,*APT] #aa 
,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE OR ! ,P>TIAL ,5C\NT]S BETWE5 ,CRITICAL ,M>XISM & ,LIB]T>IANISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#a#a4 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE OR ! ,P>TIAL ,5C\NT]S BETWE5 ,CRITICAL ,M>XISM & ,LIB]T>IANISM 

,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,= MANY1 ! ,FR5* GR\P ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE REMA9S ASSOCIAT$ ) ! NAME ( ! POLITICAL !ORI/ & PSY*OANALY/ ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 7#a#i#b#b-#a#i#i#g74 ,:ILE ,CA/ORIADIS PLAY$ A PIVOTAL ROLE 9 ! GR\P1 IT ALSO 9CLUD$ A NUMB] ( O!R PROM95T 9TELLECTUALS OV] ! C\RSE ( ITS PUBLI%+ LIFETIME1 SU* AS ,CLAUDE ,LE=T 7#a#i#b#d-#b#a71 ,JEAN-,FRANCOIS ,LYOT>D 7#a#i#b#d-#a#i#i#h7 & ,GUY ,DEBORD 7#a#i#c#a-#a#i#i#d74 ,! GR\P'S EPONYM\S J\RNAL1 PUBLI%$ BETWE5 #aidi & #a#i#f#e1 WAS D$ICAT$ TO AN 9CREAS+LY UNOR?ODOX ,TROTSKYI/ CRITIQUE & IT PROVID$ AN IMPORTANT PLAT=M = DEBAT+ ,M>XISM ) O!R /R&S ( ! ULTRA-,LEFT1 SOME ( !M CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN ?9K+4 ,ONE L9E ( DIVISION 9SIDE ! GR\P DISCUSS$ H]E 7?\< TO BE SURE1 !RE >E MANY O!RS TO ANALYZE7 WAS BAS$ ON DIV]G5T VIEWS AB\T ! MODEL ( ORGANIZATION & ! PLACE TO BE GIV5 TO IDEAS ( SPONTANE\S SELF-ORGANIZATION )9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* WAS 9FLU5C$ BY PRECISELY ?IS ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN ?9K+4 ,!SE ISSUES W]E P>TICUL>LY CONT5TI\S = ! GR\P & ?IS ESSAY WILL UNPACK ! REASONS :Y1 & :Y !Y CAUS$ SO MANY SPLITS )9 ,S\,B4.<#h#b#d.> ,! PRIM>Y AIM ( ! *APT] IS TO %[ ?AT DESPITE ,CA/ORIADIS'S EVID5T LEGACY ( ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN ?9K+ & HIS RADICAL BREAK ) OR?ODOX ,M>XI/-,L59ISM1 !SE SPLITS [E MO/ TO ,CA/ORIADIS'S ORIG9AL ATTA*M5T TO ,TROTSKYI/ VANGU>DISM4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 AS ?IS *APT] WILL ILLU/RATE1 !SE IDEOLOGICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL SPLITS IMP$$ ANY CONV]G5CE BETWE5 CRITICAL ,M>XISM & ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM -- ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM H]E UND]/OOD AS ! CLOSE/ ,S\,B CAME TO RADICAL ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN ?9K+ DUR+ ITS LIFETIME4 

,?\< LITTLE SPACE IS =MALLY D$ICAT$ TO AN>*ISM 9 ?IS *APT]1 ! ANALYSIS T\*ES ON ! !MES EXPLOR$ 9 ?IS BOOK BY EXAM9+ ! T5SIONS 7ORGANIZATIONAL & IDEOLOGICAL7 ?AT >ISE BETWE5 A ,L59I/-9SPIR$ =M ( POLITICAL MILITANCY 7CRITICAL ,TROTSKYISM7 & A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ VIEW ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 7,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM74 ,! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ POSITION WAS ELABORAT$ BY 9TELLECTUALS SU* AS ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 7#a#h#g#c-#a#i#f7 & DISCUSS$ & PUBLI%$ BY ,S\,B4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ITS EXI/5CE1 ,S\,B 5GAG$ 9 DIALOGUE ) V]Y DIFF]5T POLITICAL GR\PS ( ! ULTRA-,LEFT1 BUT ! >TICULATIONS & FAULT-L9ES ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! DEBATE BETWE5 ,CA/ORIADIS & ,PANNEKOEK1 ! SO-CALL$ ,*AULIEU-,PANNEKOEK CORRESPOND5CE ( #a#i#e#c-#a#i#e#d 7,*AULIEU BE+ AN ALIAS = ,CA/ORIADIS71 =CEFULLY ILLU/RATES ! PROBLEMS ( SYN!SIS :I* ?IS COLLECTION EXAM9ES4 ,CA/ORIADIS'S [N PHILOSOPHY ALSO MOV$ FROM A CRITICAL ,M>XI/-,L59I/ FRAMEWORK TO A LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/ ONE 9 ! #a#i#fS & EV5TUALLY BECAME ANTI-,M>XI/ 9 POSITION FROM ! #a#i#gS ONW>DS4 ,AT EA* /AGE ,CA/ORIADIS REFUS$ A CLOS] COLLABORATION ) ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN ?9K+ & IT IS ! PURPOSE ( ?IS PAP] TO EXPLA9 :Y4 

,TO ?IS 5D1 !RE >E TWO MA9 REASONS = RE9T]PRET+ KEY EPISODES 9 ,S\,B'S ACTIVITY 9 ! LI<T ( ! T5SION BETWE5 ,M>XI/ & ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN S*OOLS ( ?\<T4 ,FIR/1 ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM REPRES5T$ AN IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL ATTEMPT TO /RADDLE ! ,M>XISM -- AN>*ISM DIVIDE4.<#h#b#e.> ,?\< ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM DOES NOT HAVE ! SAME C5TRALITY TO AN>*ISM AS1 SAY1 F$]ALISM1 !RE >E HI/ORICAL OV]LAPS BETWE5 ! TWO MOVEM5TS3 BO? ADOPT$ AN OPPOSITIONAL POSITION TO ! OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & !RE W]E IMPORTANT MUTUAL CONTACTS 9 ,G]MAN SYNDICALISM4 ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S TRI$ TO DEVELOP NEW MEANS TO ACCOMMODATE C5TRALISM )9 A SYNDICALI/ FRAMEWORK & ! FACT ?AT !Y >E SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO AS LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S ILLU/RATES ?IS BRIDG+ ROLE !Y OCCUPY 9 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM4 ,! DEBATE TURN$ ON ! KEY QUE/ION ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T & ! ROLE ( ! VANGU>D 9 REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 )9 ,S\,B AT LEA/1 IT WAS ! LATT] ?AT WON \T4 

,9 ! CONTEXT ( ,S\,B'S $ITORIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ?IS T5SION CAN BE SE5 9 ! DIFFICULT RELATION%IP ( ,CA/ORIADIS & ,LE=T1 TWO ( ! GR\P'S T[]+ FIGURES4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! /RA9 BETWE5 !SE TWO 9DIVIDUALS1 :I* GREW OV] ! YE>S & L$ TO ,LE=T'S DEP>TURE FROM ,S\,B 9 #aieh 7AFT] A FIR/ BRIEF RESIGNATION 9 #a#i#e#b71 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! POSITIONS ADOPT$ BY ,S\,B1 :I* W]E ORIG9ALLY 9FLU5C$ BY CRITICAL ,TROTSKYISM4.<#h#b#f.> ,O!R MILITANTS )9 ! GR\P1 SU* AS ,H5RI ,SIMON1 :O W]E EQUALLY SYMPA!TIC TO ! IDEA ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 DISCLOS+ MORE DETAIL$ 9=MATION AB\T ! FAIL$ M]G] ( CRITICAL ,M>XISM & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4.<#h#b#g.> ,BUT ! !ORETICAL ROOTS ( ?IS T5SION >E P]FECTLY ILLU/RAT$ 9 ! DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ,CA/ORIADIS & ,PANNEKOEK & !IR DEBATES AB\T ! =M ?AT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS %\LD TAKE -- AN EX*ANGE ?AT ASSUMES A C5TRAL PLACE 9 ?IS ANALYSIS4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS 9TELLECTUAL & IDEOLOGICAL T5SION )9 ! GR\P IS BE/ EXPLA9$ BY ! SEV]E POLITICAL EXIG5CIES ( ! COLD W>1 ANTI-COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS & ! NE$ = ORGANIZATIONAL & 9TELLECTUAL =TITUDE 9 ! FACE ( HUGE OPPOSITION4 ,! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ,CA/ORIADIS'S POSITION & ! CONFLICT )9 ! GR\P CAN BE SE5 AS A DIRECT RESPONSE TO !SE CONDITIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ALONGSIDE ?IS PUBLIC OR?ODOXY1 ,CA/ORIADIS WAS ALSO DEVELOP+ A RADICAL V]SION ( CRITICAL ,M>XISM1 ONE :I* WAS TO BE HUGELY SIGNIFICANT 9 T]MS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,9FLU5C+ SITUATIONI/ WRIT]S SU* AS ,GUY ,DEBORD & ! AUTONOMI/ TRADITION MORE WIDELY1 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 !SE TWO FACES ( ,S\,B IS A HI/ORICAL PUZZLE WOR? 9VE/IGAT+ BECAUSE IT %[S US ?AT IDEOLOGY & ORGANIZATION MATT] AS MU* AS1 IF NOT MORE ?AN1 !ORY4 

,CA/ORIADIS IS N[ KN[N1 9 L>GE P>T1 AS ! PHILOSOPH] ( AUTONOMY & ! QUE/ION ( 'AUTO-9/ITUTION4' ,! 9TELLECTUAL PUZZLE H]E IS TO UND]/& H[ HE M>RI$ !SE IDEAS ) A ,L59I/ VIEW ( ! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D 7BAS$ ON DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM7 & :Y HE KEPT ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN IDEAS AT >M'S L5G? :5 ACTIVE 9 ,S\,B4 ,ULTIMATELY IT WAS ,CA/ORIADIS'S 9ABILITY TO RE=M ,S\,B OR TO AB&ON NOTIONS ( ! VANGU>D :I* ULTIMATELY CONSIGN$ HIM TO ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/ SIDE ( ! DEBATE4 ,IRONICALLY1 IT WAS ONLY AFT] ,S\,B EV5TUALLY DISSOLV$ ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS'S IDEAS DEVELOP$ ALONG 9CREAS+LY ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN L9ES1 9 P>TICUL> 9 HIS CRITICISM ( ! ,M>XI/S' ECONOMISM & !IR FAILURE TO GRASP ! SIGNIFICANCE ( POLITICAL *ANGE & ! CON/ITUTIVE ROLE ( ! SOCIAL IMAG9>Y 9 ! POLITICAL PROCESS4.<#h#b#h.> 

,! FIR/ SUB/ANTIVE P>T ( ! PAP] WILL REFLECT ON ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ?AT MADE ! CONTRIBUTION ( ,S\,B SO IMPORTANT 9 ! ,FR5* 9TELLECTUAL SC5E & H[ !SE CONDITIONS /RUCTUR$ ! RANGE ( POSSIBLE POSITIONS ,S\,B C\LD TAKE4 ,LIKE MANY GR\PS BORN 9 ! %AD[ ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL & ! COLD W>1 ,S\,B EXP]I5C$ MANY SPLITS & ! PAP] WILL EXPLORE :Y ?IS WAS ! CASE BY UND]L9+ ! 9H]5TLY CRITICAL NATURE ( ,TROTSKYISM & ! USEFULNESS ?AT ?IS L9E ( ?9K+ MI<T HAVE HAD 9 ! BATTLE AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM4 ,! SECOND SECTION ( ! PAP] TURNS TO DEVELOPM5TS & DEBATES 9SIDE ,S\,B & LOOKS AT ,CA/ORIADIS & ! 9T]NAL =M ( ! GR\P TO TRY EXPLA9 O!R REASONS = ! FAIL$ SYN]GIES ) MORE ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN TRA9S ( ?\<T4 ,! ?IRD SECTION EXPLORES ! ,*AULIEU-,PANNEKOEK CORRESPOND5CE1 US+ IT TO ILLU/RATE ! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 IDEOLOGICAL T5SIONS & HI/ORICAL-ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES4 ,C5TRAL TO ?IS DISCUSSION IS ! IMM$IATE PO/-#a#i#d#e CONTEXT & ! P]IOD FOLL[+ ! ,HUNG>IAN CRISIS ( #a#i#e#f1 AS ! NOTION ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T BECAME V]Y IMPORTANT 9 ! EVOLUTION ( CRITICAL ,M>XISM4 ,! F\R? P>T ( ! PAP] RETURNS TO WID] DEBATES1 ,CA/ORIADIS'S 9TELLECTUAL EVOLUTION 9 HIS F9AL YE>S & ! DEMISE ( ,S\,B4 ,! CONCLUSION WILL REFLECT ON ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ,S\,B = \R UND]/&+ ( ! HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( ! ,LEFT 9 G5]AL4 ,IT IS1 )\T QUE/ION1 A S+UL> BUT HI<LY SIGNIFICANT M>K] 9 ?IS REG>D4 

,! %AD[S ( ,TROTSKYISM 

,! POLITICAL CONTEXT ( ! ORIG9S ( ,S\,B ILLU/RATES H[ TWO DIFF]5T G5]ATIONS ( ACTIVI/S W]E RECRUIT$ TO ?IS SMALL ,P>IS-BAS$ MILITANT GR\P4.<#h#b#i.> ,:ILE ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL GAVE QUALIFI$ SUPPORT TO ! ,U,S,S,R 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#i#dS1 A SMALL DISSID5T GR\P EM]G$ 9SIDE ! ,P>TI ,COMMUNI/E ,9T]NATIONALI/E 7,P,C,I71 ! ,FR5* SECTION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 REFUS+ TO SUPPORT ! ,U,S,S,R & ADOPT+ A NEW READ+ ( ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,?IS M9ORITY GR\P WAS CALL$ ! ',*AULIEU-,MONTAL T5D5CY' AFT] TWO ( ITS LEAD]S1 ,*AULIEU BE+ ! MILITANT NAME ( ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS & ,MONTAL ?AT ( ,CLAUDE ,LE=T4 ,IT CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 #aidf & #aidg &1 AFT] ! SUPPORT GIV5 BY ! ,P,C,I TO ,YUGOSLAVIA 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#h1 IT TURN$ FROM A T5D5CY 9TO A NEW MOVEM5T NAM$ AFT] ITS M\?PIECE ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 7A PHRASE TAK5 FROM ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S WRIT+S7 :OSE FIR/ ISSUE WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,M>* #a#i#d#i4.<#h#c.> 

,! MA9 CONTRIBUTION ( ,S\,B AT ITS 9CEPTION WAS ITS SLI<TLY MODIFI$ ,TROTSKYI/ CRITIQUE ( ! ,U,S,S,R :I* IT DEF9$ AS A =M ( /ATE BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM1 PREMIS$ NOT ON ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROP]TYLESS BY [N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ON ! CONTROL ( A SUBORD9ATE LABOR CLASS ( EXECUTANTS BY A CLASS ( DIRECTORS4 ,AS ! MANIFE/O PR9T$ 9 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE PUT IT3 

444 .<!.> MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES ASSUMES AN ADDITIONAL IMPORTANCE 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,! 5TIRE EVOLUTION ( ! MOD]N ECONOMY T5DS TO REPLACE ! OLD OPPOSITION BETWE5 [N]S & ! PROP]TYLESS ) A NEW OPPOSITION BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT IMM$IATELY ABOLI%1 TOGE!R ) ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION AS A SPECIFIC FUNCTION P]MAN5TLY C>RI$ \T BY A P>TICUL> SOCIAL /RATUM1 IT WILL ONLY HAVE CLE>$ ! GR\ND = ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW EXPLOIT+ /RATUM1 :I* WILL >ISE \T ( ! 'MANAG]S' ( PRODUCTION & \T ( ! BUREAUCRACIES DOM9AT+ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4.<#h#c#a.> 

,?IS ANALYSIS WAS A RADICAL BREAK ) ! TRADITIONAL ECONOMI/IC FOCUS ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ITS #a#f-YE> HI/ORY1 FROM #aidi TO #a#i#f#e1 ,S\,B ATTRACT$ MANY ADH]5TS & EXP]I5C$ A GOOD DEAL ( DISSATISFACTION )9 ITS RANKS TOO4 ,MEMB]S HAD A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T MOTIVES = LEAV+ ! ORGANIZATION4 ,= ! SAKE ( \R >GUM5T1 AT LEA/ TWO DIFF]5T G5]ATIONS ( MILITANTS 9VOLV$ 9 ,S\,B NE$ TO BE DI/+UI%$4.<#h#c#b.> ,! FIR/ G5]ATION1 ?AT ( ,*AULIEU & ,MONTAL1 CAN BE ID5TIFI$ ON ! BASIS ( :AT ,FR5* HI/ORIAN ,JEAN-,FRANCOIS ,SIR9ELLI T]M$ ! ELEM5T FONDATEUR4.<#h#c#c.> ,9 ! CASE ( ?IS FIR/ G5]ATION ( ,S\,B1 ?IS F\ND+ EV5T WAS ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ! ROLE ,/AL9 PLAY$ 9 DEFEAT+ ,HITL]4 ,O!R KEY MILITANTS 9CLUD$ ,H5RI ,SIMON1 ,DANIEL ,MO! 7! PSEUDONYM ( ,JACQUES ,GAUTRAT1 :O WORK$ 9 CLOSE CONNECTION ) ! WORK]S ( ! ,R5AULT FACTORIES71 ,CLAUDE ,LE=T & ,MAURICE ,RAJFUS4 ,= MANY ( ?IS G5]ATION ! EXPECTATION ( AN IMM95T ,?IRD ,WORLD ,W> JU/IFI$ A RADICAL BREAK ) ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL & GAVE A S5SE ( URG5CY TO ! ACTION !Y ?\<T NE$$ TO BE UND]TAK54 ,) ! ONSET ( ! COLD W> & AS ! \TBREAK ( A ,?IRD ,WORLD ,W> APPE>$ TO BE 9CREAS+LY UNLIKELY1 A SECOND G5]ATION ( MILITANTS JO9$ ,S\,B4 ,= !M1 ! ELEM5T FONDATEUR TOOK MULTIPLE =MS3 ! #aiec ,EA/ ,G]MAN REBELLION1 ! ,ALG]IAN W>1 ! S]IES ( /RIKES 9 ,FRANCE 9 ! SUMM] ( #aiee & ! ,BUDAPE/ UPRIS+ ( #a#i#e#f4 ,ALL !SE EV5TS GAVE FUR!R CR$5CE TO ,S\,B'S CALL = MORE WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4.<#h#c#d.> ,AMONG ?IS SECOND G5]ATION1 ,J4-,F4 ,LYOT>D 7#a#i#b#d-#a#i#i#h71 ,PI]RE ,S\YRI 7#a#i#b#e-#a#i#g#i7 & ,GUY ,DEBORD 7#a#i#c#a-#a#i#i#d7 W]E ITS MO/ FAM\S MEMB]S4 

,?IS SECOND S]IES ( F\ND+ EV5TS 79 P>TICUL> ! #aiec & #aief REVOLTS7 U%]$ 9 A MORE LIB]T>IAN APPROA* TO ,LEFT-W+ ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS 9CREAS+LY CRITICAL ( ,L59ISM & >GU$ = A /RONG] ROLE = WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! ,L59I/ IDEA ( A 'CONSCI\SNESS 9CULCAT$ FROM )\T1' ,S\,B MA9TA9$ 9 ITS COLUMNS ?AT REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS & SELF-ORGANIZATION %\LD /EM 9/EAD FROM )9 ! WORK]S' COMMUNITY4 ,AS ,S\,B GRADUALLY BEGAN TO BE DESCRIB$ BY SOME AS ANTI-,M>XI/1.<#h#c#e.> & AS SOME ( ITS MEMB]S 7,CLAUDE ,LE=T 9 P>TICUL>7 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DISCUSSION ( ANTI-TOTALIT>IANISM 9 ! #a#i#gS1 IT IS WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT A C]TA9 RADICAL ,LEFT CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9ISM BECAME AN ASSET 9 ! COLD W> BATTLE AGA9/ COMMUNISM 9 G5]AL4 

,9 ?IS DIFFICULT POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONTEXT ( ! PO/-#a#i#d#e P]IOD1 ! ,TROTSKYI/ CRITIQUE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION REGA9$ PROM95CE4 ,9 G5]AL1 RADICAL ,M>XI/S EI!R SUPPORT$ 'PROGRESSIVE' =CES 9 ! NAME ( 'SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY1' OR CRITICIZ$ ,/AL9'S AUTOCRATIC /YLE ( GOV]N+4 ,BUT ?IS WAS A DIFFICULT ISSUE = MANY ,LEFT-W+ ACTIVI/S & 9TELLECTUALS4.<#h#c#f.> ,9 A CONTEXT DEF9$ BY 9T]NATIONAL T5SION & ! NASC5T COLD W>1 ! IMAGE ?AT ',TROTSKYISM CUTS BO? WAYS' 5CAPSULATES ! CRITICAL POT5TIAL ( ?IS IDEOLOGY 9 BREA*+ ! HEGEMONIC 9FLU5CE ( ,/AL9I/ P>TIES :ILE DIVID+ FUR!R RADICAL GR\PS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ,TROTSKYISM EM]G$ AS A P[]FUL CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9ISM & ( ! BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 APPEAL+ TO RADICAL LEFTI/S UNHAPPY ) ! PA? ?AT ! LEAD] ( 'SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY' HAD IMPOS$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,TROTSKYISM REMA9$ COMMITT$ TO ,L59I/ IDEAS ( ! VANGU>D & /RUCTUR$ P>TY-ORGANIZATION PREMIS$ ON DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM & ! LIMITATION ON PLURALI/ IDEOLOGICAL DEBATES4.<#h#c#g.> 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! NEW CONTRADICTIONS )9 ! DIFF]5T ,TROTSKYI/ TRADITIONS 7BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION1 P]MAN5T >MS REVOLUTION1 MANAG]IAL SOCIETY1 5TRISM & SO ON7 PROV$ TOO MU* & PAV$ ! WAY TO HI/ORICAL SPLITS4 ,!SE SPLITS ILLU/RATE BO? ! C5TRIFUGAL & C5TRIPETAL =CES 9SIDE ,TROTSKYISM1 S9CE CREAT+ SPLITS HAS ALWAYS BE5 A WAY TO GA9 NEW MILITANTS 75TRISM71 :ILE ON ! O!R H&1 ! DEF5SE ( SOME ( !SE CONCEPTS WAS A MEANS TO PRES]VE IDEOLOGICAL PURITY & EXCLUDE O!R MILITANTS4.<#h#c#h.> ,WE HAVE H]E A FIR/ 9DICATION ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! ORGANIZATIONAL PRIORITIES & LOGICS ( ,S\,B MI<T HAVE FRU/RAT$ ! 9T]*ANGE BETWE5 LESS OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ & LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,9 ESS5CE1 DOCTR9AL ADH]5CE TO ,TROTSKYISM CON/RA9$ AS MU* AS IT 5ABL$ ?IS NEW G5]ATION ( ,LEFT-W+ ?9K]S1 BUT ! IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE ( ,L59ISM HAM/RUNG ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPM5T BY DEM&+ DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM1 OR VANGU>DISM4 

,! CONTEXT = ! CONT9U$ ADH]5CE TO DOCTR9AL PURITY & DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM CAN ALSO BE EXPLA9$ BY REF]5CE TO ! PO/-#a#i#d#e ANTI-COMMUNI/ /RUGGLE ACROSS ! WORLD4 ,EV5 )9 ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T ! SPLIT BECAME PRON\NC$ ) :AT ,HANNAH ,>5DT CALL$ 'EX-COMMUNI/S' & '=M] COMMUNI/S' & !IR DIFF]5TIAT$ ROLE 9 ORGANIZ+ SPLITS 9 ! ULTRA-,LEFT4 ',=M] COMMUNI/S' W]E ?OSE :O DID NOT HAVE A LEAD+ POSITION 9 A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & :O W]E MO/LY FELL[ TRAVEL]S1 LIKE ,PICASSO OR ,S>TRE4 ,:5 !Y LEFT ! ORBIT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 !IR LIFE MOV$ ON & WAS NOT C5TRALLY DET]M9$ BY ?IS PREVI\S AFFILIATION4 ',EX-COMMUNI/S1' ON ! O!R H&1 9CLUD$ ?OSE :O HAD BE5 MU* MORE 5GAG$ 9 ! =MAL HI]>*IES ( A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 = :OM 'COMMUNISM 444 REMA9$ ! *IEF ISSUE ( !IR LIFE' ONCE !Y LEFT IT4.<#h#c#i.> ,COMMUNISM REMA9$ C5TRAL BECAUSE ?IS GR\P DECID$ TO FI<T COMMUNI/ IDEOLOGY US+ !IR 9SID]'S KN[L$GE4 ,JAMES ,BURNHAM 7#a#i#e-#a#i#h#g71 AU?OR ( ! ,MANAG]IAL ,REVOLUTION & AN 9FLU5TIAL CONS]VATIVE 9TELLECTUAL DUR+ ! COLD W>1.<#h#d.> & ,>?UR ,KOE/L] 7#a#i#e-#a#i#h#c71 ! EX-LEAD] ( ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,K,P,D7 & LAT] AU?OR ( BE/SELL+ NOVELS AGA9/ ! TOTALIT>IAN ,GULAG1 >E TWO PRIME EXAMPLES ( ! TRAJECTORIES ( 'EX-COMMUNI/S' ,>5DT DESCRIBES4 

,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT AMONG ! EX-COMMUNI/S1 ,TROTSKYI/S FEATUR$ PROM95TLY4 ,!Y DID SO = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/1 MANY ,TROTSKYI/S BECAME ,TROTSKYI/S BECAUSE ( !IR DISILLUSIONM5T ) EI!R ! ,MOSC[ TRIALS ( ! #a#i#cS OR ) ,/AL9'S 9ACTION 9 ! FACE ( ,FASCISM1 OR BECAUSE ( ! PO/-#a#i#d#e SIL5CE ( COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 ! FACE ( ,SOVIET REPRESSION DUR+ ! POPUL> UPRIS+S 9 ,C5TRAL & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE BETWE5 #aiec & #a#i#f#h4 ,SECOND1 !IR 9TELLECTUAL EQUIPM5T AS ,TROTSKYI/S WAS BUILT PRECISELY >\ND ! CRITICISM ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & WAS 9=M$ BY A DEEP KN[L$GE ( ! NATURE ( ITS BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION4 ,IT IS !RE=E NO SURPRISE ?AT SO MANY EX-,TROTSKYI/S W]E RECRUIT$ TO ! ANTI-,SOVIET BATTLE ( ! PO/-#a#i#d#e P]IOD4 ,TROTSKYISM WAS BO? ! *IEF ME?OD ( RADICAL CRITIQUE ( ! TRAJECTORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & A TOOL 9 ! >MORY ( ! CAPITALI/ ,WE/ AGA9/ ALL ?AT WAS WOR? PRES]V+ 9 ! ,SOVIET EXP]IM5T4 

,?US1 MANY EX- & =M] ,TROTSKYI/S VOLUNT>ILY EMBRAC$ ANTI-COMMUNISM4 ,9 ! ,U,S,A 9 P>TICUL> ! LI/ ( ,TROTSKYI/ 'DEFECTORS' IS IMPRESSIVE & SIGNIFICANT3 ,IRV+ ,KRI/OL1 ,SIDNEY ,HOOK1 ,SOL ,LEVITAS1 ,MELV9 ,LASKY & ,JAMES ,BURNHAM 7:O BECAME ACTIVE 9 ! P[]FUL SECRETLY FUND$ ,C,I,A-FRONT1 ! ,CONGRESS = ,CULTURAL ,FRE$OM .<,C,C,F.>74.<#h#d#a.> ,9 ,EUROPE1 IT WAS RA!R EX-COMMUNI/S ?AT FEATUR$ ON ! LI/ ( IMPORTANT ANTI-COMMUNI/ IDEOLOGUES3 PEOPLE LIKE ,>?UR ,KOE/L]1 ,IGNAZIO ,SILONE & ,BORIS ,S\V>9E ALL HAD A =MAL ROLE 9 !IR COMMUNI/ P>TIES 7,G]MANY1 ,ITALY & ,FRANCE RESPECTIVELY7 BUT NONE ( !M W]E ,TROTSKYI/S1 :ILE PEOPLE LIKE ,RAYMOND ,>ON 7,CLAUDE ,LE=T'S ,PH,D M5TOR71 ,FRANCOIS ,FURET 7TO QUOTE TWO 9FLU5TIAL ,FR5* 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! BATTLE AGA9/ COMMUNI/S7 W]E ONLY '=M] COMMUNI/S' 9 ,>5DT'S CLASSIFICATION4.<#h#d#b.> 

,! PO9T TO BE MADE H]E IS ?AT :ILE ,U,S EX-,TROTSKYI/S JO9$ ! ANTI-COMMUNI/ BATTLE1.<#h#d#c.> DOZ5S ( O!R SMALL SPL9T] GR\PS 9SPIR$ BY ,TROTSKYISM >GUABLY MADE AN 9DIRECT CONTRIBUTION TO ANTI-COMMUNISM 9 ,EUROPE BY CON/ANTLY SPLITT+ ! ULTRA-,LEFT POLITICAL SPECTRUM4 ,?IS CLIMATE ALSO MADE ANY 9T]SECTIONS BETWE5 ,TROTSKYISM & AN>*ISM EV5 MORE REMOTE -- DESPITE %>+ KEY IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONS AS DESCRIB$ 9 O!R *APT]S ( ?IS VOLUME4 ,SMALL ,TROTSKYI/ FACTIONS CONTRIBUT$ TO H9D]+ ! EM]G5CE ( BROAD ,LEFT ALLIANCES1 S9CE !IR DECL>$ 5EMIES W]E LESS ! B\RGEOIS CAMP ?AN OR?ODOX COMMUNI/ FACTIONS & RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 ,?IS 9TELLECTUAL & HI/ORICAL CONTEXT IS VITAL = UND]/&+ ! DEBATES ?AT TOOK PLACE )9 ,S\,B4 

,IDEOLOGICAL COH]5CE OR 9NOVATION8 

,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 ! LEAD+ =CE ( ,S\,B1 P]FECTLY ILLU/RATES ! AMBIGU\S RELATION BETWE5 ,TROTSKYISM & ANTI-COMMUNISM4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 :O GREW UP 9 ,A!NS1 WAS ACTIVE 9 ! ,GREEK ,TROTSKYI/ P>TY & FL$ HIS HOMEL& = ,P>IS AT ! 5D ( #aide :]E HE JO9$ ! ,P,C,I1 CREAT$ A YE> E>LI]4 ,DESPITE HIS V]Y ACTIVE MILITANCY 9 ! ,P,C,I & !N AS F\ND] ( ,S\,B1 HE MANAG$ TO WORK FROM #aidi UNTIL #aig AT ! ,ORGANIZATION = ,EUROPEAN ,ECONOMIC ,COOP]ATION 7,O,E,E,C1 SOON TO BECOME ! ,O,E,C,D71 AN 9/ITUTION WORK+ 9ITIALLY = ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN AID1 & :I* PLAY$ AN ESS5TIAL ROLE 9 ! ANTI-COMMUNI/ BATTLE ?R\< ! SO-CALL$ 'C\NT]P>T' FUNDS4.<#h#d#d.> ,ONE WOND]S H[ HE MANAG$ TO REMA9 UNNOTIC$ 9SIDE AN 9/ITUTION WORK+ TO PROMOTE CAPITALISM & BECOM+1 9 P>ALLEL1 ! LEAD] ( A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P4 ,! FACT IS HE DID1 & AL?\< HE FREQU5TLY US$ ! B5EFITS ( BE+ AN 9T]NATIONAL CIVIL S]VANT BY SECRETLY US+ MU* ( HIS SAL>Y = ! PUBLICATION ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE1.<#h#d#e.> ,CA/ORIADIS TOOK SIGNIFICANT MEASURES TO HIDE HIS TRUE ID5TITY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 UNTIL HIS NATURALIZATION AS A ,FR5* CITIZ5 9 #a#i#g1 HE ONLY SIGN$ HIS POLITICAL TEXTS ) ONE ( HIS PSEUDONYMS 7! MO/ FREQU5T ONES BE+ ,*AULIEU1 ,C>DAN OR ,C\DRAY74.<#h#d#f.> ,MOREOV]1 HE NEV] TOOK P>T 9 ! PUBLIC EV5TS ORGANIZ$ BY ,S\,B4 ,& F9ALLY1 HE APPLI$ = ,FR5* CITIZ5%IP ONLY 9 #aifh :5 ALL HIS =MAL POLITICAL ACTIVITIES W]E OV]1 BECAUSE ?IS TYPE ( ADM9I/RATIVE PRACTICE G5]ALLY REQUIR$ A POLICE 9QUIRY 9TO ! PRIVATE LIFE ( ! APPLICANT & W\LD HAVE JEOP>DIZ$ HIS COV]4.<#h#d#g.> 

,?IS DIGRESSION ON ANTI-COMMUNISM & ON ! PROM95T ROLE ( ,TROTSKYISM 9 ! PO/W> CONTEXT S]V$ TO HI<LI<T H[ EXT]NAL SPONSORS C\LD HAVE G5]AT$ SPLITS 7= EXAMPLE1 BY PROVID+ F9ANCIAL MEANS TO CREATE NEW ORGANIZATIONS74 ,9 ! CASE ( ,S\,B !RE IS NO EVID5CE ( SU* 9/RUM5TALISATION4 ,ONE !RE=E NE$S TO TURN TO !IR 9T]NAL DISCUSSIONS & !IR ORGANIZATIONAL DEBATES TO UND]/& :Y SPLITS HAPP5$4 ,ALT]NATIVE EXPLANATIONS C\LD BE F\ND 9 ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES 7GR\P DYNAMICS7 OR 9 A QUE/ = !ORETICAL IMPROVEM5T1 & ! 9NATE T5SION 9 SU* A RADICAL GR\P LOOK+ TO DEVELOP ! ULTIMATE !ORETICAL 9NOVATION ?AT W\LD GIVE IT ! $GE OV] COMPET+ GR\PS4 ,! HI/ORIAN ,GOTTRAUX PROVIDES A USEFUL />T+ PO9T = SU* ANALYSIS4 ,HE NOTES ?AT3 

,S\,B REMA9$ TRAPP$ BETWE5 ! NE$ TO OV]TLY %[CASE ITS ORIG9ALITY & ITS 'PURITY' ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ITS DESIRE TO BE OP5 T[>DS O!R GR\P+S1 ALBEIT NOT 9 A V]Y SUCCESSFUL MANN] & BY PROVOK+ DIS>RAY AT TIMES4 ,9 ITS ATTEMPTS TO OP5 UP1 ,S\,B F9ALLY ADOPT$ A L9E :I* AIM$ AT MAXIMIZ+ PR(ITS & M9IMIZ+ ! CO/S3 ! GR\P NEV] DEP>T$ A S+LE SECOND FROM ITS IDEOLOGICAL COH]5CE EV5 AS IT DECL>$ ITSELF READY TO DISCUSS ) O!RS4.<#h#d#h.> 

,?IS DUALITY ILLU/RATES P]FECTLY ! POLITICAL EXIG5CIES ( ! P]IOD1 BUT IT OV]LOOKS ! 9T]NAL DISCORD OV] ! \TW>D IMAGE ,S\,B PRES5T$4 ,TWO EXAMPLES >E WOR? DISCUSS+4 ,! FIR/ RELATES TO ! MODALITY ( ! GR\P'S ORGANIZATION4 ,= MO/ ( ITS LIFE ! SUBTITLE ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE WAS ,ORGANE DE CRITIQUE ET D'ORI5TATION REVOLUTIONNAIRE4 ,SO BEYOND ! CRITICAL DIM5SION ( ,S\,B'S WRIT+S1 ! PUBLICATION WAS ALSO MEANT TO ORI5TATE ITS READ]S ON H[ TO BECOME A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,ITS FIR/ ISSUE & ITS FIR/ PROGRAMMATIC >TICLE >E RA!R CLE> ON ?IS OBJECTIVE3 

,PRES5T+ \RSELVES TODAY1 BY MEANS ( ?IS REVIEW1 BE=E ! AVANTG>DE ( ! MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S1 WE KN[ WE >E ALONE 9 RESPOND+ 9 A SY/EMATIC WAY TO ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS CONFRONT+ ! CONTEMPOR>Y REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T3 WE BELIEVE WE >E ALONE 9 TAK+ UP & PURSU+ ! ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( ! MOD]N ECONOMY2 9 PLAC+ ! PROBLEM ( ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ITS MEAN+ ON A SCI5TIFIC FOOT+2 9 PROVID+ A DEF9ITION ( ,/AL9ISM & ( ! 'WORK]S'' BUREAUCRACY 9 G5]AL2 9 *>ACT]IZ+ ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ,W>2 &1 LA/LY1 9 PROPOS+ A REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! ORIG9AL ELEM5TS CREAT$ BY \R EPO*4.<#h#d#i.> 

,IT IS ?IS WAY1 ,S\,B REMA9$ D$ICAT$ TO ! ,L59I/ IDEA ( A VANGU>D P>TY :OSE ROLE WAS TO HELP ! WORK+ CLASS 9 !IR AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION 7'AUTONOM\S' H]E 9 ! S5SE ( 9DEP5D5T FROM ANY BUREAUCRATIC ,BOL%EVIK P>TY71 GE>$ T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP & ! REALIZATION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 EV5 IF IT CRITICIZ$ SOME ( ,L59'S IDEAS1 SU* AS 9CULCAT+ REVOLUTION>Y 'CONSCI\SNESS' FROM )\T4.<#h#e.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,LE=T1 WROTE AN E>LY VITRIOLIC PIECE AGA9/ ,TROTSKY1 CRITICIZ+ HIM = BE+ ONE ( ! MA9 9/IGATORS ( ! BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY BY VIRTUE ( HIS AU?ORIT>IAN LEAN+S4.<#h#e#a.> ,HE WAS ALSO ! FIR/ TO OPPOSE ! IDEA ( AN ORGANIZ$ VANGU>D & 'PLAC$ ! SY/EMATIC SUPPORT = WORK]S' CONTROL AT ! C5T] ( HIS CONSID]ATIONS4.<#h#e#b.> ,HE >GU$ ?AT ! GREATE/ RISK = ?IS VANGU>D 9 A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y ORD] IS TO FALL 9TO ! SAME AU?ORIT>IAN & BUREAUCRATIC TRAP AS ?AT :I* IT SEEKS TO REPLACE -- A READ+ AK9 TO AN>*ISM4 ,VAN D] ,L9D5 SUGGE/S ?AT3 

,CA/ORIADIS SAW A DUAL TASK = ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S3 ,ON ! ONE H& !Y %\LD HELP BUILD 9DEP5D5T WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & PAP]S1 SIMIL> TO ?OSE />T+ TO COME TO ! =E AT ,R5AULT & AT O!R FIRMS2 AT ! SAME TIME !RE W\LD HAVE TO BE A CO-ORD9ATION ( ! V>I\S RESI/ANCE COMMITTEES & A NATIONAL WORK]S' PAP]4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! REVOLUTION>IES1 N[ SPREAD \T ALL OV] ! C\NTRY & 9 NUM]\S GR\PS 7! 'DIFFUS$ VANGU>D'71 W\LD HAVE TO BE BR\<T TOGE!R 9 ONE ORGANIZATION -- A NEW TYPE ( P>TY1 BAS$ ON EXP]I5CES S9CE #a#i#a#g4.<#h#e#c.> 

,= ! FIR/ T5 YE>S ( ,S\,B ?IS ORGANIZATIONAL DEBATE BETWE5 :AT ,MI*ELS W\LD HAVE T]M$ ! 'IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y' & ! NE$ = A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY VANGU>D CREAT$ T5SIONS BETWE5 ! MAJORITY VANGU>DI/S SPE>HEAD$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS & A M9ORITY CRITICAL GR\P+ UND] ,LE=T4 ,LE=T EV5TUALLY DECID$ TO LEAVE ,S\,B = A FEW MON?S 9 #a#i#e#b1 :5 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! VANGU>DI/S W]E ! MAJORITY4.<#h#e#d.> ,?IS ISSUE1 C\PL$ ) A GR[+ UNHAPP9ESS ) ! ,M>XI/ VISION ( HI/ORY1.<#h#e#e.> L$ ,LE=T TO LEAVE ! MOVEM5T DEF9ITIVELY 9 #a#i#e#h1 ALONG ) ,H5RI ,SIMON1 :O1 9 ADDITION1 SUPPORT$ ! NE$ = TRULY AUTONOM\S WORK+ CLASSES4 ,LE=T1 :O NEV] DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/1.<#h#e#f.> ,SIMON & A FEW O!RS W5T ON TO CREATE ! NEW PUBLICATION CALL$ ,9=MATIONS ET ,LIAISONS ,\VRI]ES 7,I,L,O1 SOON BECOM+ ,9=MATIONS ET ,CORRESPONDANCE ,\VRI]ES71 PROVID+ A '=UM = WORK]S !MSELVES TO *RONICLE !IR /RUGGLES & EXPRESS !IR PRE-OCCUPATIONS4'.<#h#e#g.> ,?IS AUTONOMI/ L9E ( >GUM5T WAS NEV] TAK5 UP )9 ,S\,B1 =C+ ! SPLIT4 

,! ,*AULIEU-,PANNEKOEK CORRESPOND5CE 

,TWO ,DUT* ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ MILITANTS1 :O HAD ATT5D$ MANY ( ,S\,B'S MEET+S 9 ! #a#i#eS1 MAPP$ !SE SPLITS 9 !IR PUBLI%$ OBS]VATIONS4 ,!IR ACC\NTS HELP CL>IFY ! RANGE ( POSITIONS )9 ,S\,B & E/ABLI% ! EXT5T TO :I* MEMB]S TRI$ TO /RADDLE A ,L59I/-LIB]T>IAN DIVIDE4 ,?IS REPORT1 PUBLI%$ 9 A ,DUT* MILITANT J\RNAL1 SPEAKS ( ?REE CURR5TS )9 ,S\,B3 A ',RI<T W+' 9SPIR$ BY ,L59ISM1 ! ',C5T]' >\ND ,CA/ORIADIS1 & ! ',LEFT' >\ND ,LE=T4.<#h#e#h.> ,?IS IS SIGNIFICANT AS IT HI<LI<TS ?AT ! MAJORITY 7,C5T]-,RI<T7 W]E COMMITT$ TO ! NECESSITY ( ORGANIZ+ ! VANGU>D P>TY ALONG 9CREAS+LY C5TRALI/ L9ES :ILE ! ',LEFT' MEMB]S' >GUM5TS W]E GRADUALLY M>G9ALIZ$ & EV5TUALLY EXCLUD$4 ,!IR REPORT IS WOR? QUOT+ AT L5G?3 

,IT IS NOT ! LEFT W+ :I* COMPLET$ ! BREAK1 BUT ! RI<T & C5T]1 :I* DELIB]ATELY /E]$ = IT4 ,SO DELIB]ATELY1 ?AT ! BREAK CAME BE=E ! CONGRESS :]E LEFT1 C5T] & RI<T W]E TO DISCUSS !IR DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION4 ,?IS CONGRESS WAS TO TAKE PLACE 9 ,P>IS ON ,SATURDAY1 #bg & ,SUNDAY1 #bh ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#h4 .<444.> ,BO? RI<T & LEFT HAD PREP>$ A TEXT :I* W\LD S]VE AS A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! DISCUSSION4 ,BO? ( !SE TEXTS .<444.> NATURALLY HAD AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T *>ACT]2 ONE C\LD CLE>LY DISC]N ! FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CES :I* HAD EXI/$ BETWE5 ! TWO CURR5TS = A LONG TIME3 BUT !RE WAS NO?+ :I* 9DICAT$ ?AT ! EXI/+ SITUATION1 9 :I* ! LEFT & RI<T WORK$ 9 A S+LE GR\P1 W\LD %ORTLY COME TO AN 5D4 .<444 ,!.> DIFF]5CES W]E 9 NO WAY BR\<T TO A HEAD 9 ! BULLET91 :I* HAD BE5 COMPIL$ BY A MEMB] ( ! LEFT W+4 .<444.> ,! DEBATE ON BO? TEXTS1 :I* />T$ ON ,?URSDAY1 #ah ,SEPTEMB]1 CONSEQU5TLY HAD A VEHEM5T BUT AT ! SAME TIME FRI5DLY *>ACT]4 ,ON ,W$NESDAY1 #bd ,SEPTEMB] SOME?+ UNEXPECT$ HAPP5$4 ,! C5T] PUBLI%$ A SEQUEL TO ITS TEXT1 :I* ESPECIALLY CONC]N$ ! POSITION & PRES5TATION ( ! LEFT4 ,! ACC5T ( ?IS SECOND PAP] WAS EXTREMELY %>P4 ,! LEFT W]E ACCUS$ ( PROP\ND+ !IR !ORY ':ILE KN[+ BETT]1' & ( 'KN[+LY MISLEAD+ ! WORK]S4' ,ITS BEHAVIOR WAS EV5 DESCRIB$ AS 'DI%ONE/1' :ILE ! CRITICISM ( ! RI<T & ! C5T] BY ! LEFT1 WAS TURN$ 9TO A D[NRI<T C>ICATURE4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ! PREP>ATORY MEET+ ( ,?URSDAY1 #be ,SEPTEMB] LO/ EV]Y SEMBLANCE ( G5IALITY4 ,! LEFT EXPECT$ ?AT1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 C]TA9 /ATEM5TS1 LIKE ?OSE CONC]N+ 'DECEIT' & 'DECEPTION' W\LD BE DROPP$ IMM$IATELY BECAUSE UPHOLD+ !M W\LD NATURALLY MAKE ANY DISCUSSION IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT SPOKESMAN ( ! C5T] REFUS$4 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT IT WAS NOT HIS HABIT TO BE SWAY$ BY HIS EMOTIONS & ?AT HE HAD CALMLY CONSID]$ EV]Y WORD & DID NOT WI% TO TAKE BACK A S+LE WORD OR S5T5CE4 ,AT ?AT ! COMRADES ( ! LEFT /OOD UP & LEFT ! ROOM4 ,ON ,FRIDAY1 #bf ,SEPTEMB] !Y MET SEP>ATELY & TOOK ! DECISION ?AT !Y W\LD NOT BE PRES5T AT ! CONGRESS1 :I* />T$ ON ! #b#g?4 ,?US CAME ! BREAKUP4.<#h#e#i.> 

,SO BY ACCUS+ ! ,LEFT ( DECEIT1 ! ',C5T]-,RI<T' MANAG$ TO EVICT ! GR\P >\ND ,SIMON & ,LE=T1 !REBY DE/ROY+ ! POT5TIAL = ,S\,B TO 5GAGE 9 A DIALOGUE ) ! ,DUT* C\NCILI/S4 ,BUT ?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY ,S\,B HAD TRI$ TO OP5 COMMUNICATION ) DIFF]5T CRITICAL COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 ANO!R C\NCILI/1 WAS ONE ( !SE 9T]LOCUTORS4 ,NOT ONLY WAS HE AN 9FLU5TIAL !ORETICIAN ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 HE ALSO HAD HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE AS AN ACTIVI/ 9 ,G]MANY & ) ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL BE=E #a#i#a#d4 ,HIS BE/-KN[N BOOK IS ,DE ,>BEID]SRAD5 7,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS71 PUBLI%$ 9 #aida UND] ! PSEUDONYM ,P4 ,A>TSZ4.<#h#f.> ,LIKE O!R ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S 7SU* AS ,OTTO ,RUEHLE1 ,K>L ,KORS* OR ,PAUL ,MATTICK71 ,PANNEKOEK OPPOS$ ! DIKTATS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL & EVALUAT$ AN>*ISM SYMPA!TICALLY4 ,9 ! 9T]W> P]IOD1 ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S BROKE ) SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ,BOL%EVISM1 :ILE MA9TA9+ ! NECESSITY ( ORGANIZ+ ! REVOLUTION BY ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! WORK+ CLASS OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4.<#h#f#a.> ,9 ?AT S5SE ! C\NCILI/S REMA9$ ,M>XI/S & DI/ANC$ !MSELVES FROM ! AN>*I/ PREF]5CE = F$]ALISM AS A MEANS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,ONE S5T5CE BY ,PANNEKOEK ILLU/RATES ?IS NEW ORI5TATION3 'SOCIALISM IS SELF-DIRECTION ( PRODUCTION1 SELF-DIRECTION ( ! CLASS-/RUGGLE1 BY MEANS ( WORK]S' C\NCIL4'.<#h#f#b.> 

,FROM #aiec ONW>DS ! !ME ( WORK]S' C\NCILS FEATUR$ 9 SOME ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE'S >TICLES & ! GR\P'S 9T]NAL DEBATES4 ,! DEBATE SURR\ND+ :E!R !SE WORK]S' C\NCILS OR ! VANGU>D P>TY W]E ! CORRECT REVOLUTION>Y =M ALSO FEATUR$ 9 ! EX*ANGE ( LETT]S BETWE5 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK & ,PI]RE ,*AULIEU 7ONE ( ,CA/ORIADIS'S ALIASES71 :I* HAS S9CE G5]AT$ MANY CONFLICT+ 9T]PRETATIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & AB\T !ORIZ+ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4.<#h#f#c.> 

,! SUB/ANCE ( ! DEBATE REVOLVES >\ND ! ISSUE ( H[ TO ORGANIZE ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,CA/ORIADIS >GU$ = AN ORGANIZ$ VANGU>D1 :ILE ,PANNEKOEK REFUS$ ?IS ',BOL%EVIK CONCEPTION ( ! P>TY4' ,! DIV]G5CE ALSO DEALT ) ! NATURE ( ! #aiag ,REVOLUTION4 ,CA/ORIADIS DEF5D$ ! IDEA ?AT IT WAS A TRUE PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 :ILE ,PANNEKOEK SAW 9 ! ,SOVIET REVOLUTION ONLY A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,9 O!R WORDS ! DISAGREEM5TS C\LD NOT BE GREAT] BETWE5 ! TWO AU?ORS4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 :O FELT ?AT ! IDEOLOGICAL PRIORITY = ,S\,B %\LD BE FOCUS$ ELSE:]E1 MANAG$ TO PUT AN 5D TO ?IS DEBATE1 ALBEIT ONLY TEMPOR>ILY AS ! POLEMICS RESUM$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS4 

,! EX*ANGES & DEBATE RANGE FROM ! FIR/ MON?S ( #aiec TO #a#i#g#d4.<#h#f#d.> ,! />T+ PO9T CAME :5 ,CAJO ,BR5DEL1 A MILITANT ( ! ,DUT* ,SP>TACUS GR\P BR\<T ISSUES #a-#a#a ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE FROM ,P>IS TO %[ TO ,PANNEKOEK4 ,! FIR/ EX*ANGE ( LETT]S AT ! 5D ( ,OCTOB] #aiec WAS BETWE5 ! TWO ,DUT* MILITANTS4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ A FEW WEEKS LAT] BY A LETT] FROM ,PANNEKOEK TO ,CA/ORIADIS1 :O REPLI$ P]SONALLY 9 E>LY #a#i#e#d4 ,! LETT] FROM ,PANNEKOEK1 ) ,*AULIEU'S REPLY1 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE 9 ! ,APRIL-,JUNE #ai$ ISSUE 7ISSUE #a#d74 ,! ,DUT* LEAD] S5T A SECOND & ?IRD LETT] 9 ,AUGU/ & ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#d1 BUT !SE W]E NOT PUBLI%$4 ,CA/ORIADIS REPLI$ ONLY TO ! SECOND LETT] 7,AUGU/71 BUT 9 ! E>LY MON?S ( #aiee ,CAJO ,BR5DEL /ATES ?AT ,S\,B PROMIS$ TO PUBLI% ! 5D ( ! CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ,PANNEKOEK & ,CA/ORIADIS4.<#h#f#e.> ,?IS WAS NEV] DONE4 

,! EX*ANGE BETWE5 ,PANNEKOEK & ,CA/ORIADIS IS SIGNIFICANT NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! CONT5T ( !IR DEBATE BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ! WAY 9 :I* ,S\,B H&L$ ! PUBLICATION ( ! CORRESPOND5CE4 ,SOME ACCUS$ ,CA/ORIADIS ( DELIB]ATELY HID+ ! SECOND LETT] FROM HIS COMPANIONS1 :ILE 9 ISSUE #a#e-#a#f 7,OCTOB]-,DECEMB] #a#i#e#d7 ,S\,B /AT$ ?AT ,*AULIEU HAD CLE>LY %[N ! LIMITS ( ,PANNEKOEK'S >GUM5TS & ?AT !RE WAS !RE=E NO NE$ TO CONT9UE ! DIALOGUE4 ,PANNEKOEK WROTE 9 ! SECOND LETT] ?AT IT WAS NOT MEANT TO BE PUBLI%$1 & ,CA/ORIADIS US$ ?IS AS A JU/IFICATION = NOT DO+ SO4 ,YET ,PANNEKOEK'S CAUTION WAS PROBABLY MORE A CAVEAT1 BECAUSE ! TEXT NE$$ SOME $IT+ & HE WAS ACTUALLY QUITE WILL+ TO CONT9UE ! DEBATE4.<#h#f#f.> ,9 PRIVATE EX*ANGES BETWE5 ,PANNEKOEK & ,BR5DEL1 BO? DISAGRE$ ) ,S\,B'S CLAIM ?AT ,*AULIEU HAD WON ! >GUM5T1.<#h#f#g.> & BO? W\LD HAVE LIK$ ! DIALOGUE TO GO ON4 ,PANNEKOEK EV5 W5T ON TO SAY1 9 ! ,OCTOB] #aiec LETT]1 ?AT '.<T.>H]E REMA9 SOME DIV]G5CES .<BETWE5 ME & ,S\,B.>4 ,!Y HAVE NOT SET !MSELVES FREE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK VIRUS ) :I* !Y HAVE BE5 9FECT$ BY ,TROTSKY4 ,! VIRUS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY'S VANGU>DISM :I* MU/ LEAD ! REVOLUTION4 ,ON ?IS SUBJECT1 WE >E MU* AHEAD H]E 9 ,HOLL&4'.<#h#f#h.> 

,:ILE ,PANNEKOEK MAKES ,CA/ORIADIS LOOK LIKE AN OLD ,L59I/1 & COMP>$ TO ,DEBORD HE LOOKS LIKE AN OLD-FA%ION$ SECOND 9T]NATIONALI/ 7AN ECONOMI/71 ! TRU? ( ! MATT] IS ?AT BY ?IS TIME ,CA/ORIADIS HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO MOVE DECID$LY BEYOND AN OR?ODOX ,M>XISM & NEI!R IS ! CASE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT WAS HIS POSITION )9 ,S\,B & ! PR9CIPLES ?AT ?AT MOVEM5T ORIG9ALLY S\<T TO DEF5D1 ) HIM AS ITS FIGUREHEAD1 :I* MADE ! 9T]*ANGE ) BO? ,LEFTS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,CA/ORIADIS DID NOT WANT TO GET 9VOLV$ 9 A LONG & PROTRACT$ DEBATE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y =MS & ! PRIORITY ( SELF-ORGANIZATION AS HE HAD BY ?IS TIME BECOME 5GROSS$ 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATIONS UND]WAY )9 MOD]N CAPITALISM4 

,9DE$1 ,CA/ORIADIS BEGAN TO EXPRESS A DEEP DISSATISFACTION ) ALL REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,TWO 9FLU5TIAL >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 #aif & #aifa DEALT ) ',LE M\VEM5T REVOLUTIONNAIRE S\S LE CAPITALISME MOD]NE4'.<#h#f#i.> ,CA/ORIADIS H]E ANALYZ$ ! CLASSICAL ,M>XI/ !ME ( POLITICAL ALI5ATION BUT CONSID]$ ! DEPOLITICIZATION ( ,WE/]N SOCIETIES AS A 'CO-SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( MOD]NIZATION' & DUE TO ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE4.<#h#g.> ,HE CONCLUD$ ?AT MA9/REAM ,M>XISM FAILS TO FULLY GRASP SOCIAL *ANGE :5 IT CONC5TRATES ITS ATT5TION ON ECONOMIC FACTORS1 ?US T5D+ TO OV]LOOK ! POLITICAL TRANS=MATION ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ! IRRATIONALITY ( BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEM5T1.<#h#g#a.> & ! 9CREAS+ ROLE ( SO-CALL$ 'TE*NOCRATS' & 'EXP]TS' LEAD+ TO ! GRADUAL APA?Y ( ,WE/]N SOCIETIES N[ LIV+ 9 ABUNDANCE4.<#h#g#b.> ,!SE TRANS=MATIONS & ! FALSE TRAIL TAK5 BY MA9/REAM ,M>XISM MAKES IT1 SO ,CA/ORIADIS >GUES1 EV5 MORE DIFFICULT = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO EXI/ & P]=M ITS TASK S9CE POLITICAL PROCESSES >E NOT ONLY ECONOMIC BUT ALSO SOCIAL1 CULTURAL & PSY*OLOGICAL4 ,BURI$ 9 ?IS !ORETICAL DEBATE1 ! LA/ ?+ HE WANT$ WAS TO BE DI/RACT$ BY AN >GUM5T AB\T ORGANIZATION4 

,ALL ,CA/ORIADIS'S !MES 9FLU5C$ ! SUBSEQU5T G5]ATION ( MILITANTS & 9 P>TICUL> ! GR\PS ?AT EM]G$ 9 #aifh & 9 ! #a#i#gS3 A G5]ATION KE5 TO *ANT LIB]T>IAN SLOGANS1 TO DISPUTE ! POLITICAL APA?Y & ALI5ATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & TO SUGGE/ MORE LIB]T>IAN /RATEGIES TO DISRUPT ! DOM9ANT B\RGEOIS ORD] & BREAK ! ,/AL9I/ HEGEMONY ON ! ,LEFT4 ,!IR VIEW WAS ?AT ! PROLET>IAT NO LONG] EXI/$ AS IT HAD DONE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ?AT !Y W]E P>T ( A TRANS=M$ 'SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE4' ,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT 9 #a#i#f-#a#i#f#a1 PRECISELY :5 ,CA/ORIADIS MADE HIS DIAGNOSIS ( WORK+-CLASS & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS AT A TIME ( FULL EMPLOYM5T & RAPID ECONOMIC GR[?1 ,GUY ,DEBORD WAS ACTIVE 9 ! RANKS ( ,S\,B4 ,DEBORD TOOK !SE !MES TO ANO!R LEVEL1 ?AT ( SPONTANEI/ !ORY1 BUT ! 9TELLECTUAL FILIATIONS ( ,DEBORD'S IDEAS AS P>T ( ?IS ULTRA-,LEFT MILIEU ?AT ALSO GRADUALLY BECAME ANTI-,M>XI/1 IS UNDISPUT$4 ,DEBORD'S NEW CRITIQUE ( ! SOCIETE DU SPECTACLE1 DISCUSS$ ELSE:]E 9 ?IS VOLUME1 REMA9S A FRAME ( ANALYSIS 9 P>T BAS$ ON 9T]SECTIONS ( R$ & BLACK IDEAS4 ,AS 9 ,CA/ORIADIS'S #aif & #aifa REFLEXIONS1 HIS BR& ( ,M>XI/ ?9K+ %\LD NOT SIMPLY BE R$UC$ TO ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FEATURES ALONE1 BUT ALSO EXPLORES ! IMAG9>Y DIM5SION ( CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION1 9T]L9K$ ) ! CONT9U+ C5TRALITY ( WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONALE ,SITUATIONNI/E4 ,IT WAS ! ORGANIZATIONAL IMP]ATIVES ( A MOVEM5T ORIG9ALLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,TROTSKYISM ?AT ALI5AT$ ,DEBORD AS MU* AS IT HAD DONE ,PANNEKOEK4 ,?US1 9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S ( ITS EXI/5CE1 ,S\,B WAS LESS A MELT+ POT ( NEW IDEAS ?AN A SPR+BO>D = !IR DEVELOPM5T \TSIDE ( ITS ORGANIZATION4 

,CA/ORIADIS' ULTIMATE CONTROL & LAT] EVOLUTION 

,CA/ORIADIS'S ATTEMPTS TO RECAPTURE ! ORGANIZATIONAL PURITY ( ! ORIG9AL ,L59I/ ORGANIZATIONS EXHIBITS ! CONFLU5CE ( IDEOLOGY & CONTEXT1 BUT ! C5TRAL ROLE PLAY$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS HIMSELF GOES A LONG WAY TO EXPLA9+ ! SUCCESSES & FAILURES ( ! GR\P4 ,= EXAMPLE1 RECRUITM5T TOOK PLACE ONLY BY P]SONAL CO-OPTATION1 LIMIT+ ! CAPACITY ( ! MOVEM5T TO EXP& & TRANS=M4 ,GOTTRAUX1 ON ! BASIS ( 9T]VIEWS & ANALYSIS ( 9T]NAL DOCUM5TS1 HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS WAS :AT WE MI<T N[ CALL A 'CONTROL FREAK1' CON/ANTLY /E]+ ! C\RSE ( ! DEBATES & IMPOS+ HIS P]SONAL WILL ON ! RE/ ( ! GR\P4 ,CA/ORIADIS ADMITT$ ?AT HIS /ATUS AS 9T]NATIONAL CIVIL S]VANT GAVE HIM A PRIVILEG$ AM\NT ( FREE TIME TO WRITE HIS MILITANT TEXTS4 ,GOTTRAUX ALSO NOTES ?AT 9 ALL ! AVAILABLE M9UTES IT TURNS \T ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS NEV] MISS$ ANY ( ,S\,B'S MEET+S4.<#h#g#c.> 

,! MO/ PROM95T EXAMPLE ( ,CA/ORIADIS'S C5TRAL 7& C5TRALIZ+7 ROLE COMES FROM ! 9T]NAL SCISSION 9 #a#i#e#h4 ,9 ! TORM5T$ CONTEXT ( ! DY+ DAYS ( ! ,F\R? ,REPUBLIC1 /RONG DISAGREEM5TS EM]G$ 9SIDE ,S\,B REG>D+ ! NATURE ( ,DE ,GAULLE'S ELECTION & :I* 9T]PRETATION TO GIVE TO ! ,P,C,F'S AMBIGU\S /ANCE VIS-A-VIS :AT HAS BE5 DUBB$ ',DE ,GAULLE'S P]MAN5T C\P D'ETAT'4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 & ) HIM ! ,C5T] & ! ,RI<T W+ 7AS DISCUSS$ ABOVE71 9VOK$ 'COLLECTIVE DISCIPL9E1' & MANAG$ ?US TO SIL5CE ! ,LEFT M9ORITY1 AS WE HAVE SE5 FROM ! ,DUT* MILITANTS' REPORTS4 ,LE=T SAW 9 ?IS ATTITUDE ( ,CA/ORIADIS AN 'AVAT> ( DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM'.<#h#g#d.> & DECID$ TO LEAVE ! ORGANIZATION 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#h4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ,GOTTRAUX ALSO OBS]V$ ?AT ! M9ORITY ,LEFT HAD MADE CONTACT ) ,PANNEKOEK & ! ,DUT* C\NCIL MOVEM5T1 ILLU/RAT+ ?AT !Y FELT AT ODDS & UNEASY ) ! WAYS 9 :I* ,CA/ORIADIS WANT$ TO RE=M ! ORGANIZATION4.<#h#g#e.> 

,9 FACT1 SOME ,S\,B POSITIONS W]E ALSO PREMIS$ ON C\NCILI/ IDEAS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOK+ SOME ( ! ROTAT+ REPRES5TATION 9 LEAD+ COMMITTEES 7LIKE ! ,COMITE ,RESPONSABLE7 OR ! IMPORTANCE ( ! WORK]S CONTROLL+ & ORGANIZ+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4.<#h#g#f.> ,! PROBLEM WAS ?AT ! SUB/ANCE & 9FLU5CE ( ,PANNEKOEK'S IDEAS & ! IDEA ( WORK]S' C\NCILS DID NOT TRICKLE D[N 9TO ! ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE ( ,S\,B ITSELF4 ,9 !ORY1 ,CA/ORIADIS PROMOT$ AUTONOMY & CRITICIZ$ ! BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION ( MANY ,M>XI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT 9 REALITY1 ! RHY?M ( LIFE & ! RANGE ( IDEAS DISCUSS$ 9SIDE ,S\,B W]E ANIMAT$ ALMO/ SOLELY BY ,CA/ORIADIS4 ,= EXAMPLE ,CA/ORIADIS REM>K$ DUR+ ! /RIKES 9 ! ,R5AULT FACTORY 9 #aiee & #a#i#e#f3 ',WE HAVE TO BE AL]T1 DECIDE :O MU/ ATT5D ! ,T,O .<,TRIBUNE ,\VRI]E.> MEET+S4 ,!SE COMRADES MU/ DECIDE 9 ADVANCE ! CRITIQUES TO BE MADE & H& 9 TEXTS TO ,T,O4'.<#h#g#g.> 

,IT IS NOT A CO9CID5CE ?AT MO/ ( ?OSE :O W]E MILITANTS & HAVE S9CE BECOME 9FLU5TIAL 9TELLECTUALS 7SU* AS ,LE=T1 ,DEBORD & ,LYOT>D7 ALL DECID$ TO LEAVE ! ORGANIZATION BECAUSE ( DISAGREEM5TS ) ,CA/ORIADIS4 ,!RE C\LD ONLY BE ONE LEAD] & ONE ORGANIZATIONAL =M = ,S\,B4.<#h#g#h.> ,BUT 9TELLECTUALLY1 AGA91 ,GOTTRAUX NOTES ?AT ,LE=T'S CRITICISMS 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 TAK5 ON BO>D BY ,CA/ORIADIS 9 HIS READ+ ( ! EV5TS SURR\ND+ ,MAY #a#i#f#h1.<#h#g#i.> AS MU* AS ,LE=T ALSO SEEMS TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT ,H5RI ,SIMON WAS RI<T ON C]TA9 ISSUES T5 YE>S AFT] DISCUSSIONS 9SIDE ,I,L,O4.<#h#h.> ,9 C]TA9 TEXTS FROM ! PO/-,S\,B P]IOD1 ,CA/ORIADIS SEEMS TO HAVE CONT9U$ SOME ( ! DIALOGUES ?AT TOOK PLACE UND] ! BANN] ( ,S\,B4.<#h#h#a.> ,DESPITE A =M ( HI/ORICAL REVISIONISM1 IT CAN EV5 BE >GU$ ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS TOOK 9SPIRATION FROM ,PANNEKOEK1 AS HIS #aigf REAPPRAISAL ( ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLT 9 ,TELOS SUGGE/S4 ,! ',HUNG>IAN ,S\RCE'.<#h#h#b.> CAN BE READ AT DIFF]5T LEVELS4 ,9 P>T IT IS A VITRIOLIC TEXT AGA9/ ,]NE/ ,M&EL1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 7,UNIT$ ,SECRET>IAT71 & CLASSICAL ,M>XISM4.<#h#h#c.> ,BUT ABOVE ALL1 IT IS A CORN]/ONE ( ,CA/ORIADIS'S NEW PHILOSOPHY & POLITICAL !ORY 9 :I* AUTONOMY BECOMES P>AM\NT 9 HIS ELABORATION ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 DEVELOP$ 9 LAT] PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS1 & 9 P>TICUL> >\ND ! !ME ( ! SOCIAL IMAG9>Y4.<#h#h#d.> 

,9 ?IS TEXT1 ,CA/ORIADIS DEF9ES ! AUTONOMY ( A SOCIETY AS ITS CAPACITY = 'AUTO-9/ITUTION' 7A DI/9CT PHRASE ( ,CA/ORIADIS'S ?AT DOES NOT D]IVE DIRECTLY FROM ! AN>*I/ IDEA ( SELF-ORGANIZATION74.<#h#h#e.> ,! PROCESS ( AUTO9/ITUTION IMPLIES ! CAPACITY ( SOCIETIES TO OP5LY 'CALL 9TO QUE/ION !IR [N 9/ITUTION1 !IR REPRES5TATION ( ! WORLD1 !IR SOCIAL IMAG9>Y SIGNIFICATIONS4'.<#h#h#f.> ,CLOSURE & OP5NESS >E ! KEY = ,CA/ORIADIS'S UND]/&+ ( AUTONOMY1 5VISAG$ AS A RADICAL PROJECT4 ,H]E1 CLOSURE MEANS ! FACT ?AT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE = A GIV5 SOCIETY TO *OOSE ! WAYS & MEANS 9 :I* IT REFLECTS ON ITSELF1 IMPLY+ A =M ( HET]ONOMY -- ?AT IS1 ! LAW ( O!RS IMPOS$ ON ?IS P>TICUL> SOCIETY4 ,OP5NESS1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS IMPORTANT NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( A GIV5 SOCIETY *OOS+ ITS 9/ITUTIONAL SETT+ BUT ALSO ON AN '9=MATIONAL & COGNITIVE' LEVEL1 9 *OOS+ ! VOCABUL>Y OR SYMBOLIC REP]TOIRES TO EXPRESS AN AUTONOM\S POLITICAL PROJECT4.<#h#h#g.> 

,:ILE PEOPLE :O REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM FAIL$ TO SEE :AT WAS /ILL ,M>XI/ 9 ?IS NEW !ORY1.<#h#h#h.> ,CA/ORIADIS MA9TA9$ ?AT1 BEYOND HIS COMMITM5T TO A REVOLUTION>Y PRAXIS1 AT ! HE>T ( HIS NEW !ORETICAL ELABORATION WAS ! CLASSICAL ,M>XI/ !ME ( ALI5ATION1 BUT ONE ALSO ATTUN$ TO A MORE SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$ & LANGUAGE-M$IAT$ VISION ( ! POLITICAL1 ONE F> FROM ! /RICTURES ( HI/ORICAL DET]M9ISM4.<#h#h#i.> ,IT C\LD EV5 BE CLAIM$ ?AT SOME ( ,PANNEKOEK'S >GUM5TS1 DEVELOP$ 9 ! NON-PUBLI%$ CORRESPOND5CE1 SEEM TO HAVE BE5 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ,CA/ORIADIS'S !ORY ( ! SPONTANE\S CAPACITY ( SOCIETY 7) ! DIFF]5CE ?AT BACK 9 ! #a#i#eS ! C5TRAL ACTOR WAS ! WORK+ CLASS7 = SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,) A HI/ORICAL SLEI<T ( H&1 ,CA/ORIADIS H]E >GUES ?AT ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION IS FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! PREVI\S =MS ( COMMUNES OR C\NCIL REVOLUTIONS4 ,BE+ ( A NEW K9D1 IT PUTS ! PREVI\S COMMUNI/ REVOLTS 9 A SITUATION ( DAMNATIO MEMORIAE -- OR REMOVAL FROM REMEMBRANCE -- ?US REALIZ+ A =M ( HI/ORICAL REVISIONISM4 ,?IS IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! VIEWS HE EXPRESS$ 9 ! #a#i#eS1 :5 HE >GU$ ! NE$ = 9TELLECTUALS & A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D4 ,E*O+ ,PANNEKOEK1 ,CA/ORIADIS N[ /ATES ?AT3 

,IF ! OPPOSITE ( SPONTANEITY 7?AT IS1 ( SELF-ACTIVITY & SELF-ORGANIZATION7 IS HET]O-ORGANIZATION 7?AT IS1 ORGANIZATION BY POLITICIANS1 !ORETICIANS1 PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES1 ETC47 !N1 CLE>LY1 ! OPPOSITE ( SPONTANEITY IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 OR ! CONS]VATION ( ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,! REVOLUTION IS EXACTLY ?AT3 SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! PEOPLE4.<#h#i.> 

,IT IS AS IF1 #bb YE>S LAT]1 ,CA/ORIADIS HAS TURN$ ON HIS HEAD4 ,:5 GO+ BACK TO ,PANNEKOEK'S SECOND & ?IRD LETT]S1 ONE CANNOT BUT BE /RUCK BY ! P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! ,DUT* C\NCILI/'S IDEAS & ! 'NEW' ,CA/ORIADIS3 

,:AT ,I AM CLAIM+ IS ?AT ! RESULT ( ! (T5 VIOL5T /RUGGLE IS NOT DET]M9$ BY ACCID5TAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT BY :AT IS VITAL 9 ! WORK]S' ?\<T1 AS ! BASIS ( A SOLID CONSCI\SNESS ACQUIR$ ?R\< EXP]I5CE4 .<444.> ,WE CANNOT BEAT !M .<! COMMUNI/ P>TIES.> BY FOLL[+ !IR ME?ODS4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ONLY IF WE FOLL[ \R [N ME?ODS4 ,! TRUE =M ( ACTION = A /RUGGL+ CLASS LIES 9 ! /R5G? ( >GUM5TS1 BAS$ ON ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( AUTONOMY ( DECISION4 .<444.> ,! MA9 CONDITION = ! CONQUE/ ( FRE$OM = ! WORK+ CLASS IS ?AT ! CONCEPTS ( SELF-GOV]NM5T & ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BO? NE$ TO BE ROOT$ 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES4.<#h#i#a.> 

,!RE >E C]TA9LY >EAS ( CONV]G5CE BETWE5 ! TWO AU?ORS1 EV5 IF MORE ?AN #b YE>S HAD PASS$ S9CE ! WRIT+ ( !SE L9ES BY ,PANNEKOEK4 ,CA/ORIADIS HAD ALSO DI/ANC$ HIMSELF FROM A /AGE-BAS$ VISION ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 BECAUSE HE W5T ?R\< ITS ANTI-,M>XI/ P]IOD1 ! LIQUIDATION ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & ( A RIGID !ORY ( ECONOMY AS ! BASIS ( HI/ORICAL TRANS=MATION4 ,HE REMA9S1 ?\<1 A ,CA/ORIADIS D$ICAT$ TO ! SAME REF9$ COMMITM5T TO UND]/&+ H[ NEW HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES 'REPLAC$ ! TRADITIONAL TW(OLD DIVISION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO TWO MA9 CLASSES4'.<#h#i#b.> ,:E!R ?IS IS 5\< TO BE /ILL CONSID]$ A ,M>XI/ REMA9S A MATT] = DEBATE4 

,CONCLUSION3 ,LEGACY BEYOND ! ORGANIZATION 

,S\,B EV5TUALLY EVOLV$ 9TO AN ULTRA-,LEFT ANTI-,M>XI/ MOVEM5T4.<#h#i#c.> ,ITS 9FLU5CE1 OV]ALL1 IS C]TA9LY MORE IMPORTANT = ! 9TELLECTUAL & ACADEMIC SC5E ?AN ! PRACTICAL1 POLITICAL LEVEL1 :]E ITS IMPACT HAS REMA9$ M9IMAL 7AL?\< ?IS IS TRUE ( ALMO/ ALL ULTRA-,LEFT ORGANIZATIONS74 ,?AT ,S\,B A*IEV$ ! NOTORIETY & 9FLU5CE ?AT IT DID IS SIGNIFICANT GIV5 IT HAD SU* A V]Y L[ NUMB] ( MILITANTS1 RANG+ FROM BETWE5 #b MEMB]S 9 #aiea & #hg A DECADE LAT]4.<#h#i#d.> ,H[EV]1 ITS PUBLICATIONS 9FLU5C$ ! WORK ( MANY O!R ,FR5* 9TELLECTUAL J\RNALS1 & NUM]\S ,FR5*1 ,BRITI% & ,U,S 9TELLECTUALS CUT !IR TEE? 9 REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS :ILE MEMB]S ( ! GR\P1 BE=E MOV+ ON4.<#h#i#e.> 

,!RE >E BO? TYPICAL & IDIOSYNCRATIC ELEM5TS TO ! /ORY ( ! EVOLUTION ( ,S\,B1 BUT NEI!R IS VISIBLE 5\< )\T ! CONTEXT WE HAVE GIV5 H]E4 ,IDEOLOGY IS NOT 5\<4 ,AS WE HAVE %[N1 ,TROTSKYISM 9 G5]AL HAD S]I\S PROBLEMS DESPITE ITS COMPELL+ IDEOLOGICAL CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9ISM1 ITS DEM& = ! 9T]NATIONALIZATION ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 & ITS READ+ ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AS A BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION1 OR /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5T TO DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM & A REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D NEV]!LESS PROHIBIT$ A FULL] 9TEGRATION ) WID] ,LEFT-LIB]T>IAN /R&S ( ?9K+4 ,:ILE ,S\,B (T5 PROVID$ A PLAT=M = OP5+ NEW AV5UES = POLITICAL P>TICIPATION ON ! F>-,LEFT1 AT O!R TIMES IT SPLIT ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM FUR!R4 

,WE HAVE >GU$ ?AT DESPITE ! SUB/ANTIAL DI/ANC+ ( ,S\,B FROM ,TROTSKYISM1 IT KEPT ! 9DIRECT M>K ( ITS 9TELLECTUAL ORIG9S1 9 P>TICUL> ,CA/ORIADIS'S /RICT 7IF CRITICAL7 FOLL[+ ( P>TY DISCIPL9E 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! IDEOLOGICAL BATTLES ( ! COLD W>4 ,! NE$ TO KEEP A S5SE ( 9TELLECTUAL PURITY & ORIG9ALITY1 9 ORD] TO W>D (F DETRACTORS & TO SU/A9 ! MOVEM5T 9TO ! FUTURE1 G5]AT$ A S]IES ( SPLITS DETRIM5TAL TO MUTUAL BORR[+S4 ,9TELLECTUAL CROSS-F]TILIZATION TOOK PLACE ONLY :5 MEMB]S W]E NOT B\ND BY ! GR\P'S 9N] WORK+ LOGIC OR ! P[] /RUGGLES BETWE5 DOM9ANT & MORE PASSIVE FIGURES4 ,WE HAVE NOT$ H[ ,LE=T & ,CA/ORIADIS P>T$ COMPANY OV] ! GR\P'S 9N] ORGANIZATION & OV] !IR MUTUAL PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY4 ,YET1 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 !Y CONT9U$ !IR DIALOGUE ON POLITICS & !ORY4 ,!RE WAS DISAGREEM5T ON C]TA9 TOPICS1 BUT ON MANY SUBTLE ELEM5TS IT IS AS IF ,LE=T & ,CA/ORIADIS KEPT DEVELOP+ MUTUAL BORR[+S 9TO !IR [N 9DEP5D5T L9ES ( ?9K+4 

,CA/ORIADIS'S LAT] REFLECTIONS ON SOCIETY >E CAU<T 9 A BATTLE AGA9/ HET]ONOMY ON ! P>T ( AN EXT]NALLY 9/ITUT$ POLITICAL1 SOCIAL & COGNITIVE ORD] -- A VIEW ?AT E*OES ,LE=T'S SIMULTANE\S WORK & WRIT+S AGA9/ TOTALIT>IANISM4.<#h#i#f.> ,BO? AU?ORS CONV]GE 9 !IR =M ( MILD HI/ORICAL REVISIONISM AB\T :AT REVOLUTION IS OR %\LD BE4.<#h#i#g.> ,SO :ILE ,S\,B AS A =MAL 9/ITUTION PREV5T$ CREATIVE BORR[+S1 ,S\,B AS AN 9=MAL COMMUNITY ( 9TELLECTUALS HAS ALL[$ = PR(\ND & LONG-LA/+ BORR[+S & G5]AT$ DEEP PROCESSES ( CROSS-F]TILIZATION ( POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,?IS D5OTES ! PRES5CE ( /RONG P]SONAL TIES & 9TELLECTUAL AFF9ITIES DESPITE ! />K IDEOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES :I* \<T TO BE CONSID]$ AS ! 5G9E ( SUBSEQU5T !ORETICAL 9NOVATION4 ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE IS A CASE /UDY ( MID- TO LATE TW5TIE?-C5TURY SOCIALISM 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,ITS LA/+ LEGACY1 H[EV]1 IS 9TELLECTUAL1 NOT ORGANIZATIONAL4 

,ACKN[L$GM5TS 

,! AU?OR W\LD LIKE TO ?ANK ! $ITORS & ANONYM\S REVIEW]S = !IR COMM5TS & ,DAVID ,B]RY = HIS ASSI/ANCE ) ! TRANSLATIONS4 ,?ANKS TO ,S>A ,F>RIS1 ,J]EMIE ,B>?AS1 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,JR4 & ,*I>A ,BOTTICI = %>+ SOME IDEAS DUR+ ! WRIT+ ( ?IS *APT]4 ,ALL HAVE HELP$ TO PU% ME 9TO RE?9K+ 9 MORE DEP? :AT ',R$ & ,BLACK' MEANS4 ,I OBVI\SLY BE> SOLE RESPONSIBILITY = REMA9+ ]RORS4 

,NOTES 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #aa -- ,ADD$4 

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