBL$ RA!R ?AN 0FELL10 MU* AS A MUMMIFI$ CORPSE TURNS TO DU/ AFT] IT HAS BE5 SUDD5LY EXPOS$ TO AIR4  

   ,ANO!R FUTURE PROSPECT ALSO FACES US1 A *ILL+ ONE1 9 :I* URBANIZATION SO COMPLETELY DEV\RS ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE ?AT COMMUNITY BECOMES AN >*AISM2 9 :I* A M>KET SOCIETY FILT]S 9TO ! MO/ PRIVATE RECESSES ( \R LIVES AS 9DIVIDUALS & EFFACES ALL S5SE ( P]SONALITY1 LET ALONE 9DIVIDUALITY2 9 :I* A /ATE R5D]S POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP NOT ONLY A MOCK]Y BUT A MAW ?AT ABSORBS ! V]Y NOTION ( FRE$OM ITSELF4  

   ,?IS PROSPECT IS /ILL SUFFICI5TLY REMOV$ FROM \R MO/ IMM$IATE EXP]I5CE ?AT ITS REALIZATION CAN BE >RE/$ BY ?OSE C\NT]VAIL+ =CES--?AT DUAL P[]--?AT ,I HAVE \TL9$4  ,GIV5 ! P]SI/5T DE/RUCTUR+ ( ! NATURAL WORLD AS WELL AS ! SOCIAL1 MORE ?AN HUMAN FRE$OM IS 9 ! BALANCE4  ,! RISE ( REACTION>Y NATIONALISMS & PROLIF]ATION ( NUCLE> WEAPONS >E ONLY TWO REM9D]S ?AT WE MAY BE REA*+ A PO9T ( COSMIC F9ALITY 9 \R AFFAIRS ON ! PLANET4  ,?US ! RECOV]Y ( A CLASSICAL CONCEPT ( POLITICS & CITIZ5%IP IS NOT ONLY A PRECONDITION = A FREE SOCIETY2 IT IS ALSO A PRECONDITION = \R SURVIVAL AS A SPECIES4  ,LOOM+ BE=E US IS ! IMAGE ( A COMPLETELY DE/RUCTUR$ & SIMPLIFI$ NATURAL WORLD AS WELL AS A COMPLETELY DE/RUCTUR$ & SIMPLIFI$ URBAN WORLD--A NATURAL & SOCIAL WORLD SO DIVE/$ ( ITS V>IETY ?AT WE1 LIKE ALL O!R COMPLEX LIFE-=MS1 WILL BE UNABLE TO EXI/ AS VIABLE BE+S4  

,NOTES  

   ,?IS >TICLE CONSI/S ( EXC]PTS FROM ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7#a#i#h#g2 ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e71 ) REVISIONS4  

   #a4  ,LE/] ,BR[N ET AL41 ,/ATE ( ! ,WORLD3 #aiie 7,NEW ,YORK & ,LONDON3 ,W4 ,W4 ,NORTON & ,CO41 #a#i#i#e71 PP4 #f-#g4  

   #b4  ,IBID41 P4 #f#g4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aihf 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,! ,NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,AG5DA -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,! ,NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,AG5DA -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,! ,NEW ,MUNICIPAL ,AG5DA -- ,UPDAT$4 

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