,*APT] #ae 
,CONCLUSION3 ,T[>DS A ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM = ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#a#e4  ,CONCLUSION3 ,T[>DS A ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM = ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY8 

,SAKU ,P9TA & ,DAVID ,B]RY 

,!RE IS SOME?+ ?AT HAS AMAZ$ & EV5 %OCK$ ME = A LONG TIME4 ,!RE IS A TRAGICOMICAL P>ADOX 9 ! SPECTACLE ( PEOPLE :O CLAIM TO BE REVOLUTION>Y1 :O WI% TO OV]?R[ ! WORLD & AT ! SAME TIME TRY TO CL+ AT ALL CO/S TO A REF]5CE SY/EM1 :O W\LD FEEL LO/ IF ! AU?OR OR ! SY/EM :I* GU>ANTEES ! TRU? ( :AT !Y BELIEVE1 W]E TO BE TAK5 AWAY FROM !M4 ,H[ IS IT POSSIBLE NOT TO SEE ?AT !SE PEOPLE PLACE !MSELVES BY !IR [N VOLITION 9 A POSITION ( M5TAL SUBJECTION TO A WORK :I* IS ALREADY !RE1 :I* HAS MA/]$ A TRU? :I* H5CE=? CAN ONLY BE 9T]PRET$1 REF9$1 PAT*$ UP8 

,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS.<#a#a#d#f.> 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E ! ',BLACK & ,R$' CONF]5CE 79 :I* ?IS VOLUME ORIG9AT$7 HAV+ BE5 CONCEIV$ (1 W]E IT NOT = ! EPO*AL EV5TS ( ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS & ! SUBSEQU5T DEPOL>IZATION ( GLOBAL POLITICS1 ! G5]ALIZ$ IDEOLOGICAL CRISIS ( ! ,LEFT & ! 9CREAS$ 'ILLEGIBILITY' ( MANY SOCIAL /RUGGLES S9CE !N1 ! EM]G5CE ( MOVEM5TS ( RESI/ANCE TO GLOBALIZ$ CAPITAL SU* AS ZAPATISMO 7SE5 BY SOME AS 'PO/-IDEOLOGICAL'.<#a#a#d#g.>7 & ! BLOSSOM+ ( ! WORLDWIDE 'MOVEM5T ( MOVEM5TS' & ! ASSOCIAT$ ,SOCIAL ,=UMS4.<#a#a#d#h.> ,! COROLL>Y ( ?IS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 NOT ONLY A R5EW$ 9T]E/ 9 ! HI/ORY & !ORY ( AN>*ISMS 79 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 AT LEA/71 BUT ALSO A NEW WILL+NESS TO REVISIT ! ESS5TIALI/ TRIBALISM ?AT HAS >GUABLY ALWAYS 7BUT ESPECIALLY S9CE ! ,COM9T]N'S ',BOL%EVISATION' ( ! MID-#a#i#bS7 *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,LEFT4 ,MANY W\LD CONCUR ) ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY'S REM>K ?AT ',ONE ?+ ?AT IS NEW & EXCIT+ AB\T ! RE->TICULATION ( IDEAS IS ?AT ! OLD DIVISIONS BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM >E BE+ ]OD$4'.<#a#a#d#i.> ,!SE REEXAM9ATIONS ( H[ AN>*I/ & COMMUNI/ !ORIES & PRACTICES 9T]ACT -- & H[ SOME ( ! OLD DIVISIONS )9 ! RADICAL ,LEFT MILIEU MI<T BE OV]COME -- HAVE ACQUIR$ A R5EW$ S5SE ( URG5CY FOLL[+ ! #bh ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL CRISIS & ! SE>* = A NEW EMANCIPATORY POLITICS4 ,DAVID ,H>VEY1 9 A REC5T DISCUSSION ( ! *ANG+ NATURE ( PRES5T-DAY ANTICAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS1 /AT$3 

,CONTEMPOR>Y ATTEMPTS TO REVIVE ! COMMUNI/ HYPO!SIS TYPICALLY ABJURE /ATE CONTROL & LOOK TO O!R =MS ( COLLECTIVE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION .<444.>4 ,HORIZONTALLY NETWORK$1 AS OPPOS$ TO HI]>*ICALLY COMM&$1 SY/EMS ( COORD9ATION BETWE5 AUTONOM\SLY ORGANIZ$ & SELF-GOV]N+ COLLECTIVES ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S >E 5VISAG$ AS LY+ AT ! CORE ( A NEW =M ( COMMUNISM4 .<444.> ,ALL MANN] ( SMALL-SCALE EXP]IM5TS >\ND ! WORLD CAN BE F\ND 9 :I* SU* ECONOMIC & POLITICAL =MS >E BE+ CON/RUCT$4 ,9 ?IS !RE IS A CONV]G5CE ( SOME SORT BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ TRADITIONS ?AT H>KS BACK TO ! BROADLY COLLABORATIVE SITUATION BETWE5 !M 9 ! #a#h#fS 9 ,EUROPE BE=E !IR BREAKUP 9TO W>R+ CAMPS AFT] ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 #ahga & ! BL[UP BETWE5 ,K>L ,M>X & ONE ( ! LEAD+ RADICALS ( ! TIME1 ! AN>*I/ ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 9 #a#h#g#b4.<#a#a#e.> 

,! REF]5CE TO ! HO>Y OLD /ORY ( ,M>X V]SUS ,BAKUN9 MI<T SEEM TIRESOME1 BUT 9T]E/+LY E*OES ! !ME ( A CONF]5CE HELD 9 ,P>IS A FEW YE>S AGO -- ORGANIZ$ L>GELY BY MILITANTS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,TROTSKYI/ ,LIGUE ,COMMUNI/E ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE1 ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ,ALT]NATIVE ,LIB]TAIRE & SYNDICALI/S FROM ! ,S,U,D 7,SOLIDAIRES ,UNITAIRES ,DEMOCRATIQUES7 UNIONS -- :I* TOOK AS ITS />T+ PO9T A RETURN TO ! HI/ORY ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! PO9T1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT TO REHE>SE ! DIV]G5CES & CONFLICTS1 OR TO ATTEMPT TO APPORTION BLAME -- ALL ( :I* HAS BE5 DONE QUITE 5\< ALREADY BY BO? 'SIDES4' ,IT WAS TO HOLD UP ! /ORY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION AS 'AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE = ! FUTURE1' 'A DEMOCRATIC1 MULTIPLE1 DIV]SE1 9T]NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T' 9 :I* BO? ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S 7AMONG O!RS7 P>TICIPAT$1 & :]E 'IT WAS POSSIBLE = DI/9CT1 IF NOT OPPOS$1 POLITICAL OPTIONS TO CONV]GE 9 REFLECTION & 9 ACTION OV] SEV]AL YE>S1 PLAY+ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! FIR/ GREAT MOD]N PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,AN ,9T]NATIONAL :]E LIB]T>IANS & ,M>XI/S W]E ABLE -- DESPITE CONFLICTS -- TO WORK TOGE!R & 5GAGE 9 COMMON ACTIONS4'.<#a#a#e#a.> 

,! PURPOSE ( ?IS COLLECTION ( PAP]S HAS BE5 SIMIL>LY TO PROVIDE A BACK-/ORY1 AS IT W]E1 TO !SE DEVELOPM5TS3 TO R$ISCOV] ! LO/ HI/ORIES ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ TRADITION -- AN IDEOLOGICAL CURR5T EFFECTIVELY BLURR+ ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ V>IANTS ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ?\<T -- & TO OP5 UP DEBATE AB\T ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES BY REEXAM9+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM -- OR RA!R BETWE5 ,M>XISMS & AN>*ISMS -- EMPHASIZ+ ! COMPLEXITIES & ! CONV]G5CES1 BUT ALSO 5GAG+ ) ! V]Y REAL DIV]G5CES NOT ONLY BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 BUT ALSO BETWE5 DIFF]5T ,M>XISMS & BETWE5 DIFF]5T AN>*ISMS4 

,9DE$1 AS WAS NOT$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ?IS VOLUME & HAS BE5 MADE ABUNDANTLY CLE> BY MORE ?AN ONE CONTRIBUTION1 ONE ( ! /&>D FEATURES ( E/ABLI%$ SOCIALI/ & LABOR HI/ORIOGRAPHY HAS BE5 TO R$UCE ! COMPLEXITY ( MULTIPLE AN>*ISMS & MULTIPLE ,M>XISMS4 ,! RESULT HAS BE5 AN AHI/ORICAL PORTRAYAL ( 'AN>*ISM' ?AT R\T9ELY LUMPS 9DIVIDUALI/S TOGE!R ) ADVOCATES ( COLLECTIVE SOCIAL ACTION1 & AN EQUALLY AHI/ORICAL & R$UCTIONI/ ',M>XISM' ?AT FAILS TO DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 SEP>ATE TR5DS 9 ?IS TRADITION1 (T5 ASSUM$ TO BE ,L59I/1 SIMIL>LY TO ! WAY 9 :I* 'COMMUNISM' IS (T5 EQUAT$ ) ,/AL9ISM BY ANTISOCIALI/S OR ANTICOMMUNI/S4 ,>TICLES & BOOKS :I* DRAW A BOLD1 UNBROK5 & UNPROBLEMATIC L9E BETWE5 'AU?ORIT>IAN' & 'ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN' SOCIALISMS >E LEGION4.<#a#a#e#b.> 

,ONE ( ! CONCLUSIONS ?AT MAY BE DRAWN FROM ! EXAM9ATIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ !ORY & HI/ORY (F]$ 9 ?IS VOLUME1 IS ?AT ANY SU* S*EMATIC DIVISION ( ! ,LEFT ALONG AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ L9ES IS HI<LY PROBLEMATIC1 & FUR!RMORE1 ?AT IF WE >E TO ACCEPT A DIVID+ L9E 9 ! SOCIALI/ TRADITION BETWE5 'LIB]T>IAN' & 'AU?ORIT>IAN' CURR5TS1 !N ?IS DOES NOT NEATLY CORRESPOND TO AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGICAL DESIGNATIONS4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! FACT ?AT MULTIPLE AN>*ISMS & ,M>XISMS ?R\<\T ! LATE N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES HAVE BE51 & CONT9UE TO BE1 9T]NALLY DIVID$ ON A V>IETY ( /RATEGIC & !ORETICAL MATT]S1 IT IS EQUALLY CLE> ?AT ?OSE CURR5TS ON BO? 'SIDES' ( ! AN>*I/-,M>XI/ 'DIVIDE' MO/ CONC]N$ ) WORK+-CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION HAVE DISPLAY$ A REM>KABLE DEGREE ( COMMONALITY1 AS HAVE1 IRONICALLY P]HAPS1 V>IANTS ( BO? TRADITIONS ?AT HAVE R\T9ELY BE5 VIEW$ AS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$4 ,ONE C\LD >GUE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT !RE IS A SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! 'SUB/ITUTIONISM' ( AN>*I/ 'ILLEGALI/S' OR PROPON5TS ( 'PROPAG&A BY ! DE$' -- SUB/ITUT+ ! EXEMPL>Y ACTIONS ( ACTIVI/S AS ! SP>K :I* WILL IGNITE SPONTANE\S MASS REVOLT -- ) ! LEAD]%IP ROLE ASSIGN$ BY SOME ,L59I/S TO AN AVANT-G>DE P>TY COMPOS$ ( 5LI<T5$ PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES SUB/ITUT$ = A SIMIL>LY CONCEIV$ MASS ( FOLL[]S4 ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R HI/ORICAL REVOLUTION>Y FIGURE1 P]HAPS BE/ EXEMPLIFIES ?IS UNUSUAL CONV]G5CE ( P]SPECTIVES1 %IFT+ FROM A VOCAL & ACTIVE ADVOCATE ( 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM TO1 AT A LAT] /AGE1 A MEMB] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7EMPLOY$ AS A J\RNALI/1 $ITOR1 & TRANSLATOR ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL7 -- 5D+ HIS POLITICAL TRAJECTORY AS A ,TROTSKYI/ & AN ANTI-,/AL9I/ SOCIALI/ CRITIC ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 IT HAS PROV$ QUITE POSSIBLE TO MAKE ! RA!R %ORT CONCEPTUAL LEAP FROM A ,/IRN]ITE OR ,NIETZS*EAN IDEA ( A RU?LESS EGOI/ OR OV]MAN -- & ASSOCIAT$ NEGATIVE OR PAT]NALI/IC ATTITUDES T[>DS ! 'MASS' OR 'H]D' -- TO ! EMBRACE ( A P[]FUL POLITICAL ELITE4.<#a#a#e#c.> ,CONV]SELY1 ! EVOLUTION>Y APPROA* TYPICALLY ID5TIFI$ ) ! RE=MI/ T5D5CIES 9 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY -- FOCUS$ ON GRADUAL & PIECEMEAL *ANGES TO ! EXI/+ SY/EM -- HAVE C]TA9 P>ALLELS ) 'LIB]AL' AN>*ISMS :I* SIMIL>LY ADVOCATE ! CON/RUCTION ( V>I\S C\NT] 9/ITUTIONS & LIFE/YLES AS A MORAL REBELLION AGA9/ ! /ATE & CAPITAL4 

,T5SIONS & DEBATES1 COMMON TO BO? AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S1 SURR\ND+ APPROPRIATE =MS ( ORGANIZATION HAVE FREQU5TLY >IS51 AL?\< (T5 EMPLOY+ DIFF]5T POLITICAL VOCABUL>Y4 ,! 'P>TY' AS 9T]PRET$ BY ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y ,M>XI/S -- AS AN ORGANIZATION UNIT+ ! MO/ POLITICALLY ADVANC$ & CONSCI\S ELEM5TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS -- HAS P>ALLELS )1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,AN>*I/S AS ELABORAT$ BY ! PLAT=MI/-,MAKHNOVI/S2 SIMIL>LY1 !RE >E P>ALLELS BETWE5 ! \TRI<T REJECTION ( !SE POLITICAL =MATIONS -- 9 FAVOR ( LOOS] GR\P+S OR /RICTLY AUTONOM\S LABOR COMB9ATIONS -- BO? BY ,M>XI/S SU* AS ,OTTO ,RUHLE AS WELL AS BY AN>*I/S SU* AS ,VOL9E4.<#a#a#e#d.> 7,9DE$ IT IS P]HAPS WOR? M5TION+ H]E ?AT BE=E ! T]M 'P>TY' ACQUIR$ ITS MOD]N MEAN+1 & 9 P>TICUL> PRIOR TO ITS ASSOCIATION ) ,BOL%EVIK CONCEPTIONS1 AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S SU* AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 SPOKE ( =M+ AN>*I/ 'P>TIES1' & ! T]M 'VANGU>D' -- ADOPT$ AS ! NAME ( ONE ,U,S AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ J\RNAL.<#a#a#e#e.> -- WAS EMBRAC$ BY AN>*I/S47 

,DEBATES SURR\ND+ ! 'TRANSITIONAL P]IOD' -- DESCRIB+1 OR SPECULAT+1 H[ A SOCIETY MI<T UND]GO ! TRANS=MATION FROM CAPITALISM TO COMMUNISM & :AT 7IF ANY7 9T]M$IATE /EPS >E TO BE DEEM$ NECESS>Y 9 ?IS PROCESS -- HAVE PROV$ TO BE ANO!R TRADITIONAL DIVID+ PO9T BETWE5 SOME AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S1 RAIS+ FUR!R MATT]S ( CONT5TION -- CRUCIALLY1 ! ROLE ( ! /ATE 9 SOCIAL *ANGE 7& ! NATURE ( ?AT /ATE74 ,AGA91 ?IS MATT] IS NOT ALWAYS SO CLE> CUT4 ,ONE V>IATION ( ! 'TRANSITION P]IOD1' ! 'TWO /AGE' !ORY MO/ CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL AS WELL AS ) ,/AL9I/ OR?ODOXY1 SUGGE/S ?AT SOCIETIES 7ABOVE ALL ECONOMICALLY 'UND]DEVELOP$' SOCIETIES7 W\LD FIR/ HAVE TO PASS ?R\< A CAPITALI/ /AGE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 ORD] TO BUILD ! 9DU/RIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL F\NDATIONS NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT A SOCIALI/ ECONOMY -- 'SOCIALI/' MEAN+ YET ANO!R TRANSITIONAL /AGE ( /ATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS PRIOR TO ! EM]G5CE ( FULL-BL[N COMMUNISM4.<#a#a#e#f.> ,AL?\< C\*$ 9 ,M>XI/ T]M9OLOGY ! /AGI/ /RATEGY1 ! EMPHASIS :I* IT PLAC$ ON ! /ATE AS A KEY 9/RUM5T = SOCIAL *ANGE1 & ITS POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES W]E NOT ACCEPT$ BY ALL ,M>XI/S4 ,MOREOV]1 :ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ,M>X HIMSELF REMA9$ RA!R VAGUE OR AMBIGU\S AB\T H[ HE 5VISAG$ ! PROCESS ( A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION 7AT LEA/ UP TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 #a#h#g#a71 ! FAMILI> ACCUSATION ( A ?OR\<LY 'DET]M9I/' & 'TELEOLOGICAL' ,M>X HAS ALSO BE5 CONTE/$4.<#a#a#e#g.> ,ANO!R V>IATION ON ! 'TRANSITIONAL P]IOD' !ME1 ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1' IS (T5 UND]/OOD TO MEAN AN AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALIZ$ /ATE CONTROLL$ BY A POLITICAL ELITE4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE CRITICIZ$ ?IS POLITICAL =M AS TOTALIT>IAN & AS T5D+ T[>DS A P]MAN5T 7RA!R ?AN TRANSITIONAL7 EXI/5CE1 & CLAIM$ ?AT ! RESULTS ( ?IS TRANSITIONAL P]IOD W]E =ESE5 BY ,BAKUN9 9 HIS W>N+S ( ,M>X'S 'R$ BUREAUCRACY4' ,9/EAD1 AN>*I/S HAVE POS$ ! ALT]NATIVE ( AN IMM$IATE DISSOLUTION ( ! /ATE FOLL[+ A REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL4 ,H[EV]1 ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' AS ! >M$ SUPPRESSION ( B\RGEOIS C\NT]-REVOLUTION UND] ! DIRECTION ( DEMOCRATIC WORK]S' C\NCILS1 EMBRAC$ BY C\NCILI/S & O!R ANTI-/ATE ,M>XI/ GR\P+S1 ALSO F9DS 7CONTROV]SIAL7 P>ALLELS 9 AN>*I/ PRAXIS 9 ! MILITIAS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,UKRA9E & ,SPA94 

,!SE !ORETICAL OR PRACTICAL CONV]G5CES1 IF R\T9ELY IGNOR$ OR UNACKN[L$G$1 >E UNSURPRIS+ :5 CONSID]+ ! V>IETY ( 9T]PRETATIONS & GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD ( !SE IDEAS & PRACTICES S9CE ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,H[EV]1 CONV]G5CES >E ALL ! MORE NOTABLE :5 CONSID]+ ?OSE CURR5TS1 SU* AS ! ONES PRIM>ILY DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS VOLUME1 ASSOCIAT$ ) WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5TS4 ,IF ONE W]E TO EXCLUDE FROM CONSID]ATION1 ON ! ONE H&1 9DIVIDUALI/1 ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL1 M>KET-ORI5T$ OR NON-SOCIALI/ CURR5TS FROM ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION1 & ON ! O!R1 RE=MI/1 ELECTORALI/ OR /ATE-C5TRIC APPROA*ES MO/ (T5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ! TWO DOM9ANT EXPRESSIONS ( ,M>XISM 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY 7SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ,BOL%EVISM71 ! GRAY >EA BETWE5 !SE POSITIONS -- :AT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 REF]R$ TO AS 'LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM' OR 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM' 7DESPITE ! LACK ( ANY UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ USAGE ( !SE T]MS7 -- DISPLAY A NUMB] ( COMMON COMMITM5TS & CONSID]ATIONS3 ! ROLE ASSIGN$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! SOCIAL GR\P+ MO/ CLE>LY ASSOCIAT$ ) C>RY+ \T ! TASK ( HUMAN LIB]ATION2 AN ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y DISPOSITION1 REJECT+ ! =MAL POLITICAL DEMOCRACY 7AS OPPOS$ TO1 & DI/9CT FROM1 ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY7 ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS OR P>TICIPATION 9 ELECTORAL ACTIVITY AS EFFECTIVE ME?ODS = ADVANC+ SOCIAL *ANGE2 WORK+-CLASS SELF-ACTIVITY & DIRECT ACTION AS BO? A ME?OD = CIRCUMV5T+ M$IAT+ BUREAUCRACIES1 >GU$ TO /IFLE 9ITIATIVE & *ANNEL GRIEVANCES 9TO ACCEPTABLE >EAS1 & AS A WAY TO =GE SOLID>ITIES & CREATE A S5SE ( COLLECTIVE WORK]S' P[]4 

,FEW SU/A9$ OR CONSCI\S 9/ANCES ( SU* AN ALLIANCE -- ! M]G] ( AN AN>*I/IC 9SI/5CE ON NON-HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION & ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN PRAXIS & A ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( ALI5ATION & CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS -- >E EVID5T ?R\< ! LATE N9ETE5? & TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,! 'REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM' ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W7 -- DI/9CT FROM1 BUT ) MORE ?AN A PASS+ FAMILY RESEMBLANCE TO1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM -- IS ONE PROM95T EXAMPLE4.<#a#a#e#h.> ,9DE$ = UNION ORGANIZ] & LABOR HI/ORIAN ,F]D ,?OMPSON1 ! ,I,W,W REPRES5T$ A WORK+-CLASS ',M>XISM 9 OV]ALLS4'.<#a#a#e#i.> ,SMALL WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ! ,I,W,W HAS S]V$ AS A MAJOR REF]5CE PO9T = MULTIPLE AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ CURR5TS4.<#a#a#f.> 

,SYNDICALISM E>LY ON1 ITSELF A FAIRLY HET]OG5E\S =M ( WORK+-CLASS RADICALISM1 WAS VIEW$ BY MANY AS A SYN!SIS ( AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVES ?R\< ! AV[AL ( CLASS /RUGGLE COMB9$ ) A REJECTION ( ELECTORALISM 7SEE ,LEWIS ,MATES' CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS VOLUME74 ,FR5* 'AN>*O-,M>XI/' SYNDICALI/ ,GEORGES ,SOREL WAS BUT ONE !ORI/ :O1 AS ,R5ZO ,LLOR5TE PO9TS \T1 ACKN[L$G$ AN 9TELLECTUAL DEBT TO BO? ,M>X & ! AN>*I/S4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION>Y ,]V9 ,SZABO 7#a#h#g#g-#a#i#a#h7 W\LD BE ANO!R EXAMPLE4 ,H[EV]1 AS SYNDICALISM BEGAN TO ADOPT A MORE CONSCI\SLY AN>*I/ POLITICAL ORI5TATION 9 ! #a#i#bS1 !ORI/S SU* AS ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] BEGAN TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM ,M>XI/ CONTRIBUTIONS TO SYNDICALI/ !ORY 7& = !IR OP5 ACCEPTANCE ( ,M>XI/ CATEGORIES & T]M9OLOGY1 ! ,I,W,W WAS EXCLUD$ BY ,ROCK] FROM ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ TRADITION74.<#a#a#f#a.> 

',! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1' WRITES HI/ORIAN ,VADIM ,DAMI]1 'WAS NOT BORN 9 ! HEADS ( !ORETICIANS1' BUT RA!R DEVELOP$ ?R\< '! PRACTICE ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T :I* S\<T ITS [N DOCTR9E -- ABOVE ALL1 ! PRACTICE ( DIRECT ACTION' & ONLY SUBSEQU5TLY WAS IT !ORIZ$4.<#a#a#f#b.> ,SIMIL>LY1 P]IODS ( REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL & COLLECTIVE ACTION1 MORE ?AN PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATION1 HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! =G+ ( COMMON P]SPECTIVES BETWE5 SELF-ID5TIFI$ REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 ! WORK]S' C\NCIL1 AS A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL =M PREFIGUR+ PO/CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS EM]G+ FROM ACTUAL WORK]S' /RUGGLES1 BECAME A C5TRAL ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPT ?R\< ! 9T]W> P]IOD 7& BEYOND74 ,! WORK]S' C\NCILS W]E EMBRAC$ BY REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S 7RANG+ FROM ! IDEAS ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ! ,DUT*-,G]MAN C\NCIL COMMUNI/S TO ! DEF5D]S ( ! ,ITALIAN FACTORY OCCUPATIONS LIKE ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI72 AN>*I/S SU* AS ! ,UKRA9IAN ,MAKHNOVS*9A OR ! POSITIONS ADOPT$ BY ! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURRUTI GR\P 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION & ,CIVIL ,W> 9 #a#i#c#g2 AS WELL AS MORE V>IEGAT$ POLITICAL CON/ELLATIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,KRON/ADT NAVAL MUT9E]S 9 #aiba & !IR DEM&S = DEMOCRACY 9 ! SOVIETS AGA9/ S+LE-P>TY RULE4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#dS1 C\NCIL COMMUNI/ !ORI/ ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK CAME TO ! VIEW ?AT ! WORK]S' C\NCIL =M HAD EFFECTIVELY SYN!SIZ$ AN>*I/ NOTIONS ( LIB]TY & SPONTANEITY ) ,M>XI/ CONCEPTIONS ( CLASS /RUGGLE & WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION1 & AS A RESULT1 HAD TRANSC5D$ ! LIMITATIONS ( BO? PRE-W> 'CLASSICAL AN>*ISM' & 'OR?ODOX ,M>XISM4'.<#a#a#f#c.> 

,ALSO DRAW+ 9SPIRATION FROM WORK]S' C\NCILS1 9 ! PO/W> ]A1 W]E GR\PS ( ACTIVI/S SU* AS ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE & ! SITUATIONI/S 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,FAC+ ,REALITY GR\P 9 ! ,U,S,A1 ,SOLID>ITY 9 ! ,U,K1 & O!RS :O SAW ! CONT9U$ RELEVANCE ( ?IS SOCIAL =M 9 ITS REEM]G5CE 9 ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S' /RUGGLE 9 #a#i#e#f4.<#a#a#f#d.> ,9DE$1 = SOME ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S' C\NCILS -- LIKE ! #aie SOVIETS & ! SOVIETS OR WORK]S' C\NCILS ?R[N UP DUR+ & IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> -- W]E A REVELATION & IT IS CLE> FROM A NUMB] ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS TO ?IS VOLUME H[ IMPORTANT !Y W]E 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW ?9K+ AMONG REVOLUTION>IES4 ,?IS WAS NOT ONLY IMPORTANT ) REG>D TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( NON-,L59I/ ,M>XISM1 BUT ALSO = MANY ON ! RADICAL ,LEFT :O W]E COMMITT$ TO CREAT+ SOME?+ NEW & 9NOVATIVE BEYOND /&>D DIVISIONS4 ,AN $ITORIAL WRITT5 BY ! ,AB]DE5 ,SOLID>ITY GR\P EXPRESS$ ?IS DESIRE TO OV]COME SECT>IAN DIVISIONS1 /AT+ ?AT ',IT IS (T5 SAID BY ,SOLID>I/S ?AT ,M>XI/S CALL US AN>*I/S & AN>*I/S CALL US ,M>XI/S4 ,?IS P>ADOX IS A RESULT ( ! 9ABILITY ( TRADITIONAL REVOLUTION>IES TO UND]/& ANY?+ :I* FALLS \T) !IR [N \TDAT$ CATEGORIES4'.<#a#a#f#e.> 

,! RECOV]Y ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS PAV$ ! WAY = A R5EW$ 9T]E/ 9 SELF-MANAGEM5T OR AUTOGE/ION 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS & BEYOND4 ,= MANY ?IS WAS CONNECT$ TO AN ANALYSIS ( PO/-#a#i#d#e TE*NOCRATIC MOD]NIZATION1 MANAG]IALISM1 BUREAUCRATIZATION3 SELF-MANAGEM5T ?US ACQUIR$ HEI<T5$ IMPORTANCE1 IMPLY+ ! NE$ TO ABOLI% NOT JU/ CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RELATIONS BUT ALSO ! BUREAUCRATIC_/MANAG] 'CLASS' -- :AT ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T & ,ROB9 ,HAHNEL W\LD LAT] CALL 'CO-ORD9ATORISM4'.<#a#a#f#f.> ,! CRITIQUE ( ! DOM9ATION ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE BY 'BUREAUCRATISM' BECAME A MAJOR FOCUS ( BO? AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S1 & WAS DIRECT$ BY MANY AT BO? MOD]N CAPITALISM_//ATE CAPITALISM & ,L59I/ ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTIONS4 ,?IS WAS (T5 CONNECT$1 AS WE CAN SEE 9 ! PAP]S BY ,JEAN-,*RI/OPHE ,ANGAUT1 ,TOBY ,BORAMAN & ,B5OIT ,*ALL&1 TO A REFLECTION ON ALI5ATION 9 MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & A NEW FOCUS ON ! QUALITY ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,MOD]N CAPITALISM WAS TO BE ANALYZ$ AS A TOTAL SOCIAL1 CULTURAL & EV5 ES!TIC SY/EM -- A SY/EM ?AT HAD EXT5D$ ITS DOM9ANCE BEYOND ! IMM$IATE 'PO9T ( PRODUCTION4' ,AS ,GU]9 REM>K$ 79 #a#i#f#i7 :5 QUIZZ$ BY A J\RNALI/ AB\T ! SIMULTANE\S APPE>ANCE ( TWO ( HIS BOOKS1 ONE ON LIB]T>IAN ,M>XISM & ! O!R ON ! SEXUAL REVOLUTION3 ',! LIB]T>IAN CRITIQUE ( ! B\RGEOIS REGIME IS NOT POSSIBLE )\T A CRITIQUE ( B\RGEOIS MORES4 ,! REVOLUTION CANNOT BE SIMPLY POLITICAL4 ,IT MU/ BE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 BO? CULTURAL & SEXUAL & ?US TRANS=M EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE & ( SOCIETY4 .<444.> ,! REVOLT ( ! SPR+ ( #fh REJECT$ ALL ! FACES ( SUBJUGATION4'.<#a#a#f#g.> 

,IF !RE >E MANY EXAMPLES ( CONV]G5CE & OV]LAP1 !RE >E ALSO CLE>LY A NUMB] ( T5SIONS :I* GO BEYOND RECIPROCAT$ COMPLA9TS ( C>ICATURAL MISREPRES5TATION4 ,AN IMPORTANT ONE -- P]HAPS ! FUNDAM5TAL ONE -- IS ! QUE/ION ( ! LIMITS TO 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 A PO9T DISCUSS$ H]E BY ,PAUL ,BLACKL$GE1 & ALSO RAIS$ BY ,RU? ,K9NA 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,MORRIS' CRITICISM ( ! AN>*I/S1 :O = HIM W]E ALL 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,?IS HAS HI/ORICALLY BE5 A MATT] ( DEBATE & EV5 A S\RCE ( CONFLICT BETWE5 AN>*I/S1 TOO1 ) ! PLAT=MI/S NOTABLY >GU+ ?AT ! 9SI/5CE ON ! ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL SO BELOV$ ( MANY AN>*I/S WAS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 7,9DE$ ,MAT!W ,WILSON HAS REC5TLY >GU$ CONV9C+LY ?AT AN UNACKN[L$G$ PROBLEM 9 CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*ISM IS ?AT ! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM IS 9ADEQUATELY WORK$ \T4.<#a#a#f#h.>7 ,LIKE ,PAUL ,?OMAS BE=E HIM1 ,BLACKL$GE >GUES ?AT ?IS REPRES5TS A FUNDAM5TAL PHILOSOPHICAL DIVIDE BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM -- EV5 SOCIAL AN>*ISM4.<#a#a#f#i.> ,HE NEV]!LESS CONC$ES ?AT !RE WAS GREAT] CONV]G5CE BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 ?AN !RE HAD BE5 BETWE5 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON -- ,DONALD ,CL>K ,HODGES1 AS ,R5ZO ,LLOR5TE PO9TS \T1 DESCRIB$ ,BAKUN9 AS '! FIR/ AN>*O-,M>XI/'.<#a#a#g.> -- & IT IS SURELY CLE> FROM A NUMB] ( CONTRIBUTIONS TO ?IS VOLUME ?AT SOME ,M>XI/ CURR5TS' VIEWS HAVE BE5 5TIRELY COMPATIBLE ) ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( HI]>*Y1 C5TRALIZATION & AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION4 

,ANO!R ISSUE :I* HAS CONT9U$ TO BE MU* DEBAT$ -- AL?\< AS MU* BETWE5 AN>*I/S AS BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S -- HAS BE5 ! QUE/ION ( ! HI/ORIC AG5T ( *ANGE4 ,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS & O!RS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,NEW ,LEFT W]E CRITICAL ( :AT SEEM$ TO !M TO BE ! 'LABOR METAPHYSIC' ( ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION>IES1 CONDEMN+ IT AS 'A LEGACY FROM ,VICTORIAN ,M>XISM' :I* HAD BECOME 'UNREALI/IC' 9 ! LI<T ( ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & CULTURAL *ANGE4.<#a#a#g#a.> ,= SU* ACTIVI/S1 ! MOD]N RADICALS W]E ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 9 P>TICUL> ! Y\NG 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,AL?\< SOME AN>*I/S1 ESPECIALLY 9DIVIDUALI/S1 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 DRAWN TO SOCIAL M>G9ALS1 ! SO-CALL$ 'LUMP5PROLET>IAT1' TO DECLASSE BOHEMIANS -- ! '\TSID]' AS ! TITLE ( ,E4 ,>M&'S 9DIVIDUALI/ ORGAN L'5 DEHORS HAD IT -- AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S & SYNDICALI/S HAVE T5D$ TO BE JU/ AS ORI5T$ T[>DS ! WORK+ CLASS & ORGANIZ$ LABOR AS ,M>XI/S4 ,AS IS MADE CLE> 9 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ?IS COLLECTION1 R$EF9ITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS PROMPT$ BO? BY SOCIAL *ANGE & BY %IFTS 9 ANALYTICAL FRAMES HAVE REPRES5T$ AN >EA ( 7QUALIFI$7 CONV]G5CE BETWE5 SOCIAL AN>*I/S1 SYNDICALI/S & ,M>XI/S 9 ! TW5TIE? & TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURIES4 ,&REW ,CORNELL1 EMPHASIZ+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! CONDITIONS ?AT PRODUCE CONV]G5CE 7(T5 MOVEM5TS ( OPPOSITION TO RACISM1 COLONIALISM & W>71 PO9TS \T ! IMPACT ( ! ,U,S CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T 9 BREAK+ D[N SOME AN>*I/S' ATTA*M5T TO A FOCUS ON CLASS & /ATE4 ,! SAME CAN ( C\RSE BE SAID ( SECOND-WAVE FEM9ISM4 

,CAN ! (T5 VIOL5T HI/ORY ( ,LEFT SECT>IANISM BE OV]COME 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMON OBJECTIVE ( REALIZ+ AN EMANCIPATORY SOCIETY 9 :I* '! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EA* IS ! CONDITION = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL'8 ,P]HAPS ! ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION LIES LESS 9 ! ACTIVITIES & MUTUAL RECRIM9ATIONS ( GR\PUSCULES & REVOLUTION>Y =MULAS CONCOCT$ 9 /]ILE !ORETICAL LABORATORIES1 & MORE 9 RELAT+ TO1 LE>N+ & DRAW+ 9SPIRATION FROM SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 ,HI/ORY1 IT MI<T BE SAID1 IS A GOOD TEA*] BUT A POOR MA/] 9 ?AT WE CAN ONLY DRAW LESSONS FROM \R COLLECTIVE EXP]I5CES BUT %\LD BE W>Y ( COLOR+ \R EXPECTATIONS ( ! FUTURE TOO NEATLY ) PA/ EV5TS4 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/