,LIFE ( ,KOROL5KO 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 ,JULY #aiah 79 ,BRESLAU ,PRISON74 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,VLADIMIR ,KOROL5KO'S AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,MY ,CONTEMPOR>Y 7PAGES #a#a-#e#c74 ,B]L91 #a#i#a#i4 ,LUXEMBURG HAD TRANSLAT$ ?IS WORK FROM ! ,RUSSIAN 9TO ,G]MAN1 & WROTE ! FOLL[+ TEXT AS AN 9TRODUCTION4 
,S\RCE3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW1 ,VOL4#c ,NO4#a1 ,JANU>Y-,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f#i1 PP4#a#a-#c#a4 
,TRANSLAT$3 FROM ! ,G]MAN BY ,FRI$A ,MATTICK 9 ,NEW ,ESSAYS3 ,A ,QU>T]LY ,DEVOT$ TO ! ,/UDY ( ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY1 ,W9T] #a#i#d#c4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,E9DE ,O',CALLA<AN1 ,DANIEL ,GAIDO1 @& ,BRIAN ,BAGG9S 
,PUBLIC ,DOMA93 ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #b#e4 ,?IS WORK IS COMPLETELY FREE4 

,I 

0,MY S\L1 ( A ?REEFOLD NATIONALITY1 HAS AT LA/ F\ND A HOME - & ?IS ABOVE ALL 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( ,RUSSIA10 ,KOROL5KO SAYS 9 HIS MEMOIRS4 ,?IS LIT]ATURE1 :I* TO ,KOROL5KO WAS FA!RL&1 HOME1 & NATIONALITY1 & :I* HE HIMSELF ADORNS1 WAS HI/ORICALLY UNIQUE4 

,= C5TURIES1 ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & D[N TO ! LA/ ?IRD ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,RUSSIA WAS 5VELOP$ 9 A CRYPT-LIKE SIL5CE1 9 D>KNESS & B>B>ISM4 ,%E HAD NO CULTIVAT$ LIT]>Y LANGUAGE1 NO SCI5TIFIC LIT]ATURE1 NO PUBLI%+ H\SES1 NO LIBR>IES1 NO J\RNALS1 NO C5T]S ( CULTURAL LIFE4 ,! GULF /REAM ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 :I* HAD WA%$ ! %ORES ( ALL O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES & WAS RESPONSIBLE = A FL[]+ G>D5 ( WORLD LIT]ATURE1 ! R\S+ /ORMS ( ! ,RE=MATION1 ! FI]Y BREA? ( EI<TE5?-C5TURY PHILOSOPHY-ALL ?IS HAD LEFT ,RUSSIA UNT\*$4 ,! L& ( ! CZ>S POSSESS$ AS YET NO MEANS = APPREH5D+ ! LI<T RAYS ( ,WE/]N CULTURE1 NO M5TAL SOIL 9 :I* ITS SE$S C\LD TAKE ROOT4 ,! SP>SE LIT]>Y MONUM5TS ( ?OSE TIMES1 9 !IR \TL&I% UGL9ESS1 APPE> TODAY LIKE NATIVE PRODUCTS ( ! ,SOLOMON ,ISL&S OR ! ,NEW ,HEBRIDES4 ,BETWE5 !M & ! >T ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 !RE APP>5TLY EXI/S NO ESS5TIAL RELATION1 NO 9N] CONNECTION4 

,BUT !N SOME?+ LIKE A MIRACLE TOOK PLACE4 ,AFT] SEV]AL FALT]+ ATTEMPTS T[>D ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY TO CREATE A NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS1 ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S FLA%$ UP LIKE LI<TN+4 ,RUSSIA'S PR(\ND HUMILIATION1 >\S+ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 CZ>DOM A NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS1 JU/ AS ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,COALITION DID LAT]1 RESULT$ 9 DRAW+ ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS T[>D ! ,WE/1 T[>D ,P>IS1 9TO ! HE>T ( ,EUROPEAN CULTURE1 & BR++ !M 9TO CONTACT ) A NEW WORLD4 ,OV]NI<T A ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE BLOSSOM$ =?1 SPR++ UP COMPLETE 9 GLI/5+ >MOR LIKE ,M9]VA FROM ! HEAD ( ,JUPIT]2 & ?IS LIT]ATURE1 COMB9+ ,ITALIAN MELODY1 ,5GLI% VIRILITY1 & ,G]MAN NOBILITY & PR(UNDITY1 SOON OV]FL[$ ) A TREASURE ( TAL5TS1 RADIANT BEAUTY1 ?\<T & EMOTION4 

,! LONG D>K NI<T1 ! DEA?LIKE SIL5CE1 HAD BE5 AN ILLUSION4 ,! LI<T RAYS FROM ! ,WE/ HAD REMA9$ OBSCURE ONLY AS A LAT5T P[]2 ! SE$S ( CULTURE HAD BE5 WAIT+ TO SPR\T AT ! APPROPRIATE MOM5T4 ,SUDD5LY1 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE /OOD !RE1 AN UNMI/AKABLE MEMB] ( ! LIT]ATURE ( ,EUROPE1 9 :OSE VE9S CIRCULAT$ ! BLOOD ( ,DANTE1 ,RABELAIS1 ,%AKESPE>E1 ,BYRON1 ,LESS+1 & ,GOE!4 ,) ! LEAP ( A LION IT ATON$ = ! NEGLECT ( C5TURIES2 IT /EPP$ 9TO ! FAMILY CIRCLE ( WORLD LIT]ATURE AS AN EQUAL4 

,! *IEF *>ACT]I/IC ( ?IS SUDD5 EM]G5CE ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE IS ?AT IT WAS BORN \T ( OPPOSITION TO ! ,RUSSIAN REGIME1 \T ( ! SPIRIT ( /RUGGLE4 ,?IS FEATURE WAS OBVI\S ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,IT EXPLA9S ! RI*NESS & DEP? ( ITS SPIRITUAL QUALITY1 ! FULLNESS & ORIG9ALITY ( ITS >TI/IC =M1 ABOVE ALL1 ITS CREATIVE & DRIV+ SOCIAL =CE4 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE BECAME1 UND] CZ>ISM1 A P[] 9 PUBLIC LIFE AS 9 NO O!R C\NTRY & 9 NO O!R TIME4 ,IT REMA9$ AT ITS PO/ = A C5TURY UNTIL IT WAS RELIEV$ BY ! MAT]IAL P[] ( ! MASSES1 :5 ! WORD BECAME FLE%4 

,IT WAS ?IS LIT]ATURE :I* WON = ?AT HALF-,ASIATIC1 DESPOTIC /ATE A PLACE 9 WORLD CULTURE4 ,IT BROKE ?R\< ! ,*9ESE ,WALL ]ECT$ BY ABSOLUTISM & BUILT A BRIDGE TO ! ,WE/4 ,NOT ONLY DOES IT APPE> AS A LIT]ATURE ?AT BORR[S1 BUT ALSO AS ONE ?AT CREATES2 NOT ONLY IS IT A PUPIL1 BUT ALSO A TEA*]4 ,ONE HAS ONLY TO M5TION ?REE NAMES TO ILLU/RATE ?IS3 ,TOL/OY1 ,GOGOL1 & ,DO/OEVSKY4 

,9 HIS MEMOIRS1 ,KOROL5KO *>ACT]IZES HIS FA!R1 A GOV]NM5T (FICIAL AT ! TIME ( S]FDOM 9 ,RUSSIA1 AS A TYPICAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ! HONE/ PEOPLE 9 ?AT G5]ATION4 ,KOROL5KO'S FA!R FELT RESPONSIBLE ONLY = HIS [N ACTIVITIES4 ,! GNAW+ FEEL+ ( RESPONSIBILITY = SOCIAL 9JU/ICE WAS /RANGE TO HIM4 0,GOD1 ,CZ>1 & ! ,LAW0 W]E BEYOND ALL CRITICISM4 ,AS A DI/9CT JUDGE HE FELT CALL$ UPON ONLY TO APPLY ! LAW ) ! UTMO/ SCRUPUL\SNESS4 0,?AT ! LAW ITSELF MAY BE 9EFFICI5T IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! CZ> BE=E ,GOD4 ,HE1 ! JUDGE1 IS AS LITTLE RESPONSIBLE = ! LAW AS = ! LI<TN+ ( ! HI< HEAV5S1 :I* SOMETIMES /RIKES AN 9NOC5T *ILD 4440 ,TO ! G5]ATION ( ! EI<TE5-=TIES & FIFTIES1 SOCIAL CONDITIONS AS A :OLE W]E FUNDAM5TAL & UN%AKABLE4 ,UND] ! SC\RGE ( (FICIALDOM1 ?OSE :O S]V$ LOYALLY1 )\T OPPOSITION1 KNEW !Y C\LD ONLY B5D AS UND] ! ONSLAU<T ( A TORNADO1 HOP+ & WAIT+ ?AT ! EVIL MI<T PASS4 0,YES10 SAID ,KOROL5KO1 0?AT WAS A VIEW ( ! WORLD \T ( A S+LE MOLD1 A K9D ( IMP]TURBABLE EQUILIBRIUM ( CONSCI5CE4 ,!IR 9N] F\NDATIONS W]E NOT UND]M9$ BY SELF-ANALYSIS2 ! HONE/ PEOPLE ( ?AT TIME DID NOT KN[ ?AT DEEP 9N] CONFLICT :I* COMES ) ! FEEL+ ( BE+ P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! :OLE SOCIAL ORD]40 ,IT IS ?IS K9D ( VIEW ?AT IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! TRUE BASIS ( CZ> & ,GOD1 & AS LONG AS ?IS VIEW REMA9S UNDI/URB$1 ! P[] ( ABSOLUTISM IS GREAT 9DE$4 

,IT W\LD BE WRONG1 H[EV]1 TO REG>D AS SPECIFICALLY ,RUSSIAN OR AS P]TA9+ ONLY TO ! P]IOD ( S]FDOM ! /ATE ( M9D ?AT ,KOROL5KO DESCRIBES4 ,?AT ATTITUDE T[>D SOCIETY :I* 5ABLES ONE TO BE FREE ( GNAW+ SELF-ANALYSIS & 9N] DISCORD & CONSID]S 0,GOD-WILL$ CONDITIONS0 AS SOME?+ ELEM5TAL1 ACCEPT+ ! ACTS ( HI/ORY AS A SORT ( DIV9E FATE1 IS COMPATIBLE ) ! MO/ V>I$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL SY/EMS4 ,9 FACT IT IS F\ND EV5 UND] MOD]N CONDITIONS & WAS ESPECIALLY *>ACT]I/IC ( ,G]MAN SOCIETY ?R\<\T ! WORLD W>4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 ?IS 0IMP]TURBABLE EQUILIBRIUM ( CONSCI5CE0 HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO CRUMBLE 9 ! EI<TE5-SIX TIES AMONG WIDE CIRCLES ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,KOROL5KO DESCRIBES 9 AN 9TUITIVE MANN] ?IS SPIRITUAL *ANGE 9 ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 & %[S JU/ H[ ?IS G5]ATION OV]CAME ! SLAVE PSY*OLOGY & WAS SEIZ$ BY ! TR5D ( A NEW TIME1 ! PR$OM9ANT *>ACT]I/IC ( :I* WAS ! 0GNAW+ & PA9FUL1 BUT CREATIVE SPIRIT ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY40 

,TO HAVE >\S$ ?IS HI< S5SE ( CITIZ5%IP1 & TO HAVE UND]M9$ ! DEEPE/ PSY*OLOGICAL ROOTS ( ABSOLUTISM 9 ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 IS ! GREAT M]IT ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,FROM ITS FIR/ DAYS1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IT NEV] D5I$ ITS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - NEV] =GOT TO BE SOCIALLY CRITICAL4 ,EV] S9CE ITS UNFOLD+ ) ,PU%K9 & ,L]MONTOV1 ITS LIFE PR9CIPLE WAS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ D>KNESS1 IGNORANCE1 & OPPRESSION4 ,) DESP]ATE /R5G? IT %OOK ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL *A9S1 BRUIS$ ITSELF SORE AGA9/ !M1 & PAID = ! /RUGGLE 9 BLOOD4 

,9 NO O!R C\NTRY DID !RE EXI/ SU* A CONSPICU\SLY E>LY MORTALITY AMONG PROM95T REPRES5TATIVES ( LIT]ATURE AS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y DI$ BY ! DOZ5S 9 ! BLOOM ( !IR MANHOOD1 AT ! Y\?FUL AGE ( TW5TY-FIVE OR TW5TY-SEV51 OR AT ! OLDE/ >\ND =TY1 EI!R ON ! GALL[S OR AS SUICIDES - DIRECTLY OR DISGUIS$ AS DUELS - SOME ?R\< 9SANITY1 O!RS BY PREMATURE EXHAU/ION4 ,SO DI$ ! NOBLE POET ( LIB]TY1 ,RYLEYEV1 :O 9 ! YE> #ahbf WAS EXECUT$ AS ! LEAD] ( ! ,DECEMBRI/ UPRIS+4 ,?US1 TOO1 ,PU%K9 & ,L]MONTOV1 ?OSE BRILLIANT CREATORS ( ,RUSSIAN POETRY - BO? VICTIMS ( DUELS - & !IR :OLE PROLIFIC CIRCLE4 ,SO DI$ ,BEL9SKY1 ! F\ND] ( LIT]>Y CRITICISM & PROPON5T ( ,HEGELIAN PHILOSOPHY 9 ,RUSSIA1 AS WELL AS ,DOBROLYUBOV2 & SO ! EXCELL5T & T5D] POET ,KOZLOV1 :OSE SONGS GREW 9TO ,RUSSIAN FOLK POETRY LIKE WILD G>D5 FL[]S2 & ! CREATOR ( ,RUSSIAN COM$Y1 ,GRIBOY$OV1 AS WELL AS HIS GREAT] SUCCESSOR1 ,GOGOL2 & 9 REC5T TIMES1 ?OSE SP>KL+ %ORT-/ORY WRIT]S1 ,G>%9 & ,*EKHOV4 ,O!RS P9$ AWAY = DECADES 9 P5IT5TI>IES1 JAILS1 OR 9 EXILE1 LIKE ! F\ND] ( ,RUSSIAN J\RNALISM1 ,NOVIKOV2 LIKE ! LEAD] ( ! ,DECEMBRI/S1 ,BE/UZHEV2 LIKE ,PR9CE ,ODOYEVSKY1 ,ALEX&] VON ,H]Z51 ,DO/OEVSKY1 ,*]NY%EVSKY1 ,%EV*5KO1 & ,KOROL5KO4 

,TURG5EV RELATES1 9CID5TALLY1 ?AT ! FIR/ TIME HE FULLY 5JOY$ ! SONG ( ! L>K HE WAS SOME:]E NE> ,B]L94 ,?IS CASUAL REM>K SEEMS V]Y *>ACT]I/IC4 ,L>KS W>BLE 9 ,RUSSIA NO LESS BEAUTIFULLY ?AN 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! HUGE ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE CONTA9S SU* GREAT & MANIFOLD BEAUTIES ( NATURE ?AT AN IMPRESSIONABLE POETIC S\L F9DS DEEP 5JOYM5T AT EV]Y /EP4 ,:AT H9D]$ ,TURG5EV FROM 5JOY+ ! BEAUTY ( NATURE 9 HIS [N C\NTRY WAS JU/ ?AT PA9FUL DI%>MONY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ?AT EV] PRES5T AW>5ESS ( RESPONSIBILITY = ?OSE \TRAGE\S SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS FROM :I* HE C\LD NOT RID HIMSELF1 & :I*1 PI]C+ DEEPLY1 DID NOT P]MIT = A MOM5T ANY 9DULG5CE 9 COMPLETE SELF-OBLIVION4 ,ONLY AWAY FROM ,RUSSIA1 :5 ! ?\S&S ( DEPRESS+ PICTURES ( HIS HOMEL& W]E LEFT BEH9D1 ONLY 9 A =EIGN 5VIRONM5T1 ! ORD]LY EXT]IOR & MAT]IAL CULTURE ( :I* HAD ALWAYS NAIVELY IMPRESS$ HIS C\NTRYM51 C\LD A ,RUSSIAN POET GIVE HIMSELF UP TO ! 5JOYM5T ( NATURE1 UNTR\BL$ & :OLEHE>T$LY4 

,NO?+1 ( C\RSE1 C\LD BE MORE ]RONE\S ?AN TO PICTURE ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE AS A T5D5TI\S >T 9 A CRUDE S5SE1 NOR TO ?9K ( ALL ,RUSSIAN POETS AS REVOLUTIONI/S1 OR AT LEA/ AS PROGRESSIVES4 ,PATT]NS SU* AS 0REVOLUTION>Y' OR 0PROGRESSIVE0 9 !MSELVES MEAN V]Y LITTLE 9 >T4 

,DO/OEVSKY1 ESPECIALLY 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S1 IS AN \TSPOK5 REACTION>Y1 A RELIGI\S MY/IC & HAT] ( SOCIALI/S4 ,HIS DEPICTIONS ( ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES >E MALICI\S C>ICATURES4 ,TOL/OY'S MY/IC DOCTR9ES REFLECT REACTION>Y T5D5CIES1 IF NOT MORE4 ,BUT ! WRIT+S ( BO? HAVE1 NEV]!LESS1 AN 9SPIR+1 >\S+1 & LIB]AT+ EFFECT UPON US4 ,& ?IS IS BECAUSE !IR />T+ PO9TS >E NOT REACTION>Y1 !IR ?\<TS & EMOTIONS >E NOT GOV]N$ BY ! DESIRE TO HOLD ON TO ! /ATUS QUO1 NOR >E !Y MOTIVAT$ BY SOCIAL HATR$1 N>R[-M9D$NESS1 OR CA/E EGOTISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !IRS IS ! W>ME/ LOVE = MANK9D & ! DEEPE/ RESPONSE TO SOCIAL 9JU/ICE4 ,& ?US ! REACTION>Y ,DO/OEVSKY BECOMES ! >TI/IC AG5T ( ! 09SULT$ & 9JUR$10 AS ONE ( HIS WORKS IS CALL$4 ,ONLY ! CONCLUSIONS DRAWN BY HIM & ,TOL/OY1 EA* 9 HIS [N WAY1 ONLY ! WAY \T ( ! SOCIAL LABYR9? :I* !Y BELIEVE !Y HAVE F\ND1 LEADS !M 9TO ! BYPA?S ( MY/ICISM & ASCETICISM4 ,BUT ) ! TRUE >TI/1 ! SOCIAL =MULA ?AT HE RECOMM5DS IS A MATT] ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE2 ! S\RCE ( HIS >T1 ITS ANIMAT+ SPIRIT1 IS DECISIVE4 

,)9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE ONE ALSO F9DS A T5D5CY :I*1 ?\< ON A CONSID]ABLY SMALL] SCALE & UNLIKE ! DEEP & WORLD-EMBRAC+ IDEAS ( A ,TOL/OY OR ,DO/OEVSKY1 PROPAGATES MORE MODE/ IDEALS1 ?AT IS1 MAT]IAL CULTURE1 MOD]N PROGRESS1 & B\RGEOIS PR(ICI5CY4 ,( ! OLD] G5]ATION ! MO/ TAL5T$ REPRES5TATIVE ( ?IS S*OOL IS ,GON*>OV1 & ( ! Y\NG] ONE1 ,*EKHOV4 ,! LATT]1 9 OPPOSITION TO ,TOL/OY'S ASCETIC & MORALIZ+ T5D5CY1 MADE ! *>ACT]I/IC REM>K ?AT /EAM & ELECTRICITY HOLD MORE LOVE = HUMANITY ?AN SEXUAL *A/ITY & VEGET>IANISM40 ,9 ITS Y\?FUL1 R\S+ DRIVE = CULTURE1 P]SONAL DIGNITY1 & 9ITIATIVE1 ?IS SOME:AT SOB]1 0CULTURE-C>RY+0 ,RUSSIAN MOVEM5T DIFF]S FROM ! SMUG PHILI/9ISM & BANALITY ( ! ,FR5* & ,G]MAN DEL9EATORS ( ! JU/E MILIEU4 ,GON*>OV P>TICUL>LY 9 HIS BOOK ,OBLOMOV1 REA*$ SU* HEI<TS 9 PICTUR+ HUMAN 9DOL5CE ?AT ! FIGURE HE DREW E>N$ A PLACE ( UNIV]SAL VALIDITY 9 ! GALL]Y ( GREAT HUMAN TYPES4 

,F9ALLY1 !RE >E ALSO REPRES5TATIVES ( DECAD5CE 9 ,RUSSIA'S LIT]ATURE4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT TAL5TS ( ! ,GORKY G5]ATION IS TO BE F\ND AMONG !M1 ,LEONID ,&REYEV1 :OSE >T EMANATES A SEPUL*RAL AIR ( DECAY 9 :I* ALL WILL TO LIVE HAS WILT$ AWAY4 ,& YET ! ROOT & SUB/ANCE ( ?IS ,RUSSIAN DECAD5CE IS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?AT ( A ,BAUDELAIRE OR A ,D',ANNUNZIO1 :]E ! BASIS IS M]ELY OV]-SATURATION ) MOD]N CULTURE1 :]E EGOTISM1 HI<LY CUNN+ 9 EXPRESSION1 QUITE ROBU/ 9 ITS ESS5CE1 NO LONG] F9DS SATISFACTION 9 A NORMAL EXI/5CE & REA*ES \T = POISON\S /IMULI4 ,) ,&REYEV HOPELESSNESS P\RS =? FROM A TEMP]AM5T :I*1 UND] ! ONSLAU<T ( OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 IS OV]P[]$ BY PA94 ,LIKE ! BE/ ( ! ,RUSSIAN WRIT]S1 HE HAS LOOK$ DEEPLY 9TO ! SUFF]+S ( MANK9D4 ,HE LIV$ ?R\< ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE W>1 ?R\< ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD & ! HORRORS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION FROM #aig TO #a#i#a#a4 ,HE DESCRIBES !M 9 SU* /IRR+ PICTURES AS ,! ,R$ ,LAU<1 ,! ,SEV5 ,:O ,W]E ,HANG$1 & MANY O!RS4 ,& LIKE HIS ,LAZ>US1 HAV+ RETURN$ FROM ! %ORES ( %AD[-L&1 HE CANNOT OV]COME ! DANK ODOR ( ! GRAVE2 HE WALKS AMONG ! LIV+ LIKE 0SOME?+ HALF-DEV\R$ BY DEA?40 ,! ORIG9 ( ?IS K9D ( DECAD5CE IS TYPICALLY ,RUSSIAN3 IT IS ?AT FULL MEASURE ( SOCIAL SYMPA?Y UND] :I* ! 5]GY & RESI/ANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BREAK D[N4 

,IT IS JU/ ?IS SOCIAL SYMPA?Y :I* IS RESPONSIBLE = ! S+UL>ITY & >TI/IC SPL5DOR ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,ONLY ONE :O IS HIMSELF AFFECT$ & /IRR$ CAN AFFECT & /IR O!RS4 ,TAL5T & G5IUS1 ( C\RSE1 >E 9 EA* CASE A 0GIFT ( ,GOD40 ,GREAT TAL5T ALONE1 H[EV]1 IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO MAKE A LA/+ IMPRESSION4 ,:O W\LD D5Y A ,MONTI TAL5T OR EV5 G5IUS1 ?\< HE HAIL$1 9 ,DANTEAN T]ZA RIMA1 FIR/ ! ASSASS9ATION BY A ,ROMAN MOB ( ! AMBASSADOR ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & !N ! VICTORIES ( ?IS SAME REVOLUTION2 AT ONE TIME ! ,AU/RIANS1 & LAT] ! ,DIRECTORY2 N[ ! EXTRAVAGANT ,SUV>OV1 !N AGA9 ,NAPOLEON & ! ,EMP]OR ,FRANZ2 EA* TIME P\R+ \T TO ! VICTOR ! SWEETE/ TONES ( A NI<T+ALE8 ,:O W\LD D\BT ! GREAT TAL5T ( A ,SA9T-,BEUVE1 ! CREATOR ( ! LIT]>Y ESSAY :O1 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 PUT HIS BRILLIANT P5 TO ! S]VICE ( ALMO/ EV]Y POLITICAL GR\P ( ,FRANCE1 DEMOLI%+ TODAY :AT HE WOR%IP$ YE/]DAY & VICE V]SA8 

,= A LA/+ EFFECT1 = ! REAL $UCATION ( SOCIETY1 MORE ?AN TAL5T IS NE$$4 ,:AT IS REQUIR$ IS POETIC P]SONALITY1 *>ACT]1 9DIVIDUALITY1 ATTRIBUTES :I* >E AN*OR$ DEEPLY 9 A GREAT & WELL-R\ND$ VIEW ( ! WORLD4 ,IT IS JU/ ?IS VIEW ( ! WORLD1 JU/ ?IS S5SITIVE SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS :I* %>P5$ SO GREATLY ! 9SI<T ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE 9TO ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( PEOPLE & 9TO ! PSY*OLOGY ( ! V>I\S *>ACT]S & TYPES4 ,IT IS ?IS ALMO/ A*+ SYMPA?Y ?AT 9SPIRES ITS DESCRIPTIONS ) COLORS ( GL[+ SPL5DOR2 IT IS ! RE/LESS SE>*1 ! BROOD+ OV] ! PROBLEMS ( SOCIETY :I* 5ABLES IT TO OBS]VE >TI/ICALLY ! 5ORMITY & 9N] COMPLEXITY ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE & TO LAY IT D[N 9 GREAT WORKS ( >T4 

,MURD] & CRIMES >E COMMITT$ EV]Y:]E & EV]Y DAY4 0,B>B] ,X MURD]$ & ROBB$ WEAL?Y ,MRS4 ,Y4 ,CRIM9AL ,C\RT ,Z CONDEMN$ HIM TO DIE40 ,EV]YONE HAS READ SU* ANN\NCEM5TS ( ?REE L9ES 9 ! MORN+ PAP]1 HAS GONE OV] !M ) AN 9DIFF]5T GLANCE 9 ORD] TO LOOK = ! LATE/ NEWS FROM ! RACETRACKS OR ! NEW !AT] S*$ULE4 ,:O ELSE IS 9T]E/$ 9 MURD]S BESIDES ! POLICE1 ! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR1 & ! /ATI/ICIANS8 ,MO/LY WRIT]S ( DETECTIVE /ORIES & MOVIES4 

,! FACT ?AT ONE HUMAN BE+ CAN MURD] ANO!R1 ?AT ?IS CAN HAPP5 NE> US EV]Y DAY1 9 ! MID/ ( \R 0CIVILIZATION10 NEXT DOOR TO \R HOME1 SWEET HOME1 MOVES ,DO/OYEVSKY TO ! V]Y BOTTOM ( HIS S\L4 ,AS ) ,HAMLET1 :O ?R\< HIS MO!R'S CRIME F9DS ALL ! BONDS ( HUMANITY UNTI$ & ! WORLD \T ( JO9T1 SO IT IS = ,DO/OYEVSKY :5 HE FACES ! FACT ?AT ONE HUMAN BE+ CAN MURD] ANO!R4 ,HE F9DS NO RE/1 HE FEELS ! RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS DREADFUL-NESS WEI<+ UPON HIM1 AS IT DOES ON EV]Y ONE ( US4 ,HE MU/ ELUCIDATE ! S\L ( ! MURD]]1 MU/ TRACE HIS MIS]Y1 HIS AFFLICTIONS1 D[N TO ! MO/ HIDD5 FOLDS ( HIS HE>T4 ,HE SUFF]S ALL HIS TORTURES & IS BL9D$ BY ! T]RIBLE UND]/&+ ?AT ! MURD]] HIMSELF IS ! MO/ UNHAPPY VICTIM ( SOCIETY4 ,) A MI<TY VOICE1 ,DO/OYEVSKY S\NDS AN AL>M4 ,HE AWAK5S US FROM ! /UPID 9DIFF]5CE ( CIVILIZ$ EGOTISM ?AT DELIV]S ! MURD]] TO ! POLICE 9SPECTOR1 TO ! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR & HIS H5*M51 OR TO ! P5IT5TI>Y ) ! HOPE ?AT !REBY WE %ALL ALL BE RID ( HIM4 ,DO/OYEVSKY =CES US TO GO ?R\< ALL ! TORTURES ! MURD]] GOES ?R\< & 9 ! 5D LEAVES US ALL CRU%$4 ,:OEV] HAS EXP]I5C$ HIS ,RASKOLNIKOV1 OR ! CROSS-EXAM9ATION ( ,DMITRI ,K>AMAZOV ! NI<T AFT] ! MURD] ( HIS FA!R1 OR ! ,MEMOIRS FROM A ,DEA?H\SE1 WILL NEV] AGA9 F9D HIS WAY BACK TO ! SUPPORT+ %ELL ( PHILI/9E & SELF-SATISFY+ EGOTISM4 ,DO/OYEVSKY'S NOVELS >E FURI\S ATTACKS ON B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 9 :OSE FACE HE %\TS3 ,! REAL MURD]]1 ! MURD]] ( ! HUMAN S\L1 IS Y\6 

,NO ONE HAS TAK5 SU* M]CILESS REV5GE ON SOCIETY = ! CRIMES COMMITT$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL1 NOBODY HAS PUT SOCIETY ON ! RACK SO CUNN+LY AS ,DO/OEVSKY4 ,?IS IS HIS SPECIFIC TAL5T4 ,BUT ! O!R LEAD+ SPIRITS ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE ALSO P]CEIVE ! ACT ( MURD] AS AN ACCUSATION AGA9/ EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 AS A CRIME COMMITT$ UPON ! MURD]] AS A HUMAN BE+1 = :I* WE >E ALL RESPONSIBLE - EA* ONE ( US4 ,?AT IS :Y ! GREATE/ TAL5TS AGA9 & AGA9 RETURN TO ! SUBJECT ( CRIME AS IF FASC9AT$ BY IT1 PUTT+ IT BE=E \R EYES 9 ! HI<E/ WORKS ( >T 9 ORD] TO >\SE US FROM \R ?\<TLESS 9DIFF]5CE4 ,TOL/OY DID IT 9 ,! ,P[] ( ,D>KNESS & 9 ,RESURRECTION1 ,GORKY 9 ,! ,L[] ,DEP?S & 9 ,?REE ( ,!M1 ,KOROL5KO 9 HIS /ORY ,! ,RU/L+ ( ! ,WOODS & 9 HIS WOND]FUL ,SIB]IAN ,MURD]]4 

,PRO/ITUTION IS AS LITTLE SPECIFICALLY ,RUSSIAN AS TUB]CULOSIS2 IT IS RA!R ! MO/ 9T]NATIONAL 9/ITUTION ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,BUT AL?\< IT PLAYS AN ALMO/ CONTROLL+ P>T 9 \R MOD]N LIFE1 (FICIALLY1 9 ! S5SE ( ! CONV5TIONAL LIE1 IT IS NOT APPROV$ ( AS A NORMAL CON/ITU5T ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,RA!R IT IS TREAT$ AS ! SCUM ( HUMANITY1 AS SOME?+ ALLEG$LY BEYOND ! PALE4 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE DEALS ) ! PRO/ITUTE NOT 9 ! PUNG5T /YLE ( ! B\DOIR NOVEL1 NOR ! :9+ S5TIM5TALITY ( T5D5TI\S LIT]ATURE1 NOR AS ! MY/]I\S1 RAPACI\S VAMPIRE AS 9 ,W$EK9D'S ,]DGEI/4 ,NO LIT]ATURE 9 ! WORLD CONTA9S DESCRIPTIONS ( FI]C] REALISM ?AN ! MAGNIFIC5T SC5E ( ! ORGY 9 ! ,BRO!RS ,K>AMAZOV OR 9 ,TOL/OY'S ,RESURRECTION4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 ! ,RUSSIAN >TI/1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT LOOK AT ! PRO/ITUTE AS A 0LO/ S\L10 BUT AS A HUMAN BE+ :OSE SUFF]+ & 9N] /RUGGLES NE$ ALL HIS SYMPA?Y4 ,HE DIGNTLES ! PRO/ITUTE & REHABILITATES H] = ! CRIME ?AT SOCIETY HAS COMMITT$ ON H] BY LETT+ H] COMPETE ) ! PURE/ & LOVELIE/ TYPES ( WOMANHOOD = ! HE>T ( ! MAN4 ,HE CR[NS H] HEAD ) ROSES & ELEVATES H]1 AS DOES ,MAHADO HIS ,BAJAD]E FROM ! PURGATORY ( CORRUPTION & H] [N AGONY TO ! HEI<TS ( MORAL PURITY & WOMANLY H]OISM4 

,NOT ONLY ! EXCEPTIONAL P]SON & SITUATION ?AT /&S \T CRASSLY FROM ! GRAY BACKGR\ND ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 BUT LIFE ITSELF1 ! AV]AGE MAN & HIS MIS]Y1 AWAK5S A DEEP CONC]N 9 ! ,RUSSIAN WRIT] :OSE S5SES >E /RONGLY AW>E ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE4 0,HUMAN HAPP9ESS10 SAYS ,KOROL5KO 9 ONE ( HIS /ORIES1 0HONE/ HUMAN HAPP9ESS IS SALUBRI\S & ELEVAT+ TO ! S\L4 ,& ,I ALWAYS BELIEVE1 Y\ KN[1 ?AT MAN IS RA!R OBLIG$ TO BE HAPPY40 ,9 ANO!R /ORY1 CALL$ ,P>ADOX1 A CRIPPLE1 BORN )\T >MS1 SAYS1 0,MAN IS CREAT$ = HAPP9ESS1 AS A BIRD = FLI<T40 ,FROM ! M\? ( ! MIS]ABLE CRIPPLE SU* A MAXIM IS AN OBVI\S 0P>ADOX40 ,BUT = ?\S&S & MILLIONS ( PEOPLE IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL PHYSICAL DEFECTS :I* MAKE !IR 0VOCATION ( HAPP9ESS0 SEEM SO P>ADOXICAL BUT ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y MU/ EXI/4 

,?AT REM>K ( ,KOROL5KO ACTUALLY CONTA9S AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T ( SOCIAL HYGI5E3 HAPP9ESS MAKES PEOPLE SPIRITUALLY HEAL?Y & PURE1 AS SUNLI<T OV] ! OP5 SEA EFFECTIVELY DIS9FECTS ! WAT]4 ,FUR!RMORE1 UND] ABNORMAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS - & ALL CONDITIONS BAS$ ON SOCIAL 9EQUALITY >E FUNDAM5TALLY ABNORMAL - MO/ HET]OG5E\S DE=MATIONS ( ! S\L >E APT TO BE A MASS PH5OM5ON4 ,P]MAN5T OPPRESSION1 9SECURITY1 9JU/ICE1 POV]TY1 & DEP5D5CE1 AS WELL AS ?AT DIVISION ( LABOR :I* LEADS TO ONE-SID$ SPECIALIZATION1 MOLD PEOPLE 9 A C]TA9 MANN]4 ,& ?IS GOES = BO? ! OPPRESSOR & ! OPPRESS$1 ! TYRANT & ! SLAVE1 ! BOA/] & ! P>ASITE1 ! RU?LESS OPPORTUNI/ & ! 9DOL5T IDL]1 ! P$ANT & ! JE/] - ALL ALIKE >E PRODUCTS & VICTIMS ( !IR CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,IT IS JU/ ! PECULI> PSY*OLOGICAL ABNORMALITY1 ! W>P$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! HUMAN S\L UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( EV]YDAY SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 :I* >\S$ WRIT]S LIKE ,GOGOL1 ,DO/OEVSKY1 ,GON*>OV1 ,SALTYKOV1 ,USP5SKY1 ,*EKHOV1 & O!RS TO DESCRIPTIONS ( ,BALZACIAN F]VOR4 ,! TRAG$Y ( ! TRIVIALITY ( ! AV]AGE MAN1 AS DESCRIB$ BY ,TOL/OY 9 HIS ,DEA? ( ,IVAN ,ILYI*1 IS UNSURPASS$ 9 WORLD LIT]ATURE4 

,!RE >E1 = EXAMPLE1 ?OSE ROGUES :O1 )\T A VOCATION & UNFIT TO MAKE A NORMAL LIV+1 >E TORN BETWE5 A P>ASITIC EXI/5CE & OCCASIONAL CONFLICTS ) ! LAW1 =M+ ! SCUM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY = :OM ! ,WE/]N WORLD PUTS UP SIGNS1 0,NO BEGG>S1 P$DL]S1 OR MUSICIANS ALL[$40 ,= ?IS CATEGORY - ! TYPE ( ,KOROL5KO'S EX-(FICIAL ,POPKOV - ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE ALWAYS HAD A LIVELY & >TI/IC 9T]E/ & GOOD-NATUR$ SMILE ( UND]/&+4 ,) ! W>M HE>T ( A ,DICK5S1 BUT )\T HIS B\RGEOIS S5TIM5TALITY1 ,TURG5EV1 ,USP5SKY1 ,KOROL5KO1 & ,GORKY LOOK UPON !SE 0/R&$0 FOLK1 ! CRIM9AL AS WELL AS ! PRO/ITUTE1 ) A BROAD-M9D$ REALISM1 AS EQUALS 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 & A*IEVE1 JU/ BECAUSE ( ?IS G5IAL APPROA*1 WORKS ( A HI< >TI/IC EFFECT4 

,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE TREATS ! WORLD ( ! *ILD ) EXCEPTIONAL T5D]NESS & AFFECTION1 AS IS %[N 9 ,TOL/OY'S ,W> & ,PEACE & ,ANNA ,K>59A1 9 ,DO/OYEVSKY'S ,K>AMAZOV1 ,GON*>OV'S ,OBLOMOV1 ,KOROL5KO'S ,9 ,BAD ,COMPANY & ,AT ,NI<T1 & 9 ,GORKY'S ,?REE ( ,!M4 ,ZOLA1 9 HIS NOVEL ,PAGE D'AM\R1 FROM ! ,R\GON-,MACQU>T CYCLE1 DESCRIBES ! SUFF]+S ( A NEGLECT$ *ILD4 ,BUT H]E ! SICKLY & HYP]S5SITIVE *ILD1 MOROSELY AFFECT$ BY ! LOVE AFFAIR ( AN EGOTI/IC MO!R1 IS ONLY A 0MEANS ( EVID5CE0 9 AN EXP]IM5TAL NOVEL1 A SUBJECT TO ILLU/RATE ! !ORY ( 9H]ITANCE4 

,TO ! ,RUSSIAN1 H[EV]1 ! *ILD & ITS S\L IS AN 9DEP5D5T 5TITY1 ! OBJECT ( >TI/IC 9T]E/ TO ! SAME EXT5T AS ! ADULT1 ONLY MORE NATURAL1 LESS SPOIL$ & C]TA9LY MORE HELPLESSLY EXPOS$ TO ! EVILS ( SOCIETY4 0,:OSOEV] %ALL (F5D ONE ( !SE LITTLE ONES 444 IT W]E BETT] = HIM ?AT A MILL/ONE W]E HANG$ AB\T HIS NECK10 & SO ON4 ,PRES5T SOCIETY (F5DS MILLIONS ( ?OSE LITTLE ONES BY ROBB+ !M ( :AT IS MO/ PRECI\S & IRRETRIEVABLE1 A HAPPY1 SORR[LESS1 H>MONI\S *ILDHOOD4 

,AS A VICTIM ( SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 A *ILD'S WORLD ) ITS MIS]Y & HAPP9ESS IS ESPECIALLY NE> TO ! ,RUSSIAN >TI/'S HE>T4 ,HE DOES NOT /OOP TO ! *ILD 9 ! FALSE & PLAYFUL MANN] :I* MO/ ADULTS BELIEVE NECESS>Y1 BUT TREATS IT ) HONE/ & S9C]E COMRADE%IP1 YES1 EV5 ) AN 9N] %YNESS & RESPECT = ! UNT\*$ LITTLE BE+4 

,! MANN] 9 :I* LIT]>Y SATIRE IS EXPRESS$ IS AN IMPORTANT 9DICATOR ( ! CULTURAL LEVEL ( A NATION4 ,H]E ,5GL& & ,G]MANY REPRES5T ! TWO OPPOS+ POLES 9 ,EUROPEAN LIT]ATURE4 ,9 TRAC+ ! HI/ORY ( SATIRE FROM ,VON ,HUTT5 TO ,HE9RI* ,HE9E1 ONE MAY ALSO 9CLUDE ,GRIMMEL%AUS54 ,BUT 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ ?REE C5TURIES1 ! CONNECT+ L9KS 9 ?IS *A9 DISPLAY A FRI<TFUL PICTURE ( DECL9E4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! +5I\S & RA!R FANTA/IC ,FIS*>T1 :OSE EXUB]ANT NATURE DI/9CTLY REVEALS ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 TO ,MO%]O%1 & FROM ! LATT]1 :O AT LEA/ D>ES TO PULL ! BIGWIG'S :ISK]S1 TO ?AT SMALL PHILI/9E ,RAB5] - :AT A DECL9E6 ,RAB5]1 :O GETS EXCIT$ AB\T ! PEOPLE :O D>E TO RIDICULE PR9CEL+S1 ! CL]GY1 & ! 0UPP] CLASSES0 BECAUSE A WELL-BEHAV$ SATIRI/ %\LD FIR/ ( ALL LE>N TO BE 0A LOYAL SUBJECT10 EXPOSES ! MORTAL SPOT ( ,G]MAN SATIRE4 ,9 ,5GL&1 H[EV]1 SATIRE HAS TAK5 AN UNP>ALLEL$ UPSW+ S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ?AT IS1 AFT] ! GREAT REVOLUTION4 ,NOT ONLY HAS ,BRITI% LIT]ATURE PRODUC$ A /R+ ( SU* MA/]S AS ,M&EVILLE1 ,SWIFT1 ,/]NE1 ,SIR ,PHILIP ,FRANCIS1 ,BYRON1 & ,DICK5S1 AMONG :OM ,%AKESPE>E1 NATURALLY1 DES]VES FIR/ PLACE = HIS ,FAL/AFF1 BUT SATIRE HAS TURN$ FROM ! PRIVILEGE ( ! 9TELLECTUALS 9TO A UNIV]SALLY [N$ PROP]TY4 ,IT HAS BECOME1 SO TO SPEAK1 NATIONALIZ$4 ,IT SP>KLES 9 POLITICAL PAMPHLETS1 LEAFLETS1 P>LIAM5T>Y SPEE*ES1 & NEWSPAP] >TICLES1 AS WELL AS 9 POETRY4 ,SATIRE HAS BECOME ! V]Y LIFE & BREA? = ! ,5GLI%MAN1 SO MU* SO ?AT EV5 ! /ORIES ( A ,CROK]1 WRITT5 = ! ADOLESC5T GIRL ( ! UPP] MIDDLE CLASSES1 CONTA9 ! SAME ACID DESCRIPTIONS ( ,5GLI% >I/OCRACY AS ?OSE ( ,WILDE1 ,%AW1 OR ,GALSWOR?Y4 

,?IS T5D5CY T[>DS SATIRE HAS BE5 D]IV$ FROM1 & CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY1 ,5GL&'S POLITICAL FRE$OM ( LONG /&+4 ,AS ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE IS SIMIL> TO ! ,5GLI% 9 ?IS RESPECT1 IT %[S ?AT NOT ! CON/ITUTION ( A C\NTRY1 NOR ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT ! SPIRIT ( ITS LIT]ATURE & ! ATTITUDE ( ! LEAD+ SOCIAL CIRCLES ( SOCIETY >E ! DET]M9+ FACTORS4 ,S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( MOD]N LIT]ATURE 9 ,RUSSIA1 SATIRE HAS BE5 MA/]$ 9 ALL ITS PHASES & HAS A*IEV$ EXCELL5T RESULTS 9 EV]Y ONE ( !M4 ,PU%K9'S POEM ,EUG5E ,ONEG91 ,L]MONTOV'S %ORT /ORIES & EPIGRAMS1 ,KRYLOV'S FABLES1 ,NEKRASOV'S POEMS1 & ,GOGOL'S COM$IES >E JU/ SO MANY MA/]PIECES1 EA* 9 ITS [N WAY4 ,NEKRASOV'S SATIRIC EPIC ,:O ,CAN ,BE ,HAPPY & ,FREE 9 ,RUSSIA8 REVEALS ! DELI<TFUL VIGOR & RI*NESS ( HIS CREATIONS4 

,9 ,SALTYKOV-,%*$R9 ,RUSSIAN SATIRE HAS F9ALLY PRODUC$ ITS [N G5IUS :O1 = A GRIMM] SC\RG+ ( DESPOTISM & BUREAUCRACY1 9V5T$ A V]Y PECULI> LIT]>Y /YLE & A UNIQUE & UNTRANSLATABLE LANGUAGE ( HIS [N &1 BY SO DO+1 PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?US1 ) A HI<LY MORAL PA?OS1 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE COMB9$ )9 ITSELF AN >TI/IC COMPREH5SION ?AT COV]S ! 5TIRE SCALE ( HUMAN EMOTIONS4 ,IT CREAT$ 9 ! MID/ ( ?AT HUGE PRISON1 ! MAT]IAL POV]TY ( CZ>ISM1 ITS [N REALM ( SPIRITUAL FRE$OM & AN EXUB]ANT CULTURE :]E9 ONE MAY BREA! & P>TAKE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & CULTURAL LIFE4 ,IT WAS ?US ABLE TO BECOME A SOCIAL P[] &1 BY $UCAT+ G5]ATION AFT] G5]ATION1 TO BECOME A REAL FA!RL& = ! BE/ ( M51 SU* AS ,KOROL5KO4 

  

,I,I 

,KOROL5KO'S NATURE IS TRULY POETIC4 ,>\ND HIS CRADLE GA!R$ ! D5SE FOG ( SUP]/ITION4 ,NOT ! CORRUPT SUP]/ITION ( MOD]N COSMOPOLITAN DECAD5CE AS PRACTIC$ 9 SPIRITUALISM1 =TUNE-TELL+1 & ,*RI/IAN ,SCI5CE1 BUT ! NAIVE SUP]/ITION F\ND 9 FOLKLORE - AS PURE & SPICE-SC5T$ AS ! FREE W9DS ( ! ,UKRA9IAN PLA9S1 & ! MILLIONS ( WILD IRIS1 Y>R[S1 & SAGE ?AT GR[ LUXURIANTLY AMONG ! TALL GRASS4 ,! SPOOKY ATMOSPH]E 9 ! S]VANTS' QU>T]S & ! NURS]Y ( ,KOROL5KO'S FA!R'S H\SE REVEALS DI/9CTLY ?AT HIS CRADLE /OOD NOT F> FROM ,GOGOL'S FAIRYL&1 ) ITS ELVES & WIT*ES & ITS HEA!N ,*RI/MAS SPOOK4 

,DESC5D$ AT ONCE FROM ,POL&1 ,RUSSIA1 & ! ,UKRA9E1 ,KOROL5KO HAS TO BE>1 EV5 AS A *ILD1 ! BRUNT ( ! ?REE 0NATIONALISMS10 EA* ONE EXPECT+ HIM 0TO HATE OR P]SECUTE SOMEONE OR O!R40 ,HE FAIL$ !SE EXPECTATIONS1 H[EV]1 ?ANKS TO HIS HEAL?Y COMMON S5SE4 ,! ,POLI% TRADITIONS1 ) !IR DY+ BREA? ( A HI/ORICALLY VANQUI%$ PA/1 T\*$ HIM BUT VAGUELY4 ,HIS /RAI<T=W>DNESS WAS REPELL$ BY ?AT MIXTURE ( CL[NI% TOMFOOL]Y & REACTION>Y ROMANTICISM ( ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALISM4 ,! BRUTAL ME?ODS US$ 9 ,RUSSIFY+ ! ,UKRA9E S]V$ AS AN EFFECTIVE W>N+ AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN *AUV9ISM1 BECAUSE ! T5D] BOY 9/9CTIVELY FELT HIMSELF DRAWN T[>D ! WEAK & OPPRESS$1 NOT T[>D ! /RONG & TRIUMPHANT4 ,& ?US1 FROM ! CONFLICT ( ?REE NATIONALITIES ?AT F\<T 9 HIS NATIVE L& ( ,VOLHYNIA1 HE MADE HIS ESCAPE 9TO HUMANIT>IANISM4 

,FA!RLESS AT ! AGE ( SEV5TE51 DEP5D+ ON NOBODY BUT HIMSELF1 HE W5T TO ,PET]SBURG :]E HE ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! :IRLPOOL ( UNIV]SITY LIFE & POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,AFT] /UDY+ = ?REE YE>S AT A S*OOL ( TE*NOLOGY1 HE MOV$ ON TO ! ,ACADEMY ( ,AGRICULTURE 9 ,MOSC[4 ,TWO YE>S LAT] HIS PLANS W]E CROSS$ BY ! 0SUPREME P[]10 AS HAPP5$ TO MANY O!RS ( HIS G5]ATION4 ,>RE/$ AS A SPOKESMAN ( A /UD5T DEMON/RATION1 ,KOROL5KO WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,ACADEMY & EXIL$ TO ! DI/RICT ( ,VOLOGDA 9 ! F> NOR? ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA4 ,:5 RELEAS$1 HE WAS OBLIG$ TO RESIDE 9 ,KRON/ADT1 UND] POLICE P>OLE4 ,YE>S LAT] HE RETURN$ TO ,PET]SBURG &1 PLANN+ A NEW LIFE AGA91 LE>N$ ! COBBL]'S TRADE 9 ORD] TO BE CLOS] TO ! WORK+ PEOPLE & TO DEVELOP HIS P]SONALITY 9 O!R DIRECTIONS4 ,9 #ahgi HE WAS >RE/$ AGA9 & WAS S5T EV5 FUR!R NOR!A/W>D1 TO A HAMLET 9 ! DI/RICT ( ,VYATKA1 AT ! 5D ( ! WORLD4 

,KOROL5KO TOOK IT GRACEFULLY4 ,HE TRI$ TO MAKE ! BE/ ( IT BY PRACTIC+ HIS NEWLY ACQUIR$ COBBL]'S TRADE1 :I* HELP$ HIM TO MAKE A LIV+4 ,BUT NOT = LONG4 ,SUDD5LY1 & APP>5TLY )\T REASON1 HE WAS S5T TO WE/]N ,SIB]IA1 FROM !RE BACK TO ,P]M1 & F9ALLY TO ! REMOTE/ SPOT ( F>-EA/]N ,SIB]IA4 

,BUT EV5 ?IS DID NOT M>K ! 5D ( HIS W&]+S4 ,AFT] ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I 9 #a#h#h#a1 ! NEW CZ>1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I1 ASC5D$ ! ?RONE4 ,KOROL5KO1 :O 9 ! MEANTIME HAD ADVANC$ TO ! POSITION ( RAILWAY (FICIAL1 TOOK ! OBLIGATORY OA? TO ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 TOGE!R ) ! O!R EMPLOYES4 ,BUT ?IS WAS DECL>$ 9SUFFICI5T4 ,HE WAS REQUE/$ TO PL$GE ! OA? AGA9 AS A PRIVATE 9DIVIDUAL & POLITICAL EXILE4 ,LIKE ALL ! O!R EXILES1 ,KOROL5KO REFUS$ TO DO SO & AS A RESULT WAS S5T TO ! ICE-WA/ES ( ,YAKUTSK4 

,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! :OLE PROC$URE WAS ONLY AN 0EMPTY GE/URE10 ?\< ,KOROL5KO DID NOT TRY TO BE DEMON/RATIVE4 ,SOCIAL CONDITIONS >E NOT ALT]$ DIRECTLY OR MAT]IALLY REG>DLESS ( :E!R OR NOT AN ISOLAT$ EXILE1 SOME:]E 9 ! ,SIB]IAN TAIGA NE> ! POL> REGION1 SWE>S ALLEGIANCE TO ! CZ>'S GOV]NM5T4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS ! CU/OM 9 CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA TO 9SI/ ON SU* EMPTY GE/URES4 ,& NOT ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA ALONE4 ,! /UBBORN ,EPPUR SI MUOVE6 ( A ,GALILEO REM9DS US ( A SIMIL> EMPTY GE/URE1 HAV+ NO O!R EFFECT ?AN ! V5GEANCE ( ! ,HOLY ,9QUISITION WREAK$ ON A TORTUR$ & 9C>C]AT$ MAN4 ,& YET = ?\S&S ( PEOPLE :O HAVE ONLY ! VAGUE/ IDEA ( ,COP]NICUS' !ORY1 ! NAME ,GALILEO IS =EV] ID5TICAL ) ?IS BEAUTIFUL GE/URE1 & IT IS ABSOLUTELY IMMAT]IAL ?AT IT DID NOT HAPP5 AT ALL4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SU* LEG5DS ) :I* M5 ADORN !IR H]OES IS PRO( 5\< ?AT SU* 0EMPTY GE/URES0 >E 9DISP5SABLE 9 \R SPIRITUAL REALM4 

,= HIS REFUSAL TO TAKE ! OA?1 ,KOROL5KO SUFF]$ EXILE = F\R YE>S AMONG HALF-SAVAGE NOMADS AT A MIS]ABLE SETTLEM5T ON ! BANKS ( ! ,ALDAN1 A BRAN* ( ! RIV] ,L5A1 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,SIB]IAN WA/EL&1 & UND] ! H>D%IPS ( SUBZ]O WEA!R4 ,BUT PRIVATIONS1 LONEL9ESS1 ALL ! S9I/] SC5]Y ( ! TAIGA1 & ISOLATION FROM ! WORLD ( CIVILIZATION DID NOT *ANGE ! M5TAL ELA/ICITY ( ,KOROL5KO OR HIS SUNNY DISPOSITION4 ,HE EAG]LY TOOK P>T 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,YAKUTS & %>$ !IR DE/ITUTE LIFE4 ,HE WORK$ 9 ! FIELD1 CUT HAY1 & MILK$ C[S4 ,9 W9T] HE MADE %OES = ! NATIVES - & EV5 ICONS4 ,! EXILE'S LIFE 9 ,YAKUTSK1 :I* ,GEORGE ,K5NAN CALL$ A P]IOD ( 0BE+ BURI$ ALIVE10 WAS DESCRIB$ BY ,KOROL5KO )\T LAM5T OR BITT]NESS1 BUT ) HUMOR & 9 PICTURES ( ! MO/ T5D] & POETIC BEAUTY4 ,?IS WAS ! TIME :5 HIS LIT]>Y TAL5T RIP5$1 & HE GA!R$ A RI* BOOTY 9 /UDY+ M5 & NATURE4 

,9 #a#h#h#e1 AFT] HIS RETURN FROM EXILE1 :I* LA/$ 7) %ORT 9T]RUPTIONS7 ALMO/ T5 YE>S1 HE PUBLI%$ A %ORT /ORY1 ,MAK>'S ,DREAM1 :I* AT ONCE E/ABLI%$ HIM AMONG ! MA/]S ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,?IS FIR/1 YET FULLY MATUR$ PRODUCT ( A Y\NG TAL5T BUR/ UPON ! LEAD5 ATMOSPH]E ( ! EI<TIES LIKE ! FIR/ SONG ( A L>K ON A GRAY DAY 9 ,FEBRU>Y4 ,9 QUICK SUCCESSION O!R SKET*ES & /ORIES FOLL[$ - ,NOTES ( A ,SIB]IAN ,TRAVEL]1 ,! ,RU/L+ ( ! ,WOODS1 ,9 ,PURSUIT ( ! ,ICON1 ,AT ,NI<T1 ,YOM ,KIPPUR1 ,! ,RIV] ,RO>S1 & MANY O!RS4 ,ALL ( !M %[ ! ID5TICAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,KOROL5KO'S CREATIONS3 5*ANT+ DESCRIPTIONS ( NATURE1 LOVABLE SIMPLICITY1 & A W>MHE>T$ 9T]E/ 9 ! 0HUMILIAT$ & DIS9H]IT$40 

,AL?\< ( A HI<LY CRITICAL NATURE1 ,KOROL5KO'S WRIT+S >E BY NO MEANS POLEMICAL1 $UCATIONAL1 OR DOGMATIC1 AS IS ! CASE ) ,TOL/OY4 ,!Y REVEAL SIMPLY HIS LOVE = LIFE & HIS K9D DISPOSITION4 ,ASIDE FROM BE+ TOL]ANT & GOOD-NATUR$ 9 HIS CONCEPTIONS1 & AP>T FROM HIS DISLIKE ( *AUV9ISM1 ,KOROL5KO IS ?R\< & ?R\< A ,RUSSIAN POET1 & P]HAPS ! MO/ 0NATIONALI/IC0 AMONG ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN PROSE WRIT]S4 ,NOT ONLY DOES HE LOVE HIS C\NTRY1 HE IS 9 LOVE ) IT LIKE A Y\NG MAN2 HE IS 9 LOVE ) ITS NATURE1 ) ALL ! 9TIMATE *>MS ( ?IS GIGANTIC C\NTRY1 ) EV]Y SLEEPY /REAM & EV]Y QUIET WOOD-FR+$ VALLEY2 HE IS 9 LOVE ) ITS SIMPLE PEOPLE & !IR NAIVE PIETY1 !IR RUGG$ HUMOR & BROOD+ MELAN*OLY4 ,HE DOES NOT FEEL AT HOME 9 ! CITY NOR 9 A COM=TABLE TRA9 COMP>TM5T4 ,HE HATES ! HA/E & RUMBLE ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION2 HIS PLACE IS ON ! OP5 ROAD4 ,TO WALK BRISKLY ) KNAPSACK & H&-CUT HIK+ /AFF1 TO GIVE HIMSELF 5TIRELY TO ! ACCID5TAL - FOLL[+ A GR\P ( PI\S PILGRIMS TO A ?AUMATURGICAL IMAGE ( A SA9T1 *ATT+ ) FI%]M5 AT NI<T BY A FIRE1 OR MIX+ ) A COLORFUL CR[D ( PEASANTS1 LUMB]M51 SOLDI]S1 & BEGG>S ON A LITTLE BATT]$ /EAMBOAT & LI/5+ TO !IR CONV]SATION - SU* IS ! LIFE ?AT SUITS HIM BE/4 ,BUT UNLIKE ,TURG5EV1 ! ELEGANT & P]FECTLY GROOM$ >I/OCRAT1 HE IS NO SIL5T OBS]V]4 ,HE F9DS NO DIFFICULTY 9 M+L+ ) PEOPLE1 KN[+ JU/ :AT TO SAY TO MAKE FRI5DS & H[ TO /RIKE ! RI<T NOTE4 

,9 ?IS MANN] HE W&]$ ALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 ,) EV]Y /EP HE EXP]I5C$ ! WOND]S ( NATURE1 ! NAIVE POETRY ( SIMPLICITY1 :I* HAD ALSO BR\<T SMILES TO ,GOGOL'S FACE4 ,5RAPTUR$1 HE OBS]V$ ! ELEM5T>Y1 FATALI/IC 9DOL5CE *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 :I* 9 TIMES ( PEACE SEEMS UNCEAS+ & PR(\ND1 BUT 9 /ORMY TIMES TURNS 9TO H]OISM1 GR&EUR1 & /EEL-LIKE P[]4 ,IT WAS H]E ?AT ,KOROL5KO FILL$ HIS DI>Y ) VIVID & COLORFUL IMPRESSIONS :I*1 GR[+ 9TO SKET*ES & NOVELS1 W]E /ILL COV]$ ) DEW-DROPS & HEAVY ) ! SC5T ( ! SOIL4 

,ONE PECULI> PRODUCT ( ,KOROL5KO'S WRIT+S IS HIS ,BL9D ,MUSICIAN4 ,APP>5TLY A PURELY PSY*OLOGICAL EXP]IM5T1 IT DEALS ) NO >TI/IC PROBLEM4 ,BE+ BORN A CRIPPLE MAY BE ! CAUSE ( MANY CONFLICTS1 BUT IS1 9 ITSELF1 BEYOND ALL HUMAN 9T]F]5CE & BEYOND GUILT OR V5GEANCE4 ,9 LIT]ATURE AS WELL AS 9 >T1 PHYSICAL DEFECTS >E ONLY CASUALLY M5TION$1 EI!R 9 A S>CA/IC MANN] TO MAKE AN UGLY *>ACT] MORE LOA?SOME1 AS ,HOM]'S ,!RSITES & ! /AMM]+ JUDGES 9 ! COM$IES ( ,MOLI]E & ,BEAUM>*AIS1 OR ) GOOD-NATUR$ RIDICULE AS 9 G5RE PA9T+S ( ! ,DUT* ,R5AISSANCE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! SKET* ( A CRIPPLE BY ,CORNELIUS ,DUSS>T4 

,NOT SO ) ,KOROL5KO4 ,! ANGUI% ( A MAN BORN BL9D & TORM5T$ ) AN IRRESI/IBLE LONG+ = LI<T IS ! C5T] ( 9T]E/4 

,KOROL5KO F9DS A SOLUTION1 :I* UNEXPECT$LY %[S ! KEYNOTE ( HIS >T & :I* IS1 9CID5TALLY1 *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE4 ,! BL9D MUSICIAN EXP]I5CES A SPIRITUAL REBIR?4 ,:ILE DETA*+ HIMSELF FROM ! EGOTISM ( HIS [N HOPELESS SUFF]+ BY MAK+ HIMSELF ! SPOKESMAN = ! BL9D & = !IR PHYSICAL & M5TAL AGONIES1 HE ATTA9S HIS [N 5LI<T5M5T4 ,! CLIMAX IS ! FIR/ PUBLIC CONC]T ( ! BL9D MAN1 :O SURPRISES HIS LI/5]S BY *OOS+ ! WELL-KN[N SONGS ( ! BL9D M9/RELS = HIS IMPROVIZATIONS1 ?US >\S+ A /IRR+ COMPASSION4 ,SOCIALITY & SOLID>ITY ) ! MIS]Y ( M5 MEAN SALVATION & 5LI<T5M5T = ! 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS = ! MASSES4 

  

,I,I,I 

,! %>PLY DEF9$ L9E ( DEM>CATION BETWE5 BELLETRI/IC & J\RNALI/IC WRIT]S1 OBS]V$ N[ADAYS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 IS NOT SO /RICTLY ADH]$ TO 9 ,RUSSIA BECAUSE ( ! POLEMICAL NATURE ( ITS LIT]ATURE4 ,BO? =MS ( EXPRESSION >E (T5 COMB9$ 9 MAK+ PA?WAYS = NEW IDEAS1 AS !Y W]E 9 ,G]MANY AT ! TIME :5 ,LESS+ GUID$ ! PEOPLE ?R\< ! M$IUM ( !AT] REVIEWS1 DRAMA1 PHILOSOPHICAL-!OLOGICAL TREATISES1 OR ESSAYS ON ES!TICS4 ,BUT :]EAS IT WAS ,LESS+'S TRAGIC FATE TO REMA9 ALONE & MISUND]/OOD ALL HIS LIFE1 9 ,RUSSIA A GREAT NUMB] ( \T/&+ TAL5TS 9 V>I\S FIELDS ( LIT]ATURE WORK$ SUCCESSFULLY AS ADVOCATES ( A LIB]AL VIEW ( ! WORLD4 

,ALEX&] VON ,H]Z51 FAM\S AS A NOVELI/1 WAS ALSO A GIFT$ J\RNALI/4 ,HE WAS ABLE1 DUR+ ! EI<TE5-FIFTIES & SIXTIES1 TO >\SE ! 5TIRE 9TELLIG5TSIA ( ,RUSSIA ) HIS ,BELL1 A MAGAZ9E HE PUBLI%$ ABROAD4 ,POSSESS$ ) ! SAME FI<T+ SPIRIT & AL]TNESS1 ! OLD ,HEGELIAN ,*]NY%EVSKY WAS EQUALLY AT HOME 9 J\RNALI/IC POLEMICS1 TREATISES ON PHILOSOPHY & NATIONAL ECONOMY1 & POLITICAL NOVELS4 ,BO? ,BEL9SKY & ,DOBROLYUBOV US$ LIT]>Y CRITICISM AS AN EXCELL5T WEAPON TO FI<T BACKW>DNESS & TO PROPAGATE SY/EMATICALLY A PROGRESSIVE IDEOLOGY4 ,!Y W]E SUCCE$$ BY ! BRILLIANT ,MIKHAYLOVSKY1 :O = SEV]AL DECADES GOV]N$ PUBLIC OP9ION & WAS ALSO 9FLU5TIAL 9 ,KOROL5KO' S DEVELOPM5T4 ,BESIDES HIS NOVELS1 %ORT /ORIES1 & DRAMAS1 ,TOL/OY1 TOO1 AVAIL$ HIMSELF ( POLEMICAL PAMPHLETS & MORALIZ+ FAIRY TALES4 ,KOROL5KO1 ON HIS P>T1 CON/ANTLY EX*ANG$ ! PALETTE & BRU% ( ! >TI/ = ! SWORD ( ! J\RNALI/ 9 ORD] TO WORK DIRECTLY ON SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( ! DAY4 

,SOME ( ! FEATURES ( OLD CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA W]E *RONIC FAM9E1 DRUNK5NESS1 ILLIT]ACY1 & A DEFICIT 9 ! BUDGET4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! ILL-CONCEIV$ PEASANT RE=M 9TRODUC$ AFT] ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 /IFL+ TAXES COMB9$ ) ! UTMO/ BACKW>DNESS 9 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AFFLICT$ ! PEASANTS ) CROP FAILURE REGUL>LY DUR+ ! 5TIRE EI<? DECADE4 ,! YE> #ahia SAW ! CLIMAX3 9 TW5TY PROV9CES AN EXCEPTIONALLY SEV]E DR\<T WAS FOLL[$ BY A CROP FAILURE RESULT+ 9 A FAM9E ( TRULY BIBLICAL DIM5SIONS4 

,AN (FICIAL 9QUIRY TO DET]M9E ! EXT5T ( ! LOSSES YIELD$ MORE ?AN SEV5 HUNDR$ ANSW]S FROM ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 AMONG :I* WAS ! FOLL[+ DESCRIPTION FROM ! P5 ( A SIMPLE P>SON3 

0,= ! LA/ ?REE YE>S1 BAD H>VE/S HAVE BE5 SNEAK+ UP ON US & ONE MIS=TUNE AFT] ANO!R PLAGUES ! PEASANTS4 ,!RE IS ! 9SECT PE/4 ,GRAS%OPP]S EAT UP ! GRA91 WORMS NIBBLE ON IT1 & BUGS DO AWAY ) ! RE/4 ,! H>VE/ HAS BE5 DE/ROY$ 9 ! FIELDS & ! SE$S HAVE BE5 P>*$ 9 ! GR\ND2 ! B>NS >E EMPTY & !RE IS NO BREAD4 ,! ANIMALS GROAN & COLLAPSE1 CATTLE MOVE MEEKLY1 & ! %EEP P]I% FROM ?IR/ & WANT ( FODD] 444 ,MILLIONS ( TREES & ?\S&S ( F>MH\SES HAVE BE COME A PREY TO FLAMES4 ,A WALL ( FIRE & SMOKE SURR\ND$ US 444 ,IT IS WRITT5 BY ! PROPHET ,ZEPHANIA3 ',I WILL DE/ROY EV]Y?+ FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?1 SAI? ! ,LORD1 MAN1 CATTLE1 & WILD BEA/S1 ! BIRDS & ! FI%4' 

0,H[ MANY ( ! FEA!R$ ONES HAVE P]I%$ 9 ! =E/ FIRES1 H[ MANY FI% 9 ! %ALL[ WAT]S6 444 ,! ELK HAS FL$ FROM \R WOODS1 ! RACCOON & ! SQUIRREL HAVE DI$4 ,HEAV5 HAS BECOME B>R5 & H>D AS ORE2 NO DEW FALLS1 ONLY DR\<T & FIRE4 ,! FRUIT TREES HAVE WI!R$ AWAY & SO ALSO ! GRASS & ! FL[]S4 ,NO RASPB]RIES RIP5 ANY MORE1 !RE >E NO BLACKB]RIES1 BLUEB]RIES1 OR :ORTLEB]RIES F> & WIDE2 BOGS & SWAMPS HAVE BURN$ \T 444 ,:]E >E Y\1 GRE5 ( ! =E/S1 OH DELICI\S AIR1 BALSAM SC5T ( ! FIRS ?AT GAVE RELIEF TO ! AIL+8 ,ALL IS GONE60 

,! WRIT]1 AS AN EXP]I5C$ ,RUSSIAN SUBJECT1 DEV\TLY ASK$ AT ! 5D ( HIS LETT] ?AT HE NOT BE HELD 0RESPONSIBLE = ! ABOVE DESCRIPTION40 ,HIS APPREH5SION WAS NOT UNF\ND$1 BECAUSE A P[]FUL NOBILITY DECL>$ ! FAM9E1 UNBELIEVABLE AS IT MAY SEEM1 TO BE A MALEVOL5T 9V5TION ( 0PROVOCATEURS10 & ?AT ANY SORT ( HELP W\LD BE SUP]FLU\S4 

,9 CONSEQU5CE A W> FL>$ UP BETWE5 ! REACTION>Y GR\PS & ! PROGRESSIVE 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY WAS GRIPP$ ) EXCITEM5T2 WRIT]S S\ND$ ! AL>M4 ,RELIEF COMMITTEES W]E E/ABLI%$ ON A GR& SCALE2 DOCTORS1 WRIT]S1 /UD5TS1 TEA*]S1 & WOM5 ( 9TELLECTUAL PURSUITS RU%$ BY ! HUNDR$S 9TO ! C\NTRY TO NURSE ! SICK1 TO SET UP FE$+ /ATIONS1 TO DI/RIBUTE SE$S1 & TO ORGANIZE ! PUR*ASE ( GRA9 AT L[ PRICES4 

,ALL ?IS1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT EASY4 ,ALL ! DISORD]1 ALL ! TIME-HONOR$ MISMANAGEM5T ( A C\NTRY RUL$ BY BUREAUCRATS & ! >MY CAME TO ! =E4 ,!RE WAS RIVALRY & ANTAGONISM BETWE5 /ATE & C\NTY ADM9I/RATIONS1 BETWE5 GOV]NM5T & RURAL (FICES1 BETWE5 ! VILLAGE SCRIBES & ! PEASANTS4 ,ADD$ TO ?IS1 ! *AOS ( IDEAS1 DEM&S1 & EXPECTATIONS ( ! PEASANTS !MSELVES1 !IR DI/RU/ ( CITY PEOPLE1 ! DIFF]5CES EXI/+ BETWE5 ! RI* KULAKS & ! IMPOV]I%$ PEASANTS - EV]Y?+ CONSPIR$ TO ]ECT ?\S&S ( B>RI]S & OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ?OSE :O HAD COME TO HELP4 

,NO WOND] !Y W]E DRIV5 TO DESPAIR4 ,ALL ! NUM]\S LOCAL ABUSES & SUPPRESSIONS ) :I* ! DAILY LIFE ( ! PEASANTS HAD BE5 NORMALLY CONFRONT$1 ALL ! ABSURDITIES & CONTRADICTIONS ( ! BUREAUCRACY CAME TO LI<T4 ,! FI<T AGA9/ HUNG]1 9 ITSELF M]ELY A SIMPLE *>ITABLE ACT1 *ANG$ AT ONCE 9TO A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ! ABSOLUTI/ REGIME4 

,KOROL5KO1 LIKE ,TOL/OY1 HEAD$ ! PROGRESSIVE GR\PS & DEVOT$ TO ?IS CAUSE NOT ONLY HIS WRIT+S BUT HIS :OLE P]SONALITY4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#h#i#b1 HE W5T TO A DI/RICT ( ! PROV9CE ,NIZHNI-,NOVGOROD1 ! WASP'S NE/ ( ! REACTION>Y NOBILITY1 9 ORD] TO ORGANIZE S\P KIT*5S 9 ! /RICK5 VILLAGES4 ,AL?\< COMPLETELY UNACQUA9T$ ) LOCAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 HE SOON LE>N$ EV]Y DETAIL & BEGAN A T5ACI\S /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ?\S&S ( OB/ACLES ?AT B>R$ HIS WAY4 ,HE SP5T F\R MON?S 9 ?IS >EA1 W&]+ FROM ONE VILLAGE TO ANO!R1 FROM ONE GOV]NM5T (FICE TO ANO!R4 ,AFT] ! DAY'S WORK1 HE WROTE 9 HIS NOTEBOOKS 9 OLD F>MH\SES F> 9TO ! NI<T BY ! DIM LI<T ( A SMOKY LAMP1 & AT ! SAME TIME CONDUCT$1 9 ! NEWSPAP]S ( ! CAPITAL1 A VIGOR\S CAMPAIGN AGA9/ BACKW>DNESS4 ,HIS DI>Y1 :I* BECAME AN IMMORTAL MONUM5T ( ! CZ>I/ REGIME1 PRES5TS A GRUESOME PICTURE ( ! 5TIRE ,GOLGO?A ( ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE ) ITS BEGG+ *ILDR51 SIL5T MO!RS /EEP$ 9 MIS]Y1 WAIL+ OLD M51 SICKNESS & HOPELESSNESS4 

,FAM9E WAS FOLL[$ IMM$IATELY BY ! SECOND ( ! APOCALYPTIC HORSEM51 ! PLAGUE4 ,IT CAME FROM ,P]SIA 9 #a#h#i#c1 COV]$ ! L[L&S ( ! ,VOLGA & CREPT UP ! RIV]1 SPREAD+ ITS DEADLY VAPORS OV] />V$ & P>ALYZ$ VILLAGES4 ,! NEW 5EMY CREAT$ A PECULI> REACTION AMONG ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! GOV]NM5T :I*1 BORD]+ ON ! RIDICUL\S1 IS NEV]!LESS ! BITT] TRU?4 ,! GOV]NOR ( ,BAKU FL$ 9TO ! M\NTA9S :5 ! PLAGUE BROKE \T1 ! GOV]NOR ( ,S>ATOV KEPT 9 HID+ ON A RIV]BOAT DUR+ ! 5SU+ UPRIS+S4 ,! GOV]NOR ( ,A/RAKHAN1 H[EV]1 TOOK ! PRIZE3 ,FE>+ ?AT %IPS ON !IR WAY FROM ,P]SIA & ! ,CAUCASUS MI<T BR+ ! PLAGUE ) !M1 HE ORD]$ PATROL BOATS TO ! ,CASPIAN ,SEA TO B> ! 5TRANCE ( ! ,VOLGA TO ALL WAT] TRAFFIC4 ,BUT HE =GOT TO SUPPLY BREAD & DR9K+ WAT] = ?OSE ?US QU>ANT9$4 ,MORE ?AN F\R HUNDR$ /EAMBOATS & B>GES W]E 9T]CEPT$1 & T5 ?\S& PEOPLE1 HEAL?Y & SICK1 W]E DE/9$ TO DIE ( HUNG]1 ?IR/1 & ! PLAGUE4 ,F9ALLY1 A BOAT CAME D[N ! ,VOLGA T[>D ,A/RAKHAN1 A MESS5G] ( GOV]NM5TAL ?\<TFULNESS4 ,! EYES ( ! DY+ LOOK$ ) NEW HOPE TO ! RESCUE %IP4 ,ITS C>GO WAS C(F9S4 

,! PEOPLE'S WRA? BUR/ =? LIKE A ?UND]/ORM4 ,NEWS AB\T ! BLOCKADE & ! SUFF]+S ( ! QU>ANT9$ PRISON]S SWEPT LIKE FIRE UP ! ,VOLGA RIV]1 FOLL[$ BY ! CRY ( DESPAIR ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS 9T5TIONALLY HELP+ TO SPREAD ! PLAGUE 9 ORD] TO DIM9I% ITS POPULATION4 ,! FIR/ VICTIMS ( ! 0PLAGUE UPRIS+0 W]E ! ,SAM>ITANS1 ?OSE SELF-SACRIFIC+ M5 & WOM5 :O HAD H]OICALLY RU%$ TO ! /RICK5 >EAS TO NURSE ! SICK & ADM9I/] PRECAUTIONS TO SAFEGU>D ! HEAL?Y4 ,HOSPITAL B>RACKS W5T UP 9 FLAMES2 DOCTORS & NURSES W]E SLA94 ,AFT]W>DS1 !RE WAS ! USUAL PROC$URE - P5ALTY EXP$ITIONS1 BLOOD%$1 M>TIAL LAW1 & EXECUTIONS4 ,9 ,S>ATOV ALONE TW5TY DEA? S5T5CES W]E PRON\NC$4 ,! BEAUTIFUL C\NTRY ( ! ,VOLGA ONCE MORE WAS *ANG$ 9TO A ,DANTEAN ,9F]NO4 

,TO BR+ S5SE & 5LI<T5M5T 9TO ?IS BLOODY *AOS4 REQUIR$ A ,P]SONALITY ( ! HI<E/ 9TEGRITY & A PR(\ND UND]/&+ ( ! PEASANTS & !IR DI/RESS4 ,NEXT TO ,TOL/OY1 NOBODY 9 ,RUSSIA WAS BETT] SUIT$ TO ACCOMPLI% ! TASK ?AN ,KOROL5KO4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ON ! SPOT1 HE EXPOS$ ?OSE :O W]E 9 TRU? RESPONSIBLE = ! UPRIS+S - ! GOV]NM5T (FICIALS4 ,RECORD+ HIS OBS]VATIONS1 HE ONCE AGA9 PRES5T$ TO ! PUBLIC A /IRR+ DOCUM5T1 EQUALLY GREAT 9 ITS HI/ORIC AS WELL AS >TI/IC VALUE - ,! ,*OL]A ,QU>ANT9E4 

,9 OLD ,RUSSIA1 ! DEA? P5ALTY = ORD9>Y CRIMES HAD LONG BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,NORMALLY1 AN EXECUTION WAS AN HONOR RES]V$ = POLITICAL (F5SES4 ,9 ! LATE SEV5TIES1 H[EV]1 DEA? P5ALTIES W]E 9 FAVOR AGA91 ESPECIALLY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! T]RORI/ MOVEM5T4 ,AFT] ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 ! GOV]NM5T DID NOT HESITATE TO S5T5CE EV5 WOM5 TO ! GALL[S1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! FAM\S ,SOPHIE ,P]OVSKAYA1 & LAT] ,HESSA ,HELFMAN4 ,!SE EXECUTIONS W]E EXCEPTIONAL1 BUT !Y LEFT A DEEP IMPRESSION UPON ! PEOPLE4 ,AGA91 HORROR SWEPT OV] ! C\NTRY :5 F\R SOLDI]S ( ! 0,P5ALTY ,BATTALION0 W]E EXECUT$ = MURD]+ !IR S]GEANT :O HAD TORTUR$ !M4 ,EV5 9 ! SUBJUGAT$ & DEPRESS$ ATMOSPH]E ( !SE YE>S1 PUBLIC OP9ION C\LD BE %OCK$ BY SU* MEASURES4 

,?IS SITUATION *ANG$ ) ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e4 ,9 #a#i#g1 AFT] ! ABSOLUTI/ P[]S HAD REGA9$ ! UPP] H&1 A BLOODY REV5GE SET 94 ,MILIT>Y TRIBUNALS CONV5$ DAY & NI<T2 ! GALL[S F\ND NO RE/4 ,! 0ASSASS9S10 M5 :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 >M$ REVOLTS1 BUT ESPECIALLY SO-CALL$ EXPROPRIATORS - HALF-GR[N BOYS - W]E EXECUT$ BY ! HUNDR$S4 ,IT WAS DONE 9 A MO/ HAPHAZ>D WAY & ) V]Y LITTLE OBS]VANCE ( ! =MALITIES4 ,! HANGM5 W]E 9EXP]I5C$1 ! ROPES DEFECTIVE1 ! GALL[S IMPROVIS$ 9 A MO/ FANTA/IC MANN]4 ,! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9DULG$ 9 ORGIES4 

,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ,KOROL5KO RAIS$ HIS VOICE 9 A /RONG PROTE/ AGA9/ ! TRIUMPHANT REACTION4 ,A S]IES ( >TICLES1 PUBLI%$ 9 #aii 9 PAMPHLET =M ) ! TITLE ,AN ,ORD9>Y ,OCCURR5CE1 IS *>ACT]I/IC ( HIM4 ,LIKE HIS >TICLES ON ! FAM9E & ! PLAGUE1 IT CONTA9S NO SET PHRASES1 NO HOLL[ PA?OS4 ,SIMPLICITY & A MATT]-(-FACTNESS PREVAIL ?R\<\T4 ,ACTUAL REPORTS1 LETT]S ( ! EXECUT$1 & IMPRESSIONS ( PRISON]S MAKE UP ?IS BOOKLET4 ,& YET IT IS \T/&+ 9 ITS COMPASSION = HUMAN SUFF]+ & ITS UND]/&+ ( ! TORTUR$ HE>T4 ,EXPOS+ ! CRIMES ( SOCIETY1 :I* >E CONTA9$ 9 EV]Y DEA? S5T5CE1 ?IS LITTLE WORK1 FULL ( W>M? & HI<E/ E?ICS1 BECAME A MO/ /IRR+ ACCUSATION4 

,TOL/OY1 !N EI<TY-TWO YE>S OLD1 WROTE TO ,KOROL5KO1 :5 /ILL /RONGLY IMPRESS$ BY ! PAMPHLET3 

0,Y\R WORK ON ! DEA? P5ALTY HAS JU/ BE5 READ TO ME &1 ?\< ,I TRI$1 ,I C\LD NOT HOLD BACK MY TE>S4 ,I F9D NO WORDS TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE & LOVE = A WORK :I* IS EQUALLY EXCELL5T 9 EXPRESSION1 ?\<T1 & FEEL+4 ,IT MU/ BE PR9T$ & DI/RIBUT$ 9 MILLIONS ( COPIES4 ,NO ,DUMA SPEE*ES1 NO DISS]TATIONS1 DRAMAS1 OR NOVELS C\LD PRODUCE SU* GOOD RESULTS AS ?IS WORK4 

0,IT IS SO V]Y EFFECTIVE BECAUSE IT >\SES SU* 9T5SE COMPASSION = ! VICTIMS ( HUMAN 9SANITY ?AT ONE IS READY TO =GIVE ?OSE VICTIMS NO MATT] :AT !Y MI<T HAVE DONE4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 IF ONE W\LD TRY1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO =GIVE ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = SU* HORRORS4 ,) AMAZEM5T WE LE>N ( !IR CONCEIT & SELF-DELUSION1 ( ! S5SELESSNESS ( !IR ACTIONS1 BECAUSE Y\ >E MAK+ IT QUITE CLE> ?AT ALL !SE PITIFUL CRUELTIES EFFECT$ ONLY ! OPPOSITE ( :AT HAD BE5 9T5D$4 ,ASIDE FROM ALL ?IS1 !RE IS ONE MORE ?\<T Y\R WORK HAD MADE ME /RONGLY AW>E ( - A FEEL+ ( PITY NOT ONLY = ! MURD]$ BUT ALSO = ?OSE POOR1 MISGUID$ & DECEIV$ PEOPLE1 ! PRISON W>D5S1 HANGM51 & SOLDI]S1 :O COMMITT$ ! ATROCITIES )\T KN[+ :AT !Y W]E DO+4 

0,!RE IS ONLY ONE SATISFACTION TO NOTE3 ?AT A BOOK LIKE Y\RS WILL UNITE A GREAT NUMB] ( /ILL UNAFFECT$ & EAG] PEOPLE 9TO A GR\P ?AT /RIVES = ! HI<E/ IDEALS ( VIRTUE & TRU?1 AN 9SPIR$ GR\P :I*1 9 SPITE ( ITS 5EMIES1 WILL %$ AN EV] GR[+ LI<T40 

,AB\T FIFTE5 YE>S AGO1 9 #a#i#c1 A ,G]MAN DAILY PAP] S5T \T A QUE/IONNAIRE REG>D+ ! DEA? P5ALTY TO MANY EM95T REPRES5TATIVES ( ! >TS & SCI5CES4 ,!Y W]E ! MO/ BRILLIANT NAMES 9 LIT]ATURE & JURISPRUD5CE1 ! FL[] ( 9TELLIG5CE 9 ! L& ( ?9K]S & POETS1 & ALL ( !M SPOKE F]V5TLY 9 FAVOR ( ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,TO ANY ?9K+ OBS]V] ?IS WAS ONE ( ! MANY SYMPTOMS ( ! ?+S TO COME 9 ,G]MANY DUR+ ! WORLD W>4 

,IT IS ONE ( ! FEATURES ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION ?AT ! MASS ( PEOPLE1 :5EV] ! %OE P9*ES = ONE REASON OR ANO!R1 MAKE A SCAPEGOAT ( MEMB]S ( ANO!R RACE1 RELIGION1 OR COLOR 9 ORD] TO RELEASE ITS P5T-UP ILL TEMP]4 ,IT IS !N ABLE TO RETURN REFRE%$ TO ! REGUL> DAILY LIFE4 ,IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT ?OSE BE/ SUIT$ TO S]VE AS SCAPEGOATS >E NATIONAL M9ORITIES ?AT HAVE PREVI\SLY BE5 SOCIALLY NEGLECT$ & MI/REAT$4 ,& JU/ BECAUSE ( !IR WEAKNESS & ! PREC$5T ( MI/REATM5T1 FUR!R CRUELTIES >E EASILY ADM9I/]$ )\T FE> ( REPROA*4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IT IS ! ,NEGRO :O IS DISCRIM9AT$ AGA9/ & P]SECUT$4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ?IS ROLE HAS (T5 BE5 =C$ ON ! ,ITALIAN4 

,IT WAS >\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 9 ! PROLET>IAN SECTION ( ,ZURI*1 9 ,AUSS]SIHL1 ?AT A POGROM FL>$ UP AGA9/ ! ,ITALIANS 9 ! WAKE ( ! MURD] ( A *ILD4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! NAME ( ! T[N ,AIGUESMORTES RECALLS A MEMORABLE RIOT ( WORK]S :O1 EMBITT]$ BY ! FRUGAL HABITS ( ! ,ITALIAN MIGRATORY WORK]S :I* L$ TO G5]AL WAGE-CUTT+1 TRI$ TO TEA* !M ! NE$ = A BETT] /&>D ( LIV+ 9 ! /YLE ( !IR ANCE/OR1 ! ,HOMO HAUS5 ( ,DORDOGNE4 ,) ! \TBREAK ( ! WORLD W>1 TRADITIONS ( ! ,NE&]?AL MAN UNEXPECT$LY BECAME V]Y POPUL>4 ,9 ! L& ( ?9K]S & POETS1 ! 0GREAT TIME0 WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A SUDD5 RETURN TO ! 9/9CTS ( ! CONTEMPOR>IES ( ! MAMMO?1 ! CAVE BE>1 & ! WOOLLY RH9OC]OS4 

,TO BE SURE1 ! ,RUSSIA ( ! CZ>S WAS NOT AS YET SO HI<LY CIVILIZ$ A /ATE1 & ! MI/REATM5T ( =EIGN]S & O!R PUBLIC ACTIVITIES W]E NOT EXPRESSIONS ( ! PSY*E ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS1 RA!R1 ! MONOPOLY ( ! GOV]NM5T1 FO/]$ & ORGANIZ$ AT ! PROP] MOM5T BY /ATE 9/ITUTIONS & 5C\RAG$ ) ! HELP ( GOV]NM5T VODKA4 

,!RE WAS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FAM\S TRIAL ( ! 0,MULTAN ,VOTIAKS0 ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! N9ETIES4 ,SEV5 ,VOTIAK PEASANTS FROM ! VILLAGE ( ,GREAT ,MULTAN 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,VYATKA1 HALF HEA!NS & SAVAGES1 HAD BE5 ACCUS$ ( A RITUAL MURD] & ?R[N 9TO JAIL4 ,?IS SO-CALL$ RITUAL MURD] TRIAL WAS1 ( C\RSE1 ONLY A SMALL & CASUAL 9CID5T ( ! GOV]NM5T POLICY1 :I* TRI$ TO *ANGE ! DEPRESS$ MOOD ( ! HUNGRY & 5SLAV$ MASSES BY (F]+ !M A LITTLE DIV]SION4 ,BUT H]E AGA91 ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA1 ) ,KOROL5KO 9 ! LEAD ONCE MORE1 TOOK UP ! CAUSE ( ! HALF-SAVAGE ,VOTIAKS4 ,KOROL5KO EAG]LY ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! FI<T1 UNRAVEL+ ! MAZE ( MISUND]/&+S & DECEIT4 ,HE WORK$ PATI5TLY & ) AN 9FALLIBLE 9/9CT = F9D+ ! TRU?1 :I* REM9DS ONE ( ,JAURES 9 ! ,DREYFUS CASE4 ,HE MOBILIZ$ ! PRESS & PUBLIC OP9ION1 OBTA9$ A RESUMPTION ( ! TRIAL1 & BY P]SONALLY TAK+ OV] ! DEF5SE1 F9ALLY WON AN ACQUITTAL4 

,9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE ! SUBJECT MO/ PREF]R$ = DIV]T+ ! PEOPLE'S BAD DISPOSITION HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! ,JEWS1 & IT IS QUE/IONABLE :E!R !Y HAVE YET PLAY$ !IR ROLE TO ! 5D4 ,! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* ! LA/ PUBLIC SC&AL - ! FAM\S ,BEYLISS TRIAL - TOOK PLACE WAS DEF9ITELY /ILL 9 /YLE4 ,?IS ,JEWI% RITUAL MURD] CASE 9 #aiac WAS1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! LA/ P]=MANCE ( A DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T ON ITS WAY \T4 ,ONE C\LD CALL IT ! 0NECKLACE AFFAIR0 ( ! ,RUSSIAN ANCI5 REGIME4 ,AS A BELAT$ FOLL[-UP TO ! D>K DAYS ( ! #a#i#g-#a#i#a#a C\NT]REVOLUTION1 & AT ! SAME TIME AS A SYMBOLIC =]UNN] ( ! WORLD W>1 ?IS RITUAL MURD] CASE ( ,KI%9EV IMM$IATELY BECAME ! C5T] ( PUBLIC 9T]E/4 ,! PROGRESSIVE 9TELLIG5TSIA 9 ,RUSSIA ID5TIFI$ ITSELF ) ! CAUSE ( ! ,JEWI% BUT*] FROM ,KI%9EV4 ,! TRIAL TURN$ 9TO A BATTLEFIELD BETWE5 ! PROGRESSIVE & ! REACTION>Y CAMPS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,! %REWDE/ LAWY]S & BE/ J\RNALI/S GAVE !IR S]VICES TO ?IS CAUSE4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,KOROL5KO1 TOO1 WAS ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! FI<T4 ,?US %ORTLY BE=E ! BLOODY CURTA9 ( WORLD W> WAS TO BE RAIS$1 ,RUSSIAN REACTION SUFF]$ ONE MORE CRU%+ MORAL DEFEAT4 ,UND] ! ONSLAU<T ( ! OPPOSITIONAL 9TELLIG5TSIA1 ! MURD] 9DICTM5T COLLAPS$4 ,!RE WAS REVEAL$ ALSO AT ! SAME TIME ! :OLE HYPOCRISY ( ! CZ>I/ REGIME1 :I*1 ALREADY DEAD & ROTT5 9T]NALLY1 WAS ONLY WAIT+ = ! C\P DE GRACE TO BE ADM9I/]$ BY ! MOVEM5T = FRE$OM4 

,DUR+ ! EI<TIES1 AFT] ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 A P]IOD ( P>ALYZ+ HOPELESSNESS 5VELOP$ ,RUSSIA4 ,! LIB]AL RE=MS ( ! SIXTIES ) REG>D TO ! JUDICI>Y & TO RURAL SELF-ADM9I/RATION W]E EV]Y:]E REPEAL$4 ,A DEA?LIKE SIL5CE PREVAIL$ DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 ,DISC\RAG$ BY BO? ! FAILURE TO REALIZE PEACEFUL RE=MS & ! APP>5T 9EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE W]E COMPLETELY OV]COME ) DEPRESSION & RESIGNATION4 

,9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E ( APA?Y & DESPOND5CY1 ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA BEGAN TO DEVELOP SU* METAPHYSICAL-MY/ICAL T5D5CIES AS W]E REPRES5T$ BY ,SOLOVIEV'S PHILOSOPHY4 ,NIETZS*E'S 9FLU5CE WAS CLE>LY NOTICEABLE4 ,9 LIT]ATURE ! PESSIMI/IC UND]TONES ( ,G>%9'S NOVELS & ,NADSON'S POETRY PR$OM9AT$4 ,FULLY 9 ACCORD ) ! PREVAIL+ SPIRIT WAS ,DO/OYEVSKY'S MY/ICISM1 AS EXPRESS$ 9 ,! ,BRO!RS ,K>AMAZOV1 & ALSO 9 ,TOL/OY'S ASCETIC DOCTR9ES4 ,! IDEA ( 0NONRESI/ANCE TO EVIL10 ! REPUDIATION ( VIOL5CE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ P[]FUL REACTION1 :I* WAS N[ TO BE OPPOS$ BY ! 0PURIFI$ S\L0 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 SU* !ORIES ( SOCIAL PASSIVITY BECAME A S]I\S DANG] = ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLIG5TSIA ( ! EI<TIES - ! MORE SO S9CE IT WAS PRES5T$ BY SU* CAPTIVAT+ MEANS AS ,TOL/OY'S LIT]>Y G5IUS & MORAL AU?ORITY4 

,MIKHAYLOVSKY1 ! SPIRITUAL LEAD] ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,WILL ORGANIZATION1 DIRECT$ AN EXTREMELY ANGRY POLEMIC AGA9/ ,TOL/OY4 ,KOROL5KO1 TOO1 CAME TO ! =E4 ,HE1 ! T5D] POET :O NEV] C\LD =GET AN 9CID5T ( HIS *ILDHOOD1 BE IT A RU/L+ =E/1 A WALK 9 ! EV5+ ?R\< ! QUIET FIELDS1 OR ! MEMORY ( A L&SCAPE 9 ITS MANIFOLD LI<TS & MOODS1 ,KOROL5KO1 :O FUNDAM5TALLY DESPIS$ ALL POLITICS1 N[ RAIS$ HIS VOICE ) DET]M9ATION1 PREA*+ AGGRESSIVE1 SAB]-%>P HATR$ & BELLIG]5T OPPOSITION4 ,HE REPLI$ TO ,TOL/OY'S LEG5DS1 P>ABLES1 & /ORIES 9 ! /YLE ( ! GOSPEL ) ! ,LEG5D ( ,FLORUS4 

,! ,ROMANS GOV]N$ ,JUDEA ) FIRE & SWORD1 EXPLOIT+ L& & PEOPLE4 ,! PEOPLE MOAN$ & B5T UND] ! HAT$ YOKE4 ,/IRR$ BY ! SI<T ( HIS SUFF]+ PEOPLE1 ,M5A*EM ! ,WISE1 SON ( ,YEHUDA1 APPEAL$ TO ! H]OIC TRADITIONS ( !IR =EBE>S & PREA*$ REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,REMANS1 A 0HOLY W>40 ,BUT !N UP SPOKE ! SECT ( ! G5TLE ,SOSSAIANS 7:O1 LIKE ,TOL/OY1 REPUDIAT$ ALL VIOL5CE & SAW A SOLUTION ONLY 9 ! PURIFICATION ( ! S\L1 9 ISOLATION & SELF-D5IAL74 

0,Y\ >E S[+ GREAT MIS]Y :5 Y\ CALL M5 TO BATTLE10 !Y SAID TO ,M5A*EM4 0,IF A CITY IS BESIEG$ & %[S RESI/ANCE1 ! 5EMY WILL SP>E ! LIVES ( ! HUMBLE1 BUT WILL PUT TO DEA? ALL ?OSE :O >E DEFIANT4 ,WE TEA* ! PEOPLE TO BE SUBMISSIVE1 SO ?AT !Y MAY BE SAV$ FROM DE/RUCTION 444 ,ONE CANNOT DRY WAT] ) WAT] NOR QU5* FIRE ) FIRE4 ,!RE=E1 VIOL5CE WILL NOT BE OV]COME ) VIOL5CE1 IT IS EVIL ITSELF40 

,TO :I* ,M5A*EM ANSW]$ UNSW]V+LY3 

0,VIOL5CE IS NEI!R GOOD NOR EVIL1 IT IS VIOL5CE4 ,GOOD OR EVIL IS ONLY ITS APPLICATION4 ,! VIOL5CE ( ! >M IS EVIL :5 IT IS LIFT$ TO ROB OR SUPPRESS ! WEAK2 BUT IF IT IS LIFT$ = WORK OR 9 DEF5SE ( ?Y NEI<BOR1 !N VIOL5CE IS WELF>E4 ,IT IS TRUE1 ONE DOES NOT QU5* FIRE ) FIRE NOR DRY WAT] ) WAT]1 BUT /ONE IS %ATT]$ ) /ONE & /EEL MU/ BE P>RI$ ) /EEL1 & VIOL5CE ) VIOL5CE4 ,KN[E? ?IS3 ,! P[] ( ! ,REMANS IS ! FIRE BUT Y\R HUMBL5ESS IS 444 WOOD4 ,& ! FIRE WILL NOT /OP UNTIL IT HAS EAT5 ALL ! WOOD40 

,! ,LEG5D CLOSES ) ,M5A*EM'S PRAY]3 

0,O ,ADONAI1 ,ADONAI6 ,LET US NEV] AS LONG AS WE LIVE FAIL ! HOLY COMM&3 TO FI<T AGA9/ 9JU/ICE 444 ,LET US NEV] SPEAK !SE WORDS3 ,SAVE Y\RSELF & LEAVE ! WEAK TO !IR DE/9Y 444 ,I TOO BELIEVE1 ,O ,ADONAI1 ?AT Y\R K+DOM WILL BE ON E>?4 ,VIOL5CE & SUPPRESSION WILL DISAPPE> & ! PEOPLE WILL GA!R TO CELEBRATE ! FEA/ ( BRO!RHOOD4 ,& NEV] AGA9 %ALL MAN'S BLOOD BE %$ BY MAN'S H&40 

,LIKE A REFRE%+ BREEZE1 ?IS DEFIANT CRE$ /ORM$ ?R\< ! DEEP FOG ( 9DOL5CE & MY/ICISM4 ,KOROL5KO WAS READY = ! NEW HI/ORIC 0VIOL5CE0 9 ,RUSSIA :I* SOON WAS TO LIFT ITS B5EFIC5T >M1 ! >M TO WORK & FI<T = LIB]TY4 

  

,I,V 

,MAXIM ,GORKY'S ,MY ,*ILDHOOD IS 9 MANY RESPECTS AN 9T]E/+ C\NT]P>T TO ,KOROL5KO'S ,HI/ORY ( A ,CONTEMPOR>Y4 ,>TI/ICALLY1 !Y >E POLES AP>T4 ,KOROL5KO1 LIKE HIS ADOR$ ,TURG5EV1 HAS AN UTT]LY LYRICAL NATURE1 IS A T5D] S\L1 A MAN ( MANY MOODS4 ,GORKY1 9 ! ,DO/OEVSKY TRADITION1 HAS A PR(\NDLY DRAMATIC VIEW ( LIFE2 HE IS A MAN ( CONC5TRAT$ 5]GY & ACTION4 ,AL?\< ,KOROL5KO IS /RONGLY AW>E ( ALL ! DREADFULNESS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 HE HAS ,TURG5EV'S CAPACITY TO PRES5T EV5 ! CRUELE/ 9CID5TS 9 ! MOOD ( AN AMELIORAT+ P]SPECTIVE1 5VELOP$ 9 ! VAPORS ( POETIC VISION & ALL *>M ( NATURAL SC5]Y4 ,= ,GORKY AS WELL AS = ,DO/OYEVSKY1 EV5 SOB] EV]YDAY EV5TS >E FULL ( GRUESOME <O/S & TORTUR+ VISIONS1 PRES5T$ 9 ?\<TS ( M]CILESS PUNG5CY1 REL5TLESS1 )\T P]SPECTIVE1 & ALMO/ DEVOID ( ALL NATURAL SC5]Y4 

,IF1 ACCORD+ TO ,ULRICI1 DRAMA IS ! POETRY ( ACTION1 ! DRAMATIC ELEM5T IS POSITIVELY EVID5T 9 ,DO/OYEVSKY'S NOVELS4 ,!Y >E BUR/+ ) ACTION1 EXP]I5CE1 & T5SION TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT !IR COMPLEX & IRRITAT+ COMPILATIONS SEEM AT TIMES TO CRU% ! EPIC ELEM5T ( ! NOVEL1 TO BREAK ?R\< ITS B\ND>IES AT ANY MOM5T4 ,AFT] READ+ ) BREA?LESS ANXIETY ONE OR TWO ( HIS VOLUM9\S BOOKS1 IT SEEMS 9CR$IBLE ?AT ONE HAS LIV$ ?R\< ! EV5TS ( ONLY TWO OR ?REE DAYS4 ,IT IS EQUALLY *>ACT]I/IC ( ,DO/OYEVSKY'S DRAMATIC APTITUDE TO PRES5T BO? ! MA9 PROBLEM ( ! PLOT & ! GREAT CONFLICTS :I* LEAD TO ! CLIMAX AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! NOVEL4 ,! PRELIM9>IES ( ! /ORY1 ITS SL[ DEVELOPM5T1 ! READ] DOES NOT EXP]I5CE DIRECTLY4 ,IT IS LEFT TO HIM TO D$UCE !M FROM ! ACTION 9 RETROSPECT4 ,GORKY1 TOO1 EV5 9 PORTRAY+ COMPLETE 9]TIA1 ! BANKRUPTCY ( HUMAN 5]GY1 AS HE DID 9 ,! ,L[] ,DEP?S1 *OOSES ! DRAMA AS HIS M$IUM & ACTUALLY SUCCE$S 9 PUTT+ LIFE 9TO ! PALE C\NT5ANCE ( HIS TYPES4 

,KOROL5KO & ,GORKY NOT ONLY REPRES5T TWO LIT]>Y P]SONALITIES BUT ALSO TWO G5]ATIONS ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE & FRE$OM-LOV+ IDEOLOGY4 ,KOROL5KO'S 9T]E/ /ILL C5T]S >\ND ! PEASANT2 ,GORKY1 5?USIA/IC PUPIL ( ,G]MAN SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 IS 9T]E/$ 9 CITY PROLET>IANS & 9 !IR %AD[S1 ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT4 ,:]EAS NATURE IS ! NORMAL SETT+ = ,KOROL5KO'S /ORIES1 = ,GORKY IT IS ! WORK%OP1 ! G>RET1 & ! FLOPH\SE4 

,! KEY TO BO? >TI/S' P]SONALITIES IS ! FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE 9 !IR BACKGR\NDS4 ,KOROL5KO GREW UP 9 COM=TABLE1 MIDDLE-CLASS SURR\ND+S4 ,HIS *ILDHOOD PROVID$ HIM ) ! NORMAL FEEL+ ?AT ! WORLD & ALL ?AT IS 9 IT IS SOLID & /EADY1 :I* IS SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL HAPPY *ILDR54 ,GORKY1 P>TLY ROOT$ 9 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & P>TLY 9 ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 GREW UP 9 A TRULY ,DO/OYEVSKIAN ATMOSPH]E ( HORROR1 CRIME1 & SUDD5 \TBREAKS ( HUMAN PASSION4 ,AS A *ILD1 HE ALREADY BEHAV$ LIKE A LITTLE HUNT$ WOLF B>+ HIS %>P TEE? TO FATE4 ,HIS Y\?1 FULL ( DEPRIVATIONS1 9SULTS1 & OPPRESSION1 ( UNC]TA9TY & ABUSE1 WAS SP5T CLOSE TO ! SCUM ( SOCIETY & EMBRAC$ ALL ! TYPICAL FEATURES ( ! LIFE ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O HAVE READ ,GORKY'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY >E ABLE TO CONCEIVE FULLY HIS AMAZ+ RISE FROM ! DEP?S ( SOCIETY TO ! SUNNY HEI<TS ( MOD]N $UCATION1 +5I\S >TI/RY1 & AN \TLOOK ON LIFE BAS$ ON SCI5CE4 ,! VICISSITUDES ( HIS LIFE >E SYMBOLIC ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS1 :I* 9 ! REM>KABLY %ORT TIME ( TWO DECADES HAS ALSO WORK$ ITS WAY UP FROM ! UNCULTUR$1 UNC\?1 & DIFFICULT LIFE UND] ! CZ> ?R\< ! H>% S*OOL ( /RUGGLES TO HI/ORICAL ACTIONS4 ,?IS IS SURELY QUITE 9CONCEIVABLE TO ALL ! CULTURE-PHILI/9ES :O ?9K ?AT PROP] /REET ILLUM9ATION1 TRA9S ?AT RUN ON TIME1 CLEAN COLL>S1 & ! 9DU/RI\S CLATT] ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y MILLS /& = POLITICAL FRE$OM4 

,! GREAT *>M ( ,KOROL5KO'S POETIC WRIT+ ALSO CON/ITUTES ITS LIMITATIONS4 ,HE LIVES :OLLY 9 ! PRES5T1 9 ! HAPP5+S1 ( ! MOM5T1 9 S5SUAL IMPRESSIONS4 ,HIS /ORIES >E LIKE A B\QUET ( FRE%LY GA!R$ FIELD FL[]S4 ,BUT TIME IS H>D ON !IR GAY COLORS1 !IR DELICATE FRAGRANCE4 ,! ,RUSSIA ,KOROL5KO DESCRIBES NO LONG] EXI/S2 IT IS ! ,RUSSIA ( YE/]DAY4 ,! T5D] & POETIC MOOD :I* 5VELOPS HIS L& & HIS PEOPLE IS GONE4 ,A DECADE & A HALF AGO IT MADE ROOM = ! TRAGIC & ?UND]-LAD5 ATMOSPH]E ( ! ,GORKYS & !IR LIKE1 ! SCREE*+ /ORM BIRDS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS REPLAC$ 9 ,KOROL5KO HIMSELF BY A NEW BELLIG]5CY4 ,9 HIM1 AS 9 ,TOL/OY1 ! SOCIAL FI<T] TRIUMPH$ 9 ! 5D2 ! GREAT FELL[ CITIZ5 SUCCE$$ ! POET & DREAM]4 ,:5 9 ! EI<TIES ,TOL/OY BEGAN TO PREA* HIS MORAL GOSPEL 9 A NEW LIT]>Y =M AS FOLKLORE1 ,TURG5EV WROTE LETT]S IMPLOR+ ! WISE MAN ( ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA 9 ! NAME ( ! FA!RL& TO TURN BACK TO ! REALM ( PURE >T4 ,! FRI5DS ( ,KOROL5KO1 TOO1 GRIEV$ :5 HE AB&ON$ HIS FRAGRANT POETRY & ?REW HIMSELF EAG]LY 9TO J\RNALISM4 ,BUT ! SPIRIT ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 ! FEEL+ ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 PROV$ TO BE /RONG] 9 ?IS RI*LY 5D[$ POET ?AN HIS LOVE = NATURE1 HIS LONG+ = AN UNHAMP]$ LIFE ( W&]+1 & HIS POETIC DESIRES4 

,C>RI$ ALONG BY ! RIS+ REVOLUTION>Y FLOOD AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ! POET 9 HIM WAS SL[LY SIL5C$ :ILE HE UN%EA!D HIS SWORD AS A FI<T] = LIB]TY1 AS ! SPIRITUAL C5T] ( ! OPPOSITION MOVEM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS4 ,! ,HI/ORY ( A ,CONTEMPOR>Y1 PUBLI%$ 9 HIS REVIEW1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,TREASURY1 IS ! LA/ PRODUCT ( HIS G5IUS1 ONLY HALF POETRY BUT :OLLY ! TRU?1 LIKE EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 ,KOROL5KO'S LIFE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,LIFE ( ,KOROL5KO -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,LIFE ( ,KOROL5KO -- ,UPDAT$4 

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