,*APT] #c 
,AN>*ISM1 ,9DIVIDUALISM & ,COMMUNISM3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S ,CRITIQUE ( ,AN>*O-COMMUNISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX ,PRI*>D 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,CORNELL 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5OIT ,*ALL& 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

#c4 ,AN>*ISM1 ,9DIVIDUALISM & ,COMMUNISM3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S ,CRITIQUE ( ,AN>*O-COMMUNISM 

,RU? ,K9NA 

,9TRODUCTION 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S COMMITM5T TO REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM IS N[ WELL E/ABLI%$1 BUT ! NATURE ( HIS POLITICS1 SPECIFICALLY HIS RELATION%IP TO ,M>XISM & AN>*I/ ?\<T1 IS /ILL CONTE/$4 ,P]HAPS1 AS ,M>K ,BEVIR HAS >GU$1 ! IDEOLOGICAL LABEL P9N$ TO ,MORRIS'S SOCIALISM IS ( 'LITTLE IMPORTANCE' = AS LONG AS HIS POLITICAL ?\<T IS DESCRIB$ ADEQUATELY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! />T+ PO9T = ?IS ESSAY IS ?AT ?9K+ AB\T ! APPLICATION ( IDEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTORS IS A USEFUL EX]CISE & ONE :I* %$S IMPORTANT LI<T ON ,MORRIS'S SOCIALISM & ! PROCESS ( IDEOLOGICAL =MATION 9 ! LATE N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,BEVIR IS SURELY RI<T :5 HE SAYS ?AT 'IDEOLOGIES >E NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE1 REIFI$ 5TITIES' BUT 'OV]LAPP+ TRADITIONS ) ILL-DEF9$ B\ND>IES4'.<#a#d#h.> ,YET ! /RUGGLE TO REIFY !SE B\ND>IES 9 A MESSY POLITICAL WORLD IS A DOM9ANT FEATURE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,LEFT & ONE 9 :I* ,MORRIS WAS NOT AFRAID TO 5GAGE4 ,9DE$1 T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE HE MADE A CONC]T$ ATTEMPT TO DRAW AN IDEOLOGICAL B\ND>Y BETWE5 HIS PREF]R$ =M ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM4 ,?IS NOT ONLY MAKES HIM AN 9T]E/+ SUBJECT = ! ANALYSIS ( ,M>XI/-AN>*I/ RELATIONS1 IT ALSO RAISES QUE/IONS AB\T ! ADEQUACY ( ! FAMILI> *>GE ?AT AN>*ISM IS BO? 9H]5TLY 9DIVIDUALI/IC &1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ILL-EQUIPP$ TO DEVELOP A COH]5T APPROA* TO DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+4 

,MORRIS DEF9$ HIS IDEOLOGICAL POSITION BETWE5 #ahhc & #ahhe & CALL$ HIMSELF A COMMUNI/4 ,9 #a#h#i1 :5 HE )DREW FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE & E/ABLI%$ ! ,HAMM]SMI? ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY HE DESCRIB$ ?IS POSITION NEGATIVELY3 NEI!R /ATE SOCIALI/ NOR AN>*I/4.<#a#d#i.> ,9 ADOPT+ ?IS =MULATION ,MORRIS DID NOT MEAN TO SUGGE/ ?AT HE /RADDL$ !SE TWO IDEOLOGICAL POLES4 ,RA!R HE WANT$ TO 9DICATE HIS 9DEP5D5CE FROM BO?4 ,H[EV]1 9 #a#h#i#c-#a#h#i#d HE REPOSITION$ HIMSELF ONCE MORE1 REPRES5T+ COMMUNISM AS A REJECTION ( AN>*ISM4 ,HIS CLAIM1 ?AT AN>*I/S W]E 9DIVIDUALI/S1 WAS A RECURR5T *>GE 9 ! NON-AN>*I/ SOCIALI/ PRESS1 BUT ,MORRIS WAS AN UNUSUAL CRITIC ( AN>*ISM BECAUSE HE WAS S5SITIVE TO ! DIFF]5T CURR5TS ?AT RAN ?R\< AN>*I/ & 9DIVIDUALI/ ?\<T4 ,MOREOV]1 HIS LATE APPLICATION ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ TAG WAS EXT5D$ TO 9CLUDE AN>*I/S ) :OM HE HAD WORK$ MO/ CLOSELY3 AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S4 ,COM+ FROM HIM1 ! *>GE APPE>S AS AN OBVI\S R$UCTION ?AT GR\P$ TOGE!R A SET ( IDEAS ?AT W]E BAS$ ON V]Y DIFF]5T1 NOT ALWAYS COMPATIBLE1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & E?ICAL PR9CIPLES4 

,! UNDISCRIM9AT+ & ANGRY TONE ( HIS CRITIQUE CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY HIS REJECTION ( ! POLITICAL VIOL5CE ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 A TACTIC ?AT SEEM$ ALL ! MORE FUTILE ONCE ,MORRIS HAD ACKN[L$G$ ! FAILURE ( ! ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY HE HAD ADOPT$ 9 ! #a#h#hS4 ,HE DEVELOP$ ! !ORETICAL JU/IFICATION = ! CRITIQUE 9 A DISCUSSION ( ! LIMITS ( FRE$OM & 9DIVIDUAL-COMMUNITY RELATIONS4.<#a#e.> ,?IS DISCUSSION DREW ON CONCEPTS ( SLAV]Y1 TYRANNY & MA/]%IP ?AT HE HAD ELABORAT$ 9 ! #a#h#hS4 ,MORRIS'S CLAIM WAS ?AT AN>*ISM WRONGLY D5I$ LIMITS TO FRE$OM & ?AT IT WAS !RE=E SOCIALLY DIS9TEGRATIVE3 9DIVIDUALI/4 ,! FATAL FLAW ( AN>*ISM WAS ILLU/RAT$1 HE FUR!R SUGGE/$1 BY ! 9ABILITY ( AN>*I/S TO %[ H[ 9DIVIDUALS MI<T 5T] 9TO A PROCESS ( DECISION-MAK+ &1 !RE=E1 TO DEVELOP ANY PRACTICAL SOCIALI/ ALT]NATIVE4 ,UN=TUNATELY = ,MORRIS1 ?IS >GUM5T REVEAL$ ?AT ! IDEOLOGICAL DIVIDE HE S\<T TO E/ABLI% -- BETWE5 COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM -- C\LD BE SU/A9$ ONLY BY HIS ADOPTION ( A MODEL ( DECISION-MAK+ ?AT RAN C\NT] TO HIS [N RADICAL PR9CIPLES ( MA/]%IP & TYRANNY BECAUSE IT DEM&$ ! ID5TIFICATION ( DEMOCRACY ) ! SUBORD9ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL TO CLASS 9T]E/S4 

,! >GUM5T IS DEVELOP$ 9 ?REE SECTIONS4 ,! FIR/ DISCUSSES ,MORRIS'S LATE CRITIQUE ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM & HIS TREATM5T ( ?IS /RA9 ( AN>*ISM AS A G5]IC =M4 ,IT EXAM9ES HIS MOTIVATIONS & SETS \T ! KEY CONCEPTS ON :I* HE LAT] RELI$ TO DEVELOP HIS ANALYSIS ( DECISION-MAK+4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & 9DIVIDUALISM IS DISCUSS$ 9 ! MIDDLE SECTION1 BO? 9 ORD] TO CONTEXTUALIZE ,MORRIS'S UND]/&+ ( !SE T]MS & TO DEMON/RATE H[ HIS AW>5ESS ( AN>*I/ & 9DIVIDUALI/ POLITICS GAVE WAY TO ! N>R[] SY/EM ( IDEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION4 ,HIS ATTEMPT TO DEMON/RATE H[ ! 9H]5T 9DIVIDUALISM ( AN>*O-COMMUNISM RUL$ AGA9/ COLLECTIVE AGREEM5T IS ! SUBJECT ( ! CONCLUD+ P>T4 ,IT %\LD BECOME CLE> ?AT ! CONJUNCTION ( AN>*ISM & 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT ,MORRIS S\<T TO CEM5T IS DUBI\S & ?AT ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 SOCIALI/ TRADITIONS >E MORE POR\S ?AN HE WANT$ TO ADMIT4 

,MORRIS'S CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM 

,ON #a ,MAY #ahic LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION1 ! ,FABIAN ,SOCIETY & ,MORRIS'S ,HAMM]SMI? ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY ISSU$ ! ,MANIFE/O ( ,5GLI% ,SOCIALI/S4 ,?IS DOCUM5T1 TO :I* ,MORRIS WAS A SIGNATORY1 WAS 9T5D$ TO \TL9E '! MA9 PR9CIPLES & BROAD /RATEGY ON :I* 444 ALL ,SOCIALI/S MAY COMB9E TO ACT ) VIGOR' & IT CALL$ ON SOCIALI/S TO 'S9K !IR 9DIVIDUAL CRO*ETS 9 A BUS9ESS-LIKE 5DEAVOR TO REALIZE 9 \R [N DAY ?AT COMPLETE COMMUNIZATION ( 9DU/RY = :I* ! ECONOMIC =MS >E READY & ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE >E ALMO/ PREP>$4'.<#a#e#a.> 
,NOT)/&+ ITS APP>5T 9CLUSIV5ESS1 ! ,MANIFE/O SPECIFI$ ! LIMITS ( SOCIALI/ COOP]ATION3 

444 WE MU/ REPUDIATE BO? ! DOCTR9ES & TACTICS ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,AS ,SOCIALI/S WE BELIEVE ?AT ?OSE DOCTR9ES & TACTICS NECESS>ILY RESULT+ FROM !M1 ?\< ADVOCAT$ AS REVOLUTION>Y BY M5 :O >E HONE/ & S+LE-M9D$1 >E REALLY REACTION>Y BO? 9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 & T5D TO *ECK ! ADVANCE ( \R CAUSE4 ,9DE$1 SO F> FROM HAMP]+ ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 AS ,AN>*I/S HOLD IT WILL1 ,SOCIALISM WILL FO/] ?AT FULL FRE$OM :I* ,AN>*ISM W\LD 9EVITABLY DE/ROY4.<#a#e#b.> 

,MORRIS'S WILL+NESS TO PUT HIS NAME TO ! ,MANIFE/O WAS NOT 5TIRELY SURPRIS+3 ! DET]IORATION ( HIS RELATION%IP ) ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE1 :I* EV5TUALLY =C$ HIS )DRAWAL FROM ! P>TY & ! $ITOR%IP ( ,COMMONWEAL1 ! ,LEAGUE'S PAP]1 HELP$ EXPLA9 ! GRADUAL BUT 9CREAS+ H>D5+ ( HIS ATTITUDE4 ,HE HAD ALREADY VOIC$ MISGIV+S AB\T AN>*ISM 9 ,NEWS ,FROM ,NO:]E & 9 ! YE> FOLL[+ ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,MANIFE/O ?IS LI<T RIDICUL+ TURN$ 9TO UNCOMPROMIS+ REJECTION4 ,9 #ahid TWO IMPORTANT >TICLES APPE>$4 ,! FIR/ WAS AN 9T]VIEW1 ',A ,SOCIALI/ ,POET ON ,BOMBS & ,AN>*ISM1' PUBLI%$ AT ! />T ( ! YE> 9 ,JU/ICE1 ! J\RNAL ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION4 ,! SECOND1 AN ESSAY TITL$ ',:Y ,I ,AMA ,COMMUNI/1' APPE>$ 9 ,JAMES ,TO*ATTI'S AN>*I/ PAP] ,LIB]TY ! FOLL[+ MON?4 ,MORRIS MADE TWO CLAIMS3 ?AT AN>*ISM WAS AN 9DIVIDUALI/ DOCTR9E & ?AT ITS 9DIVIDUALISM WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! REC5T & UNACCEPTABLE TURN TO POLITICAL VIOL5CE4 

,HIS CRITIQUE ( AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM FOCUS$ ON TWO PO9TS1 :AT ,/EFAN ,COLL9I ID5TIFIES AS ITS ME?ODOLOGICAL & MORAL PR9CIPLES4 ,!SE W]E (T5 US$ TO SUPPORT A POLITICS ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 BUT W]E NOT NECESS>ILY PRESUPPOS$ BY IT4.<#a#e#c.> ,MORRIS'S OBJECTION TO ME?ODOLOGICAL 9DIVIDUALISM WAS ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE S5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIORS BY AB/RACT+ 9DIVIDUALS FROM !IR SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,! MORAL PR9CIPLE1 :I* HE TI$ TO IT1 WAS ?AT ?AT ! COMMUNAL BONDS ?AT HE BELIEV$ ESS5TIAL TO 9DIVIDUAL FL\RI%+1 W]E WRONGLY REPRES5T$ BY 9DIVIDUALI/S AS ONLY SO MANY POT5TIAL CON/RA9TS4 ,AN>*ISM1 HE >GU$1 EMBRAC$ BO? IDEAS & ! TWO >TICLES ?AT HE PUBLI%$ 9 #ahid ADVANC$ ?IS CASE4 

,9 ,JU/ICE ,MORRIS >GU$3 'MAN IS UN?9KABLE \TSIDE SOCIETY4 ,MAN CANNOT LIVE OR MOVE \TSIDE IT4 ,?IS NEGATION ( SOCIETY IS ! POSITION TAK5 UP BY ! LOGICAL ,AN>*I/S4444'.<#a#e#d.> ,9 ',:Y ,I ,AM A ,COMMUNI/' HE REIT]AT$ ! PO9T4 ,ONE ( ! DI/9CTIVE FEATURES ( ! COMMUNI/ POSITION1 HE >GU$1 IS ! CONVICTION ?AT 'MANK9D IS NOT ?9KABLE \TSIDE ( ,SOCIETY4'.<#a#e#e.> ,9 CONTRA/1 ',AN>*ISM1 AS A !ORY1 NEGATIVES SOCIETY1 & PUTS MAN \TSIDE IT4' ,AL?\< ,MORRIS ACCEPT$ ?AT AN>*I/S LIKE ,KROPOTK91 :O HE KNEW QUITE WELL1 W]E NOT 9 FACT 'AGA9/ SOCIETY ALTOGE!R1'.<#a#e#f.> HAV+ ONCE GRANT$ ?IS EXCEPTION HE REFUS$ TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT AN>*O-COMMUNISM DESCRIB$ A COH]5T POLITICS4 ,?IS T]M1 HE >GU$1 WAS A 'FLAT CONTRADICTION'3 ',9 SO F> AS !Y >E ,COMMUNI/S !Y MU/ GIVE UP !IR ,AN>*ISM' BECAUSE AN>*ISM 'IS PURELY DE/RUCTIVE1 PURELY NEGATORY4' ,COMRADES LIKE ,KROPOTK9 :O CALL$ !MSELVES AN>*I/S W]E DELUD$1 ,MORRIS >GU$4 ,!Y 'CANNOT BE ,AN>*I/S 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD4'.<#a#e#g.> 

,MORRIS'S UND]/&+ ( MORAL 9DIVIDUALISM WAS UND]P9N$ BY ! 9T]RELAT$ CONCEPTS ( 'TYRANNY1' 'SLAV]Y1' 'MA/]%IP' & 'FELL[%IP4' ,P]HAPS ILL-ADVIS$LY US+ TYRANNY TO DESCRIBE ! NATURE ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 HE REASON$ ?AT BECAUSE 9DIVIDUALS C\LD NOT BE UND]/OOD 9 ! AB/RACT & MU/ ALWAYS BE CONSID]$ AS MEMB]S ( P>TICUL> COMMUNITIES1 !Y W]E ALWAYS NECESS>ILY CON/RA9$ BY SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS4 ,TYRANNY WAS ?US AN UNAVOIDABLE FEATURE ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE4 ,NATURALLY1 ,MORRIS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT SOCIAL TYRANNY C\LD TAKE DIFF]5T =MS & ?AT IT WAS NOT NECESS>ILY EMP[]+ OR B5IGN4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 SOME SOCIAL SY/EMS W]E ALSO TYRANNICAL4 ,! DI/9CTION ,MORRIS MADE WAS BETWE5 'TRUE' & 'FALSE' OR '>BITR>Y' SOCIETY4 ,COMM]CIAL SOCIETY PLA9LY FELL 9 ! LATT] CATEGORY1 S9CE H]E SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E BAS$ ON CLASS CO]CION1 OR :AT ,MORRIS CALL$ '=CE' & 'FRAUD4' ,9 SOCIALISM1 TYRANNY W\LD ASSUME 'TRUE' =M4 ,?IS WAS ! POSITION ,MORRIS \TL9$ 9 ! ,/ATEM5T ( ,PR9CIPLES ( ! ,HAMM]SMI? ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY3 

,= H]E WE MU/ SAY ?AT IT IS NOT ! DISSOLUTION ( SOCIETY = :I* WE /RIVE1 BUT ITS RE9TEGRATION4 ,! IDEA PUT =W>D BY SOME :O ATTACK PRES5T SOCIETY1 ( ! COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 ?AT IS1 = FRE$OM )\T SOCIETY1 IS NOT M]ELY IMPOSSIBLE ( REALIZATION1 BUT1 :5 LOOK$ 9TO1 TURNS \T TO BE 9CONCEIVABLE4.<#a#e#h.> 

,! GOAL ( REVOLUTION>IES1 ,MORRIS >GU$1 WAS TO RID SOCIETY ( SLAV]Y RA!R ?AN TYRANNY1 S9CE :5 SLAV]Y WAS ABOLI%$ TYRANNY'S TYRANNICAL FEATURES W\LD ALSO DISAPPE>4 ,AS ,SUSAN ,BUCK-,MORSS NOTES 'SLAV]Y HAD BECOME ! ROOT METAPHOR ( ,WE/]N POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY' BY ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 'CONNOT+ EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS EVIL AB\T P[] RELATIONS4'.<#a#e#i.> ,MORRIS APPE>$ TO FOLL[ ?IS CONV5TION & DEF9$ SLAV]Y AS A RELATION BAS$ ON COMPULSION1 ROOT$ 9 NATURE & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 ECONOMIC P[]4 ,9 NATURE1 HE >GU$1 ALL LIFE WAS 5SLAV$ BY ! NECESSITY ( LABOR4 ,! />K *OICE WAS TO WORK OR P]I%4 ,9 HUMAN SOCIETIES1 NATURE'S COMPULSION WAS OV]LAID BY SECOND>Y SY/EMS ( 5SLAVEM5T4 ,!SE C\LD TAKE DIFF]5T =MS BUT ,MORRIS BELIEV$ ?AT EA* HI/ORICAL TYPE REFLECT$ ! ATTEMPT ( A M9ORITY TO ESCAPE ! =CE ( NATURE & ! DICTATES ( LABOR1 & HE >GU$ ?AT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M W]E IRRELEVANT TO !IR CLASSIFICATION4 ,BOND-SLAV]Y1 FEUDALISM & WAGE-LABOR W]E NOT MORAL EQUIVAL5TS BUT !Y ALL 5ABL$ ! ELITE TO LIVE FROM ! LABOR ( O!RS & /RIPP$ ?OSE *>G$ ) ! BURD5 ( LABOR ( EFFECTIVE *OICE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,?IS GR\P W]E ?US D\BLY 5SLAV$4 

,MORRIS APPLI$ ! SAME REASON+ TO WOM51 YET HE >GU$ ?AT !RE WAS A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 LABOR & ! WAY ?AT SLAV]Y OP]AT$ 9 ?IS CONTEXT4 ,WOM5 W]E DEP5D5T ON M5 AS WELL AS SLAVES TO CAPITALISM1 & !Y W]E !RE=E TRIPLY 5SLAV$4 ,EV5 ACCEPT+ ?AT !RE WAS '! CLOSE/ ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ! PRO/ITUTION ( ! BODY 9 ! /REETS & ( ! BODY 9 ! WORK%OPS1'.<#a#f.> HE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 REQUIR$ A SOCIAL AS WELL AS AN ECONOMIC *ANGE3 DEP5D5CE ON M5 9 ADDITION TO ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! ABOLITION ( B\RGEOIS M>RIAGE LAWS :I* 5%R9$ ! P[] RELATIONS ?AT COMPELL$ WOM5 TO PRO/ITUTE !MSELVES = ! SAKE ( ECONOMIC SECURITY1 CONTROLL+ !IR REPRODUCTION 9 ADDITION TO !IR LABOR4 

,TYRANNICAL SOCIETIES 7?AT IS1 ?OSE BAS$ ON SLAV]Y7 OP]AT$ ?R\< MA/]%IP4 ,9 ,! ,DREAM ( ,JOHN ,BALL1 A /ORY ( ! #a*a ,PEASANTS' ,REVOLT1 ,MORRIS TELLS ! EPONYM\S H]O ( ! /ORY ?AT 

M5 %ALL YET HAVE MA/]S OV] !M :O HAVE AT H& MANY A LAW & CU/OM = ! BEHO( ( MA/]S1 & BE+ MA/] CAN MAKE YET MORE LAWS 9 ! SAME BEHO(2 & !Y %ALL SUFF] POOR PEOPLE TO ?RIVE JU/ SO LONG AS !IR ?RIV+ %ALL PR(IT ! MA/]%IP & NO LONG]4.<#a#f#a.> 

,MA/]%IP BL9D$ 9DIVIDUALS TO !IR EXPLOITATION BY MASK+ NAK$ GRE$ ) FALSE IDEAS ( DUTY1 NATURAL HI]>*Y & POLITICAL OBLIGATION4 ,JOHN ,BALL TELLS HIS LI/5]S3 'SOO? IT IS ?AT ! POOR DEEME? ! RI* TO BE O!R ?AN HE1 & MEET TO BE HIS MA/]1 AS ?\<1 =SOO?1 ! POOR W]E COME ( ,ADAM1 & ! RI* ( HIM ?AT MADE ,ADAM1 ?AT IS ,GOD4'.<#a#f#b.> ,YET 9 PR9CIPLE1 ,MORRIS ASSOCIAT$ MA/]%IP ) WILLFULNESS & WAS MORE CONC]N$ ) ITS LOCATION ?AN ITS EXI/5CE4 ,AS ONE ( ! FICTIONAL *>ACT]S ( HIS PROSE ROMANCES SAYS3 ' 0,SO IT IS !N ! WORLD OV]1 ?AT HAPPY M5 >E WILLFUL & MA/]FUL40'.<#a#f#c.> ,! SAME IDEA IS EXPRESS$ BY ! F\RTE5?-C5TURY PEASANTS4 ,MORRIS OBS]VES H[ ! >TISANS S+ A SONG 'CONC]N+ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ TYRANNY = ! FRE$OM ( LIFE 444 ( ! LIFE ( A MAN DO+ HIS [N WILL & NOT ! WILL ( ANO!R MAN COMM&+ HIM = ! COMM&M5T'S SAKE4'.<#a#f#d.> ,! PROMISE ( MA/]%IP WAS ?AT IT C\LD BE RECOV]$ BY & DEVOLV$ TO 9DIVIDUALS1 SO ?AT 9/EAD ( SATISFY+ ANO!R'S WILL EA* WAS ABLE TO REALIZE !IR [N4 ,/RUCTURALLY1 ?IS DEM&$ ECONOMIC EQUALITY 7:I* ,MORRIS DEF9$ AS A PR9CIPLE ( DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO NE$71 AN 5D TO BO? ! >TIFICIAL HI]>*IES ?AT FACILITAT$ SLAV]Y & ! COMPULSION ?AT =C$ LABOR4 ,YET NONE ( !SE CONDITIONS RELEAS$ 9DIVIDUALS FROM ! DUTIES & OBLIGATIONS ?AT UNJU/1 TYRANNICAL SOCIETIES P]V]T$4 ,9 JU/ SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 !SE OBLIGATIONS & DUTIES W\LD P]SI/4 

,9 A FUTURE COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 ,MORRIS ANTICIPAT$ DUTY & OBLIGATION TRANS=M$4 ,AS MA/]S1 9DIVIDUALS EX]CIS$ !IR [N WILL BUT !Y DID SO CO-OP]ATIVELY OR1 AS ,MORRIS PUT IT1 9 FELL[%IP4 ,AL?\< HE DID NOT P9PO9T PRECISELY :AT HE MEANT BY ?IS CONCEPT1 HE CAPTUR$ ! ESS5CE ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS HE DESIR$ 9 HIS DISCUSSIONS ( >T4 ,HIS PR9CIPLE ASSUMPTION WAS ?AT ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( >T 9 COMMUNISM W\LD FREE 9DIVIDUALS BY TRANS=M+ WORK4.<#a#f#e.> ,AS >TI/S1 9DIVIDUALS W\LD MEET !IR ESS5TIAL NE$S BY 5GAG+ 9 PRODUCTIVE LEISURE4 ,WORK+ VOLUNT>ILY1 !Y W\LD NO LONG] P]CEIVE LABOR AS COMPULSION BUT 9/EAD AS PLEASURE4 ,H[EV]1 ! FRE$OM !Y EXP]I5C$ AS >TI/S W\LD MEET A COMMUNAL AS WELL AS AN 9DIVIDUAL NE$4 ,AS ,MORRIS EXPLA9$ TO ,JAMES ,TO*ATTI 9 #a#h#i#d1 9 COMMUNISM >TI/S 'WILL WORK = ! B5EFIT ( 444 ! :OLE PEOPLE3 :]EAS N[ !Y WORK = ! MA/]S1 ! RI* CLASS1 ?AT LIVES ON ! LABOR ( O!RS4'.<#a#f#f.> ,FREE TO DO :AT !Y WILL$1 9DIVIDUALS W\LD PRODUCE ?+S ?AT W]E ?\<T TO BE 'BEAUTIFUL & PLEASANT' & :I* !Y HOP$ W\LD GIVE PLEASURE TO O!RS4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE FULL SCOPE = CREATIVE EXPRESSION -- MA/]%IP -- BUT W\LD F9D MEAN+ = !IR >T 9 FELL[%IP4 ,9 ! TRUE S5SE1 ,MORRIS >GU$1 >T WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 

EXCEPT BY MEANS ( ! COOP]ATION ( LABOR ?AT PRODUCES ! ORD9>Y W>ES ( LIFE2 & ?AT COOP]ATION AGA9 !Y CANNOT HAVE AS LONG AS ! WORKM5 >E DEP5D5T ON ! WILL ( A MA/]4 ,!Y MU/ CO-OP]ATE CONSCI\SLY & WILL+LY = ! EXPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT] & GIFTS :I* WE CALL >T4.<#a#f#g.> 

,:ILE ! !ORETICAL WEAKNESS ?AT ,MORRIS EV5TUALLY ID5TIFI$ 9 AN>*ISM RE/$ ON ! CLAIM ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM RUL$ AGA9/ ! POSSIBILITY ( COOP]ATION & COLLECTIVE AGREEM5T1 HIS LATE CRITIQUE ALSO FA/5$ ON :AT HE CONSID]$ TO BE ! PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ! AN>*I/S' 9DIVIDUALI/ /ANCE4 ,HIS *>GE WAS ?AT BECAUSE AN>*I/S FAIL$ TO UND]/& ?AT 9DIVIDUALITY MU/ ISSUE FROM1 OR 9 T&EM ) COOP]ATION1 !IR 9DIVIDUALISM PLAY$ ITSELF \T 9 VIOL5CE4 ,EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ! *>GE WAS READILY AVAILABLE4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#h#iS A S]IES ( TRIALS PROVID$ A PLAT=M = AN>*I/S ACCUS$ ( COMMITT+ A RANGE ( HI<-PR(ILE ASSASS9ATIONS & BOMB+S TO JU/IFY ! USE ( VIOL5CE AS A REVOLUTION>Y TACTIC4 ,9 HIS 9T]VIEW = ,JU/ICE1 ,MORRIS REF]R$ TO SOME ( ! MORE NOTORI\S *>ACT]S 9VOLV$1 NOTABLY ,RAVA*OL & ,VAILLANT4 ,HIS COMPLA9T AGA9/ !M WAS TWO-FOLD3 9S(> AS !IR ACTS 9VOLV$ ! T>GET+ ( 'NONCOMBATANTS' !Y W]E IMMORAL & AS A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY VIOL5CE WAS FUTILE4 ,QUITE A LOT ( AN>*I/S -- 9CLUD+ ,KROPOTK9 -- AGRE$4 ,YET ,MORRIS APPE>$ TO DRAW ! >GUM5TS TOGE!R TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! AN>*I/S' LACK ( FEASIBLE ALT]NATIVE HI<LI<T$ A LACK ( CON/RA9T ?AT WAS IMPLICIT 9 !IR 9DIVIDUALISM4 

,HIS VIEW WAS M$IAT$ BY A LONG] REFLECTION AB\T ! PROSPECTS = REVOLUTION4 ,DUR+ ! :OLE P]IOD ( HIS ACTIVE 9VOLVEM5T 9 SOCIALISM 7#a#h#h#c-#a#h#i#f7 ,MORRIS'S EXPECTATIONS AB\T REVOLUTION ALT]$ CONSID]ABLY & HIS RELATION%IP ) AN>*ISM V>I$ 9 TURN4 ,HIS W>ME/ RELATIONS ) ! AN>*I/S CO9CID$ ) A P]IOD ( OPTIMISM 9 ! MID- TO LATE #a#h#hS :5 HE COMB9$ A COMMITM5T TO 'MAK+ SOCIALI/S' ) A POLICY ( ANTI-P>LIAM5T>ISM1 9 PREP>ATION = ! ANTICIPAT$ COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM4 ,HIS SYMPA?IES BEGAN TO WANE AFT] #ahhg :5 ! DISA/] ( ,BLOODY ,SUNDAY 7A MASS DEMON/RATION 9 ,LONDON'S ,TRAFALG> ,SQU>E :I* MET ) EXTRAORD9>Y POLICE VIOL5CE1 LEAV+ ?REE DEAD & HUNDR$S 9JUR$7 GAVE HIM A GLIMPSE ( ! %E] MI<T ( ! /ATE'S REACTION>Y =CE4 ,NO LONG] SANGU9E AB\T ! WILL+NESS OR CAPABILITY ( ! WORK]S TO IMM$IATELY CONFRONT OR RESI/ IT1 ,MORRIS BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT HIS EF=TS TO MAKE SOCIALI/S ?R\< ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY W]E HOPELESS & ?AT ! /RATEGY W\LD LIKELY 5D 9 DISA/]4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#h#iS HIS CRITICISMS ( AN>*ISM BECAME MORE /RID5T AS HE RELUCTANTLY RECONCIL$ HIMSELF TO ! IDEA ?AT P>LIAM5T (F]$ ! ONLY AVAILABLE R\TE TO *ANGE4.<#a#f#h.> ,HAV+ TAK5 /OCK ( ! REALITY ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 HE TIR$ ( TALK ( REVOLUTION & FELT ?AT ?OSE :O 9DULG$ 9 SU* >GUM5TS W]E DELUD$4 

,MORRIS'S REASSESSM5T ( REVOLUTION NOT ONLY CO9CID$ ) ! WAVE ( POLITICAL VIOL5CE EXPLICITLY ASSOCIAT$ ) AN>*ISM BUT1 EQUALLY IMPORTANTLY1 ) ITS 5?USIA/IC EMBRACE BY SELF-ID5TIFY+ AN>*I/S 9 ! ,LEAGUE4 ,AT PRECISELY ! PO9T ?AT ,MORRIS ACCEPT$ P>LIAM5T>ISM AS ! ONLY AVAILABLE R\TE TO SOCIALI/ *ANGE1 SOME ,LEAGUE AN>*I/S F\ND !IR 9SPIRATION 9 ASSASS9ATION & R&OM KILL+ & ADOPT$ A RHETORIC ( REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE ?AT FILL$ HIM ) FRU/RATION & DESPAIR4 ,AL?\< HE CONT9U$ TO (F] F9ANCIAL SUPPORT TO =M] COMRADES :O FELL F\L ( ! 9CITEM5T LAWS & AG5T PROVOCATEURS1 ! COOP]ATION HE HAD ONCE 5JOY$ ) AN>*I/S BO? 9 AN \T ( ! ,LEAGUE AS AN ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IAN GAVE WAY TO A DEEP HO/ILITY4 ,:5 ,JAMES ,TO*ATTI FIR/ REQUE/$ A /ATEM5T ( HIS POLITICS 9 ,LIB]TY1 ,MORRIS TOLD HIM ?AT HE C\LD NOT '9 CONSCI5CE' ALL[ HIS NAME TO BE 'ATTA*$' TO AN 'AN>*I/ PAP]' BECAUSE ( ! 'PROMISCU\S SLAU<T]' :I* AN>*I/S HAD ADOPT$ AS 'A MEANS ( CONV]T+ PEOPLE4'.<#a#f#i.> ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS REAPPRAISAL WAS NOT MISS$ BY OBS]V]S4 ,ONE ANONYM\S AN>*I/ CORRESPOND5T TO ,LIB]TY WROTE ?AT ,MORRIS N[ C\NT]-POS$ VIOL5CE TO POLITICAL ACTION AS IF !RE W]E NO O!R POSSIBILITY1 A VIEW ?AT WRONGLY DISMISS$ ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( 'TRADE COMB9ATIONS' & ( WAG+ PRECISELY ! K9D ( EXTRA-P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE ?AT HE \TL9$ 9 ! *APT] 'H[ ! *ANGE CAME' 9 ,NEWS ,FROM ,NO:]E4.<#a#g.> ,HAV+ PUT HIS NAME TO ! ,MANIFE/O1 ,MORRIS APPE>$ TO BE P]SUAD$ ?AT !RE W]E ONLY TWO R\TES TO SOCIALISM3 P>LIAM5T OR T]ROR4 ,EV5 IF ! =M] WAS LIKELY TO LEAD TO A TYPE ( SOCIALISM ?AT HE DID NOT LIKE1 ! REFUSAL ( ALL AN>*I/S TO ACCEPT IT & ! WILL+NESS ( SOME TO *OOSE T]ROR 9DICAT$ ! EXT5T ( !IR 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O PRIORITIZ$ ?IS CONCEPT ABOVE ALL O!RS W\LD FAIL TO SEE ! NECESSITY ( SUPPORT+ ! COLLECTIVE /RUGGLE OR P]=M BLATANTLY IMMORAL ACTS ?AT RAN C\NT] TO ORD9>Y POLITICAL CALCULATIONS4 

,AS 9DIVIDUALI/S1 ,MORRIS CONCLUD$1 AN>*I/S W]E NOT PRONE TO VIOL5CE AS SU*1 BUT TO ASS]TIVE & TRANSGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS :I* MI<T BE EXPRESS$ VIOL5TLY & :I* W]E AT ROOT1 ANTI-SOCIAL4 ,TAK+ ,AUGU/ ,VAILLANT 7! AN>*I/ EXECUT$ 9 #ahid = ?R[+ A BOMB 9TO ! ,FR5* ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES7 AS HIS MODEL1 ,MORRIS L9K$ 9DIVIDUALISM TO VA9-GLORI\SNESS4 

,PREP>$ TO SACRIFICE HIS LIFE 9 ORD] TO GRATIFY HIS VANITY2 HE IS A TYPE ( M5 .<SIC.> Y\ MEET 9 ALL GRADES ALL PR(ESSIONS4 ,Y\ & ,I HAVE MET SOME ( !M2 EV5 AMONG >TI/S & POETS !Y >E NOT UNKN[N2 M5 :O W\LD DO1 9 !IR >T1 :AT !Y KNEW TO BE QUITE WRONG & \TRAGE\S 9 ORD] TO GA9 NOTORIETY RA!R ?AN WORK HONE/Y & WELL & REMA9 9 OBSCURITY4.<#a#g#a.> 

,9 ,MORRIS'S M9D1 AN>*I/S LIKE ,VAILLANT W]E >TI/S ( A P>TICUL> /RIPE4 ,FAIL+ TO UND]/& !IR SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS & DUTIES1 !Y D5I$ FELL[%IP & SO WRONGLY 9T]PRET$ MA/]%IP AS A PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL DOM9ATION4 ,MORRIS F\ND ANO!R MODEL ( ?IS BR& ( 9DIVIDUALISM 9 CAPITALISM & 9 ! EXP]IM5TATION ( ELITE >T :]E1 :AT PASS$ AS CREATIVITY WAS 9CREAS+LY DRIV5 BY ! DESIRE TO SECURE A NI*E 9 ! M>KET ?R\< NOTORIETY3 FALSE CLAIMS TO 'ORIG9ALITY' FUEL$ BY 'COMPETITION = ! GU9EAS ( ! ,MAN*E/] PATRON4'.<#a#g#b.> ,9 ?IS COMPETITIVE 5VIRONM5T 'EV]YBODY MU/ AT LEA/ PRET5D TO BE A MA/]3 =1 LOOK Y\1 IT NO LONG] PAYS AN >TI/ TO WORK H>D TO CORRECT ! FAULTS :I* HE HIMSELF CANNOT FAIL TO RECOGNIZE4'.<#a#g#c.> ,?IS ANALYSIS TAPP$ 9TO DISCUSSIONS ( DECAD5CE1 :I* AS ,REG5IA ,GAGNI] %[S1 CUT ACROSS LATE ,VICTORIAN LIT]>Y1 POLITICAL & SCI5TIFIC FIELDS4.<#a#g#d.> ,AL?\< IT WAS CLE> ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM 9 ! >TS REPRES5T$ A DIFF]5T LEVEL ( ATT5TION-SEEK+ TO ASSASS9ATION & T]ROR1 ,MORRIS WAS NOT ALONE 9 ?9K+ ?AT IT CAME FROM ! SAME ROOT & ?AT IT EXPRESS$ A SIMIL> AN>*I/IC DI/A9 = SOCIAL 5GAGEM5T1 COOP]ATION & MUTUAL SUPPORT AS WELL AS 9TEGRITY & SELF-REFLECTION4 

,TO SUMM>IZE3 ,MORRIS'S ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY ALL AN>*I/S AS 9DIVIDUALI/ APPE>$ TO E/ABLI% A CLE> IDEOLOGICAL B\ND>Y BETWE5 AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM4 ,VIOL5CE WAS SYMPTOMATIC ( ?IS DIVISION1 BUT IT WAS ROOT$ 9 AN UND]/&+ ( 9DIVIDUAL-COMMUNITY RELATIONS ?AT ,MORRIS D]IV$ FROM HIS CONCEPTS ( FELL[%IP1 MA/]%IP & TYRANNY3 A SOCIAL CONDITION ( COOP]ATIVE 9T]DEP5D5CE1 SUPPORT$ BY ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,MORRIS'S POSITION WAS C]TA9LY CLE>1 YET AS AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION ( IDEOLOGICAL DIFF]5CE IT WAS DEEPLY FLAW$4 ,! SWEEP ( HIS LATE DESIGNATION ( AN>*I/ ?\<T WAS MUDDI$ BY ! COMPLEXITY ( POLITICAL DEBATE & ! CONTE/ATION ( BO? ( HIS C5TRAL T]MS3 'AN>*ISM' & '9DIVIDUALISM4' ,AS WILL BE SE5 BEL[1 !SE T]MS W]E US$ TO DESCRIBE FREE M>KET ANTI-/ATISM AT ONE 5D ( ! SPECTRUM & ! ANTI-CAPITALI/1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 AT ! O!R4 ,MORRIS DIRECT$ HIS CRITIQUE AT BO?1 BUT HIS BLANKET REJECTION ( AN>*ISM ASSUM$ A QUE/IONABLE CONFLATION ?AT WAS BELI$ BY DIVISIONS )9 ,VICTORIAN 9DIVIDUALISM & ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ITSELF4 

,AN>*ISMS & 9DIVIDUALISMS3 ,FROM POLITICS TO IDEOLOGY 

,9DIVIDUALISM WAS A C5TRAL T]M 9 LATE ,VICTORIAN POLITICAL DEBATE & DISAGREEM5TS AB\T ! ROLE ( ! /ATE1 9 P>TICUL>1 W]E CONCEPTUALIZ$ 9 T]MS ( ITS OPPOSITION TO COLLECTIVISM4.<#a#g#e.> ,9 LATE N9ETE5?- & E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ CIRCLES ?IS DEBATE TOOK A DI/9CTIVE TURN4 ,REVOLUTION>IES ALSO PROB$ ! RI<TS & WRONGS ( /ATE 9T]V5TION -- ! DELIV]Y ( WELF>E S]VICES1 QUE/IONS ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS & RESPONSIBILITIES -- BUT LOOK$ AS WELL AT ! /ATE'S CLASS COMPOSITION1 ITS TRANS=MATIVE POT5TIAL1 ITS E?ICAL /ATUS & LONG-T]M EXI/5CE4 ,!SE 9T]E/S AFFECT$ ! WAYS 9 :I* KEY T]MS ( DEBATE W]E C\*$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 SOCIALI/S DID NOT SO MU* USE COLLECTIVISM AS A SYNONYM = SOCIALISM1 AS WAS ! HABIT ( ANTI-COLLECTIVI/S1 BUT TO DESCRIBE A COMMITM5T TO A PR9CIPLE ( COMMON [N]%IP :I* C\LD BE 9T]PRET$ EI!R TO MEAN C5TRALIZ$ /ATE [N]%IP1 DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNAL &_/OR DIRECT WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,! GOAL ( REVOLUTION WAS USUALLY DESCRIB$ 9 O!R WAYS3 SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM1 MUTUALISM1 AN>*Y1 ! COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL?1 & SOMETIMES DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM &1 PEJORATIVELY1 /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,AN>*I/S SOMETIMES DEF9$ 'COLLECTIVISM' EV5 MORE N>R[LY1 TO DESCRIBE ! PR9CIPLE ( DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO WORK -- OR DE$S -- AS OPPOS$ TO ! COMMUNI/ SY/EM ( NE$S4 ,KROPOTK9'S ADOPTION ( ?IS USAGE 5ABL$ HIM TO GLOSS OV] HIS DIFF]5CES ) ,BAKUN9 :ILE ALSO DISPUT+ ! CLAIM ?AT ,M>X WAS A COMMUNI/4.<#a#g#f.> 

,NATURALLY1 DISCUSSIONS CONDUCT$ 9 ! ANTI-COLLECTIVI/ CIRCLES HAD AN IMPACT ON SOCIALI/ DEBATES & ON P]CEPTIONS ( AN>*ISM 9 P>TICUL>4 ,! PREEM95T POSITION ?AT ,H]B]T ,SP5C] OCCUPI$ 9 ! 9DIVIDUALI/ CAMP MEANT ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM WAS HABITUALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ANTI-/ATISM1 OP5+ ! WAY = AN>*ISM TO BE L9K$ TO ! DEF5SE ( ! FREE M>KET1 ! ECONOMIC DOCTR9E ?AT SOCIALI/S TYPICALLY MAPP$ TO 9DIVIDUALI/ POLITICAL !ORY4 ,9 ! ,LIB]TY & ,PROP]TY ,DEF5SE ,LEAGUE 7,L,P,D,L71 A ,SP5C]ITE ORGANIZATION :OSE COAU?OR$ MANIFE/O ,A ,PLEA = ,LIB]TY WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#i#a1 ALL !SE RELATION%IPS W]E EXAM9$4 ,AUB]ON ,H]B]T1 ONE ( ! GR\P'S LEAD+ LI<TS CALL$ HIMSELF A 'VOLUNT>YI/1' A /ANCE :I* COMB9$ RESI/ANCE TO ! /ATE1 '! GREAT MA*9E' AS ,H]B]T CALL$ IT1 & ! 'MANY SY/EMS ( ,/ATE =CE' ) RECOGNITION ( ! 'FREE & OP5 M>KET4' ,HIS POLITICAL IDEAL WAS ONE :I* RELEAS$ ! 'LIV+ 5]GIES ( ! FREE 9DIVIDUALS' & LEFT !M 

FREE TO COMB9E 9 !IR [N WAY1 9 !IR [N GR\PS1 F9D+ !IR [N EXP]I5CE1 SETT+ BE=E !MSELVES !IR [N HOPES & DESIRES1 AIM+ ONLY AT SU* 5DS AS !Y TRULY %>E 9 COMMON1 & EV] AS ! F\NDATION ( IT ALL1 RESPECT+ DEEPLY & RELIGI\SLY ALIKE !IR [N FRE$OM1 & ! FRE$OM ( ALL O!RS4.<#a#g#g.> 

,H]B]T REJECT$ ! LABEL AN>*I/ BECAUSE HE SUPPORT$ A SY/EM ( REGULATION TO 'REPRESS AGGRESSION OR CRIME'.<#a#g#h.> BUT O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,L,P,D,L -- NOTABLY ,J4,H4 ,LEVY -- DID NOT & 9 EMBRAC+ IT FUR!R BLURR$ ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 DIFF]5T AN>*ISMS4 ,DIVID+ AN>*I/S 9TO ?REE CAMPS -- 'CONS]VATIVE1' 'COMMUNI/' & '9DIVIDUALI/' -- HE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT COMMUNISM OCCUPI$ ! MA9 GR\ND ( ! MOVEM5T1 BUT >GU$ ?AT NONE ( ! FACTIONS C\LD CLAIM EXCLUSIVE RI<TS OV] ITS APPLICATION4 ,MOREOV]1 ! G5]IC USE ( ! T]M 'AN>*I/' DID NOT WORRY HIM S9CE HE BELIEV$ ?AT !RE WAS AN IMPORTANT FAMILY RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 !SE V>IETIES4 ,UNIT$ 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO 'CO]CIVE COOP]ATION' OR GOV]NM5T -- :AT HE CALL$ SOCIALISM -- AN>*I/S DIFF]$ ONLY ON ! /RUCTURAL ME*ANISMS REQUIR$ TO A*IEVE !IR AIMS3 :E!R TO MA9TA9 FULL RI<TS ( [N]%IP1 ABOLI% PROP]TY RI<TS OR ALL[ PROP]TY 9 USE4.<#a#g#i.> ,! SECRET>Y ( ! ,L,P,D,L1 ,WORDSWOR? ,DONNI/HORPE1 TOOK YET ANO!R APPROA*4 ,AT FIR/ RESI/+ ! LABEL1 HE LAT] ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/ BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ ?AT ANTI-/ATI/S W]E MORE 9T]E/$ 9 DEF5D+ PRIVILEGE BY 5TR5*+ M>KET ADVANTAGE 9 MONOPOLY ?AN 9 G5U9ELY EXP&+ ! SPH]E ( LIB]TY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,W5DY ,MC,ELROY1 HE WAS /E]$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION BY ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK]1 HAV+ BE5 = MANY YE>S A CORRESPOND5T TO ,LIB]TY & ! PAP]'S MO/ FREQU5T ,BRITI% CONTRIBUTOR4.<#a#h.> 

,\TSIDE ! ,L,P,D,L1 AN>*I/ OP9ION AB\T ! PROP] DESIGNATION ( ANTI-COLLECTIVI/ 9DIVIDUALISM WAS SIMIL>LY DIVID$4 ,= ,MAX ,NETTLAU1 AN ASSOCIATE ( ,KROPOTK91 ,H]B]T'S VOLUNT>YISM WAS 'HUMANE & VIGOR\SLY ANTI-/ATI/' BUT ULTIMATELY DILETTANTE & NOT 'AN>*I/4'.<#a#h#a.> ,9 CONTRA/1 ,TUCK] DESCRIB$ ,H]B]T AS A TRUE AN>*I/4.<#a#h#b.> ,VICTOR ,Y>ROS1 AN ASSOCIATE ( ,TUCK]1 MADE ! SAME CLAIMS = ,LEVY4.<#a#h#c.> ,!SE RESPONSES BROADLY MAPP$ TO SUB-DIVISIONS BETWE5 SO-CALL$ 9DIVIDUALI/1 EGOI/1 MUTUALI/ & COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,AS A RULE ( ?UMB1 AN>*I/S :O PUT !MSELVES 9 ONE ( ! FIR/ TWO GR\PS T5D$ TO BE MORE RECEPTIVE TO ANTI-COLLECTIVI/ 9DIVIDUALISM ?AN MUTUALI/S OR COMMUNI/S4 ,YET1 AS DISCUSSIONS )9 & BETWE5 !SE GR\PS %[1 AN>*I/ CONCEPTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALISM W]E F> MORE COMPLEX & MESSY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 NOT)/&+ ! COMMON GR\ND ?AT AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALI/S SOMETIMES F\ND ) ANTI-COLLECTIVI/S1 AN>*O-COMMUNI/S DID NOT REJECT 9DIVIDUALISM \T ( H&4 ,9DE$1 :ILE ,KROPOTK9 FELT ?AT ,TUCK]'S ,SP5C]ITE LEAN+S ULTIMATELY PO9T$ TO ! DEF5SE ( A M9IMAL /ATE1 HE 5DORS$ KEY T5ETS ( HIS ANTI-/ATI/ CRITIQUE4 ,ON ,SP5C]'S DEA?1 ,FRE$OM1 ! AN>*I/ PAP] ,KROPOTK9 HELP$ E/ABLI%1 FET$ ,SP5C] AS '! GREATE/ PHILOSOPH] ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4' ,HIS TWO VIRTUES W]E ?AT HE HAD 'VIGOR\SLY %AK5 ! F\NDATION /ONE ( ! IDEA ( ,GOD1 OR AU?ORITY & ( SUP]/ITION ON :I* ! P[] & PRIVILEGES ( ! RI* OPPRESSORS >E BAS$' & ?AT HE HAD 'D5\NC$ ! ,/ATE AS A P]NICI\S E/ABLI%M5T BEQUEA!D TO US BY ! B>B>IANS & /R5G!N$ BY ?OSE IDLE & OPPRESS+ SOCIAL CLASSES LIV+ ON ! LABOR ( ! PEOPLE4'.<#a#h#d.> ,KROPOTK9 (F]$ ANO!R APPRECIATION1 HI<LI<T+ HIS COMMON COMMITM5T TO ,SP5C]'S RATIONALISM1 LOVE ( NATURALI/IC SCI5CE & CELEBRATION ( ! IDEA ?AT '! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL' WAS ! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT PO/ULATE ( ! SOCIAL & PHYSICAL SCI5CES4.<#a#h#e.> ,SP5C] HAD %[N ?AT 9DIVIDUALS HAD A CAPACITY TO REASON1 CO-OP]ATE & DEVELOP SOCIAL BEHAVIORS )\T COMPULSION & )\T REC\RSE TO RELIGION OR O!R METAPHYSICAL SPECULATION4 ,9 ?IS HE HAD FOLL[$ ! TRADITION E/ABLI%$ BY ,PR\DHON4 ,AN>*I/S1 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$1 5DORS$ BO? HIS ANALYTICAL APPROA* & HIS ANTI-/ATISM4 

,AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S W]E 9TOL]ANT ( ANTI-COLLECTIVI/ ECONOMICS1 H[EV]1 & P>T$ COMPANY EQUALLY ) ANTI-COLLECTIVI/S & AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALI/S ON QUE/IONS ( PROP]TY & EX*ANGE4 ,NETTLAU1 TOGE!R ) ANO!R ( ,KROPOTK9'S COMRADES1 ,V>LAAM ,T*]KESOV1 >GU$ ?AT !SE ISSUES W]E ! REAL DET]M9ANTS ( 9DIVIDUALI/ & NON-9DIVIDUALI/ DOCTR9ES4 ,9S(> AS ,NETTLAU & ,T*]KESOV'S >GUM5TS TREAT$ V>IETIES ( AN>*ISM AS M]E 'ECONOMIC =MS' !IR UND]/&+ BORE SOME RELATION TO ,LEVY'S4.<#a#h#f.> ,! DIFF]5CE WAS ?AT ,LEVY'S ,SP5C]ITE LEAN+S L$ HIM TO ID5TIFY ALL AN>*I/S 79CLUD+ COMMUNI/7 AS 9DIVIDUALI/S & ANTI-SOCIALI/1 :]EAS ,T*]KESOV *ANG$ ! IDEOLOGICAL POLES ( DEBATE TO >GUE ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM REPRES5T$ A DEVIATION FROM A SOCIALI/-AN>*I/ NORM4 ,BY HIS RECKON+1 ! DIVISION BETWE5 AN>*I/S & 9DIVIDUALI/S WAS M>K$ BY ! AN>*I/'S REJECTION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP & ! M>KET4 ,?US PLAC+ '.<,MAX.> ,/]N]' .<SIC.> 9 ! SAME CATEGORY AS ,SP5C]1 HE DISMISS$ BO? AS 'B\RGEOIS4'.<#a#h#g.> ,9 #ahic ,FRE$OM PUBLI%$ A FULL /ATEM5T ( ?IS VIEW3 

,COMMUNI/ AN>*I/S CLAIM AS ! BASIS ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] COMMON PROP]TY1 :]EAS ,9DIVIDUALI/S DEF5D PRIVATE PROP]TY AS ! NECESS>Y F\NDATION ( SOCIETY 444 ,NOR IS ?AT ! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,COMMUNI/ & ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,AN>*I/S4 ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*I/S MA9TA9 ?AT ! NECESS>Y ACCOMPANIM5T ( PRIVATE PROP]TY IS GOV]NM5T2 A GOV]NM5T ( SOME K9D1 :E!R A P>LIAM5T>Y ONE1 OR A SORT ( ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY1 OR A ,P9K]TON ,POLICE ,=CE SAL>I$ BY ! CAPITALI/S4 ,& AS TO ! 'VOLUNT>Y' TAXATION & O!R 'VOLUNT>Y' ?+S ADVOCAT$ BY ,9DIVIDUALI/S1 WE FAIL TO SEE H[1 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON PRIVATE PROP]TY & 9DIVIDUAL COMPETITION1 ! PEOPLE :O 'VOLUNT>ILY' SUBMIT TO A TAX C\LD BE PREV5T$ FROM %IFT+ ! BURD5 ON TO !IR NEI<BORS2 OR H[ ?OSE :O JO9 9 A ,DEF5SE ,ASSOCIATION W\LD BE PREV5T$ FROM US+ ?IS ORGANIZ$ =CE AGA9/ O!RS ?AN !MSELVES4.<#a#h#h.> 

,TY+ AN>*ISM TO A P>TICUL> POLITICS RA!R ?AN AN ECONOMIC =M1 MUTUALI/S *ALL5G$ ,T*]KESOV'S AN>*I/-9DIVIDUALI/ DI*OTOMY4 ,MUTUALISM1 !Y >GU$1 WAS NOT A M]E ECONOMIC SY/EM1 EV5 IF LIB]TY ( PRODUCTION1 OR ! RI<T ( PRODUC]S TO DET]M9E H[ GOODS W]E TO BE DI/RIBUT$ & DISPOS$ (1 WAS C5TRAL TO IT4.<#a#h#i.> ,IMPORTANTLY1 MUTUALISM DIFF]$ FROM ! ANTI-COLLECTIVI/ 9DIVIDUALISM ASSOCIAT$ ) ,H]B]T & ,SP5C]1 BECAUSE IT DID NOT JU/IFY UNLIMIT$ ACCUMULATION OR AU?ORITY ?R\< PRIVATE PROP]TY4.<#a#i.> ,SOME COMMUNI/S ACCEPT$ ! E?ICAL DI/9CTION ?AT ! MUTUALI/S S\<T TO MAKE BETWE5 !IR [N POSITION & UNQUALIFI$ ANTI-/ATISM4 ,AS A CORRESPOND5T TO ,FRE$OM NOT$1 PLA9 9DIVIDUALISM WAS ,LOCKEAN3 IT DESCRIB$ '! RI<T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO APPROPRIATE ! RESULT ( O!R PEOPLE'S LABOR OV] & ABOVE :AT HE PAYS !M 9 WAGES1 ?\< HE G5]ALLY HAS TO %>E ?IS SURPLUS ACCORD+ TO AGREEM5T ) ! USUR]1 L&LORD & GOV]NM5T4'.<#a#i#a.> ,MUTUALISM1 BY CONTRA/1 WAS EGALIT>IAN & IT DID NOT ALL[ SU* APPROPRIATIONS4 ,TREAT+ MUTUALI/ CLAIMS S]I\SLY1 !SE AN>*I/S NEV]!LESS CRITICIZ$ MUTUALI/S = CALL+ !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALI/S BECAUSE IT WRONGLY IMPLI$ 'A TAUTOLOGY BETWE5 ,9DIVIDUALISM & ,AN>*ISM' & MISLEAD+LY CONFLAT$ AN AGREEM5T 7BETWE5 COMMUNI/S & MUTUALI/S7 AB\T E?ICS ) A DISAGREEM5T AB\T ! OP]ATION ( M>KETS4.<#a#i#b.> ,REJECT+ ?IS IMPLICATION1 ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S >GU$ ?AT !Y W]E AS COMMITT$ TO 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM AS ! MUTUALI/S W]E & ?AT COMMUNISM WAS ! ONLY ECONOMIC SY/EM CAPABLE ( SECUR+ ! LIB]TIES ?AT BO? GR\PS ( AN>*I/S *]I%$4 ,KROPOTK9 MADE A SIMIL> PO9T 9 A DISCUSSION ( ,PR\DHON & ,/IRN]1 BUT 9TRODUC$ A MODIFICATION TO ! T]MS ( DEBATE4 ,PR\DHON1 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$1 UND]/OOD CORRECTLY ?ATMORAL CONSCI5CE1 BY :I* HEMEANT A CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE & EQUALITY1 HAD A BASIS 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,/IRN] >GU$ ?AT MORALITY EXI/$ ONLY BY CONV5TION & WRONGLY CONCLUD$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>ILY ROOT$ 9 AU?ORITY4.<#a#i#c.> ,ON ?IS READ+1 MUTUALISM DESCRIB$ A SY/EM ( AN>*I/ E?ICS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUALITY2 EGOISM1 BY CONTRA/1 WAS AN 9DIVIDUALI/ DOCTR9E :I* SANCTION$ SELFI%NESS 9 ! NAME ( SELF-EXPRESSION4.<#a#i#d.> 

,!SE W]E A COMPLEX SET ( DEBATES & BECAUSE !Y 9VOLV$ A RANGE ( 9DIVIDUALS :O ASSUM$ A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVES1 !RE WAS LITTLE CONS5SUS AB\T :]E OR H[ TO DRAW ! L9ES ( IDEOLOGICAL DIVISION4 ,P]HAPS NOT SURPRIS+LY1 !RE=E1 \TSIDE OBS]V]S SOMETIMES SIMPLY PASS$ OV] ! COMPLEXITY ( AN>*I/ POLITICS & FAIL$ TO ACKN[L$GE ! DIFF]5T WAYS 9 :I* ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & 9DIVIDUALISM WAS UND]/OOD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 A SWEEP+ CRITIQUE ( A PRIORI POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 ,T4,H4 ,HUXLEY ID5TIFI$ TWO IMPORTANT TR5DS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPEAN ?\<T3 REGIM5TATION & AN>*Y4 ,! FIR/ WAS DEF9$ BY ! VIEW ?AT '! BLESS+S ( PEACE' REQUIR$ ! SURR5D] ( RI<TS TO AU?ORITY4 ,9 ! MOD]N P]IOD ,HOBBES /OOD AT ITS HEAD4 ,! SECOND1 AN>*Y1 TYPICALLY TREAT$ 9DIVIDUALS AS 'HI<LY 9TELLIG5T & RESPECTABLE P]SONS1 0LIV+ TOGE!R ACCORD+ TO REASON1 )\T A COMMON SUP]IOR ON E>?1 ) AU?ORITY TO JUDGE BETWE5 !M40'.<#a#i#e.> ,?IS WAS ! TRADITION ( ,LOCKE4 ,ON ?IS SY/EM ( CLASSIFICATION ,AUB]ON ,H]B]T -- :O REJECT$ ! LABEL -- WAS AS MU* AN AN>*I/ AS ,LEVY :O WAS WILL+ TO ACCEPT IT OR1 AS ,HUXLEY 9 FACT SUGGE/$1 AS ,/IRN] & ,BAKUN94.<#a#i#f.> ,NONAN>*I/ SOCIALI/ CRITICS T5D$ TO TREAT ! DIVISIONS )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 AN EQUALLY CAVALI] MANN] & EV5 MORE MIS*IEV\SLY4 ,9 #ahic ,FRE$OM NOT$ ?AT SOCIAL DEMOCRATS USUALLY 'DISPOS$' ( AN>*ISM 9 ONE ( ?REE WAYS4 ,ONE WAS TO CLAIM ?AT IT WAS 'TOO P]FECT AN IDEAL' & UTOPIAN4 ,ANO!R WAS TO SUGGE/ ?AT AN>*Y WAS ID5TICAL TO ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC VISION & ?AT 'AN>*ISM & AN>*Y' W]E JU/ 'BAD NEOLOGISMS4' ,! ?IRD WAS TO >GUE ?AT AN>*ISM WAS 'A RETURN TO B>B>ISM 444 A NEW =M ( ! OLD & DISCR$IT$ LAISSEZ-FAIRE DOCTR9E1' 'REACTION>Y' TO BOOT4.<#a#i#g.> ,?IS LA/ CLAIM T\*$ DIRECTLY ON ! NATURE ( AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM & IT BECAME ONE ( ! DOM9ANT !MES 9 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WRIT+1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE IT WAS TAK5 UP AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY BY ,L594.<#a#i#h.> ,WRIT+ 9 #a#h#i#f1 ,WILLIAM ,LIEBKNE*T ADVANC$ PRECISELY ?IS CASE4 ,ON ACC\NT ( ! 9FLU5CE ?AT ,/IRN] HAD EX]CIS$ ON ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ ,EUG5E ,RI*T] 7:OSE #ahia SATIRE ,PICTURES ( A ,SOCIALI/IC ,FUTURE MOCK$ ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AS A HOPELESSLY 9EFFICI5T & FRI<T5+LY UTOPIAN TYRANNY71 ,LIEBKNE*T TRAC$ ! ORIG9S ( AN>*ISM TO ,/IRN] & ?US D5\NC$ IT AS AN 9DIVIDUALI/ DOCTR9E4.<#a#i#i.> ,:ILE ,/IRN]'S EGOISM WAS 9DE$ OP5 TO 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY [N]%IP1 ! ELISION ( EGOISM ) LIMIT$ /ATE DOCTR9ES & ! EXT5SION ( ?IS COMB9ATION TO AN>*ISM 9 G5]AL WAS -- AS ,T*]KESOV PROTE/$ -- HI<LY MISLEAD+4 ,/ILL1 ,LIEBKNE*T >GU$3 

,!RE IS1 9 FACT1 NO?+ 9 COMMON BETWE5 ,AN>*ISM & ,SOCIALISM4 ,AN>*ISM 444 HAS 9DIVIDUALISM = ITS BASIS2 ?AT IS1 ! SAME PR9CIPLE ON :I* CAPITALI/ SOCIETY RE/S1 & !RE=E IT IS ESS5TIALLY REACTION>Y1 H[EV] HY/]ICAL MAY BE ITS %RIEKS ( REVOLUTION4.<#b.> 

,H[ DID ,MORRIS APPROA* !SE DEBATES8 ,! ANSW] IS ?AT ! VIEW HE EXPRESS$ 9 #a#h#i#c-#a#h#i#d WAS BAS$ ON A CLASSIFICATION EQUALLY R$UCTIVE AS ,HUXLEY'S & ,LIEBKNE*T'S4 ,YET IT WAS UNUSUAL BECAUSE IT WAS ALSO BAS$ ON BO? A FAMILI>ITY ) ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 7?AT ,HUXLEY LACK$7 & A MU* CLOS] & SYMPA!TIC 9VOLVEM5T ) AN>*I/ POLITICS ?AN ,LIEBKNE*T HAD EV] 5JOY$4 

,MORRIS'S DI>Y = #ahhg DI/+UI%$ ?REE GR\PS4 ,! FIR/ W]E :AT HE CALL$ ! 'OR?ODOX' AN>*I/S :O MET AT ,CLEVEL& ,HALL & HE ID5TIFI$ ,VICTOR ,DAVE -- ) :OM HE & ,BEL=T ,BAX CO-WROTE !IR HI/ORY ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE -- AS !IR 'LEAD+ SPIRIT4' ,! SECOND W]E ! AN>*I/S ( ! ,AUTONOMY GR\P & ! ?IRD ! ,FRE$OM GR\P ORGANIZ$ >\ND ,KROPOTK9 & ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON4 ,MORRIS WAS AW>E ( !SE GR\PS' DIFF]5T CON/ITU5CIES4 ,HE NOT$1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ,DAVE'S 'OR?ODOX' AN>*I/S W]E F]V5T 9T]NATIONALI/S1 L>GELY ,FR5*- & ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ REFUGEES4 ,A NEWSPAP] CUTT+ FROM ! ,DAILY ,NEWS PA/$ 9TO HIS DI>Y DESCRIB$ ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON AS A ',S\? ,K5S+TON OR ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM >T /UD5T' TYPE1 AN 'ES!TE ) VIEWS1' CAPTUR+ AN IMAGE ( ! ,FRE$OM GR\P ?AT WAS USUALLY PA9T$ 9 LESS POLITE T]MS BY ! AN>*I/S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE4.<#b#a.> 

,AP>T FROM NOT+ !IR DIFF]5T MEET+ PLACES & MEMB]%IPS1 ,MORRIS SEEM$ UNSURE ( ! ISSUES ?AT DIVID$ !SE GR\PS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE ADMITT$ IGNORANCE ( ! GR\NDS ( ! 'QU>REL' -- A SPY+ SC&AL -- :I* DIVID$ ,DAVE'S AN>*I/S FROM ! ,AUTONOMY GR\P1 ?\< LAT] BECOM+ 9VOLV$ 9 ! AFFAIR1 HE DESIGNAT$ ! LATT] AS 'UNRESPECTABLE4'.<#b#b.> ,YET1 AS ,FLOR5CE ,BOOS NOTES1 ,MORRIS APPRECIAT$ ?AT !RE W]E SIGNIFICANT DIVISIONS BETWE5 'OR?ODOX ,AN>*I/S1' 'COLLECTIVI/S' & ,KROPOTK9'S AN>*O-COMMUNI/S4.<#b#c.> ,MOREOV]1 HE ID5TIFI$ ! DI/9CTIVELY COMMUNI/ POSITION ) ! REJECTION ( GOV]NM5T1 ( P>LIAM5T>ISM & ! *>ACT]IZATION ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS AS A CONDITION ( W> -- A MO/ TYRANN\S TYRANNY4 ,:AT ,MORRIS CALL$ ! 'AN>*ICAL' T5D5CIES ( ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON'S ',UTOPIAN ,AN>*I/ ,SUP]/ITION' REF]R$1 ADDITIONALLY1 TO ! COMMUNI/S' UNWAV]+ FAI? 9 ! LAT5T P[] ( SPONTANE\S GRASS ROOTS RESI/ANCE1 A FAI? :I* HE DID NOT %>E4.<#b#d.> 

,MORRIS'S OBS]VATIONS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T H>DLY T\*$ ON ! !ORETICAL ISSUES DISCUSS$ 9 ! AN>*I/ PRESS1 BUT HE WAS C]TA9LY FAMILI> ) ! ANTI-COLLECTIVISM ( ! ,L,P,D,L4 ,! TEXT ( A SPEE* BY ,WORDSWOR? ,DONNI/HORPE1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,H5RY ,SEYM\R'S PAP] ,! ,AN>*I/1 E>N$ A SCORNFUL REVIEW 9 ,COMMONWEAL 9 #a#h#h#g4.<#b#e.> ,DONNI/HORPE'S CRITICAL DISSECTION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,CATE*ISM BY ,MORRIS'S FRI5D ,J4,L4 ,JOYNES MI<T WELL HAVE 9FLU5C$ HIS JUDGM5T1 BUT EI!R WAY ,MORRIS DESCRIB$ ! SPEE* AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! 'PESSIMI/IC P>ADOXICAL EX]CISES :I* >E A DISEASE ( ! P]IOD1 & :OSE AIM W\LD SEEM TO BE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! LANGUAGE4'.<#b#f.> ,MORRIS'S JUDGM5TS ( ,AUB]ON ,H]B]T W]E H>DLY W>M]4 ,HE HAD WORK$ ) ,H]B]T 9 ! ,EA/]N ,QUE/ION ,ASSOCIATION 9 ! #a#h#gS1 & !REAFT] FOLL[$ DEBATES AB\T 'VOLUNT>YISM' 9 ! LIB]AL REVIEWS1 BUT ?IS P]SONAL ASSOCIATION FAIL$ TO 5C\RAGE AN APPRECIATION ( HIS IDEAS4 ,! CRITIQUE ,GRANT ,ALL5 PRES5T$ 9 ! ESSAY ',9DIVIDUALISM & ,SOCIALISM' WAS TOO TAME = ,MORRIS1 BUT HE AGRE$ ) ,ALL5 ?AT ! ,L,P,D,L'S DEF5SE ( PROP]TY 9 USE W\LD RESULT 9 ! V]Y MONOPOLY ?AT UND]CUT ! EQUAL 5JOYM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY ! GR\P *AMPION$4.<#b#g.> ,AS ,MORRIS PUT IT3 BY SUPPORT+ A PR9CIPLE ( DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO DE$1 !SE AN>*I/S 'WI%$ TO ABOLI% ORGANIZ$ MONOPOLY BUT SUPPORT$ UNORGANIZ$ MONOPOLY1 OR ! RULE ( ! /RONGE/ 9DIVIDUAL 444 UPHOLD+ 444 PRIVATE PROP]TY ) NO ASSOCIATION4'.<#b#h.> 

,H[EV] CONFUS+ ,MORRIS F\ND ! 9T]NAL POLITICS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 HE WAS C]TA9LY FAMILI> ) SOME ( ! ISSUES ?AT DIVID$ AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S FROM LIMIT$-/ATE ANTI-COLLECTIVI/S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 HIS LATE CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM HE SUBORD9AT$ !SE DIFF]5CES TO CAPTURE BO? GR\PS UND] ! COMMON PR9CIPLE ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,?IS APPROA* TO AN>*ISM WAS WELL REHE>S$ 9 ! NON-AN>*I/ SOCIALI/ PRESS1 ?\< ,FRE$OM'S COMM5T>Y ON SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC OBJECTIONS TO AN>*ISM OV]LOOK$ IT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 F9D+ AGREEM5T NEI!R 9 'OBJECT1 POLICY1 NOR ME?ODS' ) ! AN>*I/S1 ,JU/ICE >GU$ ?AT ! AN>*I/1 'WILL HAVE NO AU?ORITY ON ANY ACC\NT' & ?AT '! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRAT BELIEVES ?AT A C]TA9 AM\NT ( AU?ORITY WILL ALWAYS BE NECESS>Y4'.<#b#i.> ,AN>*I/ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM WAS ALSO C5TRAL TO ,5GELS' CRITIQUE &1 JU/ AS ,LIEBKNE*T US$ ,/IRN] TO L9K LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS TO AN>*ISM1 HE DREW ON ! SAME S\RCE TO REVEAL ! *AOTIC DE/RUCTIV5ESS ( AN>*I/ DOCTR9ES4 ,ID5TIFY+ ,BAKUN9 AS ! TRANSMITT] ( ',/IRN]IAN 0REBELLION0' HE JIB$3 '! AN>*I/S HAVE ALL BECOME 0UNIQUE ONES10 SO UNIQUE ?AT NO TWO ( !M CAN AGREE ) EA* O!R4'.<#b#a.> ,MORRIS >RIV$ AT HIS POSITION BY A DIFF]5T R\TE1 FA/5+ ON COLLECTIVE AGREEM5T RA!R ?AN AB/RACT AU?ORITY1 BUT HIS CLAIMS W]E SIMIL>4 ,HE ATTEMPT$ TO %[ ?AT AN>*I/ MORAL 9DIVIDUALISM R5D]$ AGREEM5T 9 SOCIALISM IMPOSSIBLE4 ,HIS DISCUSSION DREW BACK TO ! CONCEPTS HE HAD ELABORAT$ 9 ! #a#h#hS3 SOCIAL TYRANNY1 SLAV]Y & FELL[%IP4 ,REJECT+ 'SOCIAL TYRANNY1' HE CONT5D$1 AN>*I/S ALSO D5I$ FELL[%IP1 LEAV+ 9DIVIDUALS EXPOS$ TO NEW =MS ( SLAV]Y1 ROOT$ 9 ! UNCONF9$ PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL MA/]%IP4 ,! DIFFICULTY ( ! *>GE WAS ?AT IT RAN C\NT] TO A PROCESS ( DECISION-MAK+ ?AT ,MORRIS ALSO SUPPORT$1 SUGGE/+ ?AT ! IDEOLOGICAL R$UCTION ?AT HE HAD DI/ILL$ FROM HIS 5GAGEM5T ) AN>*I/ POLITICS WAS P]HAPS FAULTY4 

,COMMUNISM1 AN>*ISM & DEMOCRACY 

,ACCUS+ ! AN>*I/S ( BE+ 'SOME:AT AU?ORITATIVE' ON ! ISSUE1 ,MORRIS >GU$ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S WAS EXPRESS$ ?R\< !IR REJECTION ( COLLECTIVE AGREEM5T4.<#b#a#a.> ,HIS />T+ PO9T WAS ?AT AN>*I/S OPPOS$ AGREEM5T ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT GAVE P[] TO MAJORITIES & WAS !RE=E CO]CIVE4 ,= ,MORRIS1 ?IS >GUM5T WAS SELF-DEFEAT+4 ,TO ILLU/RATE :Y1 HE IMAG9$ A DISPUTE AB\T ! BUILD+ ( A BRIDGE4 ,%\LD OP9ION BE DIVID$1 HE ASK$3 ',:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 ,:I* P>TY IS TO GIVE WAY8' ,! AN>*I/ ANSW]1 ,MORRIS ?\<T1 WAS TO 'SAY IT MU/ NOT BE C>RI$ BY A MAJORITY'2 ,MORRIS RESPOND$1 '9 ?AT CASE1 !N1 IT MU/ BE C>RI$ BY A M9ORITY4'.<#b#a#b.> ,! ILLOGICALITY ( ! AN>*I/ POSITION PO9T$ TO AN IMPORTANT !ORETICAL PR9CIPLE3 AN>*I/S PRIORITIZ$ ! RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS OV] ALL =MS ( COLLECTIVE P[]4 

,FAIL+ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT EQUAL FRE$OM NECESS>ILY 9VOLV$ A CO]CIVE LIMIT ON ! LIB]TY ( ALL1 AN>*I/S NOT ONLY TI$ !MSELVES 9 KNOTS ON ! QUE/ION ( MAJORIT>IANISM1 !Y ALSO COMMITT$ !MSELVES TO ! NEGATIVE MORAL 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT G5U9E COMMUNISM -- ,MORRIS'S DOCTR9E -- REJECT$4 ,TO ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/ READ]S ( ! ,COMMONWEAL ,MORRIS >GU$ ?AT 'IF FRE$OM FROM AU?ORITY MEANS ! ASS]TION ( ! ADVISABILITY OR POSSIBILITY ( AN 9DIVIDUAL MAN DO+ :AT HE PLEASES ALWAYS & UND] ALL CIRCUM/ANCES1 ?IS IS AN ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( SOCIETY4'.<#b#a#c.> ,NO MATT] H[ MU* !SE AN>*I/S OP5LY DISAGRE$ ) ! 'VOLUNT>YI/S' ON QUE/IONS ( ECONOMICS1 !Y %>$ ! SAME MORAL \TLOOK4.<#b#a#d.> 

,! /R5G? ( ,MORRIS'S CONCLUSION LAY 9 HIS CLAIM ?AT ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S 9 FACT UND]/OOD AU?ORITY AS HE SUGGE/$4 ,YET AS ! DEBATES AB\T 9DIVIDUALISM MAKE CLE>1 ?IS >GUM5T WAS DIFFICULT TO SU/A94 ,ADMITT$LY1 ! CLE>E/ /ATEM5TS ( AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ E?ICS APPE>$ ONLY AFT] ,MORRIS HAD DI$4 ,H[EV] IT WAS CLE> FROM DISCUSSIONS 9 ,FRE$OM ?AT AN>*O-COMMUNI/S W]E EXTREMELY W>Y ( NONCOMMUNI/ AN>*I/ DOCTR9ES & !IR IMPACT ON 9DIVIDUAL-COMMUNITY RELATIONS4 ,TWO P>TICUL> EXAMPLES W]E ?AT MUTUALISM FAIL$ TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE SAFEGU>DS TO PROTECT ! EGALIT>IAN RELATIONS IT ESP\S$ & ?AT EGOISM GAVE FREE REIGN TO 9DIVIDUAL COMPETITION4 ,MORRIS EXPRESS$ PRECISELY ! SAME WORRY AB\T 'VOLUNT>YISM' & ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! ,L,P,D,L4 ,MORE TELL+LY1 ,MORRIS'S FUR!R EXPLORATIONS ( DEMOCRACY SUGGE/$ ?AT ! FAULT L9E ?AT HE ID5TIFI$ BETWE5 COMMUNISM & AN>*O-COMMUNISM WAS NOT BAS$ ON ! PRESUM$ 9COMPATIBILITY ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM ) UNRE/RA9$ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 AT ALL4 ,9DE$1 HE LOCAT$ ! PROBLEM ( 9DIVIDUALISM 9 ! T5SION BETWE5 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM & CLASS 9T]E/4 ,?IS >GUM5T SECUR$ ! IDEOLOGICAL DIVISION HE WANT$ TO CEM5T1 BUT IT DID NOT SIT EASILY ) ! MODEL ( DECISION-MAK+ ?AT HE PRES5T$ 9 HIS UTOPIAN ROMANCE1 ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E4 

,MORRIS OP5$ UP ! GAP 9 ! DEBATE 9 HIS LETT] TO ! READ]S ( ,COMMONWEAL :]E HE ATTEMPT$ TO %[ H[ AN>*I/ DEF5SES ( LIB]TY CONFLICT$ ) ! IDEA ( A COMMON GOOD4 ,HE IMAG9$ TWO SC5>IOS3 ONE :]E ! LONG-T]M /ABILITY ( SOCIETY WAS ?REAT5$ BY ! RISE ( A TYRANN\S 9T]E/1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ATTEMPT TO RE9TRODUCE SOME =M ( SLAV]Y 7LIKE MONOPOLY71 & A SECOND1 %ORT T]M DISPUTE :]E OP9IONS AB\T A P>TICUL> POLICY DIV]G$4 ,BO? SC5>IOS1 HE >GU$1 LEGITIMIZ$ CO]CION1 BUT ! TYRANNY ASSUM$ DIFF]5T =MS4 ,! FIR/ CASE1 ! ?REAT ( NEW 5SLAVEM5T1 CONV9C$ ,MORRIS ?AT !RE WAS A NE$ = AN ORGANIZATION OR A 'C5TRAL BODY1' AT LEA/ = A TEMPOR>Y P]IOD1 TO 5=CE COMMITM5TS TO SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4.<#b#a#e.> ,! SECOND DISPUTE -- ! POLICY DISAGREEM5T -- DID NOT DEM& ?IS K9D ( REGULATORY BODY1 BUT RESOLUTION DEP5D$ ON OBS]VANCE ( SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES1 OR AN IDEA ( COLLECTIVE GOOD4 ,TO ILLU/RATE1 ,MORRIS IMAG9$ H[ A PROPOSAL TO CUT D[N 'ALL ! TIMB] 9 ,5GL&' & TURN ! 'C\NTRY 9TO 444 A M>KET-G>D5 UND] GLASS' MI<T BE *ALL5G$4 ,OPPON5TS1 HE SUGGE/$1 MI<T PREF] ! L&SCAPE TO REMA9 WILD & TO PRES]VE ITS NATURAL BEAUTY4.<#b#a#f.> ,H[EV]1 IF ! MAJORITY BACK$ ! PROPOSAL1 IT WAS ONLY RI<T ?AT ! IMAG9$ OBJECTORS 7,MORRIS PUT HIMSELF AMONG !M7 SUBORD9ATE !IR [N 9T]E/S TO ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,NO MATT] H[ SIGNIFICANT !IR DIFF]5CES MI<T BE -- & ! EXAMPLE ,MORRIS *OSE WAS DESIGN$ TO HI<LI<T H[ DIVISIVE HE FELT ! ISSUE WAS -- ! M9ORITY W\LD 'GIVE UP ! LESS] = ! GREAT]4'.<#b#a#g.> 

,ON ?IS ACC\NT1 ,MORRIS P]CEIV$ COMMUNISM TO BE ANTI-AN>*I/ 9 TWO WAYS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! IMAG9$ C5TRAL BODY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ! SOCIAL TYRANNY ON :I* SOCIALISM DEP5D$1 & ON ! O!R IT GAVE PRIORITY TO MAJORITY OV] M9ORITY OR 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S4 ,YET 9 #ahid HE DREW /ILL FUR!R FROM AN>*I/ ?9K+ BY ADOPT+ A POSITION :I* RELI$ ON ! RECOGNITION ( A UNIV]SAL 9T]E/1 NOT JU/ ! PRIORITY ( ! NUM]IC MAJORITY4 ,! PLURALISM :I* EXPLA9$ ! POLICY DISAGREEM5TS ?AT SOCIALI/S W]E LIKELY TO FACE WAS N[ D5I$4 ,MAJORITY RULE1 HE >GU$1 'IS ONLY H>MFUL :]E !RE IS CONFLICT ( 9T]E/4'.<#b#a#h.> ,9 SOCIALISM1 '!RE W\LD BE NO OPPOSITION ( 9T]E/S1 BUT ONLY DIV]G5CES ( OP9ION' BECAUSE ! '/RUGGLES BETWE5 OPPOS+ 9T]E/S = 444 MA/]Y1' ?AT W]E P>T & P>CEL ( ! EXI/+ P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM1 W\LD BE A ?+ ( ! PA/4.<#b#a#i.> ,MORRIS'S >GUM5T WAS CONSI/5T ) HIS E>LI] REJECTION ( REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY AS A SY/EM ( CLASS RULE1.<#b#b.> BUT IT SUGGE/$ ?AT MAJORITIES C\LD NEV] 9JURE M9ORITIES ONCE CLASS DIVISIONS BAS$ ON PRIVATE [N]%IP HAD BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,AS ,MORRIS PUT IT1 'COMMUNITY CANNOT COMPEL ! COMMUNITY4'.<#b#b#a.> ,?IS V]Y ,R\SSEAUEAN VIEW MEANT ?AT 9DIVIDUALS W\LD BE EXPECT$ TO ID5TIFY ) A HI<] AU?ORITY1 EV5 :ILE !IR OP9IONS W]E BE+ TRAMPL$ ON OR IGNOR$4.<#b#b#b.> 

,MORRIS'S UNQUALIFI$ DEF5SE ( SIMPLE MAJORIT>IANISM1 LET ALONE HIS ASSUMPTION ( UNIV]SAL CLASS 9T]E/ C]TA9LY PUT HIM AT ODDS ) A GOOD PROPORTION ( AN>*I/S1 COMMUNI/S & 9DIVIDUALI/S ALIKE4.<#b#b#c.> ,HE WAS PROBABLY RI<T TO ?9K ?AT HIS PROPOSAL = A C5TRAL DEF5SIVE BODY W\LD AL>M ALL SORTS ( AN>*I/S1 EV] M9DFUL ( ! POT5TIAL = ! /ATE'S RECON/ITUTION4 ,H[EV]1 HIS CLAIM ?AT ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( '! TYRANNY ( SOCIETY' MEANT '?AT EV]Y MAN %\LD BE QUITE 9DEP5D5T ( EV]Y O!R'.<#b#b#d.> -- AS HE PHRAS$ ! CRITIQUE 9 ,NEWS ,FROM ,NO:]E -- WRONGLY ASSUM$ ?AT ! REJECTION ( !SE TWO MODELS ( DECISION-MAK+ EXHAU/$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS ASSUMPTION WAS FAULTY BECAUSE IT OV]LOOK$ ! POSSIBILITY ( /EPP+ BETWE5 ! TYRANNY ( CLASS 9T]E/ & MORAL 9DIVIDUALISM1 EV5 ?\< HIS [N WORK CONTA9$ AN \TL9E MODEL ( A NON-TYRANN\S DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,9DE$1 HE FLE%$ \T ! PO9T 9 ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E1 :]E HE AGA9 DISCUSS$ ! BUILD+ ( A BRIDGE4.<#b#b#e.> 

,9 HIS SECOND HYPO!TICAL CONTEXT1 DISAGREEM5TS AB\T ! PROPOSAL >E RESOLV$ ?R\< DIALOGUE & A CONT9U\S PROCESS ( DIRECT1 OP5 BALLOT+1 NEI!R BY ! SUBMISSION ( ! M9ORITY TO MAJORITY 9T]E/S1 NOR BY ! RECOGNITION ( ! COMMON GOOD4 ,9 ?IS PICTURE ( COMMUNISM1 AGREEM5T IS REA*$ ?R\< A DELIB]ATIVE PROCESS1 SUPPORT$ BY ORD9>Y TYRANNY1 CAPABLE ( DET]M9+ POLICY \TCOMES ?R\< ! RESOLUTION RA!R ?AN ! SUBORD9ATION ( DIFF]5CES4 ,MORRIS FLE%$ \T A SIMIL> PROCESS ( CONS5SUAL & DELIB]ATIVE DEBATE 9 ,COMMONWEAL4 ,ASSUM+ ?AT 'A DOZ5 ?\<TFUL M5' W\LD HAVE 'TWELVE DIFF]5T OP9IONS' ON 'ANY SUBJECT :I* IS NOT A DRY MATT] ( FACT1' HE >GU$ ?AT ! GR\P W\LD NEGOTIATE A COMPROMISE TO 'GET !IR BUS9ESS DONE4' ,MORRIS DESCRIB$ ! 'COMMON RULE ( CONDUCT' ?AT UND]P9N$ ?IS PROCESS AS A 'COMMON BOND' ( 'AU?ORITY4' ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 H[EV]1 'AU?ORITY' REF]R$ ONLY TO ! BACKGR\ND CONCEPT ( TYRANNY1 :I* HE BELIEV$ ESS5TIAL TO ANY SOCIETY1 NOT ! POSITIVE COMMITM5T TO ! COMMON GOOD -- OR CLASS 9T]E/ -- ?AT HE SUBSEQU5TLY ADOPT$ TO DI/+UI% HIS BR& ( COMMUNISM FROM ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! AN>*I/S4.<#b#b#f.> 

,HAV+ DEVELOP$ A MODEL ( DECISION-MAK+ :I* ASSUM$ ?AT 9DIVIDUALS MI<T REA* VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T ?R\< OP5 DISCUSSION & CONS5SUS1 ,MORRIS %IFT$ HIS POSITION :5 IT CAME TO DI/+UI%+ COMMUNISM FROM AN>*ISM4 ,:5 IT CAME TO P9PO9T+ AN>*ISM'S IDEOLOGICAL DI/9CTIV5ESS1 AGREEM5T APPE>$ TO REQUIRE MORE ?AN ! OBS]VANCE ( MORAL NORMS & RESPECT = 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY 7TYRANNY & MA/]%IP71 :I* W]E ! ONLY CONDITIONS = CONS5SUS4 ,9 ADDITION1 IT DEM&$ ! 5=CEM5T ( MAJORITY RULE 7! RELOCATION ( MA/]%IP FROM 9DIVIDUALS TO ! GR\P7 OR1 EV5 MORE /R+5TLY1 ! RECOGNITION ( A UNIV]SAL 9T]E/ 7! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( MA/]%IP AS AN AB/RACT IDEA74 ,! ELISION ( ORD9>Y TYRANNY ) MAJORIT>IANISM SUB/ANTIAT$ ,MORRIS'S CLAIM ?AT AN>*I/S W]E 9DIVIDUALI/S1 BUT ! 9TEGRITY ( HIS CONS5SUAL ALT]NATIVE WAS ! PRICE HE PAID4 

,ONE WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T ! ALT]NATIVES ,MORRIS EXPLOR$ IS TO RETURN TO HIS UND]/&+ ( MA/]Y & >T4 ,HIS CONCEPTION ( AN>*I/ ANTIAU?ORIT>IANISM PO9T$ TO EGOTISM1 OR A =M ( COMPETITIVE1 VA9-GLORI\S MA/]%IP :I* WAS CONSCI\SLY TRANSGRESSIVE4 ,AGA9/ ?IS1 HE POSIT$ A DEF5SE ( MAJORIT>IANISM & UNIV]SAL 9T]E/4 ,?IS MAPP$ ONTO AN IDEA ( MA/]%IP :I* SUBORD9AT$ ! 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUAL >TI/S TO ! WELL-BE+ ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,A ?IRD POSSIBILITY1 ONE ?AT HE SIDEL9$ 9 HIS LATE CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM1 WAS \TL9$ 9 ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E4 ,IT SUGGE/$ ?AT CREATIVITY WAS PRIM>Y BUT ?AT ! PLEASURE >TI/S D]IV$ FROM !IR PRODUCTION WAS L9K$ TO ITS RECEPTION 9 ! WID] COMMUNITY4 ,?IS ASSUM$ ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL TYRANNY1 BUT ONE ?AT WAS %AP$ BY ! EXPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL WILLS4 

,CONCLUSION 

,MORRIS'S REJECTION ( AN>*ISM WAS FUEL$ BY HIS FRU/RATIONS ) ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE & ! POLITICAL VIOL5CE ( ! E>LY #a#h#iS4 ,IT CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ! REFUSAL TO ACCEPT COMPROMISE ON P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION -- & P]HAPS ! DISCOM=T ,MORRIS FELT 9 ADOPT+ A /RATEGY ?AT HE KNEW TO BE FLAW$4 ,HIS CONC]NS AB\T AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM W]E 9=M$ BY PR9CIPLES ( FELL[%IP1 MA/]%IP & TYRANNY :I* D]IV$ FROM DEEPLY HELD CONVICTIONS AB\T SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 COMMUNISM1 BUT HIS CRITIQUE DEP5D$ ON R$UCTIVE IDEOLOGICAL LABEL+ :I* SMO!R$ ! POLITICS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,MORRIS'S CRITIQUE ( AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM SUCCE$$ :5 C\*$ 9 T]MS ( 'ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM1' BUT ! CO/S ( SUCCESS W]E HI<3 HIS DISCUSSION ( DECISION-MAK+ & COLLECTIVE AGREEM5T WAS NOT EASILY RECONCIL$ ) ! IDEA ( MA/]%IP HE S\<T TO DEF5D4 ,AN>*I/S MI<T HAVE F\ND ASPECTS ( ,MORRIS'S COMMUNISM TR\BL+4 ,BUT HIS ATTEMPTS TO DISMISS AN>*ISM AS 9DIVIDUALI/IC BY %[+ ?AT IT WAS :OLLY 9COMPATIBLE ) IT1 FAIL$4 

,ACKN[L$GM5T 

,?ANKS TO ,ALEX ,PRI*>D = REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO BR+ CL>ITY TO ! >GUM5T4 

,NOTES 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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