,LUXEMBURG ,V]SUS ,L59 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,ANTI-,BOL%EVIK ,COMMUNISM4 ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 PUBLI%$ BY ,M]L9 ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#h2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c2 
,PRO($ & CORRECT$3 BY ,GE(F ,TRAU<1 ,JULY #b#e4 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG AS WELL AS ,L59 DEVELOP$ FROM ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 9 :I* BO? PLAY$ IMPORTANT ROLES4 ,!IR WORK 9FLU5C$ NOT ONLY ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,POLI% & ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 BUT WAS ( WORLDWIDE SIGNIFICANCE4 ,BO? SYMBOLIZ$ ! MOVEM5T OPPOS$ TO ! REVISIONISM & RE=MISM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!IR NAMES >E 9SEP>ABLY 5TW9$ ) ! RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T DUR+ & AFT] ! ,WORLD ,W>1 & BO? W]E ,M>XI/S TO :OM !ORY WAS AT ! SAME TIME ACTUAL PRACTICE4 ,5]GETIC HUMAN BE+S1 !Y W]E - TO USE A FAVORITE EXPRESSION ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S - 'C&LES ?AT BURN$ AT BO? 5DS'4 

,?\< ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 HAD SET !MSELVES ! SAME TASK ! REVOLUTION>Y REVIVAL ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T SUNK 9 ! SWAMPS ( RE=MISM1 & ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE - /ILL 9 !IR /RIV+ T[>D ?IS GOAL !IR WAYS DIV]G$2 & AL?\< !Y ALWAYS RETA9$ RESPECT = EA* O!R1 !Y NEV]!LESS REMA9$ AT ODDS ON DECISIVE QUE/IONS ( REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS & ON MANY QUE/IONS ( REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLE4 ,IT MAY BE /AT$ H]E 9 ADVANCE ?AT ON MANY ESS5TIAL PO9TS ! CONCEPTIONS ( ,LUXEMBURG DIFF] FROM ?OSE ( ,L59 AS DAY FROM NI<T1 OR - ! SAME ?+ - AS ! PROBLEMS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION FROM ?OSE ( ! PROLET>IAN4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS ( 9CONSI/5T ,L59I/S1 FROM POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 TO RECONCILE ,L59 ) ,LUXEMBURG N[ ?AT BO? >E DEAD & TO ]ASE ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 !M1 9 ORD] TO D]IVE ADVANTAGE FROM BO? ( !M1 IS M]ELY A SILLY FALSIFICATION ( HI/ORY :I* S]VES NO ONE BUT ! FALSIFI]S & !M ONLY TEMPOR>ILY4 

,! ?+ ?AT UNIT$ ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 WAS !IR COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RE=MISM ( PRE-W> TIME & ! *AUV9ISM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DUR+ ! W>4 ,BUT ?IS /RUGGLE WAS AT ! SAME TIME ACCOMPANI$ BY ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ! TWO REG>D+ ! ROAD :I* LEADS TO REVOLUTION2 & S9CE TACTIC IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM PR9CIPLE1 BY A DISPUTE REG>D+ ! CONT5T & =M ( ! NEW LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,EV5 ?\< IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT BO? W]E MORTAL 5EMIES ( REVISIONISM1 & = ?IS REASON !IR NAMES >E (T5 M5TION$ 9 ! SAME BREA?1 ON ! O!R H& IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TODAY TO =M A REAL PICTURE ( ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !M4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL HAS1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ DECADE1 9 CONNECTION ) ITS 9N] POLITICAL CRISES1 FREQU5TLY US$ & ABUS$ ! NAME ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ESPECIALLY 9 ITS CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ :AT IT REF]S TO AS 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ,LUXEMBURGISM'1 BUT NEI!R HAS ,LUXEMBURG'S WORK BECOME BETT] KN[N !REBY1 NOR HAVE ! DIFF]5CES :I* %E HAD ) ,L59 BE5 CL>IFI$4 ,9 G5]AL1 IT IS REG>D$ AS BETT] TO LET ! PA/ LIE BURI$2 & JU/ AS ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ONCE REFUS$ - 0= LACK ( MONEY0.<#a.> - TO PUBLI% ! WORKS ( ,LUXEMBURG1 SO ALSO HAS ! PROMISE 7?R\< ,CL>A ,ZETK97 ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL.<#b.> TO PUBLI% ?OSE WORKS BE5 BROK54 ,/ILL1 :]EV] COMPETITION >ISES AGA9/ ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG COMES 9TO FAVOR4 ,EV5 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS (T5 TA/ELESS 5\< TO SPEAK LOV+LY & SORR[FULLY ( ! ']R+ REVOLUTION>Y' :O IS M\RN$ RA!R AS A VICTIM ( H] 0IMPETU\S NATURE0.<#c.> ?AN ( ! BE/IAL BRUTALITY ( ! M]C5>IES ( P>TY-COMRADE ,NOSKE4 ,& EV5 :]E1 AFT] ! EXP]I5CE ) BO? ,9T]NATIONALS1 PEOPLE PR(ESS TO BE CONC]N$ NOT ONLY ) BUILD+ A NEW & REALLY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T BUT ALSO AT ! SAME TIME WANT TO PR(IT BY ! LESSONS ( ! PA/1 ! CONC]N ) ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 GOES NO F>!R ?AN ! R$UCTION ( !IR OPPOSITIONS TO ! DISPUTE OV] ! NATIONAL QUE/ION & EV5 H]E ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! TACTICAL PROBLEMS ) REF]5CE TO ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 ?IS 5T]PRISE1 PA9S >E TAK5 TO MAKE ?IS OPPOSITION AS MILD AS POSSIBLE1 TO ISOLATE IT1 & TO CLOSE ) ! ASS]TION1 CONTRADICT+ ALL ! FACTS1 ?AT ,L59 EM]G$ VICTORI\S FROM ?IS CONFLICT4 

,! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION CANNOT BE DISSOCIAT$ FROM ! O!R PROBLEMS ON :I* ! TWO W]E AT ODDS4 ,?IS QUE/ION IS B\ND UP 9 ! CLOSE/ MANN] ) ALL O!RS AFFECT+ ! WORLD REVOLUTION & IS BUT A S+LE ILLU/RATION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,LUXEMBURG & ,L591 OR ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 JACOB9ICAL & ! TRULY PROLET>IAN IDEA ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,IF1 LIKE ,MAX ,%A*TMAN.<#d.>1 ONE HOLDS ,LUXEMBURG'S CONCEPTION TO BE CONFIRM$ AS AGA9/ ! NATIONALI/IC ADV5TURES ( ! ,/AL9 P]IOD ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT MU/ ALSO BE REG>D$ AS JU/IFI$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ,L594 ,H[EV] MU* ! POLICY ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL MAY HAVE *ANG$ S9CE ,L59'S DEA?1 ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION IT HAS REMA9$ TRULY ,L59I/4 ,A ,L59I/ MU/ ( NECESSITY TAKE A POSITION OPPOS$ TO ,LUXEMBURG2 HE IS NOT ONLY H] !ORETICAL OPPON5T1 BUT H] MORTAL 5EMY4 ,! ,LUXEMBURG POSITION 9VOLVES ! DE/RUCTION ( ,L59I/ ,BOL%EVISM1 & !RE=E NO ONE :O APPEALS = AU?ORITY TO ,L59 CAN AT ! SAME TIME LAY CLAIM TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 

,OPPOSITION TO ,RE=MISM 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( WORLD CAPITALISM1 ! IMP]IALI/IC EXPANSION1 ! ADVANC+ MONOPOLIZATION ( ECONOMY & ! SUP]-PR(ITS ) :I* IT WAS B\ND UP1 MADE POSSIBLE ! TRANSITORY =MATION ( AN >I/OCRACY )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! 5ACTM5T ( SOCIAL LEGISLATION & A G5]AL IMPROVEM5T ( ! WORK]S' /&>D ( LIV+1 & ALL ?IS 9 TURN L$ TO ! SPREAD ( REVISIONISM & TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( RE=MISM 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM WAS REJECT$ AS OPPOS$ TO ! FACTS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & 9 ITS PLACE ! !ORY ( ! SL[ GR[? ( SOCIALISM BY WAY ( DEMOCRACY WAS ACCEPT$4 ,) ! GR[? ( ! LEGAL LABOR MOVEM5T1 ?US R5D]$ POSSIBLE1 ! ALLEGIANCE ( GREAT NUMB]S ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOISIE WAS SECUR$1 :O SOON TOOK OV] ! 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP ( ! MOVEM5T & %>$ ) ! UP/>T WORK]S 9 ! MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES ( ! SAL>I$ POSITIONS :I* IT (F]$4 ,>\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 RE=MISM HAD TRIUMPH$ ALL ALONG ! L9E4 ,! RESI/ANCE TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T ON ! P>T ( ! SO-CALL$ 'OR?ODOX' ,M>XI/S1 HEAD$ BY ,KAUTSKY1 WAS NEV] MORE ?AN A MATT] ( PHRASES & EV5 ?AT WAS SOON GIV5 UP4 ,AMONG ! BETT] KN[N !ORETICIANS ( ?AT TIME1 ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 >E TO BE M5TION$ P>TICUL>LY AS C>RY+ !IR /RUGGLE RU?LESSLY ?R\< TO ! 5D1 NOT ONLY AGA9/ E/ABLI%$ RE=MISM BUT SOON ALSO AGA9/ ! 'OR?ODOX' 9 ! 9T]E/ ( A TRULY ,M>XI/ LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,( ALL ! ATTACKS ON REVISIONISM1 ONE MAY V5TURE TO SAY ?AT ?OSE ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG W]E ! MO/ P[]FUL4 ,9 H] POLEMIC DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,B]N/E9.<#e.> %E PO9T$ \T ONCE MORE1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! NONS5SE ( PURE LEGALISM1 ?AT 0! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS AN ECONOMIC PROCESS CANNOT BE ABOLI%$ OR S(T5$ ?R\<0 LEGISLATION 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY40.<#f.> ,SOCIAL RE=M1 %E 9SI/$1 0DOES NOT CON/ITUTE AN 9VASION 9TO CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 BUT A REGULAT+1 AN ORD]+ ( ?IS EXPLOITATION 9 ! 9T]E/ ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ITSELF40.<#f.> ,CAPITAL1 SAYS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 IS NOT HEAD+ = SOCIALISM1 BUT COLLAPSE1 & IT IS ?IS COLLAPSE TO :I* ! WORK]S MU/ BE ADJU/$ - NOT TO RE=M1 BUT TO REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY1 H[EV]1 ?AT WE HAVE TO R5\NCE ! QUE/IONS ( ! PRES5T2 REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM1 TOO1 FI<TS TO IMPROVE ! WORK]S' SITUATION )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,BUT1 9 CONTRA/ TO REVISIONISM1 IT IS 9T]E/$ F> MORE 9 H[ ! FI<T IS CONDUCT$ ?AN 9 ! IMM$IATE OBJECTIVES4 ,TO ,M>XISM ! MATT] ( MOM5T 9 ! TRADE-UNION & POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SUBJECTIVE FACTORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS REVOLUTION1 ! PROMOTION ( REVOLUTION>Y CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! BLUNT SETT+ ( RE=M OV] AGA9/ REVOLUTION IS A FALSE /ATEM5T ( ! QUE/ION2 !SE OPPOSITIONS MU/ BE GIV5 !IR PROP] PLACE 9 ! :OLE ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS4 ,WE MU/ AVOID LOS+ SI<T ( ! F9AL GOAL1 ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ?R\< ! /RUGGLE = EV]YDAY DEM&S4 .<#f.> ,9 A SIMIL> MANN]1 REVISIONISM WAS ATTACK$ SOME:AT LAT] BY ,L594 ,TO HIM ALSO1 RE=MS W]E ONLY A BYPRODUCT ( ! /RUGGLE DIRECT$ TO ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,BO? W]E AT ONE 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EMASCULATION ( ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T & TOOK !IR /& ON ! PLAT=M ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE = P[]4 ,!Y CAME \T = ! FIR/ TIME 9 OPPOSITION TO EA* O!R :5 ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS BE=E1 DUR+ & AFT] ! REVOLUTION ( #aie MADE ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE = P[] A VITAL ISSUE :I* HAD TO BE MET 9 A CONCRETE MANN]4 ,?US ! CONFLICT :I* FL>$ UP BETWE5 ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 TURN$ FIR/ ON TACTICAL PROBLEMS1 MATT]S ( ORGANIZATION & ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 

,ON ! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION 

,L591 /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,KAUTSKY1 BELIEV$ LIKE HIM ?AT MOVEM5TS = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE W]E TO BE REG>D$ AS PROGRESSIVE BECAUSE 0! NATIONAL ,/ATE ASSURES ! BE/ CONDITIONS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM40 ,9 HIS POLEMIC AGA9/ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG HE ASS]TS ?AT ! DEM& = ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS IS REVOLUTION>Y = ! REASON ?AT 0?IS DEM& IS A DEMOCRATIC ONE :I* IS NOT AT ALL DIFF]5T FROM ! O!R DEMOCRATIC DEM&S40 ,YES1 09 ! SPIRIT ( B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM ( EA* OPPRESS$ NATION10 HE ASS]TS1 0!RE IS CONTA9$ A DEMOCRATIC PROTE/ AGA9/ OPPRESSION1 & WE SUPPORT ?IS PROTE/ UNRES]V$LY40.<#g.> 

,L59'S ATTITUDE ON ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION WAS1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM O!R ( HIS WORKS1 LIKE HIS ATTITUDE T[>D DEMOCRACY1.<#h.> & ONE MU/ KN[ ?IS ATTITUDE T[>D DEMOCRACY 9 ORD] TO UND]/& HIS ATTITUDE T[>D ! NATIONAL QUE/ION & ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS4 ,9 HIS !SES ON 0,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION & ! ,RI<T ( ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION ( ,NATIONS0 HE /ATES3 0,IT W\LD BE UTT]LY FALSE TO ?9K ?AT ! FI<T = DEMOCRACY DIV]TS ! PROLET>IAT FROM ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y3 JU/ AS VICTORI\S SOCIALISM :I* DOES NOT BR+ AB\T COMPLETE DEMOCRACY IS IMPOSSIBLE1 SO ALSO ! PROLET>IAT :I* FAILS TO CONDUCT AN ALL-SID$1 CONSI/5T & REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY CANNOT PREP>E ITSELF = VICTORY OV] ! B\RGEOISIE40 ,?US IT BECOMES CLE> ?AT TO ,L59 NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS & W>S W]E NO?+ O!R ?AN MOVEM5TS & W>S = DEMOCRACY1 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT IS OBLIG$ TO P>TICIPATE1 S9CE TO HIM ! /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY WAS ( C\RSE ! NECESS>Y PRECONDITION ( ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM4 0,IF ! /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY IS POSSIBLE1 W> = DEMOCRACY IS ALSO POSSIBLE40.<#i.> ,& TO HIM1 = ?AT MATT]1 0! WORDS 'DEF5SE ( ! FA!RL&' 9 A TRULY NATIONAL W>1 >E BY NO MEANS A =M ( DECEPTION0.<#i.>1 & 9 SU* A CASE ,L59 FAVORS DEF5SE4 0,9 SO F> AS ! B\RGEOIS ( ! OPPRESS$ NATION IS FI<T+ AGA9/ ! OPPRESSOR10 HE WRITES1 0SO F> >E WE 9 ALL CASES1 MORE DECISIVELY ?AN ANY O!RS1 9 FAVOR ( IT1 BECAUSE WE >E ! UNDAUNT$ & CONSI/5T 5EMIES ( ALL OPPRESSION40.<#a.> 

,TO ?IS POSITION ,L59 REMA9$ TRUE TO ! 5D1 & ,L59ISM HAS BE5 TRUE TO IT D[N TO ?IS DAY - SO LONG AS IT DID NOT 5DANG] ,BOL%EVIK RULE ITSELF4 ,ONLY ONE SLI<T *ANGE WAS UND]TAK54 ,:ILE TO ,L59 PRIOR TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION NATIONAL W>S & MOVEM5TS = LIB]ATION W]E A P>T ( ! G5]AL DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION !Y BECAME A P>T ( ! PROLET>IAN WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 

,L59'S POSITION1 AS H]E SUMM>IZ$1 APPE>$ TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG AS ?OR\<LY FALSE4 ,9 H] ,JUNIUS ,PAMPHLET :I* CAME \T DUR+ ! ,W>1 %E /ATES H] [N /&PO9T BRIEFLY AS FOLL[S3 0,SO LONG AS CAPITALI/ ,/ATES 5DURE1 P>TICUL>LY SO LONG AS IMP]IALI/ WORLD-POLITICS DET]M9ES & GIVES =M TO ! 9N] & \T] LIFE ( ! ,/ATES1 ! NATIONAL RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION HAS NOT ! LEA/ ?+ 9 COMMON ) !IR PRACTICE EI!R 9 W> OR 9 PEACE4 444 ,9 ! PRES5T-DAY IMP]IALI/IC MILIEU !RE CAN BE NO NATIONAL W>S ( DEF5SE1 & ANY SOCIALI/ POLICY :I* FAILS TO TAKE ACC\NT ( ?IS DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL LEVEL & :I* 9 ! MID/ ( ! WORLD VORTEX LETS ITSELF BE GOV]N$ M]ELY BY ! ISOLAT$ VIEWPO9TS ( A S+LE C\NTRY IS DOOM$ 9 ADVANCE40 

,TO ?IS OP9ION ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG HELD FA/ TO ! V]Y 5D1 UNABLE TO MAKE ! LEA/ CONCESSION 9 ?IS RESPECT TO ,L592 & AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION :5 ! POLICY ( ! NATIONAL RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION BECAME PRACTICE %E ASKS :Y IS IT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HELD SO /UBBORNLY & ) SU* UNWAV]+ CONSI/5CY TO ! SLOGAN ( ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION1 S9CE AFT] ALL SU* A POLICY 0/&S 9 ! MO/ GL>+ CONTRADICTION TO !IR \TSPOK5 C5TRALISM 9 O!R RESPECTS AS WELL AS TO ! CONDUCT !Y HAVE DISPLAY$ ) RESPECT TO ! O!R DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES4 444 ,! CONTRADICTION YAWN+ H]E IS ! MORE PUZZL+ = 9 ! CASE ( ! DEMOCRATIC =MS ( POLITICAL LIFE WE HAVE TO DO ) MO/ VALUABLE1 9DE$ 9DISP5SABLE F\NDATIONS ( SOCIALI/ POLICY1 :ILE ! FAM\S 'RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS' IS NO?+ BUT EMPTY PETTY-B\RGEOIS PHRASEOLOGY & HUMBUG40.<#a#a.> 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ACC\NTS = ?IS FALSE NATIONAL POLICY ( ,L59'S AS A 0V>IETY ( OPPORTUNISM0 CALCULAT$ TO 0B9D ! MANY =EIGN NATIONALITIES PRES5T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE TO ! CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION02 LIKE ! OPPORTUNISM ) RESPECT TO ! PEASANTS1 0:OSE L& HUNG] WAS SATISFI$ BY ! LIB]TY TO SEIZE ! E/ATES ( ! NOBILITY & :O 9 ?IS WAY W]E TO BE KEPT LOYAL TO ! REVOLUTION40.<#a#a.> 

0,! CALCULATION TURN$ \T1 ALAS1 TO BE QUITE UNJU/IFI$4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS EXPECT$1 ONE AFT] ANO!R ! 7LIB]AT$7 'NATIONS' TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! FRE%LY GRANT$ FRE$OM TO TAKE A POSITION ( DEADLY 5MITY TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 COMB9+ AGA9/ IT ) ,G]MAN ,IMP]IALISM1 UND] :OSE PROTECTION !Y C>RI$ ! BANN] ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION TO ,RUSSIA ITSELF 444 ( C\RSE IT IS NOT ! 'NATIONS' BY :OM ?AT REACTION>Y POLICY IS C>RI$ ON1 BUT ONLY ! B\RGEOIS & PETTY-B\RGEOIS CLASSES 444 :O HAVE CONV]T$ ! NATIONAL RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( !IR C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y CLASS POLICY4 ,BUT 444 IT IS PRECISELY H]E ?AT WE HAVE ! UTOPIAN & PETTY-B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ?IS NATIONALI/IC PHRASE1 ?AT 9 ! RAW REALITY ( CLASS SOCIETY 444 IT SIMPLY BECOMES CONV]T$ 9TO A MEANS ( B\RGEOIS CLASS RULE40.<#a#b.> 

,?IS 9JECTION BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( ! QUE/ION ( NATIONAL /RIV+S & SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES 9TO ! MID/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE WAS REG>D$ BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG AS HAV+ 0?R[N ! GREATE/ CONFUSION 9TO ! RANKS ( SOCIALISM40 ,%E GOES ON TO /ATE3 0,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE SUPPLI$ ! IDEOLOGY :I* HAS MASK$ ! CAMPAIGN ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 !Y HAVE /R5G!N$ ! POSITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE & WEAK5$ ?AT ( ! PROLET>IAT 444 ,) ! PHRASE AB\T ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS ! ,BOL%EVIKS FURNI%$ WAT] = ! MILLS ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION & ?US FURNI%$ AN IDEOLOGY NOT ONLY = ! /RANGL+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ITSELF1 BUT = ! PLANN$ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y LIQUIDATION ( ! 5TIRE ,WORLD ,W>40.<#a#b.> 

,:Y DID ,L59 9SI/ SO /UBBORNLY - WE MAY 9QUIRE ) ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ONCE MORE - ON ! SLOGAN ( ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS & ?AT ( ! LIB]ATION ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLES8 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ?IS SLOGAN /&S 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! DEM& = ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 & ,L59 AS WELL AS ,LUXEMBURG WAS 9T]E/$ 9 ! \TBREAK ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 S9CE1 LIKE ALL ,M>XI/S ( ?AT TIME1 HE DID NOT BELIEVE ?AT ,RUSSIA C\LD HOLD \T 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE IF ?R[N UPON H] [N RES\RCES4 ,HE AGRE$ ) ,5GELS ?AT 0IF A ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION GIVES RISE AT ! SAME TIME TO A ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ! PRES5T JO9T-[N]%IP 7,GEME9EIG5TUM7 9 ,RUSSIA MAY S]VE AS ! />T+ PO9T ( A COMMUNI/ DEVELOPM5T40 ,H5CE IT WAS NOT ONLY CLE> TO ,L59 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,RUSSIA HAD TO SEIZE ! P[]1 BUT ALSO ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION MU/ BE MADE A ,EUROPEAN & H5CE A WORLD REVOLUTION IF IT WAS TO LEAD TO SOCIALISM4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION RESULT+ FROM ! ,WORLD ,W>1 ,L59 WAS NO MORE ABLE ?AN ,LUXEMBURG TO CONCEIVE ?AT ,RUSSIA C\LD HOLD \T AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ P[]S IF ! REVOLUTION FAIL$ TO SPREAD 9TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG IT WAS V]Y IMPROBABLE ?AT 0! ,RUSSIANS WILL BE ABLE TO HOLD \T 9 ?IS WIT*ES' SABBA?0.<#a#c.> - A VIEW :I* WAS BAS$ NOT M]ELY ON H] EXP]I5CE ) & H] MI/RU/ ( PEOPLE LIKE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY :O M\!D !IR SILLY PHRASES AB\T ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS1 !IR POLICY ( MAK+ CONCESSIONS TO ! PEASANTS1 ETC42 NOR WAS IT BECAUSE ( ! IMP]IALI/IC ATTACKS AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 NOR DID IT FL[ FROM A /&PO9T PROPAGAT$ BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :I* PROV$ /ATI/ICALLY ?AT ! BACKW>D ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA NEI!R JU/IFI$ ! REVOLUTION NOR ALL[$ = SOCIALISM4 ,%E BELIEV$ ?IS PRIM>ILY BECAUSE1 AS %E WROTE :ILE 9 JAIL1 0! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ! HI<LY DEVELOP$ ,WE/ IS MADE UP ( WRET*$ C[>DS & WILL LOOK CALMLY ON :ILE ! ,RUSSIANS BLE$40.<#a#c.> ,%E WAS 9 FAVOR ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION1 H[EV] MU* %E CRITICIZ$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! NE$S ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 & %E S\<T CON/ANTLY TO TRACE !IR ECONOMIC RETREATS BACK TO ! FAILURE ON ! P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE TO AID !M4 0,YES10 %E WRITES1 0NATURALLY ,I AM NOT MU* PLEAS$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS EV5 N[ 9 !IR PEACE FANATICISM .<,BRE/-,LITOVSK - ,P4,M4.> 4 ,BUT AFT] ALL 444 !Y >E NOT TO BLAME4 ,!Y >E 9 A JAM1 HAVE ONLY ! *OICE BETWE5 TWO EVILS & *OOSE ! LESS]4 ,O!RS >E RESPONSIBLE = ! FACT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TURNS \T TO ! DEVIL'S ADVANTAGE40.<#a#c.> ,& AGA9 %E WRITES3 0,! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T-SOCIALI/S MAY %\T ?AT ! RULE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS IS A C>ICATURE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IF IT WAS OR IS1 !N ONLY = ! REASON ?AT IT IS A PRODUCT ( ! CONDUCT ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 CONDUCT :I* WAS A C>ICATURE ( SOCIALI/ CLASS /RUGGLE40.<#a#d.> 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG DI$ TOO E>LY TO SEE ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK POLICY1 EV5 ?\< IT CEAS$ TO FUR!R ! WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 WAS YET CAPABLE ( ASSUR+ ! RULE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,AS ,LIEBKNE*T1 9 H>MONY ) ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 WROTE FROM JAIL3 0,IF ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION FAILS TO TAKE PLACE1 !RE REMA9 = ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ! ALT]NATIVES3 TO GO D[N FI<T+ OR TO PRES5T A M]E WRET*$ APPE>ANCE ( LIFE40.<#a#e.> 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS *OSE ! LATT]4 0,!RE >E COMMUNI/S 9 ,RUSSIA10 WROTE ,EUG5 ,V>GA :5 HE WAS /ILL A ,M>XI/1 0:O HAVE GR[N TIR$ ( WAIT+ SO LONG = ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION & :O WANT TO ADJU/ !MSELVES DEF9ITELY TO ,RUSSIAN ISOLATION4 ,) A ,RUSSIA :I* W\LD REG>D ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! O!R C\NTRIES AS A MATT] ) :I* IT HAD NO CONC]N 444 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES W\LD AT ANY RATE BE ABLE TO LIVE AS PEACEFUL NEI<BORS 444 ,SU* A BOTTL+ UP ( REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA 444 W\LD SL[ D[N ! PACE ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION40.<#a#f.> 

,! NATIONAL POLICY ( ,L59 HAS NOT PROV$ FATAL TO ,BOL%EVIK RULE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT L>GE >EAS HAVE REMA9$ SEP>ATE FROM ,RUSSIA & BECOME REACTION>Y ,/ATES1 BUT ! P[] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE IS FIRM] ?AN EV]4 ,APP>5TLY ! ,L59I/ L9E HAS BE5 CONFIRM$1 & APP>5TLY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S W>N+S HAVE TURN$ \T TO BE UNJU/IFI$4 ,BUT ?IS BELIEF IS TRUE ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT RELATES TO ! P[]FUL POSITION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE APP>ATUS2 IT IS BY NO MEANS VALID1 H[EV]1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 ! /&PO9T AT /AKE 9 ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,LUXEMBURG & ,L594 ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA /ILL EXI/S1 TO BE SURE2 BUT NOT AS :AT IT WAS AT ! BEG9N+1 NOT AS ! />T+ PO9T ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION1 BUT AS A BULW>K AGA9/ IT4 ,! ,RUSSIA :I* WAS HAIL$ BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 & EV]Y REVOLUTIONI/ ALONG ) H]1 HAS LO/ ITS ORIG9AL PROMISE2 :AT REMA9S IS A ,RUSSIA AB\T :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG AS E>LY AS #aiah EXPRESS$ ! FOLL[+ FE>3 0,LIKE A T]RIFY+ SPECT] !RE APPROA*ES 444 AN ALLIANCE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS ) ,G]MANY4 ,A ,BOL%EVIK ALLIANCE ) ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM W\LD BE ! MO/ FRI<TFUL MORAL BL[ = 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM 444 ,) ! GROTESQUE 'MAT+' BETWE5 ,L59 & ,H9D5BURG ! MORAL S\RCE ( LI<T 9 ! ,EA/ W\LD BE EXT+UI%$ 444 ,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 444 UND] ! PATRONAGE ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM4444 ?AT W\LD BE ! MO/ MON/R\S ?+ ?AT WE C\LD /ILL EXP]I5CE4 ,& FUR!RMORE1 IT W\LD BE 444 PURE UTOPIA 444 ,ANY POLITICAL D[NFALL ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 NOBLE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SUP]IOR =CE & UNK9DNESS ( ! HI/ORICAL SITUATION W\LD BE PREF]ABLE TO ?IS MORAL D[NFALL4.<#a#g.> 

,?\< ! LONG FRI5D%IP ( ,L59I/ ,RUSSIA ) ,H9D5BURG ,G]MANY HAS = ! MOM5T GR[N COOL & ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP TODAY PREF]S TO RE/ ON ,FR5* BAYONETS 9 P>TICUL> & ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS 9 G5]AL1 IT NEV]!LESS PRACTICES OP5LY TODAY ! ?+ = :I* IT HAS ALWAYS /OOD 9 PR9CIPLE & TO :I* ,BUKH>9 AT ! ,F\R? ,WORLD ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COM9T]N GAVE CLE> EXPRESSION 9 ! FOLL[+ MANN]3 0,!RE IS NO DIFF]5CE ( PR9CIPLE BETWE5 A LOAN & A MILIT>Y ALLIANCE 444 ,WE >E ALREADY BIG 5\< TO CONCLUDE A MILIT>Y ALLIANCE ) ANO!R B\RGEOISIE1 9 ORD] BY MEANS ( ?IS B\RGEOIS ,/ATE TO CRU% ANO!R B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS =M ( NATIONAL DEF5SE1 ( ! MILIT>Y ALLIANCE ) B\RGEOIS ,/ATES1 MAKES IT ! DUTY ( ! COMRADES ( ONE C\NTRY TO HELP ?IS BLOC TO VICTORY40 

,9 ! GROTESQUE MAT+ BETWE5 ,L59 & ,H9D5BURG1 BETWE5 CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S & ?OSE ( ! ,BOL%EVI/ RUL]S1 IS ILLU/RAT$1 = ?AT MATT]1 ! DECL9E ( ! WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y WAVE1 A DECL9E :I* HAS /ILL NOT REA*$ ! BOTTOM4 ,! LABOR MOVEM5T FLOCK+ >\ND ! NAME ( ,L59 IS A FOOTBALL ( CAPITALI/IC POLITICS1 ABSOLUTELY 9CAPABLE ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,L59'S TACTIC - ! UTILIZATION ( NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS = WORLD REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSES - HAS 9 HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE PROV$ MI/AK54 ,! W>N+S ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG W]E MORE JU/IFI$ ?AN %E C\LD EV] HAVE C>$ TO BELIEVE4 

,! 'LIB]AT$' NATIONS =M A FASCI/ R+ >\ND ,RUSSIA4 ',LIB]AT$' ,TURKEY %OOTS D[N ! COMMUNI/S ) >MS SUPPLI$ TO H] BY ,RUSSIA4 ,*9A1 SUPPORT$ 9 ITS NATIONAL /RUGGLE = FRE$OM BY ,RUSSIA & ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?ROTTLES ITS LABOR MOVEM5T 9 A MANN] REM9ISC5T ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,?\S&S & ?\S&S ( WORK]S' CORPSES >E TE/IMONY ( ! CORRECTNESS ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S VIEW ?AT ! PHRASE AB\T ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS IS NO?+ BUT 0PETTY-B\RGEOIS HUMBUG40 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ! 0/RUGGLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION IS A /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY0 IS SURELY REVEAL$ BY ! NATIONALI/IC ADV5TURES ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,G]MANY1 ADV5TURES :I* CONTRIBUT$ !IR %>E TO ! PRECONDITIONS = ! VICTORY ( FASCISM4 ,T5 YE>S ( COMPETITION ) ,HITL] = ! TITLE TO REAL NATIONALISM TURN$ ! WORK]S !MSELVES 9TO FASCI/S4 ,& ,LITV9OV CELEBRAT$ 9 ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS ! VICTORY ( ! ,L59I/ IDEA ( ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( PEOPLES ON ! OCCASION ( ! ,SA> PLEBISCITE4 ,TRULY1 9 VIEW ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 ONE MU/ 9DE$ WOND] AT PEOPLE LIKE ,MAX ,%A*TMAN :O /ILL TODAY >E CAPABLE ( SAY+3 0,DESPITE ! %>P CRITICISM LEVEL$ BY ,ROSA AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS = !IR NATIONAL POLICY AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! LATT] WAS NEV]!LESS CONFIRM$ BY ! RESULTS40.<#a#h.> 

,IT MU/ FUR!R BE NOT$ 9 ?IS CONNECTION ?AT ,L59'S ATTITUDE ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION WAS BY NO MEANS A DEF9ITELY CONSI/5T ONE1 BUT ALWAYS SUBORD9AT$ TO ! NE$S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT WAS ?OR\<LY CONTRADICTORY4 ,L59 WRITES3 0,REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS 9 W>TIME AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T ( ONE'S [N C\NTRY 9DICATE SURELY NOT ONLY ! DESIRE = ITS DEFEAT1 BUT ALSO ! ACTUAL PROMOTION ( SU* A DEFEAT40.<#a#i.> ,ON PURSU+ ?IS ?\<T WE COME TO ! FOLL[+ ABSURD CONTRADICTION4 ,S9CE ! W>R+ C\NTRIES >E NOT EQUALLY AFFECT$ BY DEFEATISM & AT ! SAME TIME BY ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ?IS TACTIC FACILITATES ! VICTORY ( ?AT C\NTRY :I* IS LEA/ AFFECT$ !REBY & ALSO ! OPPRESSION ( ! VANQUI%$ C\NTRY4 ,DUR+ AN IMP]IALI/ W> ! PROLET>IAT MU/1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 BE = ! DEFEAT ( ITS [N C\NTRY4 ,IF ?AT DEFEAT HAS COME AB\T1 ! WORK]S MU/ !N TURN >\ND & SUPPORT !IR B\RGEOISIE 9 ITS /RUGGLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,& IF !N ! 'OPPRESS$ NATION' ) ! AID ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS AGA9 TAK5 ITS PLACE 9 ! FAMILY ( NATIONS1 ! WORK]S MU/ ONCE MORE CA/ ASIDE NATIONAL DEF5SE4 ,A FALSE 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,L59I/ ?\<T8 ,JU/ A MOM5T3 LET US TAKE A LOOK AT ! ACTUAL PRACTICE4 ,9 #a#i#a#d-#a#h ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 !IR POSITION ON ,G]MANY W]E OPPOS$ TO NATIONAL DEF5SE4 ,9 #a#i#a#i-#b#c !Y W]E = ! NATIONAL DEF5SE & = ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION ( ,G]MANY4 ,TODAY :51 ?ANKS TO ! AID ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ,G]MANY HAS AGA9 BECOME AN IMP]IALI/ P[]1 !Y >E ONCE MORE OPPOS$ TO NATIONAL DEF5SE4 ,& TOMORR[ - :AT !Y >E = OR AGA9/ TOMORR[ DEP5DS ON ! CON/ELLATIONS ( P[] = ! NEXT WORLD W>1 :I* WILL SEE ,RUSSIA AS ! ALLY ( ?IS OR ?AT GR\P4 ,! DEFEATI/ TACTIC REPRES5T$ BY ,L59 DUR+ ! LATE W> /&S 9 COMPLETE CONTRADICTION TO ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS & TO NATIONAL W>S ( LIB]ATION4 ,IT IS A M]E MOV+ AB\T 9 A CIRCLE2 ! PROLET>IAT PLAYS ! P>T ( COMP5SATORY JU/ICE BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ RIVALS4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG TOOK PA9S TO PO9T \T ?AT ?IS HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ,M>XI/ CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,L59 WAS A PRACTICAL POLITICIAN4 ,IT WAS ESS5TIALLY ONLY AS A TACTICIAN ?AT HE DI/+UI%$ HIMSELF FROM ! !ORETICIANS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,:AT !Y S\<T TO ATTA9 ALONG DEMOCRATIC WAYS1 HE ATTEMPT$ TO W9 BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS4 ,NOT ) SPEE*ES 9 P>LIAM5T1 BUT ) =CE ON ! REAL FIELD ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 HE WANT$ TO REALIZE SOCIALISM = ! WORK]S4 ,BY MEANS ( HIS P>TY1 HE WANT$ TO MAKE ! REVOLUTION = ! MASSES1 9 ?AT ! P>TY WON ! MASSES TO ITSELF4 ,! P[] HAD TO COME 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 9 ORD] ?AT ! EXPLOIT$ ( ,RUSSIA MI<T BE LIB]AT$4 ,! P[] HAD TO BE 9 ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ORD] ?AT WORLD CAPITALISM MI<T BE OV]COME BY REVOLUTION4 ,! APPROPRIATION ( POLITICAL P[] ?R\< ! P>TY WAS ! BEG9N+ & 5D ( ! ,L59I/ POLICY - A POLICY :I* HAS (T5 BE5 ACCLAIM$ AS CLEV] & FLEXIBLE1 BUT 9 REALITY WAS PURELY OPPORTUNI/IC4 

,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE WAS NOT 9 A POSITION ITSELF TO TAKE OV] & HOLD P[]1 S9CE IT WAS NOT 9 A POSITION TO SOLVE ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM4 ,?IS WAS LEFT TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 0,! DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION HAS BE5 C>RI$ ?R\< TO ! 5D BY US AS BY NO ONE ELSE10 ,L59 DECL>$ ON ! F\R? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 & ?IS REVOLUTION WAS C>RI$ ?R\< ) ! AID ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD P[]1 & !Y CON/ANTLY BALANC$ ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 PEASANTS & WORK]S 9 SU* MANN] ?AT P[] C\LD BE KEPT4 ,9 ORD] TO RETA9 ?IS P[] ! FAMILI> ZIG-ZAG POLICY WAS CONDUCT$ BO? ON A ,RUSSIAN & ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE2 IT WAS ?IS POLICY :I* MADE ! HI/ORY ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL A HI/ORY ( ITS CRISES & ( ITS D[NFALL4 

,! V]Y FIR/ CONCESSION TO ! PEASANTS 5ABL$ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG TO =ESEE 9 R\< \TL9E ! NECESS>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA1 UNLESS ! REACTIVE =CE ( ?IS 'TRANSGRESSION' W]E SUPPRESS$ BY ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 0,! PROCLAMATION = IMM$IATE SEIZURE & DI/RIBUTION ( L& BY ! PEASANTS10 %E WROTE1 0HAD NECESS>ILY TO WORK 9 ! V]Y OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO ?AT 9T5D$4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY NOT A SOCIALI/ MEASURE1 BUT IT B>S ! WAY TO SU*40.<#b.> ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS NOT AW>E 7BE+ 9 JAIL AT ! TIME7 ?AT ! PEASANTS HAD DIVID$ UP ! L& EV5 BE=E ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD AU?ORIZ$ IT1 & ?AT ! LATT] M]ELY LEGALIZ$ :AT WAS ALREADY PRACTICALLY 9 EFFECT4 ,! SPONTANEITY ( ! PEASANT MASSES WAS QUICK] ?AN ! WORD ( ! 'BE>]S ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS' AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS REG>D$ !MSELVES4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS WANT$1 H[EV]1 TO C>RY ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION CONSI/5TLY TO ITS 5D1 & = ?IS PURPOSE !RE WAS REQUIR$ ALSO ! CONV]SION ( ! PEASANTS 9TO C\NTRY WAGE-WORK]S3 ! CAPITALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE4 ,?IS PROCESS IS /ILL 9 FULL SW+1 & IS CELEBRAT$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD AS COLLECTIVIZATION2 IT IS BY NO MEANS COMPLET$1 NOR CAN IT BE )\T GIV+ RISE TO NEW REVOLUTION>Y CONFLICTS4 ,APP>5TLY1 H[EV]1 ! ,L59I/S CAN MA9TA9 ?AT ,LUXEMBURG WAS WRONG 9 ASSUM+ ?AT )\T ! WORLD REVOLUTION ,BOL%EVISM HAD TO CAPITULATE ON ! PEASANT QUE/ION4 ,/ILL1 SU* A CONT5TION 9VOLVES PROV+ ALSO ?AT ,BOL%EVISM HAS ACTUALLY L$ TO SOCIALISM4 ,:AT EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 IS NOT SOCIALISM BUT /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,EV5 ?\< IT MAY BE CALL$ SOCIALISM1 IT /ILL REMA9S /ATE CAPITALISM EXPLOIT+ WAGE-LABOR1 & H5CE ! ,LUXEMBURG FE>1 H[EV] MU* MODIFI$1 HAS AFT] ALL BE5 CONFIRM$4 

,! PEASANT MOVEM5TS DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION =C$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 9 ORD] TO REMA9 9 P[]1 TO ACCEPT A C\RSE :I* NECESS>ILY H9D]$ ! WORLD REVOLUTION & :I* 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF P]MITT$ NO?+ MORE ?AN A /ATE CAPITALISM :I* LAT] ON MU/ BE REVOLUTION>ILY OV]?R[N BY ! PROLET>IAT IF IT WANTS TO >RIVE AT SOCIALISM4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 H[EV]1 WE >E 9T]E/$ M]ELY 9 ! FACT ?AT ) ! AID ( ! PEASANT MOVEM5T ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ABLE TO COME TO P[]1 &1 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT !Y BELIEV$ IT SUFFICI5T TO BE 9 POSSESSION ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC COMM& PO/S 9 ORD]1 ) A CORRECT POLICY1 TO >RIVE AT SOCIALISM4 ,! C\RSE ?AT WAS =C$ UPON ! ,BOL%EVIKS BY REASON ( BACKW>D CONDITIONS - ! MO/ ?OR\<-GO+ C5TRALIZATION ( ALL AU?ORITY & ! CONCESSIONS TO ! PEASANTS - APPE>$ TO !M AS !IR [N %REWD & SUCCESSFUL POLICY1 :I* !Y S\<T TO EMPLOY ALSO ON ! 9T]NATIONAL FIELD4 

,! LAWS ( MOTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 =ESE5 BY ,L59 ) REM>KABLE CL>ITY LONG BE=E ITS \TBREAK1 & HIS :OLE !ORY & PRACTICE WAS CUT TO FIT !SE ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS4 ,?IS IS ! EXPLANATION ( HIS SUP]-C5TRALISM1 HIS DEF9ITE CONCEPTION ( ! ROLE ( ! P>TY1 HIS ACCEPTANCE ( ,HILF]D+'S IDEAS ( SOCIALIZATION1 & ALSO HIS POSITION ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION4 ,EV5 ?\< ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 FROM H] FAMILI>ITY ) ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS1 WAS V]Y WELL ABLE TO UND]/& ! ,L59I/ POLICY & TO ANALYZE ! BASIS = IT AS NO O!R ,M>XI/ C\LD DO1 & ?\< %E WAS ABLE1 SO LONG AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS ACTUALLY APPE>$ AS A WORLD-REVOLUTION>Y =CE1 TO TAKE ALL ?IS AS UNAVOIDABLE 9TO ! B>GA91 %E NEV]!LESS CAME \T ) FULL =CE AGA9/ ! DESIGN TO =M FROM ?IS SPECIAL ,RUSSIAN SITUATION A RECIPE = ! SOLUTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TASKS ( ! WORK]S ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 0,! DANG] BEG9S10 %E SAYS ( ! ,L59I/ POLICY1 0:5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS MAKE A VIRTUE \T ( NECESSITY & SEEK TO E/ABLI% ?IS TACTIC1 =C$ UPON !M BY !SE FATAL CONDITIONS1 AS SOME?+ APPLICABLE = ALL TIME TO COME & TO RECOMM5D IT TO ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT AS ! MODEL ( SOCIALI/ TACTIC TO BE UNIV]SALLY IMITAT$40.<#b#a.> 

,S9CE ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 PEASANTS & WORK]S HAD CON=M$ TO ,L59'S EXPECTATIONS 9 PUTT+ ! P[] 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HE CONCEIV$ ! C\RSE ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION AS A SIMIL> PROCESS1 EV5 ?\< ON A L>G] SCALE4 ,! OPPRESS$ PEOPLES W]E MA9LY AGR>IAN NATIONS1 & 9 ITS PEASANT POLICY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL AS A MATT] ( FACT S\<T TO COMB9E AGR>IAN & PROLET>IAN 9T]E/S ON A WORLD SCALE 9 ORD] TO PLACE !M 9 OPPOSITION TO CAPITAL1 AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN MANN]1 & TO DEFEAT IT ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS 9 ! COLONIES & ?OSE ( ! NATIONAL M9ORITIES 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 W]E SUPPORT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 BECAUSE 9 ?IS WAY IMP]IALI/ 9T]V5TION ( ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES 9 ,RUSSIA WAS WEAK5$4 

,H[EV]1 ! WORLD REVOLUTION REFUS$ TO BE TREAT$ AS AN 5L>G$ COPY ( ! ,RUSSIAN4 ,! ADV5TURES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ITS 5DEAVORS TO MAKE ( ITSELF A WORK] & PEASANT 9T]NATIONAL >E RECOGNIZ$ AS BLUND]S2 9/EAD ( FUR!R+1 !Y DIS9TEGRAT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,ALL ?AT C\LD BE ATTA9$ 9 ?IS WAY WAS ! CONSOLIDATION ( ,BOL%EVIK /ATE P[] 9 ,RUSSIA ?R\< ! W9N+ ( A LONG HI/ORICAL BREA?+ SPELL :I* L$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A ,RUSSIAN & 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION SU* AS CONFRONTS US /ILL TODAY4 

,:ILE ,L59'S POSITION ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION WAS ON ! ONE H& DET]M9$ BY ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC /&PO9T ( PRE-W> TIME1 :I* HE HAD NOT COMPLETELY OV]COME1 & ON ! O!R APPE>$ TO HIM AS A MEANS ( SETT+ UP & CONSOLIDAT+ ,BOL%EVIK MA/]Y 9 ,RUSSIA & ITS EV5TUAL EXT5SION ON A WORLD-WIDE SCALE1 = ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG IT HAD NO O!R MEAN+ ?AN ?AT ( A FALSE POLICY :I* W\LD BE DE>LY PAID =4 

,9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ,L591 = :OM1 QUITE 9 KEEP+ ) HIS G5]AL POSITION1 ORGANIZATION & ! CONQUE/ ( P[] = ! P>TY WAS ! NECESS>Y PRESUPPOSITION = ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S GLANCE WAS DIRECT$ TO ! CLASS NE$S ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :ILE ,L59'S !ORY & PRACTICE W]E TI$ UP MA9LY ) ! BACKW>D CONDITIONS ( ,RUSSIA1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG CON/ANTLY TOOK AS H] />T+ PO9T ! MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES & H5CE WAS 9CAPABLE ( SEE+ 9 ! 'HI/ORICAL MISSION' ( ! WORK+ CLASS A P>TY-&-LEAD]%IP PROBLEM4 ,%E LAID MORE WEI<T UPON ! SPONTANE\S MASS MOVEM5TS & ! SELF-9ITIATIVE ( ! WORK]S ?AN UPON ! GR[? ( ! ORGANIZATION & ! QUALITY ( ! LEAD]S4 ,?US %E DIFF]$ FUNDAM5TALLY FROM ,L59 9 H] APPRAISAL ( ! FACTOR ( SPONTANEITY 9 HI/ORY & H5CE ALSO AS REG>DS ! ROLE ( ORGANIZATION 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,BE=E 5T]+ 9TO !SE DIFF]5CES1 H[EV]1 WE %\LD LIKE TO CONTRA/ BRIEFLY ! VIEWS ( ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 ON ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( ACCUMULATION1 S9CE ?IS QUE/ION IS V]Y CLOSELY B\ND UP ) ALL ! O!RS4 

,! ,COLLAPSE ( ,CAPITALISM 

,9 H] CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! REVISIONI/S1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG HAD ALREADY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! LABOR MOVEM5T MU/ BE PREP>$ TO FACE ! QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION1 NOT ?AT ( RE=M1 S9CE CAPITALISM IS 9EVITABLY HEAD+ T[>D COLLAPSE4 ,9 OPPOSITION TO REVISIONISM1 :I* /ROVE TO IMPUTE TO CAPITALISM AN 5DLESS DURATION1 %E MA9TA9$ ?AT 0) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION HAS NO ECONOMIC LIMIT1 SOCIALISM LOSES ITS GRANITE F\NDATION ( OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL NECESSITY4 ,WE !N TAKE FLI<T 9TO ! MI/ ( PRE-,M>XI/ SY/EMS & S*OOLS :I* S\<T TO D$UCE SOCIALISM FROM ! M]E 9JU/ICE & BADNESS ( ! PRES5T-DAY WORLD & FROM ! M]E REVOLUTION>Y DET]M9ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS40.<#b#b.> 

,H] PR9CIPAL LIT]>Y WORK1 CONCEIV$ AS P>T ( H] /RUGGLE AGA9/ RE=MISM1 WAS DESIGN$ TO DEMON/RATE AN OBJECTIVE LIMIT TO CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & WAS AT ! SAME TIME A CRITIQUE ( ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( ACCUMULATION4.<#b#c.> 

,9 H] OP9ION1 ,M>X HAD M]ELY RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( ACCUMULATION ( ! TOTAL CAPITAL1 BUT LEFT IT UNANSW]$4 ,HIS ,CAPITAL APPE>$ TO H] '9COMPLETE'1 A 'TORSO'2 IT CONTA9$ 'GAPS' :I* W]E TO BE FILL$ 94 ,M>X HAD 0REPRES5T$ ! PROCESS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION 9 A SOCIETY CONSI/+ M]ELY ( CAPITALI/S & WORK]S02 9 HIS SY/EM HE 0PASS$ OV] =EIGN TRADE0 SO ?AT IT IS 0JU/ AS NECESS>Y AS AT ! SAME TIME IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 9 HIS SY/EM TO REALIZE SURPLUS VALUE \TSIDE ! TWO EXI/+ SOCIAL CLASSES40 ,9 ,M>X1 ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 0HAS BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 A VICI\S CIRCLE02 HIS WORK CONTA9S 0GL>+ CONTRADICTIONS01 :I* %E SET AB\T TO OV]COME4 

,%E H]SELF BAS$ ! NECESSITY ( CAPITALI/ COLLAPSE ON 0! DIALECTICAL CONTRADICTION ?AT CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION REQUIRES = ITS MOVEM5T TO BE SURR\ND$ BY NON-CAPITALI/ >EAS 444 & CAN CONT9UE ONLY SO LONG AS IT IS PROVID$ ) SU* A MILIEU40.<#b#d.> 

,%E LOOK$ = ! DIFFICULTIES ( ACCUMULATION 9 ! SPH]E ( CIRCULATION1 9 ! QUE/ION ( TURNOV] & ?AT ( ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 :ILE TO ,M>X !SE DIFFICULTIES >E ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION1 S9CE TO HIM ACCUMULATION IS A QUE/ION ( CAPITAL EXPANSION 7,KAPITALV]W]TUNG74 ,! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 NOT ITS REALIZATION1 IS TO HIM ! REAL PROBLEM4 ,IT APPE>$ TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 H[EV]1 ?AT A P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE C\LD NOT BE DISPOS$ ( 9 A CAPITALISM SU* AS ?AT REPRES5T$ BY ,M>X2 ITS CONV]SION 9TO NEW CAPITAL WAS POSSIBLE ONLY BY WAY ( =EIGN TRADE ) NON-CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,H]E IS ! WAY %E PUT ! MATT]3 0,! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION T5DS EV]Y:]E TO SET 9 ! PLACE ( NATURAL ECONOMY SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY1 9 ! PLACE ( SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 TO BR+ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION AS ! ONE & EXCLUSIVE MODE ( PRODUCTION TO ABSOLUTE DOM9ANCE 9 ALL C\NTRIES & BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 ,ONCE ! F9AL RESULT IS ATTA9$ ?\< ?IS REMA9S M]ELY A !ORETICAL CON/RUCTION - ACCUMULATION BECOMES AN IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,! REALIZATION & CAPITALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE IS TRANS=M$ 9TO AN 9SOLUBLE TASK 444 ,! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ACCUMULATION MEANS1 CAPITALI/ICALLY1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( FUR!R UNFOLD+ ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ?US ! OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL NECESSITY ( ! DECL9E ( CAPITALISM40.<#b#e.> 

,!SE REFLECTIONS ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S W]E NOT NEW2 ALL ?AT WAS ORIG9AL AB\T !M WAS ! F\NDATION %E GAVE !M4 ,%E ATTEMPT$ TO DEMON/RATE !IR CORRECTNESS BY REF]5CE TO ,M>X'S S*EME ( REPRODUCTION 9 ! SECOND VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 CAPITAL MU/ ACCUMULATE4 ,A DEF9ITE RELATION MU/ EXI/ BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 9 ORD] ?AT ! CAPITALI/S MAY F9D ON ! M>KET ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! WORK]S & ! MEANS ( CONSUMPTION = REPRODUCTION4 ,?IS RELATION1 :I* IS NOT CONTROLL$ BY HUMAN BE+S1 ASS]TS ITSELF BL9DLY BY WAY ( ! M>KET4 ,M>X R$UC$ IT TO TWO COMPREH5SIVE DEP>TM5TS3 ! PRODUCTION ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & ! PRODUCTION ( MEANS ( CONSUMPTION4 ,! EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS HE ILLU/RAT$ BY >BITR>ILY *OS5 FIGURES4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS ,M>XIAN S*EMA1 ACCUMULATION PROCE$S APP>5TLY )\T DI/URBANCES4 ,! EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS GOES ON SMOO?LY4 0,IF WE TAKE ! S*EMA LIT]ALLY10 SAYS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 0IT W\LD APPE> AS IF CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION EXCLUSIVELY REALIZ$ ITS TOTAL SURPLUS VALUE & EMPLOY$ ! CAPITALIZ$ SURPLUS VALUE = ITS [N NE$S4 ,IF CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 H[EV]1 IS ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY ! PUR*AS] ( ITS SURPLUS PRODUCT1 NO LIMIT TO ACCUMULATION IS DISCOV]ABLE 444 ,UND] ! ,M>XIAN PRESUPPOSITIONS1 ! S*EMA P]MITS ( NO O!R 9T]PRETATION ?AN LIMITLESS PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION40.<#b#f.> 

,BUT ?AT1 SAYS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 CAN AFT] ALL NOT BE ! 'PURPOSE' ( ACCUMULATION4 ,SU* A PRODUCTION AS ?AT SUGGE/$ BY ! S*EMA IS 0FROM ! CAPITALI/ /&PO9T QUITE S5SELESS40 0,! ,M>XIAN DIAGRAM ( ACCUMULATION GIVES NO ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION3 = :OM ! EXP&$ PRODUCTION REALLY TAKES PLACE 444 ,TO BE SURE1 9 ! C\RSE ( ACCUMULATION1 ! WORK]S' CONSUMPTION M\NTS1 AS DOES ?AT ( ! CAPITALI/S2 /ILL1 ! P]SONAL CONSUMPTION ( ! CAPITALI/S COMES UND] ! HEAD+ ( SIMPLE REPRODUCTION1 & = :OM DO ! CAPITALI/S PRODUCE :5 !Y DO NOT CONSUME ! 5TIRE SURPLUS VALUE1 BUT VOLUNT>ILY PRACTICE AB/95CE1 I4E4 ACCUMULATE8 444 ,/ILL LESS CAN ! PURPOSE ( UN9T]RUPT$ CAPITAL ACCUMULATION BE ! MA9T5ANCE ( AN EV] GREAT] >MY ( WORK]S1 S9CE ! CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK]S IS CAPITALI/ICALLY A CONSEQU5CE ( ACCUMULATION1 BUT NEV] ITS PURPOSE & ITS PRESUPPOSITION 444 ,IF ! ,M>XIAN S*EMA ( EXP&$ REPRODUCTION W]E TO CON=M TO REALITY1 IT W\LD 9DICATE ! 5D ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION40.<#b#g.> 

,BUT ! FRICTIONLESS EX*ANGE RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO GREAT DEP>TM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 !IR EQUILIBRIUM1 IS 9 ! ,M>XIAN S*EMA SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE1 ACCORD+ TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 0,! ASSUMPTION ( A RIS+ ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL W\LD %[ ?AT ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! NECESS>Y QUANTITATIVE PROPORTION IS PRECLUD$2 ?AT IS1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( LONG-CONT9U$ ACCUMULATION IS DEMON/RABLE S*EMATICALLY 9 PURELY QUANTITATIVE T]MS4 ,AN EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS IS IMPOSSIBLE1 !RE REMA9S AN UNSALEABLE SURPLUS 9 ! DEP>TM5T ( CONSUMPTION GOODS1 AN OV]-PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE :I* CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY 9 NON-CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES40.<#b#h.> ,) ?IS !ORY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG EXPLA9$ ALSO ! IMP]IALI/IC NECESSITIES ( ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 

,?IS !ORY ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S /&S 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION TO ,L59'S VIEW ( ! MATT]1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM ALL HIS WORKS DEAL+ ) ECONOMICS4 ,9 COMPLETE ACCORD ) ,M>X1 HE LOOK$ = ! CONTRADICTIONS :I* PO9T$ TO ! HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS ( CAPITALISM1 NOT LIKE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9 ! SPH]E ( CIRCULATION1 BUT 9 ?AT ( PRODUCTION4 ,L59 TOOK HIS /& UNCRITICALLY & UNRES]V$LY ON ! ,M>XIAN ECONOMIC !ORIES1 BECAUSE HE REG>D$ !M AS 9CAPABLE ( BE+ SUPPLEM5T$4 ,9 HIS [N !ORETICAL WORKS HE CONF9$ HIMSELF TO EMPLOY+ ! ,M>XIAN DOCTR9ES 9 9VE/IGAT+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 G5]AL & ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM 9 P>TICUL>4 ,!RE IS A SPECIAL1 ?\< /ILL UNTRANSLAT$1 WORK ( ,L59'S AGA9/ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S !ORY ( ACCUMULATION1 BUT IT M]ELY REPEATS ! VIEWPO9T :I* HE HAS SET D[N 9 ALL HIS O!R WORKS ON ! SUBJECT & :I* WE HAVE M]ELY TO BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) H]E 9 ORD] COMPLETELY TO GRASP ! FULL =CE ( ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! TWO CONCEPTIONS4 

,9 HIS WRIT+S AGA9/ ! ,N>ODNIKI1 ,L59 HAD ALREADY ANTICIPAT$ MANY ( HIS >GUM5TS AGA9/ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S CONCEPTION4 ,! ,N>ODNIKI ASS]T$ ?AT ! DOME/IC CAPITALI/ M>KET WAS 9SUFFICI5T = ! EXPANSION ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & MOREOV] ?AT IT CONT9UALLY DIM9I%$ ) ! ACCOMPANY+ IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! MASSES4 ,LIKE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG LAT]1 !Y ALSO C\LD NOT GRANT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SURPLUS VALUE C\LD BE REALIZ$ )\T =EIGN M>KETS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 H[EV]1 ! QUE/ION ( ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ?IS PROBLEM2 0! LUGG+ 9 ( =EIGN TRADE DOES NOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM1 BUT M]ELY %IFTS IT40.<#b#i.> 

,TO HIM ! NECESSITY ( ! =EIGN M>KET = A CAPITALI/ C\NTRY IS 0NOT AT ALL EXPLA9$ BY ! LAWS ( ! REALIZATION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT 7& ( SURPLUS VALUE 9 P>TICUL>71 BUT BY ! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM >ISES ONLY AS ! RESULT ( A HI<LY DEVELOP$ COMMODITY CIRCULATION :I* GOES BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ! ,/ATE40.<#c.> ,! DISPOSAL ( ! PRODUCT ON ! =EIGN M>KET EXPLA9S NO?+1 0BUT ITSELF DEM&S AN EXPLANATION1 ?AT IS1 ! F9D+ ( ITS EQUIVAL5T 444 ,:5 ONE SPEAKS ( ! 'DIFFICULTIES' ( REALIZATION10 SAYS ,L591 0ONE MU/ ALSO REALIZE ?AT !SE 'DIFFICULTIES' >E NOT ONLY POSSIBLE BUT ALSO UNAVOIDABLE1 & 9 FACT ) REG>D TO ALL P>TS ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCT & NOT TO ! SURPLUS VALUE ALONE4 ,! DIFFICULTIES ( ?IS SORT1 :I* ORIG9ATE 9 ! UNPROPORTIONAL DI/RIBUTION ( ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 >ISE CON/ANTLY NOT ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 BUT ALSO 9 CONNECTION ) ! REALIZATION ( ! V>IABLE & CON/ANT CAPITAL2 NOT ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) ! REALIZATION ( ! PRODUCT 9 ! =M ( CONSUMPTION GOODS1 BUT ALSO 9 ! =M ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION40.<#c#a.> 

0,AS WE KN[10 WRITES ,L59 9 HIS ,*>ACT]IZATION ( ,ECONOMIC ,ROMANTICISM1 #a#h#i#i1 0! LAW ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT ! CON/ANT CAPITAL 9CREASES FA/] ?AN ! V>IABLE2 ?AT IS1 AN EV] GREAT] P>T ( ! NEWLY =M$ CAPITAL FL[S TO ?AT DEP>TM5T ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION :I* TURNS \T MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ?IS DEP>TM5T MU/ UNCONDITIONALLY GR[ MORE RAPIDLY ?AN ! ONE :I* TURNS \T MEANS ( CONSUMPTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! MEANS ( CONSUMPTION COME TO OCCUPY A LESS & LESS PROM95T P>T 9 ! TOTAL MASS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,& ?AT IS 9 FULL H>MONY ) ! HI/ORICAL MISSION ( CAPITALISM & ITS SPECIFIC SOCIAL /RUCTURE3 ! =M] CONSI/S1 ?AT IS1 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY2 ! LATT] PRECLUDES ! UTILISATION!RE( BY ! MASS ( ! POPULATION40 

,NO?+ IS TO ,L59 0MORE S5SELESS ?AN TO D$UCE FROM ?IS CONTRADICTION BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION ?AT ,M>X HAD CONTE/$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( REALIZ+ SURPLUS VALUE 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 OR HAD EXPLA9$ CRISES AS RESULT+ FROM 9SUFFICI5T CONSUMPTION 444 ,! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY :I* S]VE EA* O!R AS A 'M>KET' DO NOT DEVELOP UNI=MLY1 !Y OV]TAKE EA* O!R & ! MORE DEVELOP$ 9DU/RY SEEKS =EIGN M>KETS4 ,?IS CIRCUM/ANCE DOES NOT BY ANY MEANS 9DICATE ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ! CAPITALI/ NATION TO REALIZE SURPLUS VALUE 444 ,IT M]ELY PO9TS TO ! UNPROPORTIONALITY 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! V>I\S 9DU/RIES4 ,) A DIFF]5T DI/RIBUTION ( ! NATIONAL CAPITAL1 ! SAME QUANTITY ( PRODUCTS C\LD BE REALIZ$ )9 ! C\NTRY40.<#c#b.> 

,SO F> AS ,L59 WAS CONC]N$1 ,M>X ) HIS S*EME ( REPRODUCTION HAD 0COMPLETELY CLE>$ UP ! PROCESS ( ! REALIZATION ( ! PRODUCT 9 G5]AL & ( SURPLUS VALUE 9 P>TICUL>1 & REVEAL$ ?AT !RE WAS NO JU/IFICATION :ATEV] = LUGG+ ! =EIGN M>KET 9TO ! QUE/ION40.<#c#c.> ,CAPITALISM'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CRISIS & ITS EXPANSIONI/ T5D5CIES >E EXPLA9$ = ,L59 BY ! LACK ( UNI=MITY 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS FROM ! MONOPOLI/ *>ACT] ( CAPITALISM ?AT HE D]IVES ! CON/ANT COLONIAL EXPANSION & ! IMP]IALI/IC P>TITION ( ! WORLD4 ,BY MEANS ( CAPITAL EXPORT & ! CONTROL OV] S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ! B\RGEOISIE ( ! LEAD+ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES D]IVES 5ORM\S EXTRA PR(ITS4 ,! IMP]IALI/ EXPANSION1 9 HIS VIEW1 DOES NOT S]VE SO MU* = ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE AS = 9CREAS+ ! MASS ( PR(ITS4.<#c#d.> 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ,L59'S CONCEPTION IS MU* CLOS] TO ! ,M>XIAN ?AN IS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! LATT] WAS QUITE CORRECT 9 RECOGNIZ+ 9 ! ,M>XIAN !ORY ( ACCUMULATION ! LAW ( COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM2 %E OV]LOOK$1 H[EV]1 ! ,M>XIAN BASIS = ?IS VIEW & PRODUC$ H] [N !ORY ( REALIZATION1 :I* ,L59 CORRECTLY REJECT$ AS UNM>XI/ & FALSE4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE 9 ?IS CONNECTION1 H[EV]1 ?AT 9 ! BIBLIOGRAPHY APP5D$ TO HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ,M>X1 ,L59 REF]R$ TO ! 0ANALYSIS ( ! 7,LUXEMBURGIAN7 FALSE 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,M>XI/ !ORY BY ,OTTO ,BAU]40.<#c#e.> 

,N[ ,BAU]'S CRITIQUE.<#c#f.> ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S !ORY ( ACCUMULATION HAD RI<TLY BE5 D5OT$ BY ! LATT] 9 H] ,ANTI-,CRITIQUE1 AS A 0DISGRACE = ! (FICIAL ,M>XISM02 = ,BAU] REPEAT$ 9 HIS ATTACKS NO?+ BUT ! REVISIONI/ CONCEPTION ?AT CAPITALISM IS )\T OBJECTIVE LIMITS4 ,TO HIS M9D1 0CAPITALISM IS CONCEIVABLE EV5 )\T EXPANSION0 444 ,IT IS 0NOT ON ! ME*ANICAL IMPOSSIBILITY ( REALIZ+ SURPLUS VALUE0 ?AT CAPITALISM WILL GO D[N1 HE SAYS1 BUT 0ON ! 9DIGNATION TO :I* IT DRIVES ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE 444 ,IT WILL RECEIVE ITS DEA? BL[ FROM ! CON/ANTLY GR[+ WORK+ CLASS1 S*OOL$1 UNIT$ & ORGANIZ$ ?R\< ! ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF40.<#c#g.> 

,BY MEANS ( A MODIFI$ S*EMA ( REPRODUCTION :I* AVOID$ MANY ( ! DEFECTS DEPLOR$ BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9 ?AT ( ,M>X1 ,BAU] 5DEAVOR$ TO FURNI% PRO( ?AT EV5 ON ! ASSUMPTION ( A RIS+ ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL1 A FRICTIONLESS EX*ANGE BETWE5 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS 9 ! S*EMA ( CAPITALI/ REPRODUCTION WAS /ILL POSSIBLE4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG DEMON/RAT$ TO HIM1 H[EV]1 ?AT EV5 9 HIS MODIFI$ S*EMA AN UNSALEABLE SURPLUS REMA9S OV] 9 ! DEP>TM5T ( CONSUMPTION1 & ?AT 9 ORD] TO BE REALIZ$ IT COMPELS TO ! CONQUE/ ( NEW M>KETS4 ,TO ?IS1 ,BAU] HAD NO?+ MORE TO SAY4 ,& NEV]!LESS ,L59 REF]R$ TO HIM AS ! 0ANALY/ ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S FALSE !ORY40 

,NOT ONLY DID ,BAU]'S >GUM5T LEAVE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG UNSCA!D2 !RE IS ALSO ! FACT ?AT ! CONCLUSIONS :I* HE DREW FROM HIS S*EMA1 9DICAT+ UNLIMIT$ ACCUMULATION 79DEP5D5TLY ( ! QUE/ION ( ! EX*ANGE RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS71 C\LD BE DEMON/RAT$ ) REF]5CE TO ?IS SAME S*EMA AS :OLLY UNF\ND$4 ,H5RYK ,GROSSMAN PROV$ ?AT IF ,BAU]'S S*EMA W]E EXP&$ TO COV] A LONG] P]IOD ( TIME1 ! RESULT WAS NOT ,BAU]'S FRICTIONLESS EXPANSION ( CAPITALISM1 BUT ! COLLAPSE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S !ORY ( COLLAPSE HAD L$ M]ELY TO A NEW ONE4.<#c#h.> 

,! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,LUXEMBURG & ,BAU]1 :I* F\ND ,L59'S SYMPA?IES ON ! SIDE ( ! LATT]1 WAS A DISPUTE OV] NO?+1 & AGA9 IT IS NOT )\T 9T]E/ TO NOTE ?AT ! S5SELESSNESS ( ! :OLE DISCUSSION WAS NOT OBS]V$ BY ,L594 ,?IS DISCUSSION TURN$ ON ! IMPOSSIBILITY OR POSSIBILITY ( A FRICTIONLESS EX*ANGE RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO DEP>TM5TS ( ! ,M>XIAN REPRODUCTION S*EMA1 ON :I* DEP5D$ ! FULL REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,9 ! ,M>XIAN SY/EM1 ! S*EMA WAS ?\<T ( M]ELY AS AN AID TO !ORETICAL ANALYSIS & WAS NOT CONCEIV$ AS HAV+ ANY OBJECTIVE BASIS 9 REALITY4 ,H5RYK ,GROSSMAN1 9 HIS CONV9C+ RECON/RUCTION ( ! PLAN ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL.<#c#i.> AS WELL AS 9 O!R WORKS1 HAS REVEAL$ ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! REPRODUCTION S*EMA1 & ?US SET ! DISCUSSION ) REF]5CE TO ,M>X'S !ORY ( ACCUMULATION ON A NEW & MORE FRUITFUL BASIS4 ,! 5TIRE CRITICISM DIRECT$ AT ,M>X BY ,LUXEMBURG ON ! BASIS ( ?IS S*EMA WAS POSIT$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! REPRODUCTION S*EMA HAD AN OBJECTIVE BASIS4 

,BUT1 SAYS ,GROSSMAN1 0! S*EMA1 9 ITSELF1 LAYS NO CLAIM TO PRES5T+ A PICTURE ( CONCRETE CAPITALI/ REALITY4 ,IT IS ONLY A L9K 9 ! ,M>XIAN PROCESS ( APPROXIMATION1 ONE :I* =MS ) O!R SIMPLIFY+ ASSUMPTIONS1 ON :I* ! S*EMA IS GR\ND$1 & ) ! LAT] MODIFICATIONS BY :I* ! MATT] IS MADE PROGRESSIVELY A MORE CONCRETE 9SEP>ABLE :OLE4 ,?US ANY ONE ( !SE ?REE P>TS )\T ! TWO O!RS BECOMES COMPLETELY MEAN+LESS = ! RECOGNITION ( ! TRU?1 & CAN HAVE NO FUR!R SIGNIFICANCE ?AN A PRELIM9>Y /AGE ( KN[L$GE1 ! FIR/ /EP 9 ! PROCESS ( APPROA*+ CONCRETE40.<#d.> REALITY 7,ANNAH]UNGSV]FAHR574 

,! ,M>XIAN S*EMA DEALS ) ! EX*ANGE VALUES1 BUT 9 REALITY ! COMMODITIES >E NOT EX*ANG$ AT !IR VALUES BUT AT PRODUCTION PRICES4 0,9 A REPRODUCTION S*EMA BUILT ON VALUES1 DIFF]5T RATES ( PR(IT MU/ >ISE 9 EA* DEP>TM5T ( ! S*EMA4 ,!RE IS 9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 A T5D5CY = ! DIFF]5T RATES ( PR(IT TO BE EQUALIZ$ TO AV]AGE RATES1 A CIRCUM/ANCE :I* IS ALREADY EMBRAC$ 9 ! CONCEPT ( PRODUCTION PRICES4 ,SO ?AT IF ONE WANTS TO TAKE ! S*EMA AS A BASIS = CRITICIZ+ OR GRANT+ ! POSSIBILITY ( REALIZ+ SURPLUS VALUE1 IT W\LD FIR/ HAVE TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A PRICE S*EMA40.<#d#a.> 

,EV5 IF ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG HAD BE5 SUCCESSFUL 9 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT 9 ! ,M>XIAN S*EMA ! FULL TURNOV] ( ! COMMODITIES IS IMPOSSIBLE1 ?AT ) EA* YE> AN 9CREAS+ SUP]FLUITY ( MEANS ( CONSUMPTION MU/ >ISE1 :AT W\LD %E HAVE PROV$8 0,M]ELY ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! '9DISPOSABLE REMA9D]' 9 ! CONSUMPTION DEP>TM5T >ISES )9 ! S*EMA ( VALUE1 ?AT IS1 ON ! PRESUPPOSITION ?AT ! COMMODITIES >E EX*ANG$ AT !IR VALUES4'0.<#d#b.> ,BUT ?IS PRESUPPOSITION DOES NOT EXI/ 9 REALITY4 ,! S*EMA ( VALUE ON :I* ,LUXEMBURG'S ANALYSIS IS BAS$ HAS DIFF]5T RATES ( PR(IT 9 ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 & !SE RATES >E NOT EQUAT$ TO AV]AGE RATES1 S9CE ! S*EMA TAKES NO ACC\NT ( COMPETITION4 ,:AT DO ,LUXEMBURG'S CONCLUSIONS AM\NT TO !N AS REG>DS REALITY1 :5 !Y >E D]IV$ FROM A S*EMA HAV+ NO OBJECTIVE VALIDITY8 

0,S9CE COMPETITION GIVES RISE TO ! TRANS=MATION ( VALUES 9TO PRODUCTION PRICES & !REBY ! R$I/RIBUTION ( ! SURPLUS VALUE AMONG ! BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY 79 ! S*EMA71 :]EBY !RE NECESS>ILY OCCURS ALSO A *ANGE 9 ! PREVI\S PROPORTIONALITY RELATION ( ! SPH]ES ( ! S*EMA1 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE & EV5 PROBABLE ?AT A 'CONSUMPTION BALANCE' 9 ! VALUE S*EMA SUBSEQU5TLY VANI%ES 9 ! PRODUCTION-PRICE S*EMA &1 9V]SELY1 AN ORIG9AL EQUILIBRIUM ( ! VALUE S*EMA IS SUBSEQU5TLY TRANS=M$ 9 ! PRODUCTION-PRICE S*EMA 9TO A DISPROPORTIONALITY40.<#d#c.> 

,! !ORETICAL CONFUSION ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG IS BE/ ILLU/RAT$ 9 ! FACT ?AT ON ! ONE H& %E SEES 9 ! AV]AGE RATE ( PR(IT ! GOV]N+ FACTOR :I* 0ACTUALLY TREATS EA* 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL ONLY AS P>T ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL CAPITAL10 ACCORDS IT PR(IT AS A P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE TO :I* IT IS 5TITL$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS MAGNITUDE )\T 0REG>D TO ! QUANTITY :I* IT HAS ACTUALLY WON10.<#d#d.> & ?AT %E NEV]!LESS EXAM9ES ! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R A COMPLETE EX*ANGE IS POSSIBLE2 & ?AT ON ! BASIS ( A S*EMA :I* KN[S NO AV]AGE RATE ( PR(IT4 ,IF ONE TAKES 9TO ACC\NT ?IS AV]AGE RATE ( PR(IT1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S DISPROPORTIONALITY >GUM5T LOSES ALL VALUE1 S9CE ONE DEP>TM5T SELLS ABOVE & ! O!R UND] VALUE & ON ! BASIS ( ! PRODUCTION PRICE ! UNDISPOSABLE P>T ( ! SURPLUS VALUE MAY VANI%4 

,M>X'S LAW ( ACCUMULATION IS ID5TICAL ) ?AT ( ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT4 ,! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT CAN BE COMP5SAT$ BY ! GR[? ( ! MASS ( PR(IT = ONLY A LIMIT$ TIME1 DUE TO ! CONT9U\S COMPULSION TO ACCUMULATION4 ,IT IS NOT FROM AN EXCESS ( SURPLUS VALUE 9CAPABLE ( BE+ REALIZ$ ?AT CAPITALISM GOES UND] ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 BUT FROM LACK ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG COMPLETELY OV]LOOK$ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT2 & = ?IS REASON1 %E ALSO HAD TO RAISE ! QUE/ION1 MEAN+LESS FROM ! ,M>XIAN /&PO9T1 AS TO ! 'PURPOSE' ( ACCUMULATION4 

0,IT IS SAID10 %E WRITES1 0?AT CAPITALISM WILL GO UND] BECAUSE ( ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT 444 ,?IS COM=T IS UN=TUNATELY QUITE DISSIPAT$ BY A S+LE S5T5CE FROM ,M>X1 NAMELY1 ! /ATEM5T ?AT = L>GE CAPITALS ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT IS C\NT]BALANC$ BY MASS ( PR(IT4 ,! DECL9E ( CAPITALISM FROM ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT IS !RE=E /ILL A GOOD WAY (F1 SOME:AT LIKE ! TIME REQUIR$ = ! SUN'S EXT9CTION40.<#d#e.> ,%E FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT :ILE ,M>X HAD1 TO BE SURE1 SET =? SU* A FACT1 HE HAD ALSO AT ! SAME TIME SUGGE/$ ITS LIMIT1 & ?AT ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT RESULTS 9 ! FALL ( ! MASS ( PR(IT2 9 FACT1 ?AT ! =M] GIVES EXPRESSION TO :AT IS AT FIR/ ! RELATIVE1 & !N ! ABSOLUTE FALL ( ! ACTUAL MASS ( PR(IT1 9 RELATION TO CAPITAL'S NE$S = ACCUMULATION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,L59 HAD F\ND IT 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT 0! RATE ( PR(IT HAS A T5D5CY TO S9K10.<#d#f.> & HE REF]R$ TO ! FACT ?AT 0,M>X HAD ANALYZ$ ?IS T5D5CY & A NUMB] ( CIRCUM/ANCES BY :I* IT WAS CONCEAL$ OR :I* OP]AT$ TO C\NT]ACT IT40.<#d#g.> ,BUT ! FULL IMPORTANCE ( ?IS LAW 9 ! ,M>XIAN SY/EM HE TOO FAIL$ TO GRASP CLE>LY2 A FACT :I* EXPLA9S1 ON ! ONE H&1 HIS ACCEPTANCE ( ,BAU]'S REJO9D] TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 & ON ! O!R ! RE/RICTION ( HIS [N EXPLANATION ( CRISIS TO ! DISPROPORTIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! V>I\S SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,&1 = ?AT MATT]1 IT MAY EXPLA9 ALSO HIS CONTRADICTORY CONCEPTIONS1 BY :I* AT ONE TIME HE BELIEV$ 9 AN UNAVOIDABLE 5D ( CAPITALISM1 & AT ANO!R TIME EMPHASIZ$ ?AT !RE W]E ABSOLUTELY NO SITUATIONS FROM :I* CAPITALISM C\LD NOT F9D A WAY \T4 ,!RE IS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 HIS WORKS ANY CONV9C+ ECONOMIC >GUM5T = ! 5D ( CAPITALISM1 & YET AT ! SAME TIME HE HAS ! FIRME/ CONVICTION ?AT ! SY/EM IS UNAVOIDABLY HEAD+ T[>D ITS FALL4 ,?IS MAY HE EXPLA9$ BY ! FACT ?AT :ILE HE DID NOT BELIEVE ) ,BAU] & ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( ! RE=MI/ TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 HE NEV]!LESS ASSUM$ ) !M ?AT ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM WAS EXCLUSIVELY A QUE/ION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS OR1 MORE PRECISELY /AT$1 A QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION & ITS LEAD]%IP4 

,SPONTANEITY & ! ,ROLE ( ,ORGANIZATION 

,WE HAVE PREVI\SLY SE5 ?AT ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG CORRECTLY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT = ,M>X ! LAW ( ACCUMULATION WAS AT ! SAME TIME ! LAW ( COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM4 ,H] REASON+ WAS FALSE2 ! CONCLUSIONS NEV]!LESS W]E CORRECT4 ,?\< 9 H] EXPLANATION ( ! LAW ( COLLAPSE %E DIV]G$ COMPLETELY FROM ,M>X1 %E YET RECOGNIZ$ ! EXI/5CE ( ?AT LAW4 ,L59'S >GUM5TS AGA9/ ! ,LUXEMBURGIAN CONCEPTION W]E S\ND1 &1 SO F> AS !Y W5T1 COMPLETELY 9 H>MONY ) ,M>X2 NEV]!LESS1 HE EVAD$ ! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R CAPITALISM IS FAC$ ) AN OBJECTIVE LIMIT4 ,HIS [N DOCTR9E ( CRISIS IS 9ADEQUATE & 9CONSI/5T4 ,HIS !ORY1 :ILE MORE CORRECT1 DID NOT LEAD TO TRULY REVOLUTION>Y CONCLUSIONS4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S >GUM5T1 EV5 ?\< FALSE1 /ILL REMA9$ REVOLUTION>Y4 ,= ! QUE/ION IS ONE ( EMPHASIZ+ & DEMON/RAT+ CAPITALISM'S T5D5CY TO COLLAPSE4 

,L591 :O /ILL /OOD MU* NE>] ?AN ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG TO ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 SAW ! COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM MORE AS A CONSCI\S POLITICAL ACT ?AN AS AN ECONOMIC NECESSITY4 ,HE FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! ECONOMIC OR ! POLITICAL FACTOR PR$OM9ATES ) REF]5CE TO ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS NOT ONE ( AB/RACT !ORY BUT ( ! CONCRETE SITUATION ( ! MOM5T4 ,! TWO FACTORS >E 9 REALITY 9SEP>ABLE 9 O!R ?AN A PURELY CONCEPTUAL S5SE4 ,L59 HAD ACCEPT$ MU* ( ,HILF]D+'S SPECULATIONS REG>D+ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 :I* ACCORD+ TO ! LATT] T5D$ T[>D A SO-CALL$ 'G5]AL C>TEL'4.<#d#h.> ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IT WAS NOT ONLY ?AT1 AS AT FIR/1 HE HAD TO SET \T FROM ! B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ! COM+ ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ?US CONSCI\SLY ADAPT$ HIMSELF TO ITS B\RGEOIS MANIFE/ATIONS & NECESSITIES1 BUT HE WAS ALSO LAT] BURD5$ ) ! ,HILF]D+IAN ATTITUDE 9 RELATION TO ! MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 & ?US >RIV$ AT HIS OV]-E/IMATION ( ! 'POLITICAL SIDE' ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 IT WAS ALSO FALSE TO ASSUME 7& ?IS HELD = ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E7 ?AT WE >E LIV+ 9 ! AGE ( ! PURE PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION2 9 FACT1 TO HIM SU* A REVOLUTION CAN NEV] BE4 ,! TRUE REVOLUTION IS = HIM ! DIALECTICAL CONV]SION ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9TO ! PROLET>IAN4 ,! DEM&S ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION :I* >E /ILL ON ! ORD] ( ! DAY CAN H5CE=? BE ACTUALIZ$ ONLY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION2 BUT ?IS PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS PROLET>IAN ONLY 9 ! LEAD]%IP2 IT EMBRACES ALL ! OPPRESS$ :O MU/ BECOME ! ALLIES ( ! PROLET>IAT3 ! PEASANTS1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! COLONIAL PEOPLES1 OPPRESS$ NATIONS1 ETC4 ,?IS G5U9E REVOLUTION TAKES PLACE 9 ! AGE ( IMP]IALISM1 :I*1 DEVELOP$ BY ! MONOPOLIZATION ( ECONOMY1 IS = ,L59 A 'P>ASITICAL'1 A '/AGNAT+' CAPITALISM1 '! LA/ /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T' IMM$IATELY BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4.<#d#i.> ,IMP]IALISM LEADS1 9 ,L59'S CONCEPTION1 0V]Y NE> TO COMPLETE SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION2 IT DRAGS1 AS IT W]E1 ! CAPITALI/ AGA9/ HIS WILL & )\T HIS BE+ AW>E ( ! FACT1 9TO A SOCIAL ORD] :I* (F]S A TRANSITION FROM COMPLETE FRE$OM ( COMPETITION TO COMPLETE SOCIALIZATION40.<#e.> 

,MONOPOLY CAPITALISM HAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 ALREADY MADE PRODUCTION RIPE = SOCIALIZATION2 ! ONLY REMA9+ QUE/ION IS TO TAKE ! CONTROL OV] ECONOMY \T ( ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/S & PUT IT 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 & !N ALSO TO REGULATE DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,! :OLE QUE/ION ( SOCIALISM IS ONE ( ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] = ! PROLET>IAN P>TY1 :I* W\LD !N ACTUALIZE SOCIALISM = ! WORK]S4 ,BETWE5 ,L59 & ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY !RE W]E NO DIFF]5CES SO F> AS CONC]N$ SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION & ITS ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE HAD REF]5CE TO ! MANN] 9 :I* CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION WAS TO BE ACQUIR$3 BY P>LIAM5T>Y OR BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS4 ,! POSSESSION ( POLITICAL P[]1 ! CONTROL OV] ! COMPLETE MONOPOLY1 W]E 9 BO? CONCEPTIONS A SUFFICI5T SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( SOCIALI/ ECONOMY3 ,= ?IS REASON ALSO ,L59 IS NOT AL>M$ AT ! PROSPECT ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 AGA9/ ! OPPON5TS ( :I* HE SAYS AT ! ,ELEV5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS3 0,/ATE CAPITALISM IS ?AT =M ( CAPITALISM :I* WE %ALL BE 9 A POSITION TO RE/RICT1 TO E/ABLI% ITS LIMITS2 ?IS CAPITALISM IS B\ND UP ) ! ,/ATE1 & ! ,/ATE - ?AT IS ! WORK]S1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ P>T ( ! WORK]S1 ! VANGU>D1 IS US4 ,& IT IS WE ON :OM ! NATURE ( ?IS /ATE CAPITALISM WILL DEP5D40 

,:ILE = ,OTTO ,BAU] ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION DEP5D$ ALONE ON ! ATTITUDE ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\S1 ORGANIZ$ WORK]S1 ON ! POLITICAL WILL 7:I* FROM A S+LE GLANCE AT ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION1 BY :I* ITS MEMB]S W]E COMPLETELY DOM9AT$1 PRACTICALLY MEANT ?AT IT DEP5D$ ON ,OTTO ,BAU] @& ,COMPANY71 SO H]E = ,L59 ! FATE ( ! /ATE CAPITALISM DEP5DS ON ! ATTITUDE ( ! P>TY1 :I* 9 TURN IS DET]M9$ BY ! BUREAUCRACY1 & ! :OLE ( HI/ORY IS AGA9 ! HI/ORY ( ! MAGNANIMITY1 ! SELFLESSNESS & ! GALLANTRY ( A GR\P ( PEOPLE :O >E TRA9$ 9 !SE VIRTUES BY ! MO/ SUPREMELY VIRTU\S4 

,BUT ) ?IS POSITION ( ,L59'S ON /ATE CAPITALISM1 :I* = HIM IS DET]M9$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) WILL & NOT BY ECONOMIC LAWS1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! LAWS ( /ATE CAPITALISM >E NO O!R ?AN ?OSE ( MONOPOLY CAPITALISM1 ,L59 HAD ONLY REMA9$ TRUE TO HIMSELF1 = TO HIM 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS ! REVOLUTION ALSO DEP5D$ ON ! QUALITY ( ! P>TY & ( ITS LEAD]%IP4 ,9 H>MONY ) ,KAUTSKY1 = :OM ! REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 9DISP5SABLY NECESS>Y TO ! REVOLUTION 7A CONSCI\SNESS :I* = ,KAUTSKY WAS IDEOLOGY & NO?+ ELSE7 C\LD ONLY BE BR\<T TO ! WORK]S FROM ! \TSIDE1 S9CE ! WORK]S W]E 9CAPABLE ( DEVELOP+ IT \T ( !MSELVES1 ,L59 ALSO ASS]T$ ?AT 0! WORK+ CLASS1 EXCLUSIVELY BY ITS [N EF=TS1 IS ABLE TO DEVELOP ONLY TRADE-UNION CONSCI\SNESS2 ?AT IS1 IT MAY REALIZE ! NECESSITY = COMB9+ 9 UNIONS1 TO FI<T AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]S & TO /RIVE TO COMPEL ! GOV]NM5T TO PASS NECESS>Y LABOR LEGISLATION1 ETC4 ,! SOCIAL DOCTR9E1 H[EV]1 HAS PROCE$$ FROM ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 HI/ORICAL & ECONOMIC !ORIES :I* ORIG9AT$ ) $UCAT$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! [N+ CLASSES1 ! 9TELLECTUALS40.<#e#a.> ,A POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 ! NECESS>Y PRESUPPOSITION ( ! SOCIALI/ VICTORY1 ! WORK]S1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 W]E 9CAPABLE ( DEVELOP+4 ,?US SOCIALISM HAD AGA9 CEAS$ TO BE ! 'WORK ( ! WORK+ CLASS'1 AS ,M>X VIEW$ IT2 SOCIALISM N[ DEP5D$ ON ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ( ! B\RGEOISIE2 & NO D\BT ! RELIGI\S ',M>XI/' ,J4 ,MIDDLETON ,MURRY IS TODAY M]ELY FOLL[+ 9 ! TRACES ( ,KAUTSKY & ,L59 :5 HE COMES TO ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION ?AT ! :OLE ( SOCIALISM IS NO?+ MORE ?AN 0SUB/ANTIALLY A MOVEM5T ( CONV]T$ B\RGEOIS40.<#e#b.> 

,C]TA9LY1 ,L59 /&S ON ,M>XI/ GR\ND :5 HE ASS]TS ?AT ! WORK]S >E 9CAPABLE ( DEVELOP+ A POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,9 HIS POLEMIC AGA9/ ,>NOLD ,RUGE1 :O SO SADLY DEPLOR$ ! LACK ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 & WAS PUZZL$ BY ?IS LACK BECAUSE AFT] ALL SU* CONSCI\SNESS \<T TO HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ! IMPOV]I%M5T EXI/+ AT ! TIME1 ,M>X SAID3 0,IT IS FALSE TO SAY ?AT SOCIAL DI/RESS CREATES POLITICAL UND]/&+4 ,! TRU? IS RA!R ! REV]SE3 SOCIAL WELL-BE+ CREATES POLITICAL UND]/&+4 ,POLITICAL UND]/&+ IS AN 9TELLECTUAL QUALITY & IS GIV5 TO HIM :O ALREADY HAS1 :O LIVES 9 CLOV]40.<#e#c.> 

,BUT ,L59 HAS NO FUR!R CONNECTION ) ,M>X1 & S9KS TO ! LEVEL ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONI/ A LA ,RUGE1 :5 HE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION )\T ?IS 9TELLECT-CONSCI\SNESS1 :5 HE MAKES ! REVOLUTION A MATT] ( ! CONSCI\S 9T]V5TION ( ! 'KN[+ ONES'1 OR ( ! PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,AGA9/ ?IS ,RUGE-,L59 CONCEPTION1 ,M>X SAID3 0,! MORE CULTIVAT$ & G5]AL ! POLITICAL UND]/&+ ( A PEOPLE1 ! MORE DOES ! PROLET>IAT 444 DISSIPATE ITS 5]GIES 9 IRRATIONAL1 USELESS & BRUTALLY SUPPRESS$ REVOLTS4 ,BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT ?9KS ALONG POLITICAL L9ES1 IT P]CEIVES ! CAUSE ( ALL EVILS 9 ! WILLS ( M5 & ALL REM$IES TO LIE 9 =CE & ! OV]?R[ ( A P>TICUL> =M ( ! ,/ATE 444 ,POLITICAL UND]/&+ CONCEALS FROM IT ! ROOTS ( SOCIAL DI/RESS2 DI/ORTS ITS 9SI<T 9TO ITS REAL AIMS1 DECEIVES ITS SOCIAL 9/9CT40.<#e#d.> 

,TO ,RUGE'S ASS]TION 7& ,L59'S POSITION7 ?AT A REVOLUTION )\T ! 'POLITICAL S\L' IS IMPOSSIBLE1 ,M>X ANSW]S3 0,A REVOLUTION ( POLITICAL S\LS ORGANIZES A RUL+ CLIQUE 9 SOCIETY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LIMIT$ & D\BLY-CLEFT NATURE ( !SE S\LS1 AT ! CO/ ( SOCIETY40.<#e#e.> ,BUT ,L59 HAD NEV] AIM$ AT MORE ?AN A *ANGE ( MA/]Y OV] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 S9CE ?IS SEEM$ TO HIM TO SUFFICE = SOCIALISM4 ,H5CE ALSO HIS OV]-EMPHASIS ON ! SUBJECTIVE1 POLITICAL FACTOR - A CIRCUM/ANCE BY :I* HE WAS L$ TO VIEW ! ORGANIZATIONAL WORK ( SOCIALISM AS A POLITICAL ACT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X !RE IS 9DE$ NO SOCIALISM )\T REVOLUTION1 & ?IS REVOLUTION IS ! POLITICAL ACT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! PROLET>IAT 0REQUIRES ?IS POLITICAL ACT ONLY 9S(> AS IT HAS NE$ ( ! PROCESS ( DE/RUCTION & DISSOLUTION4 ,:]E ! ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITY BEG9S1 :]E ITS PROP] AIM1 ITS S\L EM]GES1 !RE SOCIALISM CA/S AWAY ! POLITICAL HULL40.<#e#f.> 

,! B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS 9 ,L59'S ?\<T1 :I* 9 ! FIR/ PLACE MAKE ! 5D ( CAPITALISM DEP5D5T ON C]TA9 POLITICAL PRESUPPOSITIONS :I* >E NOT NECESS>ILY PRES5T2 :I*1 FUR!RMORE1 FANCI$ ?AT 9CREAS+ MONOPOLIZATION WAS ID5TICAL ) ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION 7A ?+ :I* TODAY IT IS OBVI\S TO ANYONE IS NOT ! CASE71 :I* MADE ! :OLE MATT] ( SOCIALISM DEP5D5T ON ! TAK+ OV] ( ! MONOPOLIES BY ! ,/ATE & ! REPLAC+ ( AN OLD BY A NEW BUREAUCRACY1 & = :I* ! REVOLUTION WAS R$UC$ TO A CONTE/ BETWE5 ! REVOLUTIONI/S & ! B\RGEOISIE = W9N+ ! MASSES3 SU* A POSITION HAD NECESS>ILY TO M9IMIZE ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T ( ! SPONTANE\S MASS MOVEM5T & ITS P[] & CL>ITY ( GOAL 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO MAGNIFY CORRESPOND+LY ! 9DIVIDUAL ROLE & ?AT ( SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS :I* HAS BECOME CONGEAL$ TO AN IDEOLOGY4 

,L59 CANNOT1 TO BE SURE1 D5Y ! ELEM5T ( SPONTANEITY1 BUT = HIM IT IS 0ESS5TIALLY NO?+ O!R ?AN ! G]M9AL =M ( CONSCI\SNESS10.<#e#g.> :I* IS BR\<T TO COMPLETION 9 ! ORGANIZATION & ONLY !N IS TRULY REVOLUTION>Y BECAUSE COMPLETELY CONSCI\S4 ,! SPONTANE\S AWAK5+ ( ! MASSES DOES NOT SATISFY HIM2 IT DOES NOT SUFFICE = SOCIALI/ VICTORY4 0,! FACT ?AT ! MASSES >E SPONTANE\SLY 5T]+ ! MOVEM5T10 HE WRITES1 0DOES NOT MAKE ! ORGANIZATION ( ?IS /RUGGLE LESS NECESS>Y4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT MAKES IT MORE NECESS>Y40.<#e#h.> 

,! MI/AKE 9H]5T 9 ! SPONTANEITY !ORY1 HE SAYS1 IS ?AT 0IT BELITTLES ! ROLE ( ! CONSCI\S ELEM5T0 & ?AT IT 0REFUSES /RONG 9DIVIDUAL LEAD]%IP10 :I* = ,L59 IS 0ESS5TIAL TO CLASS SUCCESS40 ,! WEAKNESSES ( ORGANIZATION >E TO HIM ! WEAKNESSES ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,! /RUGGLE MU/ BE ORGANIZ$1 ! ORGANIZATION PLANN$2 ALL DEP5DS ON ?AT & ! CORRECT LEAD]%IP4 ,?IS LATT] MU/ HAVE 9FLU5CE OV] ! MASSES1 & ?IS 9FLU5CE C\NTS MORE ?AN ! MASSES4 ,:]E & H[ ! MASSES >E ORGANIZ$1 :E!R 9 SOVIETS OR 9 TRADE UNIONS1 IS1 TO HIM1 A MATT] ( 9DIFF]5CE4 ,! IMPORTANT ?+ IS ?AT !Y BE L$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG SEES !SE MATT]S 9 A QUITE DIFF]5T LI<T4 ,%E DOES NOT CONFUSE REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ) ! 9TELLECT-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ,L59I/ PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTIONI/S1 BUT = H] IT IS ! ACT - CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES !MSELVES1 GR[+ FROM ! CON/RA9T ( NECESSITY4 ,! MASSES ACT REVOLUTION>ILY BECAUSE !Y CANNOT ACT O!RWISE1 & BECAUSE !Y MU/ ACT4 ,M>XISM TO H] IS NOT ONLY IDEOLOGY :I* CRY/ALLIZES 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 BUT ! LIV+ & /RUGGL+ PROLET>IAT :I* ACTUALIZES ,M>XISM NOT BECAUSE IT WANTS TO1 BUT BECAUSE IT CANNOT DO O!RWISE4 ,:ILE = ,L59 ! MASSES >E ONLY ! MAT]IAL :I* ! CONSCI\S REVOLUTIONI/S WORK1 JU/ AS TO ! /REETC> MOTORMAN ! /REETC> S]VES ONLY = TRAVEL+1 9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S WRIT+S ! CONSCI\S REVOLUTIONI/S SPR+ NOT ONLY FROM GR[+ 9SI<T BUT MORE /ILL FROM ! MASS 9 ITS ACTUAL REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT %E REJECTS ON PR9CIPLE ! OV]-EMPHASIS ON ! ROLE ( ORGANIZATION & LEAD]%IP2' %E DEMON/RATES FROM EXP]I5CE ?AT 0DUR+ ! REVOLUTION IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = ANY DIRECT+ ORGAN ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T TO =ESEE & CALCULATE :I* OCCASIONS & FACTORS CAN LEAD TO EXPLOSIONS & :I* CANNOT 444 ,! RIGID1 ME*ANICAL1 BUREAUCRATIC CONCEPTION10 %E SAYS1 0CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ! /RUGGLE SAVE AS ! PRODUCT ( ORGANIZATION AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( ITS /R5G?4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! LIV+1 DIALECTICAL EXPLANATION MAKES ! ORGANIZATION >ISE AS A PRODUCT ( ! /RUGGLE40.<#e#i.> 

,) REF]5CE TO ! ,RUSSIAN MASS-/RIKE MOVEM5T ( #aie %E SAYS3 0,!RE WAS NO PR$ET]M9$ PLAN1 NO ORGANIZ$ ACTION1 BECAUSE ! APPEALS ( ! P>TIES C\LD SC>CELY KEEP 9 PACE ) ! SPONTANE\S RIS+ ( ! MASSES2 ! LEAD]S HAD SC>CELY TIME TO =MULATE ! WAT*WORDS ( ! ON-RU%+ CR[D40 ,& G5]ALIZ+1 %E CONT9UES3 0,IF ! SITUATION %\LD LEAD TO MASS /RIKES 9 ,G]MANY1 IT WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY NOT BE ! BE/ ORGANIZ$ WORK]S :O WILL DEVELOP ! GREATE/ CAPACITY = ACTION1 BUT ! WOR/ ORGANIZ$ OR TOTALLY UNORGANIZ$40.<#f.> 

0,REVOLUTIONS10 %E EXPRESSLY EMPHASIZES1 0CANNOT BE MADE AT COMM&4 ,NOR IS ?IS AT ALL ! TASK ( ! P>TY4 ,\R DUTY IS ONLY AT ALL TIMES TO SPEAK \T PLA9LY )\T FE> OR TREMBL+2 ?AT IS1 TO HOLD CLE>LY BE=E ! MASSES !IR TASKS 9 ! GIV5 HI/ORICAL MOM5T1 & TO PROCLAIM ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ACTION & ! SLOGANS :I* RESULT FROM ! SITUATION4 ,! CONC]N ) :E!R & :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y MASS MOVEM5T TAKES UP ) !M MU/ BE LEFT CONFID5TLY TO HI/ORY ITSELF4 ,EV5 ?\< SOCIALISM MAY AT FIR/ APPE> AS A VOICE CRY+ 9 ! WILD]NESS1 IT YET PROVIDES = ITSELF A MORAL & POLITICAL POSITION ! FRUITS ( :I* IT LAT]1 :5 ! H\R ( HI/ORICAL FULFILLM5T /RIKES1 G>N]S ) COMP\ND 9T]E/40.<#f#a.> 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S SPONTANEITY CONCEPTION HAS (T5 BE5 D5\NC$1 ! USUAL ?+ BE+ TO D5OM9ATE IT AS A 'CATA/ROPHE POLICY' AS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,%E FREQU5TLY F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ?AT H] CONCEPTION WAS NOT 0P\R LA DES ORGANIZATION40.<#f#b.> 0,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS10 %E WROTE1 0>E ! MO/ 5LI<T5$1 MO/ CLASS-CONSCI\S VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y CANNOT & D>E NOT WAIT 9 A FATALI/IC FA%ION1 ) FOLD$ >MS1 = ! ADV5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION2 WAIT = ?AT :I*1 9 EV]Y SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T1 FALLS FROM ! CL\DS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y MU/ N[1 AS ALWAYS1 HA/5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?+S & 5DEAVOR TO ACCEL]ATE EV5TS40.<#f#c.> 

,?IS ROLE ( ! ORGANIZATION %E REG>DS AS POSSIBLE & !RE=E WELCOME & A MATT] ( C\RSE1 :ILE ,L59 REG>DS IT AS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y & MAKES ! :OLE REVOLUTION DEP5D5T ON ! FULFILLM5T ( ?IS NECESSITY4 ,?IS DIFF]5CE REG>D+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ORGANIZATION = ! REVOLUTION 9VOLVES ALSO TWO DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS REG>D+ =M & CONT5T ( ! ORGANIZATION ITSELF4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 0! ONLY S]I\S PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIZATION = \R MOVEM5T IS ! MO/ ABSOLUTE SECRECY1 ! /RICTE/ SELECTION ( MEMB]S1.<#f#d.> ! =M+ ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,ONCE !SE QUALITIES >E PRES5T1 SOME?+ MORE /ILL IS ASSUR$ ?AN 'DEMOCRACY'1 NAMELY1 COMPLETE COMRADELY CONFID5CE AMONG ! REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,& ?IS 'MORE' IS = US UNCONDITIONALLY NECESS>Y1 = ) US 444 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( REPLAC+ IT BY DEMOCRATIC CONTROL4 ,IT IS A GREAT MI/AKE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A REAL DEMOCRATIC CONTROL MAKES ! MEMB]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION UNCONTROLLABLE4 ,!Y HAVE NO TIME TO ?9K ( PUPPET-LIKE =MS ( DEMOCRACY1 BUT !Y FEEL !IR RESPONSIBILITY V]Y KE5LY40.<#f#e.> 

,BY MEANS ( ! RULES ( ORGANIZATION 7:I*1 SO LONG AS !Y W]E DEMOCRATIC1 MEANT NO?+7 ,L59 WANT$ TO 0=GE A MORE OR LESS %>P WEAPON AGA9/ OPPORTUNISM4 ,! DEEP] ! S\RCE ( OPPORTUNISM LIES1 ! %>P] MU/ BE ?IS WEAPON40.<#f#f.> ,?IS WEAPON WAS 'C5TRALISM'1 ! /RICTE/ DISCIPL9E 9 ! P>TY1 ! COMPLETE SUBORD9ATION ( ALL ACTIVITY TO ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE4 ,( C\RSE1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS ADMIRABLY CAPABLE ( TRAC+ ?IS 0NI<TWAT*MAN SPIRIT0.<#f#g.> ( ,L59'S TO ! SPECIAL SITUATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN 9TELLECTUALS2 BUT 0IT IS FALSE TO ?9K10 7%E WRITES AGA9/ ,L597 0?AT ! /ILL IMPRACTICABLE MAJORITY RULE ( ! WORK]S )9 !IR P>TY-ORGANIZATION MAY BE REPLAC$ BY A SOLE-MA/]Y ON ! P>T ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY ( ! P>TY1 & ?AT ! LACK+ PUBLIC CONTROL ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ MASSES OV] ! ACTS & OMISSIONS ( ! P>TY ORGANS W\LD BE JU/ AS WELL REPLAC$ BY ! 9V]T$ CONTROL ( A C5TRAL COMMITTEE OV] ! ACTIVITY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S40.<#f#g.> ,& EV5 ?\< ! SELF-LEAD]%IP ( ! WORK]S %\LD LEAD TO BLUND]S & FALSE /EPS1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG IS NEV]!LESS READY TO TAKE ALL ?IS 9TO ! B>GA91 = %E IS CONV9C$ ?AT 0EV5 MI/AKES :I* A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T COMMITS >E1 9 HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE1 IMMEASURABLY MORE FRUITFUL & VALUABLE ?AN ! 9FALLIBILITY ( ! V]Y BE/ 'C5TRAL COMMITTEE'40.<#f#g.> 

,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 :I* WE HAVE H]E PO9T$ \T HAVE 9 P>T ALREADY BE5 MORE OR LESS SURPASS$ BY HI/ORY4 ,MANY ( ! ?+S :I* GAVE SUB/ANCE TO ?IS DISPUTE >E ( NO MOM5T TODAY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ESS5TIAL FACTOR 9 !IR DEBATES1 :E!R ! REVOLUTION DEP5DS ON ! ORGANIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T OR ON ! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S1 IS ( ! MO/ PRESS+ SIGNIFICANCE4 ,BUT H]E ALSO HI/ORY HAS ALREADY DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,L59ISM IS BURI$ UND] ! RU9S ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,A NEW LABOR MOVEM5T :I* HAS NO CONC]N ) ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC REMA9S :I* W]E /ILL RECOGNIZABLE 9 ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG1 NOR YET HAS ANY 9T5TION ( R5\NC+ ! LESSONS ( ! PA/1 IS >IS+4 ,TO SEP>ATE ITSELF FROM ! DEADLY TRADITIONAL 9FLU5CES ( ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T HAS BECOME ITS FIR/ PR]EQUISITE1 & H]E ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG IS AS GREAT AN AID AS ,L59ISM HAS BE5 A H9DRANCE4 ,?IS NEW MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S ) ITS 9SEP>ABLE NUCLEUS ( CONSCI\S REVOLUTIONI/S CAN DO MORE ) ,LUXEMBURG'S REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 9 SPITE ( ITS MANY WEAKNESSES1 & D]IVE FROM IT MORE HOPE1 ?AN FROM ! TOTAL ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! ,L59I/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,& AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ONCE SAID1 9 ! MID/ ( ! ,WORLD ,W> & COLLAPSE ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 SO ! PRES5T-DAY REVOLUTIONI/S CAN SAY 9 VIEW ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL3 0,BUT WE >E NOT LO/1 & WE %ALL CONQU] IF WE HAVE NOT UNLE>N$ H[ TO LE>N40 

,NOTES 

#a ,CF4 ,LETT] ( ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( ,NEUE ,ZEIT TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,JAN4 #f1 #a#i#a#f4 

#b ,CF4 ,C4 ,ZETK93 ',ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S ,POSITION ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION'4 ,PUBLI%$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 #a#i#b#b4 

#c ,9 9NUM]ABLE >TICLES 9 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PRESS4 

#d ,CF4 ,MAX ,%A*TMAN'S >TICLE ',L59 & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG' 9 ,! ,NEW ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,M>* #a#i#c#e4 

#e ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,SOCIAL ,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION4 ,WE REFRA9 H]EAFT] FROM GIV+ MORE PRECISE REF]5CES = ! QUOTATIONS 7VOLUME1 PAGE1 ETC47 S9CE WE TRANSLATE FROM ! ,G]MAN OR ,RUSSIAN TEXT1 & IT IS AN EASY MATT] TO LOOK !M UP1 9 SO F> AS ! WORKS >E AVAILABLE 9 ,5GLI%4 

#f ,CF4 ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,SOCIAL ,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION4 

#g ,CF4 ,L593 ,ON ! ,RI<T ( ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION ( ,NATIONS 7#a#i#a#f71 9 ! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS4 

#h ,CF4 ,L593 ,ON ! ,C>ICATURE ( ,M>XISM & ON ,IMP]IALI/IC ,ECONOMISM 7#a#i#a#f71 9 ! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS4 

#i ,IBID4 

#a ,L593 ,ON ! ,RI<T ( ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION ( ,NATIONS4 

#aa ,CF4 ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

#ab ,IBID4 

#ac ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG 9 ,LETT]S TO ,LUISE ,KAUTSKY1 ,NOVEMB]-,DECEMB] #a#i#a#g4 

#ad ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

#ae ,K4 ,LIEBKNE*T3 ,POLITIS*E ,AUFZEI*NUNG5 AUS DEM ,NA*LASS1 ,B]L9 #a#i#b#a4 

#af ,E4 ,V>GA3 ,DIE WIRTS*AFTSPOLITIS*5 ,PROBLEME D] PROLET>IAS*5 ,DIKTATUR1 ,HAMBURG #a#i#b#a4 

#ag ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,SP>TACUS4 

#ah ,MAX ,%A*TMAN 9 ,! ,NEW ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,M>* #a#i#c#e4 

#ai ,L59 & ,Z9OVIEV3 ,GEG5 D5 ,/ROM1 ,HAMBURG1 #a#i#b#a4 ,>TICLES ( #a#i#a#d-#a#i#a#f4 

#b ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

#ba ,IBID4 

#bb ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,ANTI-,CRITIQUE4 

#bc ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL4 

#bd ,IBID4 

#be ,IBID4 

#bf ,IBID4 

#bg ,IBID4 

#bh ,IBID4 

#bi ,L593 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 #a#h#i#i4 

#c ,IBID4 

#ca ,IBID4 

#cb ,IBID4 

#cc ,IBID4 

#cd ,CF4 ,L593 ,IMP]IALISM AS ! ,LA/ ,PHASE 9 ! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,CAPITALISM1 #a#i#a#e4 

#ce ,L593 ,BIBLIOGRAPHY ( ,M>XISM1 9 ! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS4 

#cf ,O4 ,BAU]3 ,DIE ,AKKUMULATION DES ,KAPITALS1 ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#i#a#c4 

#cg ,IBID4 

#* ,H4 ,GROSSMAN3 ,DAS ,AKKUMULATIONS- UND ,ZUSAMM5BRU*SGESETZ DES KAPITALI/IS*5 ,SY/EMS4 

#ci ,H4 ,GROSSMAN3 ,DIE ,A5D]UNG DES ,AUFBAUPLANS DES ,M>XS*5 ,KAPITALS4 

#d ,H4 ,GROSSMAN3 ,DIE ,W]T-,PREIS,TRANS=MATION BEI ,M>X UND DAS ,KRIS5PROBLEM4 

#da ,IBID4 

#db ,IBID4 

#dc ,IBID4 

#dd ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,! ,ACCUMULATION ( ,CAPITAL4 

#de ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,ANTI-,CRITIQUE4 

#df ,L593 ,K>L ,M>X1 9 ! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS4 

#dg ,IBID4 

#dh ,R4 ,HILF]D+3 ,DAS ,F9ANZ,KAPITAL4 

#di ,L593 ,ADDRESS TO ! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOVIETS #a#i#a#g4 

#e ,L593 ,IMP]IALISM4 

#ea ,L593 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 

#eb ,M>XISM - A SYMPOSIUM1 ,LONDON #a#i#c#e4 

#ec ,K4 ,M>X3 ,ON ! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA & ,SOCIAL ,RE=M4 

#$ ,IBID4 

#ee ,IBID4 

#ef ,K4 ,M>X3 ,SELECT$ ,ESSAYS4 

#eg ,L593 ,ON ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 9 ! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS4 

#eh ,L593 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 

#ei ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE4 

#f ,IBID4 

#fa ,R1 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,SP>TACUS4 

#fb ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,BRIEF AN ,KAUTSKY1 #a#i#e4 

#fc ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE4 

#fd ,?IS 'PR9CIPLE' WAS DROPP$ BY ,L59 :5EV] SU* A C\RSE APPE>$ OPPORTUNE4 ,?US HE ONCE ?REW AWAY ! #e1 REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,K4,A4,P4,D47 9 ORD] NOT TO BE DEPRIV$ ( ! FIVE MILLION VOTES ( ! RE=MI/ ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,U4,S4,P4,D47 ( ,G]MANY4 

#fe ,L593 ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 ,L59'S IDEALISM COMES TO LI<T 9 ?IS =MULATION AS WELL4 ,9/EAD ( ACTUALLY & MAT]IALLY ASSUR+ CONTROL ?R\< ORGANIZ+ ?AT CONTROL )9 ! ORGANIZATION1 HE REPLACES IT BY 'SOME?+ BETT]'1 BY ! PHRASES 'COMRADELY CONFID5CE' & 'FEEL+ ( RESPONSIBILITY'4 ,PRACTICALLY1 H[EV]1 ?IS MEANT3 ME*ANICAL OB$I5CE1 ORD] FROM ABOVE1 CON=MITY BEL[4 

#ff ,L593 ,ONE ,/EP ,=W>D1 ,TWO ,/EPS ,BACKW>D1 #a#i#d4 

#fg ,R4 ,LUXEMBURG3 ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,QUE/IONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ,NEUE ,ZEIT #a#i#e4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,LUXEMBURG ,V]SUS ,L59 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,LUXEMBURG ,V]SUS ,L59 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/