,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>L ,LEVY 

,TEXT 3 

,I 

#a4 ,AN>*I/ ,S*OOLS ( ,?\<T 

,ONE CAN BE AN AN>*I/ IRRESPECTIVE ( ! PHILOSOPHIC SY/EM ONE PREF]S4 ,!RE >E MAT]IALI/-AN>*I/S AS !RE >E O!RS1 LIKE MYSELF1 :O )\T PREJUDIC+ FUTURE DEVELOPM5TS ( ! HUMAN M9D1 PREF] SIMPLY TO DECL>E !IR IGNORANCE 9 !SE MATT]S4 

,C]TA9LY IT IS DIFFICULT TO UND]/& H[ C]TA9 !ORIES CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) ! PRACTICAL ASPECTS ( LIFE4 

,! ME*ANI/IC !ORY1 NO LESS ?AN ! !I/IC & PAN!I/IC !ORIES1 W\LD LOGICALLY LEAD TO 9DIFF]5CE & 9ACTION1 TO ! SUP9E ACCEPTANCE ( ALL ?AT EXI/S BO? 9 ! MORAL & MAT]IAL FIELDS4 

,=TUNATELY PHILOSOPHIC CONCEPTS HAVE LITTLE 9FLU5CE ON CONDUCT4 ,& MAT]IALI/S & 0ME*ANICI/S0 9 ! TEE? ( LOGIC1 (T5 SACRIFICE !MSELVES = AN IDEAL4 ,JU/ AS1 9CID5TALLY1 DO RELIGI\S PEOPLE1 :O BELIEVE 9 ! ET]NAL JOYS ( P>ADISE1 BUT TAKE GOOD C>E TO LIVE AS WELL AS POSSIBLE 9 ?IS WORLD1 & :5 ILL >E AFRAID ( DY+ & CALL 9 ! DOCTOR4.<#e#e.> 

,!RE >E ?OSE AMONG ! AN>*I/S :O LIKE TO CALL !MSELVES COMMUNI/S1 OR COLLECTIVI/S1 OR 9DIVIDUALI/S OR :AT HAVE Y\4 ,(T5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATIONS ( WORDS :I* OBSCURE & HIDE A FUNDAM5TAL ID5TITY ( OBJECTIVES2 SOMETIMES IT IS ONLY A QUE/ION ( !ORIES1 HYPO!SES ) :I* EA* P]SON EXPLA9S & JU/IFIES 9 DIFF]5T WAYS ID5TICAL PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS4.<#e#f.> 

,AMONG ! AN>*I/S !RE >E ! REVOLUTIONI/S1 :O BELIEVE ?AT ! =CE :I* MA9TA9S ! EXI/+ ORD] MU/ BE OV]?R[N BY =CE 9 ORD] TO CREATE A POLITICAL CLIMATE 9 :I* ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS & ( ! COMMUNITY WILL BE POSSIBLE2 & !RE >E ! $UCATIONI/S :O ?9K ?AT SOCIAL TRANS=MATION CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY FIR/ *ANG+ PEOPLE BY MEANS ( $UCATION & PROPAG&A4 ,!RE >E1 TOO1 ! P>TIZANS ( NONRESI/ANCE1 OR ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE :O REPUDIATE VIOL5CE EV5 :5 IT S]VES TO REPEL VIOL5CE2 & !RE >E ?OSE :O RECOGNIZE ! NECESSITY = VIOL5CE :O1 9 !IR TURN1 >E DIVID$ AS TO ! NATURE1 ! EXT5T & ! LIMITS ( SU* VIOL5CE4 ,!RE >E DISAGREEM5TS AS TO ! AN>*I/ ATTITUDE TO ! ,TRADES ,UNIONS2 DISAGREEM5TS ON ! NE$ OR O!RWISE ( A SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION2 P]MAN5T OR TEMPOR>Y DISAGREEM5T AS TO ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*I/S & OPPOSITION P>TIES4 

,& ON !SE & O!R SIMIL> QUE/IONS ONE MU/ SEEK WAYS ( REA*+ AGREEM5T2 OR IF1 AS SEEMS TO BE ! CASE1 AGREEM5T IS NOT POSSIBLE1 WE MU/ KN[ H[ TO TOL]ATE EA* O!R2 BY WORK+ TOGE!R :5 9 AGREEM5T &1 LEAV+ EA* ONE TO DO AS HE ?9KS FIT )\T HAMP]+ EA* O!R :5 NOT4 ,=1 COME TO ?9K AB\T IT1 NOBODY CAN BE ABSOLUTELY C]TA9 ( BE+ 9 ! RI<T1 & NOBODY IS ALWAYS RI<T4.<#e#g.> 

,MORALLY1 AN>*ISM IS SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF2 BUT TO BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO FACTS IT NE$S CONCRETE =MS ( MAT]IAL LIFE1 & IT IS ! PREF]5CE = ONE OR O!R =M :I* DIFF]5TIATES ! V>I\S AN>*I/ S*OOLS ( ?\<T4 

,9 ! AN>*I/ MILIEU1 COMMUNISM1 9DIVIDUALISM1 COLLECTIVISM1 MUTUALISM1 & ALL ! 9T]M$IATE & ECLECTIC PROGRAMS >E SIMPLY ! WAYS CONSID]$ BE/ = A*IEV+ FRE$OM & SOLID>ITY 9 ECONOMIC LIFE2 ! WAYS BELIEV$ TO CORRESPOND MO/ CLOSELY ) JU/ICE & FRE$OM = ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR AMONG M54 

,BAKUN9 WAS AN AN>*I/1 & HE WAS A COLLECTIVI/1 AN \TSPOK5 5EMY ( COMMUNISM BECAUSE HE SAW 9 IT ! NEGATION ( FRE$OM &1 !RE=E1 ( HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,& ) ,BAKUN91 & = A LONG TIME AFT] HIM1 ALMO/ ALL ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E COLLECTIVI/S1 & YET !Y W]E AMONG ! MO/ CONSCI\S & CONSI/5T AN>*I/S4 

,O!RS = ! SAME REASON ( DEF5SE & GU>ANTEE ( LIB]TY DECL>E !MSELVES TO BE 9DIVIDUALI/S & !Y WANT EA* P]SON TO HAVE AS 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY ! P>T ?AT IS DUE TO HIM ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & !RE=E ! FREE DISPOSAL ( ! PRODUCTS ( HIS LABOR4 

,O!RS 9V5T MORE OR LESS COMPLICAT$ SY/EMS ( MUTUALITY4 ,BUT 9 ! LONG RUN IT IS ALWAYS ! SE>*+ = A MORE SECURE GU>ANTEE ( FRE$OM :I* IS ! COMMON FACTOR AMONG AN>*I/S1 & :I* DIVIDES !M 9TO DIFF]5T S*OOLS4.<#e#h.> 

,! 9DIVIDUALI/S ASSUME1 OR SPEAK AS IF !Y ASSUM$1 ?AT 7AN>*I/7 COMMUNI/S WANT TO IMPOSE COMMUNISM1 :I* ( C\RSE W\LD PUT !M RI<T \TSIDE ! RANKS ( AN>*ISM4 

,! COMMUNI/S ASSUME1 OR SPEAK AS IF !Y ASSUM$1 ?AT ! 7AN>*I/7 9DIVIDUALI/S REJECT EV]Y IDEA ( ASSOCIATION1 WANT ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 M51 ! DOM9ATION ( ! /RONGE/--& ?IS W\LD PUT !M NOT ONLY \TSIDE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BUT \TSIDE HUMANITY4 

,9 REALITY ?OSE :O >E COMMUNI/S >E SU* BECAUSE !Y SEE 9 COMMUNISM FREELY ACCEPT$ ! REALIZATION ( BRO!RHOOD1 & ! BE/ GU>ANTEE = 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,& 9DIVIDUALI/S1 ?OSE ?AT >E REALLY AN>*I/S1 >E ANTICOMMUNI/ BECAUSE !Y FE> ?AT COMMUNISM W\LD SUBJECT 9DIVIDUALS NOM9ALLY TO ! TYRANNY ( ! COLLECTIVITY & 9 FACT TO ?AT ( ! P>TY OR CA/E1 :I*1 ) ! EXCUSE ( ADM9I/]+ ?+S1 W\LD SUCCE$ 9 TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! P[] TO DISPOSE ( MAT]IAL ?+S & ?US ( ! PEOPLE :O NE$ !M4 ,!RE=E !Y WANT EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 OR EA* GR\P1 TO BE 9 A POSITION TO 5JOY FREELY ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR 9 CONDITIONS ( EQUALITY ) O!R 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 ) :OM !Y W\LD MA9TA9 RELATIONS ( JU/ICE & EQUITY4 

,9 :I* CASE IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE IS NO BASIC DIFF]5CE BETWE5 US4 ,BUT1 ACCORD+ TO ! COMMUNI/S1 JU/ICE & EQUITY >E1 UND] NATURAL CONDITIONS1 IMPOSSIBLE ( ATTA9M5T 9 AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC SOCIETY1 & ?US FRE$OM TOO W\LD NOT BE ATTA9$4 

,IF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD W]E ! SAME1 IF ! L& WAS EV]Y:]E EQUALLY F]TILE1 IF RAW MAT]IALS W]E EV5LY DI/RIBUT$ & )9 REA* ( ALL :O NE$$ !M1 IF SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T W]E ! SAME EV]Y:]E 9 ! WORLD1 IF ! WORK ( PA/ G5]ATIONS HAD B5EFITT$ ALL C\NTRIES TO ! SAME EXT5T1 IF POPULATION W]E EV5LY DI/RIBUT$ OV] ! :OLE HABITABLE >EA ( ! GLOBE--!N ONE C\LD CONCEIVE ( EV]YONE 79DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS7 F9D+ ! L&1 TOOLS & RAW MAT]IALS NE$$ TO WORK & PRODUCE 9DEP5D5TLY1 )\T EXPLOIT+ OR BE+ EXPLOIT$4 ,BUT NATURAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS BE+ :AT !Y >E1 H[ IS IT POSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% EQUALITY & JU/ICE BETWE5 HE :O BY *ANCE F9DS HIMSELF ) A PIECE ( >ID L& :I* DEM&S MU* LABOR = SMALL RETURNS ) HIM :O HAS A PIECE ( F]TILE & WELL SIT$ L&8 ,OR BETWE5 ! 9HABITANTS ( A VILLAGE LO/ 9 ! M\NTA9S OR 9 ! MIDDLE ( A M>%Y >EA1 ) ! 9HABITANT ( A CITY :I* HUNDR$S ( G5]ATIONS ( MAN HAVE 5RI*$ ) ALL ! SKILL ( HUMAN G5IUS & LABOR8.<#e#i.> 

,I W>MLY RECOMM5D ,>M&'S BOOK L',9IZIAZIONE 9DIVIDUALI/A AN>*ICA :I* IS A CONSCI5TI\S PIECE ( WORK BY ONE ( ! ABLE/ 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S & :I* HAS RECEIV$ G5]AL APPROVAL AMONG ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,BUT1 9 READ+ ?IS BOOK ONE ASKS ONESELF :Y ON E>? ,>M& CONT9UALLY TALKS ( 0AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM0 AS A BODY ( DOCTR9E :5 9 G5]AL ALL HE DOES IS TO EXP\ND PR9CIPLES COMMON TO AN>*I/S ( ALL T5D5CIES4 ,9 FACT ,>M&1 :O LIKES TO CALL HIMSELF AN AMORALI/1 HAS ACTUALLY PRODUC$ A K9D ( MANUAL OR AN>*I/ MORALITY--NOT 09DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/0--BUT AN>*I/ 9 G5]AL1 9DE$ MORE ?AN AN>*I/1 A DEEPLY HUMAN MORALITY1 BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON ?OSE HUMAN FEEL+S :I* MAKE AN>*Y DESIRABLE & POSSIBLE4.<#f.> 

,NETTLAU IS MI/AK51 9 MY OP9ION1 9 BELIEV+ ?AT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! AN>*I/S :O CALL !MSELVES COMMUNI/S & ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES 9DIVIDUALI/S /EM FROM !IR RESPECTIVE VIEWS ON :AT =MS ECONOMIC LIFE 7PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS7 WILL TAKE 9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,!SE AFT] ALL >E QUE/IONS :I* CONC]N ! DI/ANT FUTURE2 & IF IT IS TRUE ?AT ! IDEAL1 ! F9AL AIM1 IS ! LI<T ?AT GUIDES OR %\LD GUIDE1 MAN'S BEHAVIOR1 IT IS ALSO EV5 MORE TRUE ?AT :AT DET]M9ES1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 AGREEM5T OR DISAGREEM5T IS NOT :AT ONE ASPIRES TO DO 9 ! FUTURE1 BUT :AT ONE DOES OR WANTS TO DO 9 ! PRES5T4 ,9 G5]AL1 ONE REA*ES UND]/&+1 & !RE IS A GREAT] 9C5TIVE TO DO SO ) ?OSE :O >E TAK+ ! SAME ROAD AS \RSELVES ?\< !Y MAY BE GO+ SOME:]E ELSE1 ?AN ) ?OSE :O1 ?\< DECL>+ ?AT !IR DE/9ATION IS ! SAME AS \RS1 TAKE A ROAD :I* RUNS 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION6 ,?US IT HAS HAPP5$ = AN>*I/S ( ! DIFF]5T T5D5CIES1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT FUNDAM5TALLY !Y WANT$ ! SAME ?+ TO F9D !MSELVES1 9 FI]CE OPPOSITION ON ! PRACTICAL QUE/IONS ( LIFE & PROPAG&A4 

,ADMITT$ ! BASIC PR9CIPLE ( AN>*ISM--:I* IS ?AT NO-ONE %\LD WI% OR HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO R$UCE O!RS TO A /ATE ( SUBJECTION & OBLIGE !M TO WORK = HIM--IT IS CLE> ?AT ALL1 & ONLY1 ?OSE WAYS ( LIFE :I* RESPECT FRE$OM1 & RECOGNIZE ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAS AN EQUAL RI<T TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & TO ! FULL 5JOYM5T ( ! PRODUCT ( HIS [N LABOR1 HAVE ANY?+ 9 COMMON ) AN>*ISM4.<#f#a.> 

#b4 ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM 

,9 #ahgf WE W]E1 AS WE >E /ILL1 AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S2 BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE USE COMMUNISM AS A PANACEA OR DOGMA1 & FAIL TO SEE ?AT TO A*IEVE COMMUNISM C]TA9 MORAL & MAT]IAL CONDITIONS >E NE$$ :I* WE MU/ CREATE4.<#f#b.> 

,LUIGI ,GALLEANI'S 0,LA ,F9E DELL',AN>*ISMO0 444 IS 9 ESS5CE A CLE>1 S]5E1 ELOQU5T ACC\NT ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM ACCORD+ TO ! ,KROPOTK9IAN CONCEPTION2 A CONCEPTION :I* ,I P]SONALLY F9D TOO OPTIMI/IC1 TOO EASY-GO+1 TOO TRU/+ 9 NATURAL H>MONIES1 BUT = ALL ?AT1 HIS IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO AN>*I/ PROPAG&A ?AT HAS BE5 MADE SO F>4.<#f#c.> 

,WE TOO ASPIRE TO COMMUNISM AS ! MO/ P]FECT A*IEVEM5T ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 BUT IT MU/ BE AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 ?AT IS1 FREELY DESIR$ & ACCEPT$1 & ! MEANS BY :I* ! FRE$OM ( EV]YONE IS GU>ANTE$ & CAN EXP&2 = !SE REASONS WE MA9TA9 ?AT ,/ATE COMMUNISM1 :I* IS AU?ORIT>IAN & IMPOS$1 IS ! MO/ HATEFUL TYRANNY ?AT HAS EV] AFFLICT$1 TORM5T$ & H&ICAPP$ MANK9D4.<#f#d.> 

,?OSE AN>*I/S :O CALL !MSELVES COMMUNI/S 7& ,I AM ONE ( !M7 DO SO NOT BECAUSE !Y WI% TO IMPOSE !IR P>TICUL> WAY ( SEE+ ?+S ON O!RS OR BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE ?AT \TSIDE COMMUNISM !RE CAN BE NO SALVATION1 BUT BECAUSE !Y >E CONV9C$1 UNTIL PROV$ WRONG1 ?AT ! MORE HUMAN BE+S >E JO9$ 9 BRO!RHOOD1 & ! MORE CLOSELY !Y COOP]ATE 9 !IR EF=TS = ! B5EFIT ( ALL CONC]N$1 ! GREAT] IS ! WELL-BE+ & FRE$OM :I* EA* CAN 5JOY4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT ,MAN1 EV5 IF FRE$ FROM OPPRESSION BY HIS FELL[ M51 /ILL REMA9S EXPOS$ TO ! HO/ILE =CES ( ,NATURE1 :I* HE CANNOT OV]COME ALONE1 BUT :I*1 9 ASSOCIATION ) O!RS1 CAN BE H>NESS$ & TRANS=M$ 9TO ! MEANS = HIS [N WELL-BE+4 ,! MAN :O W\LD WI% TO PROVIDE = HIS MAT]IAL NE$S BY WORK+ ALONE IS A SLAVE TO HIS WORK 444 AS WELL AS NOT BE+ ALWAYS SURE ( PRODUC+ 5\< TO KEEP ALIVE4 ,IT W\LD BE FANTA/IC TO ?9K ?AT SOME AN>*I/S1 :O CALL !MSELVES1 & 9DE$ >E1 COMMUNI/S1 %\LD DESIRE TO LIVE AS 9 A CONV5T1 SUBJECT$ TO COMMON RULES1 UNI=M MEALS & CLO!S1 ETC42 BUT IT W\LD BE EQUALLY ABSURD TO ?9K ?AT !Y %\LD WANT TO DO JU/ AS !Y LIKE )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! NE$S ( O!RS OR ( ! RI<T ALL HAVE TO EQUAL FRE$OM4 ,EV]YBODY KN[S ?AT ,KROPOTK91 = 9/ANCE1 :O WAS ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE & ELOQU5T AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S ( ! COMMUNI/ IDEA WAS AT ! SAME TIME A /AUN* DEF5D] ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & PASSIONATELY DESIR$ ?AT EV]YBODY %\LD BE ABLE TO DEVELOP & SATISFY FREELY !IR >TI/IC TAL5TS1 5GAGE 9 SCI5TIFIC RESE>*1 & SUCCE$ 9 E/ABLI%+ A H>MONI\S UNITY BETWE5 MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY 9 ORD] TO BECOME HUMAN BE+S 9 ! NOBLE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,FUR!RMORE COMMUNI/-AN>*I/S BELIEVE ?AT BECAUSE ( ! NATURAL DIFF]5CES 9 F]TILITY1 SALUBRITY1 & LOCATION ( ! L& MASSES1 IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO 5SURE EQUAL WORK+ CONDITIONS = EV]YONE 9DIVIDUALLY & SO A*IEVE1 IF NOT SOLID>ITY1 AT LEA/1 JU/ICE4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y >E AW>E ( ! IMM5SE DIFFICULTIES 9 ! WAY ( PUTT+ 9TO PRACTICE ?AT WORLD WIDE1 FREE-COMMUNISM1 :I* !Y LOOK UPON AS ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE ( A HUMANITY EMANCIPAT$ & UNIT$1 )\T A LONG P]IOD ( FREE DEVELOPM5T4 ,& = ?IS REASON !Y >RIVE AT CONCLUSIONS :I* C\LD BE P]HAPS EXPRESS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ =MULA3 ,! A*IEVEM5T ( ! GREATE/ MEASURES ( 9DIVIDUALISM IS 9 DIRECT RATIO TO ! AM\NT ( COMMUNISM ?AT IS POSSIBLE2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 A MAXIMUM ( SOLID>ITY 9 ORD] TO 5JOY A MAXIMUM ( FRE$OM4.<#f#e.> 

,9 !ORY COMMUNISM IS ! IDEAL SY/EM :I*1 SO F> AS HUMAN RELATION%IPS >E CONC]N$1 W\LD REPLACE /RUGGLE BY SOLID>ITY & W\LD UTILIZE NATURAL 5]GIES & HUMAN LABOR TO ! BE/ POSSIBLE ADVANTAGE & TRANS=M HUMANITY 9TO ONE BIG BRO!RHOOD 9T5T ON MUTUAL AID & LOVE4 

,BUT IS ?IS PRACTICAL 9 ! EXI/+ SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL /ATE ( HUMAN AFFAIRS8 ,& IF SO1 )9 :AT LIMITS8 

,WORLDWIDE COMMUNISM1 ?AT IS A S+LE COMMUNITY AMONG ALL MANK9D1 IS AN ASPIRATION1 AN IDEAL GOAL AT :I* ONE MU/ AIM1 BUT :I* C]TA9LY C\LD NOT BE A POSSIBLE =M ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION AT PRES5T4 ,WE >E1 ( C\RSE1 SPEAK+ = \R TIMES & PROBABLY = SOME TIME TO COME2 SO F> AS ! DI/ANT FUTURE IS CONC]N$ WE LEAVE IT TO FUTURE G5]ATIONS TO ?9K AB\T ?AT4 

,= ! PRES5T ONE CAN ONLY ?9K ( MULTIPLE COMMUNITIES AMONG PEOPLE :O >E K9DR$ SPIRITS1 & :O W\LD1 BESIDES1 HAVE DEAL+S ) EA* O!R ( V>I\S K9DS1 COMMUNI/IC OR COMM]CIAL2 & EV5 )9 !SE LIMITS !RE IS ALWAYS ! PROBLEM ( A POSSIBLE ANTAGONISM BETWE5 COMMUNISM & FRE$OM4 ,ASSUM+ ! FEEL+ EXI/S ?AT DRAWS M5 T[>DS BRO!RHOOD & A CONSCI\S & DESIR$ SOLID>ITY1 & :I* WILL 5C\RAGE US TO PROPAGATE & PUT 9TO EFFECT AS MU* COMMUNISM AS POSSIBLE1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT1 JU/ AS COMPLETE 9DIVIDUALISM W\LD BE UNECONOMIC AS WELL AS IMPOSSIBLE1 SO W\LD COMPLETE COMMUNISM BE IMPOSSIBLE AS WELL AS ANTI-LIB]T>IAN1 MORE SO IF APPLI$ OV] A L>GE T]RITORY4 

,TO ORGANIZE A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ON A L>GE SCALE IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO TRANS=M ALL ECONOMIC LIFE RADICALLY1 SU* AS ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 ( EX*ANGE & CONSUMPTION2 & ?IS C\LD NOT BE A*IEV$ O!R ?AN GRADUALLY1 AS ! OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCES P]MITT$ & TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! MASSES UND]/OOD :AT ADVANTAGES C\LD BE GA9$ & W]E ABLE TO ACT = !MSELVES4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ONE WANT$1 & C\LD1 C>RY \T 9 ONE SWEEP ! WI%ES & ! AMBITIONS ( A P>TY1 ! MASSES1 ACCU/OM$ TO OBEY & S]VE1 W\LD ACCEPT ! NEW WAY ( LIFE AS A NEW LAW IMPOS$ ON !M BY A NEW GOV]NM5T1 & W\LD WAIT = A NEW SUPREME P[] TO TELL !M H[ TO PRODUCE1 & DET]M9E = !M :AT !Y %\LD CONSUME4 ,& ! NEW P[]1 NOT KN[+1 & BE+ UNABLE TO SATISFY A HUGE V>IETY ( (T5 CONTRADICTORY NE$S & DESIRES1 & NOT WANT+ TO DECL>E ITSELF USELESS BY LEAV+ TO ! 9T]E/$ P>TIES ! FRE$OM TO ACT AS !Y WI% OR AS BE/ !Y CAN1 W\LD RECON/ITUTE ! ,/ATE1 BAS$1 AS ALL ,/ATES >E1 ON MILIT>Y & POLICE =CES :I*1 ASSUM+ IT SURVIV$1 W\LD SIMPLY REPLACE ! OLD SET ( RULES BY NEW1 & MORE FANATICAL ONES4 ,UND] ! PRETEXT1 & EV5 P]HAPS ) ! HONE/ & S9C]E 9T5TION ( REG5]AT+ ! WORLD ) A NEW ,GOSPEL1 A NEW S+LE RULE W\LD BE IMPOS$ ON EV]YBODY2 ALL FRE$OM W\LD BE SUPPRESS$ & FREE 9ITIATIVE MADE IMPOSSIBLE2 & AS A RESULT !RE W\LD BE DISILLUSIONM5T1 A P>ALYZ+ ( PRODUCTION1 BLACK M>KETS1 & SMUGGL+1 9CREAS$ P[] & CORRUPTION 9 ! CIVIL S]VICE1 WIDESPREAD MIS]Y & F9ALLY A MORE OR LESS COMPLETE RETURN TO ?OSE CONDITIONS ( OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION :I* IT WAS ! AIM ( ! REVOLUTION TO ABOLI%4 

,! ,RUSSIAN EXP]IM5T MU/ NOT HAVE BE5 9 VA94 

,9 CONCLUSION1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 ?AT NO SY/EM CAN BE VITAL & REALLY S]VE TO FREE MANK9D FROM ! SLAV]Y ( ! REMOTE PA/1 IF IT IS NOT ! RESULT ( FREE DEVELOPM5T4 

,HUMAN SOCIETIES1 IF !Y >E TO BE COMMUNITIES ( FREE M5 WORK+ TOGE!R = ! GREATE/ GOOD ( ALL1 & NO LONG] CONV5TS OR DESPOTISMS HELD TOGE!R BY RELIGI\S SUP]/ITION OR BRUTE =CE1 CANNOT BE ! >TIFICIAL CREATION ( AN 9DIVIDUAL OR ( A SECT4 ,!Y MU/ BE ! RESULTANT ( ! NE$S & ! COMPETITIVE OR DIV]G5T WILLS ( ALL !IR MEMB]S :O BY TRIAL & ]ROR F9D ! 9/ITUTIONS :I* AT ANY GIV5 TIME >E ! BE/ POSSIBLE1 & :O DEVELOP & *ANGE !M AS CIRCUM/ANCES & WILLS *ANGE4 

,ONE MAY1 !RE=E1 PREF] COMMUNISM1 OR 9DIVIDUALISM OR COLLECTIVISM1 OR ANY O!R SY/EM1 & WORK BY EXAMPLE & PROPAG&A = ! A*IEVEM5T ( ONE'S P]SONAL PREF]5CES2 BUT ONE MU/ BEW>E1 AT ! RISK ( C]TA9 DISA/]1 ( SUPPOS+ ?AT ONE'S [N SY/EM IS ! ONLY1 & 9FALLIBLE ONE1 GOOD = ALL M51 EV]Y:]E & = ALL TIMES1 & ?AT ITS SUCCESS MU/ BE 5SUR$ AT ALL CO/S1 BY MEANS O!R ?AN ?OSE :I* DEP5D ON P]SUASION1 :I* SPR+ FROM ! EVID5CE ( FACTS4 

,:AT IS IMPORTANT & 9DISP5SABLE1 ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 IS TO 5SURE = EV]YBODY ! MEANS TO BE FREE4.<#f#f.> 

#c4 ,AN>*ISM & ,SCI5CE 

,SCI5CE IS A WEAPON :I* CAN BE US$ = GOOD OR BAD 5DS2 BUT SCI5CE IGNORES COMPLETELY ! IDEA ( GOOD & EVIL4 ,WE >E !RE=E AN>*I/S NOT BECAUSE SCI5CE TELLS US TO BE BUT BECAUSE1 AMONG O!R REASONS1 WE WANT EV]YBODY TO BE 9 A POSITION TO 5JOY ! ADVANTAGES & PLEASURES :I* SCI5CE PROCURES4.<#f#g.> 

,9 SCI5CE1 !ORIES >E ALWAYS HYPO!TICAL & PROVISIONAL & >E A CONV5I5T ME?OD = GR\P+ & L9K+ KN[N FACTS1 AS WELL AS A USEFUL 9/RUM5T = RESE>*1 = ! DISCOV]Y & 9T]PRETATION ( NEW FACTS2 BUT !Y >E NOT ! TRU?4 ,9 LIFE--,I MEAN SOCIAL LIFE--!ORIES >E = SOME PEOPLE ONLY ! SCI5TIFIC GUISE 9 :I* !Y CLO! !IR DESIRES & !IR WILLS4 ,! SCI5TISM 7,I AM NOT SAY+ SCI5CE7 :I* WAS PREVAL5T 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY PRODUC$ ?AT T5D5CY TO CONSID] AS SCI5TIFIC TRU? 7NAMELY1 NATURAL LAWS & !RE=E NECESS>Y & PR$E/9$7 ?AT :I* WAS NO MORE ?AN ! CONCEPT1 CORRESPOND+ TO DIFF]5T 9T]E/S & TO ! V>I\S ASPIRATIONS ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL CREAT$ = HIMSELF1 ( JU/ICE1 PROGRESS1 ETC4 0,SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM10 AS WELL AS 0SCI5TIFIC AN>*ISM10 W]E D]IV$ FROM ?IS CONCEPT &1 ?\< PR(ESS$ BY ! MO/ EM95T AMONG US1 HAVE ALWAYS SEEM$ TO ME GROTESQUE CONCEPTS1 A MIX+ UP ( ?+S & CONCEPTS :I* >E BY !IR V]Y NATURE QUITE DI/9CT4 

,I MAY BE RI<T OR WRONG1 BUT 9 ANY CASE ,I AM PLEAS$ ?AT ,I AVOID$ ! FA%ION ( ! P]IOD1 & WAS !RE=E FREE ( DOGMATISM & ( ANY PRET5SION ( POSSESS+ ! ABSOLUTE 0SOCIAL TRU?40.<#f#h.> 

,I DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ! 9FALLIBILITY ( ,SCI5CE1 NEI!R 9 ITS ABILITY TO EXPLA9 EV]Y?+ NOR 9 ITS MISSION ( REGULAT+ ! CONDUCT ( ,MAN1 JU/ AS ,I DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ! 9FALLIBILITY ( ! ,POPE1 9 REVEAL$ ,MORALITY & ! DIV9E ORIG9S ( ! ,HOLY ,SCRIPTURES4 

,I ONLY BELIEVE ?OSE ?+S :I* CAN BE PROV$2 BUT ,I KN[ FULL WELL ?AT PRO(S >E RELATIVE & CAN BE1 & >E 9 FACT1 CONT9UALLY SUP]S$$ & CANCEL$ \T BY O!R PROV$ FACTS2 & !RE=E ,I BELIEVE ?AT D\BT %\LD BE ! M5TAL APPROA* ( ALL :O ASPIRE TO GET EV] CLOS] TO ! TRU?1 OR AT LEA/ TO ?AT MU* ( TRU? ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO E/ABLI%4444 

,TO ! WILL TO BELIEVE1 :I* CANNOT BE O!R ?AN ! DESIRE TO 9VALIDATE ONE'S [N REASON1 ,I OPPOSE ! WILL TO KN[1 :I* LEAVES ! IMM5SE FIELD ( RESE>* & DISCOV]Y OP5 TO US4 ,AS ,I HAVE ALREADY /AT$1 ,I ADMIT ONLY ?AT :I* CAN BE PROV$ 9 A WAY ?AT SATISFIES MY REASON--& ,I ADMIT IT ONLY PROVISIONALLY1 RELATIVELY1 ALWAYS 9 ! EXPECTATION ( NEW TRU?S :I* >E MORE TRUE ?AN ?OSE SO F> DISCOV]$4 ,NO FAI? !N1 9 ! RELIGI\S S5SE ( ! WORD4 

,I SOMETIMES SAY ?AT FAI? IS NE$$1 OR ?AT 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! GOOD1 M5 ( SURE FAI? >E NE$$4 ,& !RE IS EV5 AN AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] :I*1 PRESUMABLY 9SPIR$ BY ?IS NE$1 BE>S ! TITLE ,F$E6 7,FAI?74 ,BUT 9 !SE CASES ! WORD IS US$ 9 ! S5SE ( DET]M9ATION1 GREAT HOPES1 & HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! BL9D BELIEF 9 ?+S :I* APPE> TO BE EI!R 9COMPREH5SIBLE OR ABSURD4 

,BUT H[1 !N1 DO ,I RECONCILE ?IS 9CR$ULITY 9 RELIGION1 & ?IS1 :AT ,I W\LD CALL SY/EMATIC D\BT 9 ! DEF9ITIVE RESULTS ( SCI5CE1 ) A MORAL RULE & ! DET]M9$ WILL & HOPE ( A*IEV+ MY IDEAL ( FRE$OM1 JU/ICE & HUMAN BRO!RHOOD8 ,! FACT IS ?AT ,I DO NOT 9TRODUCE SCI5CE :]E SCI5CE DOES NOT BELONG4 ,! FUNCTION ( SCI5CE IS TO DISCOV] & TO /ATE ! FACT & ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* FACT 9V>IABLY IS PRODUC$ & IS REPEAT$2 ?AT IS1 TO /ATE ?AT :I* IS & :I* 9EVITABLY MU/ BE1 & NOT ?AT :I* M5 DESIRE & WANT4 

,SCI5CE /OPS :]E 9EVITABILITY 5DS & FRE$OM BEG9S4 ,IT S]VES MAN BECAUSE IT PREV5TS HIM FROM GETT+ LO/ 9 FANCIFUL CONCEPTIONS1 & ALSO SUPPLIES HIM ) ! MEANS TO 9CREASE ! TIME AVAILABLE = ! EX]CISE ( FREE WILL3 A CAPACITY ( WILL+ :I* DI/+UI%ES M51 & P]HAPS TO A DIFF]5T DEGREE ALL ANIMALS1 FROM 9]T MATT] & UNCONSCI\S =CES4 

,& IT IS 9 ?IS ABILITY TO EX]CISE WILLP[] ?AT ONE MU/ SEEK = ! S\RCES ( MORALITY & ! RULES ( BEHAVIOR4.<#f#i.> 

,I PROTE/ AGA9/ ! *>GE ( DOGMATISM1 BECAUSE1 ?\< ,I AM UNFL9*+ & DEF9ITE AS TO :AT ,I WANT1 ,I AM ALWAYS D\BTFUL AB\T :AT ,I KN[1 & ,I ?9K ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! EF=TS MADE TO UND]/& & EXPLA9 ! ,UNIV]SE1 WE HAVE SO F> A*IEV$ NEI!R C]TA9TY NOR EV5 ! PROBABILITY ( C]TA9TY--& ,I WOND] :E!R HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE WILL EV] GET !RE4 

,ON ! O!R H& TO BE TOLD ?AT ,I HAVE A SCI5TIFIC M9D DOES NOT DISPLEASE ME AT ALL2 ,I W\LD BE GLAD TO DES]VE ! T]M2 = ! SCI5TIFIC M9D IS ONE :I* SEEKS ! TRU? BY US+ POSITIVE1 RATIONAL & EXP]IM5TAL ME?ODS2 :I* NEV] *]I%ES ILLUSIONS ( HAV+ F\ND ! ABSOLUTE ,TRU? & IS CONT5T ) PA9/AK+LY APPROA*+ IT1 DISCOV]+ P>TIAL TRU?S1 :I* IT CONSID]S ALWAYS AS PROVISIONAL & REVISABLE4 ,9 MY OP9ION1 ! SCI5TI/ IS HE :O EXAM9ES FACTS & DRAWS FROM !M LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS :ATEV] !Y MAY BE1 AS OPPOS$ TO ?OSE :O =M A SY/EM = !MSELVES & !N SEEK CONFIRMATION 9 FACTS1 & 9 SO DO+ UNCONSCI\SLY SELECT ! FACTS :I* FIT 9TO !IR SY/EM & OV]LOOK ! O!RS2 & P]HAPS EV5 =CE & DI/ORT ! FACTS TO SQUEEZE !M 9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( !IR CONCEPTS4 ,! SCI5TI/ MAKES USE ( HYPO!SES TO WORK ON1 ?AT IS TO SAY HE MAKES C]TA9 ASSUMPTIONS :I* S]VE HIM AS A GUIDE & AS A SPUR 9 HIS RESE>*1 BUT HE IS NOT ! VICTIM ( HIS IMAG9ATION1 NOR DOES HE ALL[ FAMILI>ITY ) HIS ASSUMPTIONS TO BE H>D5$ 9TO A DEMON/RAT$ TRU?1 RAIS+ TO A LAW1 ) >BITR>Y 9DUCTION1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL FACT :I* S]VES HIS !SIS4 

,! SCI5TISM :I* ,I REJECT & :I*1 PROVOK$ & 5C\RAG$ BY ! 5?USIASM :I* FOLL[$ ! REALLY M>VEL\S DISCOV]IES MADE AT ?AT TIME 9 ! FIELDS ( PHYSICAL-*EMI/RY & ( NATURAL HI/ORY1 DOM9AT$ M9DS 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 IS ! BELIEF ?AT SCI5CE IS EV]Y?+ & IS CAPABLE ( EV]Y?+2 IT IS ! ACCEPTANCE AS DEF9ITIVE TRU?S1 AS DOGMAS1 EV]Y P>TIAL DISCOV]Y2 IT IS ! CONFUSION ( ,SCI5CE ) ,MORALS2 ( ,=CE1 9 ! ME*ANICAL S5SE ( ! WORD1 ) ,?\<T2 ( NATURAL ,LAW ) ,WILL4 ,SCI5TISM LOGICALLY LEADS TO FATALISM1 ?AT IS1 TO ! D5IAL ( FREE WILL & ( FRE$OM4.<#g.> 

,9 HIS ATTEMPT TO FIX ! 0PLACE ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE0 ,KROPOTK9 F9DS ?AT 0,AN>*ISM IS A CONCEPT ( ! UNIV]SE BAS$ ON ! ME*ANICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! PH5OM5A :I* EMBRACE ALL NATURE1 NOT EXCLUD+ ! LIFE ( SOCIETY40 

,?IS IS PHILOSOPHY1 MORE OR LESS ACCEPTABLE1 BUT IT IS C]TA9LY NEI!R SCI5CE NOR ,AN>*ISM4 

,SCI5CE IS ! COLLECTION & SY/EMATIZATION ( :AT WE KN[ OR BELIEVE WE KN[3 IT /ATES ! FACT & SEEKS TO DISCOV] ! LAW ( ! FACT1 ?AT IS ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! FACT 9EVITABLY OCCURS & REPEATS ITSELF4 ,IT SATISFIES C]TA9 9TELLECTUAL NE$S & IS AT ! SAME TIME A MO/ VALID 9/RUM5T ( P[]4 ,:ILE1 ON ! ONE H&1 IT 9DICATES ! LIMITS ( HUMAN P[] OV] NATURAL LAWS1 ON ! O!R IT ADDS TO ! EFFECTIVE FRE$OM ( ,MAN BY GIV+ HIM ! MEANS TO TURN !SE LAWS TO HIS ADVANTAGE4 ,SCI5CE DOES NOT DISCRIM9ATE BETWE5 M51 & S]VES = GOOD OR EVIL1 TO LIB]ATE AS WELL AS TO OPPRESS4 

,PHILOSOPHY CAN BE A HYPO!TICAL EXPLANATION ( :AT IS KN[N1 OR AN ATTEMPT TO GUESS :AT IS NOT KN[N4 ,IT POSES QUE/IONS :I*1 SO F> AT LEA/1 GO BEYOND ! COMPET5CE ( SCI5CE1 & SUGGE/S ANSW]S :I*1 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( \R KN[L$GE1 CANNOT BE SUBJECT$ TO PRO(4 ,?US DIFF]5T PHILOSOPH]S (F] DIV]G5T1 & CONTRADICTORY SOLUTIONS4 ,:5 PHILOSOPHY IS NOT SIMPLY A PLAY ON WORDS & AN ILLUSIONI/'S TRICK1 IT CAN BE A SPUR & A GUIDE TO SCI5CE1 BUT IT IS NOT SCI5CE4 

,AN>*Y 9/EAD1 IS A HUMAN ASPIRATION1 :I* IS NOT F\ND$ ON ANY REAL OR IMAG9$ NATURAL NECESSITY1 BUT :I* CAN BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! EX]CISE ( ! HUMAN WILL4 ,IT TAKES ADVANTAGE ( ! MEANS ?AT SCI5CE (F]S TO ,MAN 9 HIS /RUGGLE AGA9/ NATURE & BETWE5 CONTRA/+ WILLS2 IT CAN PR(IT FROM ADVANCES 9 PHILOSOPHIC ?\<T :5 !Y S]VE TO TEA* M5 TO DEVELOP !IR REASON+ P[]S & DI/+UI% MORE CLE>LY BETWE5 REALITY & FANTASY2 BUT ONE LEAVES ONESELF OP5 TO RIDICULE BY TRY+ TO CONFUSE ,AN>*Y ) SCI5CE OR ANY GIV5 PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EM4 ,BUT LET US SEE IF 0! ME*ANICAL CONCEPTION ( ! UNIV]SE0 REALLY EXPLA9S KN[N FACTS4 

,WE WILL !N SEE IF IT CAN AT LEA/ BE RECONCIL$1 & LOGICALLY CO-EXI/ ) AN>*ISM OR ) ANY ASPIRATION T[>DS A /ATE ( ?+S DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* EXI/S TODAY4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( ME*ANICS IS ! CONS]VATION ( 5]GY3 NO?+ IS CREAT$ & NO?+ CAN BE DE/ROY$4 

,A BODY CANNOT GIVE UP HEAT TO ANO!R )\T COOL+ BY A SIMIL> AM\NT2 ONE =M ( 5]GY CANNOT BE TRANS=M$ 9TO ANO!R 7TRANSF]5CE ( HEAT1 HEAT 9TO ELECTRIC CURR5T OR VICE V]SA1 ETC47 )\T ?AT :I* IS ACQUIR$ 9 ONE WAY BE+ LO/ BY ! O!R4 ,9DE$1 9 ALL PHYSICAL NATURE1 ! V]Y COMMON FACT IS V]IFI$ ?AT IF SOMEONE HAS T5 COPP]S & SP5DS FIVE1 HE IS LEFT ) EXACTLY FIVE1 NEI!R MORE NOR LESS4 

,9/EAD1 IF ONE HAS AN IDEA IT CAN BE COMMUNICAT$ TO A MILLION PEOPLE )\T LOS+ ANY?+1 & ! MORE ! IDEA IS PROPAGAT$ ! MORE IT GA9S 9 /R5G? & EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,A TEA*] TRANSMITS TO O!RS :AT HE KN[S1 & DOES NOT1 AS A RESULT BECOME LESS KN[L$GEABLE2 ON ! CONTR>Y 9 TEA*+ O!RS HE LE>NS NEW ?+S & 5RI*ES HIS [N M9D4 ,IF A LEAD PELLET RELEAS$ BY A MURD]\S H& CUTS %ORT ! LIFE ( A MAN ( G5IUS1 SCI5CE MAY BE ABLE TO EXPLA9 :AT HAPP5S TO ALL ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS1 7! PHYSICAL 5]GY ( ! MAN ( G5IUS :5 HE WAS KILL$7 & DEMON/RATE ?AT NO?+ REMA9S ( HIS PHYSICAL *>ACT]I/ICS ONCE HIS CORPSE HAS DECOMPOS$1 BUT ?AT AT ! SAME TIME NO?+ HAS BE5 LO/ MAT]IALLY BECAUSE EV]Y ATOM ( ?AT CORPSE CAN BE TRAC$ ) ALL ITS 5]GY 9 O!R COMB9ATIONS4 ,BUT ! IDEAS :I* ?AT G5IUS GAVE TO ! WORLD1 HIS 9V5TIONS1 REMA9 & GR[ & CAN BECOME A POT5T =CE2 :]EAS1 ON ! O!R H&1 ?OSE IDEAS :I* W]E /ILL DEVELOP+ 9 HIM & C\LD HAVE COME TO FRUITION1 HAD HE NOT BE5 KILL$1 >E LO/ & CANNOT EV] BE F\ND AGA94 

,CAN ME*ANICS EXPLA9 ?IS P[]1 ?IS SPECIFIC QUALITY ( ! PRODUCTS ( ! M9D8 

,PLEASE1 DO NOT ASK ME TO EXPLA9 9 ANO!R WAY ! FACT :I* ME*ANICS DOES NOT MANAGE TO EXPLA94 

,I AM NOT A PHILOSOPH]2 BUT ONE DOES NOT NE$ TO BE A PHILOSOPH] 9 ORD] TO SEE C]TA9 PROBLEMS :I* MORE OR LESS TORM5T ALL ?9K+ M9DS4 ,& ! FACT ( NOT KN[+ H[ TO SOLVE A PROBLEM DOES NOT OBLIGE ONE TO ACCEPT UNCONV9C+ SOLUTIONS 444 ! MORE SO S9CE ! SOLUTIONS ! PHILOSOPH]S (F] >E SO NUM]\S AS WELL AS MUTUALLY CONTRADICTORY4 

,& N[ LET US SEE IF 0ME*ANICISM0 CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) AN>*ISM4 

,9 ! ME*ANICAL CONCEPT 7AS1 AFT] ALL1 9 ! !I/IC CONCEPT7 EV]Y?+ IS DET]M9$1 9EVITABLE1 NO?+ CAN BE O!R ?AN :AT IT IS4 ,9DE$ IF NO?+ IS CREAT$ & NO?+ IS DE/ROY$1 IF MATT] & 5]GY 7:ATEV] !Y MAY BE7 >E FIX$ QUANTITIES1 SUBJECT$ TO ME*ANICAL LAWS1 ALL PH5OM5A >E 9ALT]ABLY RELAT$4 

,KROPOTK9 SAYS3 ,S9CE MAN IS A P>T ( NATURE1 S9CE HIS P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE IS ALSO A PH5OM5ON ( NATURE--9 ! SAME WAY AS 9 ! GR[? ( A FL[]1 OR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( LIFE 9 ! COMMUNITY ( ANTS & BEES--!RE IS NO REASON :Y 9 PASS+ FROM ! FL[] TO ,MAN & FROM A COLONY ( BEAV]S TO A HUMAN CITY1 WE %\LD AB&ON ! SY/EM :I* HAD HI!RTO S]V$ US SO WELL1 TO SEEK ANO!R 9 ! >S5AL ( METAPHYSICS4 ,& ALREADY AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h? C5TURY ! GREAT MA!MATICIAN ,LAPLACE HAD SAID1 0,GIV5 ! =CES ANIMAT+ NATURE & ! RESPECTIVE SITUATIONS ( ! BE+S ?AT COMPOSE IT1 A SUFFICI5TLY BROAD HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE W\LD BE ABLE TO KN[ ! PA/ & ! FUTURE AS WELL AS ! PRES5T40 

,?IS IS ! PURELY ME*ANICAL CONCEPT2 ALL ?AT HAS BE5 HAD TO BE1 ALL ?AT WILL BE1 MU/ BE P]=CE1 9EVITABLY1 9 EV]Y M9UTE DETAIL ( TIME1 PLACE1 & DEGREE4 

,9 SU* A CONCEPT1 :AT MEAN+ CAN ! WORDS 0WILL1 FRE$OM1 RESPONSIBILITY0 HAVE8 ,& ( :AT USE W\LD $UCATION1 PROPAG&A1 REVOLT BE8 ,ONE CAN NO MORE TRANS=M ! PR$E/9$ C\RSE ( HUMAN AFFAIRS ?AN ONE CAN *ANGE ! C\RSE ( ! />S4 ,:AT !N8 

,:AT HAS ,AN>*Y TO DO ) ?IS8.<#g#a.> 

,\R DESK IS CLUTT]$ ) MANUSCRIPTS FROM GOOD COMRADES :O WANT TO GIVE 0A SCI5TIFIC BASIS0 TO AN>*ISM 444 & :OSE CONFUS$ WRIT+S >E ACCOMPANI$ BY NOTES APOLOGIZ+ = NOT BE+ ABLE TO DO BETT] BECAUSE 444 !Y HAVE NOT HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO /UDY4 

,BUT :Y !N BO!R ) ! ?+S ONE DOESN'T KN[ AB\T 9/EAD ( DO+ GOOD PROPAG&A1 BAS$ ON NE$S & ON HUMAN ASPIRATIONS8 

,IT IS C]TA9LY NOT NECESS>Y TO BE A DOCTOR TO BE A GOOD & EFFECTIVE AN>*I/--9DE$ SOMETIMES IT IS A DISADVANTAGE4 ,BUT :5 IT COMES TO TALK+ AB\T SCI5CE P]HAPS IT W\LD NOT BE A BAD IDEA TO KN[ SOME?+ AB\T ! SUBJECT6 

,& LET NO ONE ACCUSE US1 AS ONE COMRADE DID REC5TLY1 ( HOLD+ SCI5CE 9 SCANT REG>D4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE KN[ :AT A BEAUTIFUL1 GREAT1 P[]FUL & USEFUL ?+ IS SCI5CE2 WE KN[ H[ MU* IT S]VES ! EMANCIPATION ( ?\<T & ! TRIUMPH ( MAN 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ADV]SE =CES ( NATURE1 & = !SE REASONS WI% WE ALL HAD ! POSSIBILITY ( OBTA9+ A G5]AL IDEA ( ,SCI5CE AS WELL AS PROB+ MORE DEEPLY AT LEA/ ONE ( ITS 9NUM]ABLE BRAN*ES4 

,9 \R PROGRAM IT SAYS NOT ONLY 0BREAD = ALL0 BUT ALSO 0SCI5CE = ALL40 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO US ?AT TO DISCUSS SCI5CE USEFULLY IT IS FIR/ NECESS>Y TO HAVE CLE> IDEAS AS TO ITS SCOPE & FUNCTION4 ,SCI5CE1 LIKE BREAD IS NOT A FREE GIFT ( ,NATURE4 ,IT MU/ BE WON BY EF=T1 & WE /RUGGLE TO CREATE ! CONDITIONS :]EBY ALL >E 9 A POSITION TO MAKE ?AT EF=T4.<#g#b.> 

,! AIM ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* IS TO /UDY NATURE1 TO DISCOV] ! FACTS & ! 0LAWS0 ?AT GOV]N IT1 ?AT IS ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! FACT 9V>IABLY OCCURS & 9V>IABLY RECURS4 ,A SCI5CE IS E/ABLI%$ :5 IT CAN =ETELL :AT WILL HAPP51 :E!R IT CAN OR NOT EXPLA9 :Y2 IF ! PR$ICTION DOES NOT MAT]IALIZE1 IT MEANS ?AT !RE WAS ]ROR & IT IS NE$FUL TO PROCE$ FUR!R & DO MORE ?OR\< RESE>*4 ,*ANCE1 FREE-WILL1 ! EXCEPTION1 >E CONCEPTS ALI5 TO SCI5CE1 :I* SEEKS ?AT :I* IS PR$E/9$1 ?AT :I* CANNOT BE O!RWISE1 ?AT :I* IS DET]M9$4 ,?AT DET]M9ATION :I* 9T]L9KS 9 TIME & SPACE ALL NATURAL PH5OM5A1 & :I* IT IS ! TASK ( SCI5CE TO 9VE/IGATE & DISCOV]1 DOES IT EMBRACE ALL ?AT HAPP5S 9 ! ,UNIV]SE1 9CLUD+ PSY*IC & SOCIAL PH5OM5A8 ,! ME*ANI/S SAY IT DOES1 & ?9K ?AT EV]Y?+ IS SUBJECT$ TO ! SAME ME*ANICAL LAWS1 EV]Y?+ IS PR$ET]M9$ BY PHYSICO-*EMICAL ANTEC$5TS3 FROM ! C\RSE ( ! />S1 & ! OP5+ ( A FL[]1 TO ! HE>T ?ROB ( A LOV] & ! UNFOLD+ ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,& ,I CONCUR WILL+LY ?AT ! SY/EM APPE>S GR&IOSE & BEAUTIFUL1 & IF IT C\LD BE DEMON/RAT$ TO BE TRUE1 W\LD COMPLETELY SATISFY ! SPIRIT4 ,BUT !N1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! PSEUDO-LOGICAL EF=TS ( ! DET]M9I/S TO RECONCILE ! ,SY/EM ) LIFE & MORAL S5TIM5T1 !RE JU/ IS NO ROOM1 EI!R CONDITION$ OR UNCONDITION$1 = WILL & = FRE$OM4 ,\R LIVES & ! LIFE ( HUMAN SOCIETY W\LD ALL BE PR$E/9$ & =ESEEABLE1 AB ET]NO & = ET]NITY1 9 EA* & EV]Y M9UTE DETAIL JU/ AS IS EV]Y ME*ANICAL FACT1 & \R WILL W\LD BE SIMPLY AN ILLUSION AS 9 ! CASE ( ! /ONE ,SP9OZA TALKS AB\T :I* :5 IT FALLS IS CONSCI\S ( DESC5T & BELIEVES ?AT IT FALLS BECAUSE IT WANTS TO4 

,IF ?IS IS ADMITT$1 :I* ME*ANI/S1 CANNOT BUT ADMIT )\T CONTRADICT+ !MSELVES1 IT BECOMES AN ABSURDITY TO WANT TO REGULATE ONE'S [N LIFE1 TO WANT TO $UCATE ONESELF & O!RS1 TO WANT TO *ANGE1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL ?IS BU/LE & ACTIVITY TO SECURE A BETT] FUTURE1 !N1 BECOMES ! /]ILE FRUIT ( AN ILLUSION1 & C\LD NOT LA/ ONCE ONE HAD DISCOV]$ ?AT IT WAS AN ILLUSION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ILLUSION & ABSURDITY W\LD BE DET]M9$ PRODUCTS ( ! ME*ANICAL FUNCTION+ ( ! BRA91 & AS SU* W\LD BE P>T ( ! SY/EM4 ,BUT1 ONCE AGA91 WE ASK :AT PLACE IS LEFT = WILL & = FRE$OM1 = ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( HUMAN ACTION ON LIFE & ON ! FUTURE ( MANK9D8 ,IF ,MAN IS TO HAVE CONFID5CE1 OR AT LEA/ ! POSSIBILITY ( USEFUL ACTION1 ONE MU/ ADMIT A CREATIVE =CE1 A FIR/ CAUSE1 OR FIR/ CAUSES1 9DEP5D5T ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD & ! ME*ANICAL LAWS1 & ?IS =CE IS :AT IS CALL$ WILL4 

,TO ADMIT ! EXI/5CE ( SU* A =CE1 MEANS ( C\RSE1 D5Y+ ! G5]AL APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( CAUSALITY1 & \R LOGIC IS 9 DIFFICULTY4 ,BUT IS ?IS NOT ALWAYS ! CASE :5 WE TRY TO SEEK ! ORIG9S ( ?+S8 ,WE DO NOT KN[ :AT WILL IS2 BUT DO WE P]HAPS KN[ :AT MATT]1 OR 5]GY >E8 ,WE KN[ ! FACTS1 BUT NOT ! REASON = !M1 & H[EV] MU* WE TRY WE ALWAYS >RIVE AT AN EFFECT )\T A CAUSE1 TO A FIR/ CAUSE--& IF TO EXPLA9 FACTS WE NE$ FIR/ CAUSES TO BE EV] PRES5T & EV] ACTIVE1 WE WILL ACCEPT !IR EXI/5CE AS A NECESS>Y1 OR AT LEA/ CONV5I5T1 HYPO!SIS4 

,VIEW$ 9 ?IS LI<T1 ! FUNCTION ( SCI5CE IS TO DISCOV] ?AT :I* IS DET]M9$ 7NATURAL LAWS7 & E/ABLI% ! LIMITS :]E 9EVITABILITY 5DS & FRE$OM BEG9S2 & ITS GREAT USEFULNESS CONSI/S 9 FREE+ ,MAN FROM ! ILLUSION ( BELIEV+ ?AT HE CAN DO ANY?+ HE LIKES & CAN ALWAYS EXT5D ! RADIUS ( HIS EFFECTIVE FRE$OM4 ,SO LONG AS ! =CES :I* SUBJECT ALL BODIES TO ! LAWS ( GRAVITATION W]E NOT KN[N1 ,MAN MI<T HAVE ?\<T IT POSSIBLE TO FLY AT WILL1 BUT REMA9$ ON ! GR\ND2 :5 SCI5CE DISCOV]$ ! CONDITIONS REQUIR$ TO FLOAT & TO MOVE 9 ! ATMOSPH]E ,MAN REALLY ACQUIR$ ! FRE$OM TO FLY4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 ALL ,I AM MA9TA9+ IS ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( WILLS CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ NEW EFFECTS1 9DEP5D5T ( ME*ANICAL LAWS ( NATURE1 IS A NECESS>Y PRESUPPOSITION = ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( *ANG+ SOCIETY4.<#g#c.> 

#d4 ,AN>*ISM & ,FRE$OM 

,9 NATURE1 \TSIDE HUMAN NATURE1 =CE ONLY RULES1 ?AT IS1 BRUTE =CE1 RU?LESS1 & LIMITLESS1 BECAUSE !RE DOES NOT YET EXI/ ?AT NEW =CE TO :I* MANK9D [ES ITS DIFF]5TIATION1 & ITS SUP]IORITY3 ! =CE ( CONSCI\S WILL4 

,ALL SPECIFICALLY HUMAN LIFE IS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ \TSIDE NATURE1 & EV]Y =W>D /EP IS ADAPTATION1 IS ! OV]COM+ ( A NATURAL LAW4 

,NATURAL LAW IS /RUGGLE1 G5]AL SLAU<T]1 DE/RUCTION1 OR OPPRESSION ( ! VANQUI%$2 & ON ! SOCIAL PLANE ! GREAT] ! TYRANNY ! CLOS] IS ONE TO ! /ATE ( NATURE4 

,! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM = ALL1 :I* 9EVITABLY 9VOLVES ! PRECEPT ?AT ONE'S FRE$OM IS LIMIT$ BY ! EQUAL FRE$OM ( O!RS1 IS A HUMAN CONCEPT2 IT IS PROBABLY MANK9D'S GREATE/ A*IEVEM5T & VICTORY OV] NATURE4.<#g#d.> 

,IT IS ONLY TOO TRUE ?AT ! 9T]E/S1 ! PASSIONS & TA/ES ( ,MAN >E NOT NATURALLY H>MONI\S1 & ?AT HAV+ TO LIVE TOGE!R 9 SOCIETY IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL %\LD SEEK TO ADAPT HIMSELF & RECONCILE HIS DESIRES ) ?OSE ( O!RS1 9 ORD] TO >RIVE AT A MODUS VIV5DI :I* SATISFIES HIM AS WELL AS O!RS4 ,?IS 9VOLVES A LIMITATION ON FRE$OM1 & %[S ?AT FRE$OM1 9 ITS ABSOLUTE S5SE1 C\LD NOT SOLVE ! QUE/ION ( A HAPPY & VOLUNT>Y CO-EXI/5CE4 

,! QUE/ION CAN ONLY BE RESOLV$ BY SOLID>ITY1 BRO!RHOOD & LOVE1 AS A RESULT ( :I* ! SACRIFIC+ ( DESIRES :I* >E IRRECONCILABLE ) ?OSE ( O!RS1 IS VOLUNT>ILY & WILL+LY MADE4 

,BUT :5 ONE TALKS ( FRE$OM POLITICALLY1 & NOT PHILOSOPHICALLY1 NOBODY ?9KS ( ! METAPHYSICAL BOGEY ( AB/RACT MAN :O EXI/S \TSIDE ! COSMIC & SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T & :O1 LIKE SOME GOD1 C\LD DO :AT HE WI%ES 9 ! ABSOLUTE S5SE ( ! WORD4 

,:5 ONE TALKS ( FRE$OM ONE IS SPEAK+ ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* NO ONE C\LD CON/RA9 HIS FELL[ BE+S )\T MEET+ ) VIGOR\S RESI/ANCE1 9 :I*1 ABOVE ALL1 NOBODY C\LD SEIZE & USE ! COLLECTIVE =CE TO IMPOSE HIS [N WI%ES ON O!RS & ON ! V]Y GR\PS :I* >E ! S\RCE ( P[]4 

,MAN IS NOT P]FECT1 AGRE$4 ,BUT ?IS IS ONE REASON MORE1 P]HAPS ! /RONGE/ REASON1 = NOT GIV+ ANYONE ! MEANS TO 0PUT ! BRAKES ON 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM40 

,MAN IS NOT P]FECT4 ,BUT !N :]E WILL ONE ALSO F9D M5 :O >E NOT ONLY GOOD 5\< TO LIVE AT PEACE ) O!RS1 BUT ALSO CAPABLE ( CONTROLL+ ! LIVES ( O!RS 9 AN AU?ORIT>IAN WAY8 ,& ASSUM+ ?AT !RE W]E1 :O W\LD APPO9T !M8 ,W\LD !Y IMPOSE !MSELVES8 ,BUT :O W\LD PROTECT !M FROM ! RESI/ANCE & ! VIOL5CE ( ! 0CRIM9ALS08 ,OR W\LD !Y BE *OS5 BY ! 0SOV]EIGN PEOPLE10 :I* IS CONSID]$ TOO IGNORANT & TOO WICK$ TO LIVE 9 PEACE1 BUT :I* SUDD5LY ACQUIRES ALL ! NECESS>Y GOOD QUALITIES :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( ASK+ IT TO *OOSE ITS RUL]S8 444 

,! H>MONI\S SOCIETY CANNOT >ISE O!R ?AN FROM FREE WILLS COOP]AT+ FREELY UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE & 9 ORD] TO SATISFY ?AT NE$ = BRO!RHOOD & LOVE1 :I* ALWAYS FL\RI%ES AMONG M5 ONCE !Y >E FRE$ FROM ! FE> ( BE+ IMPOS$ UPON & ( LACK+ ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE = !MSELVES & !IR DEP5D5TS4.<#g#e.> 

,WE PRIDE \RSELVES ) BE+1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 ADVOCATES ( FRE$OM2 FRE$OM NOT = US ALONE1 BUT = EV]YBODY2 FRE$OM NOT ONLY = ?AT :I* SEEMS TO US TO BE ! TRU?1 BUT ALSO = ?AT :I* MI<T BE OR APPE>S TO BE ]ROR4444 

,\R DEM& IS SIMPLY = :AT C\LD BE CALL$ SOCIAL FRE$OM1 :I* IS EQUAL FRE$OM = ALL1 AN EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS SU* AS TO ALL[ EV]YBODY TO DO AS !Y WI%1 ) ! ONLY LIMITATION1 IMPOS$ BY 9EVITABLE NATURAL NECESSITIES & ! EQUAL FRE$OM ( O!RS4444 

,! FRE$OM WE WANT IS NOT ! AB/RACT RI<T1 BUT ! P[]1 TO DO AS ONE WI%ES2 IT !RE=E PRESUPPOSES ?AT EV]YBODY HAS ! MEANS TO LIVE & TO ACT )\T BE+ SUBJECT$ TO ! WI%ES ( O!RS4 ,& S9CE TO MA9TA9 LIFE IT IS ESS5TIAL TO PRODUCE1 ! PR]EQUISITE ( FRE$OM IS ?AT ALL L&1 RAW MAT]IALS & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION %\LD BE AT ! FREE DISPOSAL ( ALL4.<#g#f.> 

,9DE$ IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( RI<T OR WRONG2 IT IS A QUE/ION ( FRE$OM = EV]YBODY1 FRE$OM = EA* 9DIVIDUAL SO LONG AS HE RESPECTS ! EQUAL FRE$OM ( O!RS4 

,NONE CAN JUDGE ) C]TA9TY :O IS RI<T & :O IS WRONG1 :O IS NE>E/ TO ! TRU?1 OR :I* IS ! BE/ WAY TO A*IEVE ! GREATE/ GOOD = EA* & EV]YONE4 ,FRE$OM C\PL$ ) EXP]I5CE1 IS ! ONLY WAY ( DISCOV]+ ! TRU? & :AT IS BE/2 & !RE CAN BE NO FRE$OM IF !RE IS A D5IAL ( ! FRE$OM TO ]R4.<#g#g.> 

,:O1 9 ANY CASE1 IS TO TELL US :AT IS TRU? & :AT ]ROR8 ,%ALL WE HAVE TO E/ABLI% A M9I/RY ( PUBLIC $UCATION ) ITS QUALIFI$ TEA*]S1 RECOGNIZ$ TEXTBOOKS1 S*OOL 9SPECTORS1 ETC48 ,& ALL ?IS 9 ! NAME ( ! 0PEOPLE10 JU/ AS ) ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 :O WANT TO GET P[] 9 ! NAME ( ! 0PROLET>IAT08 ,& ! CORRUPTION ?AT IS EX]CIS$ BY P[]1 ?AT IS1 ! FACT ( ?9K+ ?AT ONE HAS ! RI<T1 & IS 9 A POSITION1 TO IMPOSE ONE'S [N WI%ES ON O!RS8 

,) GOOD REASON WE SAY ?AT :5 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS GO TO ,P>LIAM5T !Y VIRTUALLY CEASE TO BE SOCIALI/S4 ,BUT ?IS1 SURELY1 DOES NOT /EM FROM ! MAT]IAL ACTION ( TAK+ A SEAT 9 AN ,ASSEMBLY :I* IS CALL$ ,P>LIAM5T2 IT IS ! P[] :I* GOES ) ! TITLE ( MEMB] ( P>LIAM5T .<:I* CORRUPTS.>4 

,IF WE1 9 ANY WAY1 DOM9ATE ! LIVES ( O!RS & PREV5T !M FROM DO+ :AT !Y WI% TO DO1 !N = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES WE CEASE TO BE AN>*I/S4.<#g#h.> 

,BY ALL MEANS LET !M GO ON CALL+ US PURE S5TIM5TALI/S AS LONG AS !Y LIKE BUT WE CANNOT DO O!RWISE ?AN PROTE/ L\DLY AGA9/ ! REACTION>Y1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 DE/RUCTIVE !ORY :I* /ATES ?AT FRE$OM IS A GOOD PR9CIPLE = A FUTURE SOCIETY BUT NOT = ! PRES5T4 ,IT IS 9 ! NAME ( ?IS !ORY ?AT EXI/+ TYRANNIES HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$1 & WILL BE E/ABLI%$1 IF ! PEOPLE ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE TAK5 94 

,L\IS ,BLANC1 ! HI/ORIAN ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 WANT+ TO EXPLA9 & JU/IFY ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! ALLEG$ HUMANIT>IAN & LIB]AL ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,JACOB9S1 & ! FI]CE TYRANNY !Y IMPOS$ ONCE !Y W]E 9 P[]1 9 FACT DREW A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! 0REPUBLIC0 :I* WAS !N AN 9/ITUTION /ILL TO COME1 9 :I* PR9CIPLES W\LD BE APPLI$ 9 FULL MEASURE1 ) ! 0REVOLUTION0 :I* WAS ! PRES5T1 & S]V$ TO JU/IFY ALL TYRANNIES AS A MEANS TO A*IEVE ! TRIUMPH ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 ,:AT FOLL[$ WAS ! USE ( ! GUILLOT9E UPON ! BE/ REVOLUTION>IES AS WELL AS UPON A VA/ NUMB] ( UN=TUNATES1 CONSOLIDATION ( ! B\RGEOIS P[]1 ! ,EMPIRE & ! ,RE/ORATION4444 

,TO FI<T \R 5EMIES EFFECTIVELY1 WE DO NOT NE$ TO D5Y ! PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM1 NOT EV5 = ONE MOM5T3 IT IS SUFFICI5T = US TO WANT REAL FRE$OM & TO WANT IT = ALL1 = \RSELVES AS WELL AS = O!RS4 

,WE WANT TO EXPROPRIATE ! PROP]TY-[N+ CLASS1 & ) VIOL5CE1 S9CE IT IS ) VIOL5CE ?AT !Y HOLD ON TO SOCIAL WEAL? & USE IT TO EXPLOIT ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,NOT BECAUSE FRE$OM IS A GOOD ?+ = ! FUTURE1 BUT BECAUSE IT IS1 AT ALL TIMES1 A GOOD ?+1 TODAY AS WELL AS TOMORR[1 & ! PROP]TY [N]S BY D5Y+ US ! MEANS = EX]CIS+ \R FRE$OM1 9 EFFECT1 TAKE IT AWAY FROM US4 

,WE WANT TO OV]?R[ ! GOV]NM5T1 ALL GOV]NM5TS--& OV]?R[ !M ) VIOL5CE S9CE IT IS BY ! USE ( VIOL5CE ?AT !Y =CE US 9TO OBEY+--& ONCE AGA91 NOT BECAUSE WE SNE] AT FRE$OM :5 IT DOES NOT S]VE \R 9T]E/S BUT BECAUSE GOV]NM5TS >E ! NEGATION ( FRE$OM & IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO BE FREE )\T BE+ RID ( !M4 

,BY =CE WE WANT TO DEPRIVE ! PRIE/S ( !IR PRIVILEGES1 BECAUSE ) !SE PRIVILEGES1 SECUR$ BY ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 !Y D5Y O!RS ! RI<T1 ?AT IS1 ! MEANS1 ( EQUAL FRE$OM TO PROPAGATE !IR IDEAS & BELIEFS4 

,! FRE$OM TO OPPRESS1 TO EXPLOIT1 TO OBLIGE PEOPLE TO TAKE UP >MS1 TO PAY TAXES1 ETC41 IS ! D5IAL ( FRE$OM2 & ! FACT ?AT \R 5EMIES MAKE IRRELEVANT & HYPOCRITICAL USE ( ! WORD FRE$OM IS NOT 5\< TO MAKE US D5Y ! PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM :I* IS ! \T/&+ *>ACT]I/IC ( \R MOVEM5T & A P]MAN5T1 CON/ANT & NECESS>Y FACTOR 9 ! LIFE & PROGRESS ( HUMANITY4 

,EQUAL FRE$OM = ALL & ! RI<T1 !RE=E1 TO RESI/ EV]Y VIOLATION ( FRE$OM1 & RESI/ ) BRUTE =CE :5 ! VIOLATION IS MA9TA9$ BY BRUTE =CE & !RE IS NO BETT] WAY TO OPPOSE IT SUCCESSFULLY4 

,& ?IS PR9CIPLE IS TRUE TODAY & REMA9S TRUE AT ALL TIMES1 S9CE 9 ANY FUTURE SOCIETY IF ANYONE WI%$ TO OPPRESS ANO!R HUMAN BE+1 ! LATT] W\LD HAVE ! RI<T TO RESI/ & TO USE =CE TO RESI/ =CE4 

,& FUR!RMORE1 :5 DOES ! PRES5T SOCIETY CEASE TO EXI/ & ! FUTURE SOCIETY BEG98 ,:5 WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAS DEF9ITELY 5D$ & ! UNOPPOS$ TRIUMPH ( A FREE & EQUALIT>IAN SOCIETY />T$8 ,IF SOME PEOPLE WILL HAVE ASSUM$ ! RI<T TO VIOLATE ANYBODY'S FRE$OM ON ! PRETEXT ( PREP>+ ! TRIUMPH ( FRE$OM1 !Y WILL ALWAYS F9D ?AT ! PEOPLE >E NOT YET SUFFICI5TLY MATURE1 ?AT ! DANG]S ( REACTION >E EV]-PRES5T1 ?AT ! $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE HAS NOT YET BE5 COMPLET$4 ,& ) !SE EXCUSES !Y WILL SEEK TO P]PETUATE !IR [N P[]--:I* C\LD BEG9 AS ! /R5G? ( A PEOPLE UP 9 >MS1 BUT :I*1 IF NOT CONTROLL$ BY A PR(\ND FEEL+ = ! FRE$OM ( ALL1 W\LD SOON BECOME A REAL GOV]NM5T1 NO DIFF]5T FROM ! GOV]NM5TS ( TODAY4 

,BUT1 WE %ALL BE TOLD1 Y\ !RE=E WANT ! PRIE/S TO GO ON BRA9WA%+ ! Y\NG ) !IR LIES8 

,NO1 WE BELIEVE IT IS NECESS>Y1 & URG5T1 TO DE/ROY ! H>MFUL 9FLU5CE ( ! PRIE/1 BUT WE ALSO BELIEVE ?AT ! ONLY MEANS TO A*IEVE SUCCESS IS FRE$OM--FRE$OM = \RSELVES & = !M4 ,BY ! USE ( =CE WE WANT TO DEPRIVE ! PRIE/S ( ALL ! PRIVILEGES & ADVANTAGES :I* !Y [E TO ! PROTECTION !Y RECEIVE FROM ! ,/ATE & TO ! CONDITIONS ( POV]TY & SUBJECTION UND] :I* ! WORK]S LIVE2 BUT ONCE ?IS HAS BE5 A*IEV$1 WE RELY & CAN ONLY RELY ON ! P[] ( TRU?1 ?AT IS1 ON >GUM5T4 ,WE >E AN>*I/S BECAUSE WE BELIEVE ?AT NO GOOD COMES FROM AU?ORITY1 OR IF SOME RELATIVE GOOD C\LD COME FROM IT1 ! CONSEQU5T H>M DONE W\LD BE A HUNDR$ TIMES GREAT]4 

,SOME TALK ( ! RI<T TO PREV5T ! DISSEM9ATION ( ]ROR4 ,BUT ) :I* MEANS8 

,IF ! /RONGE/ CURR5T ( OP9ION SUPPORTS ! PRIE/S1 !N IT IS ! PRIE/S :O WILL OB/RUCT \R PROPAG&A2 & IF1 9/EAD1 OP9ION IS ON \R SIDE1 :AT NE$ IS !RE TO D5Y FRE$OM 9 ORD] TO COMBAT AN 9FLU5CE ON ! WANE1 & RUN ! RISK ?AT PEOPLE WILL FEEL SYMPA?Y = IT BECAUSE IT IS BE+ P]SECUT$8 ,ALL O!R CONSID]ATIONS AP>T1 IT IS 9 \R 9T]E/ ALWAYS TO BE ON ! SIDE ( FRE$OM1 BECAUSE1 AS A M9ORITY PROCLAIM+ FRE$OM = ALL1 WE W\LD BE 9 A /RONG] POSITION TO DEM& ?AT O!RS %\LD RESPECT \R FRE$OM2 & IF WE >E A MAJORITY WE WILL HAVE NO REASON1 IF WE REALLY DO NOT ASPIRE TO DOM9ATE1 TO VIOLATE ! FRE$OM ( O!RS4444 ,SO FRE$OM = EV]YBODY & 9 EV]Y?+1 ) ! ONLY LIMIT ( ! EQUAL FRE$OM = O!RS2 :I* DOES NOT MEAN--IT IS ALMO/ RIDICUL\S TO HAVE TO PO9T ?IS \T--?AT WE RECOGNIZE1 & WI% TO RESPECT1 ! 0FRE$OM0 TO EXPLOIT1 TO OPPRESS1 TO COMM&1 :I* IS OPPRESSION & C]TA9LY NOT FRE$OM4.<#g#i.> 

#e4 ,AN>*ISM & ,VIOL5CE 

,AN>*I/S >E OPPOS$ TO VIOL5CE2 EV]YONE KN[S ?AT4 ,! MA9 PLANK ( AN>*ISM IS ! REMOVAL ( VIOL5CE FROM HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,IT IS LIFE BAS$ ON ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( ! G5D>ME4 ,= ?IS REASON WE >E 5EMIES ( CAPITALISM :I* DEP5DS ON ! PROTECTION ( ! G5D>ME TO OBLIGE WORK]S TO ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE EXPLOIT$--OR EV5 TO REMA9 IDLE & GO HUNGRY :5 IT IS NOT 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! BOSSES TO EXPLOIT !M4 ,WE >E !RE=E 5EMIES ( ! ,/ATE :I* IS ! CO]CIVE1 VIOL5T ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 

,BUT IF A MAN ( HONOR DECL>ES ?AT HE BELIEVES IT /UPID & B>B>\S TO >GUE ) A /ICK 9 HIS H& & ?AT IT IS UNJU/ & EVIL TO OBLIGE A P]SON TO OBEY ! WILL ( ANO!R AT PI/OL PO9T1 IS IT1 P]HAPS1 REASONABLE TO D$UCE ?AT ?AT G5TLEMAN 9T5DS TO ALL[ HIMSELF TO BE BEAT5 UP & BE MADE TO SUBMIT TO ! WILL ( ANO!R )\T HAV+ REC\RSE TO MORE EXTREME MEANS = HIS DEF5SE8 

,VIOL5CE IS JU/IFIABLE ONLY :5 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DEF5D ONESELF & O!RS FROM VIOL5CE4 ,IT IS :]E NECESSITY CEASES ?AT CRIME BEG9S4444 

,! SLAVE IS ALWAYS 9 A /ATE ( LEGITIMATE DEF5SE & CONSEQU5TLY1 HIS VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! BOSS1 AGA9/ ! OPPRESSOR1 IS ALWAYS MORALLY JU/IFIABLE1 & MU/ BE CONTROLL$ ONLY BY SU* CONSID]ATIONS AS ?AT ! BE/ & MO/ ECONOMICAL USE IS BE+ MADE ( HUMAN EF=T & HUMAN SUFF]+S4.<#h.> 

,!RE >E C]TA9LY O!R M51 O!R P>TIES & S*OOLS ( ?\<T :I* >E AS S9C]ELY MOTIVAT$ BY ! G5]AL GOOD AS >E ! BE/ AMONG US4 ,BUT :AT DI/+UI%ES ! AN>*I/S FROM ALL ! O!RS IS 9 FACT !IR HORROR ( VIOL5CE1 !IR DESIRE & 9T5TION TO ELIM9ATE PHYSICAL VIOL5CE FROM HUMAN RELATIONS4444 ,BUT :Y1 !N1 IT MAY BE ASK$1 HAVE AN>*I/S 9 ! PRES5T /RUGGLE .<AGA9/ ,FASCISM.> ADVOCAT$ & US$ VIOL5CE :5 IT IS 9 CONTRADICTION ) !IR DECL>$ 5DS8 ,SO MU* SO ?AT MANY CRITICS1 SOME 9 GOOD FAI?1 & ALL :O >E 9 BAD FAI?1 HAVE COME TO BELIEVE ?AT ! DI/+UI%+ *>ACT]I/IC ( AN>*ISM IS1 9 FACT1 VIOL5CE4 ,! QUE/ION MAY SEEM EMB>RASS+1 BUT IT CAN BE ANSW]$ 9 A FEW WORDS4 ,= TWO PEOPLE TO LIVE 9 PEACE !Y MU/ BO? WANT PEACE2 IF ONE ( !M 9SI/S ON US+ =CE TO OBLIGE ! O!R TO WORK = HIM & S]VE HIM1 !N ! O!R1 IF HE WI%ES TO RETA9 HIS DIGNITY AS A MAN & NOT BE R$UC$ TO ABJECT SLAV]Y1 WILL BE OBLIG$1 9 SPITE ( HIS LOVE ( PEACE1 TO RESI/ =CE ) ADEQUATE MEANS4.<#h#a.> 

,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ GOV]NM5T IS1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 PHYSICAL1 MAT]IAL4 

,GOV]NM5TS MAKE ! LAW4 ,!Y MU/ !RE=E DISPOSE ( ! MAT]IAL =CES 7POLICE & >MY7 TO IMPOSE ! LAW1 = O!RWISE ONLY ?OSE :O WANT$ TO W\LD OBEY IT1 & IT W\LD NO LONG] BE ! LAW1 BUT A SIMPLE S]IES ( SUGGE/IONS :I* ALL W\LD BE FREE TO ACCEPT OR REJECT4 ,GOV]NM5TS HAVE ?IS P[]1 H[EV]1 & USE IT ?R\< ! LAW1 TO /R5G!N !IR P[]1 AS WELL AS TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 BY OPPRESS+ & EXPLOIT+ ! WORK]S4 

,! ONLY LIMIT TO ! OPPRESSION ( GOV]NM5T IS ! P[] ) :I* ! PEOPLE %[ !MSELVES CAPABLE ( OPPOS+ IT4 

,CONFLICT MAY BE OP5 OR LAT5T2 BUT IT ALWAYS EXI/S S9CE ! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT PAY ATT5TION TO DISCONT5T & POPUL> RESI/ANCE EXCEPT :5 IT IS FAC$ ) ! DANG] ( 9SURRECTION4 

,:5 ! PEOPLE MEEKLY SUBMIT TO ! LAW1 OR !IR PROTE/S >E FEEBLE & CONF9$ TO WORDS1 ! GOV]NM5T /UDIES ITS [N 9T]E/S & IGNORES ! NE$S ( ! PEOPLE2 :5 ! PROTE/S >E LIVELY1 9SI/5T1 ?REAT5+1 ! GOV]NM5T1 DEP5D+ ON :E!R IT IS MORE OR LESS UND]/&+1 GIVES WAY OR RESORTS TO REPRESSION4 ,BUT ONE ALWAYS COMES BACK TO 9SURRECTION1 = IF ! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT GIVE WAY1 ! PEOPLE WILL 5D BY REBELL+2 & IF ! GOV]NM5T DOES GIVE WAY1 !N ! PEOPLE GA9 CONFID5CE 9 !MSELVES & MAKE EV] 9CREAS+ DEM&S1 UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 FRE$OM & AU?ORITY BECOMES CLE> & ! VIOL5T /RUGGLE IS 5GAG$4 

,IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y TO BE PREP>$1 MORALLY & MAT]IALLY1 SO ?AT :5 ?IS DOES HAPP5 ! PEOPLE WILL EM]GE VICTORI\S4.<#h#b.> 

,?IS REVOLUTION MU/ ( NECESSITY BE VIOL5T1 EV5 ?\< VIOL5CE IS 9 ITSELF AN EVIL4 ,IT MU/ BE VIOL5T BECAUSE IT W\LD BE FOLLY TO HOPE ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES WILL RECOGNIZE ! 9JU/ICE (1 & H>M CAUS$ BY1 !IR PRIVILEG$ /ATUS1 & VOLUNT>ILY R5\NCE IT4 ,IT MU/ BE VIOL5T BECAUSE A TRANSITIONAL1 REVOLUTION>Y1 VIOL5CE IS ! ONLY WAY TO PUT AN 5D TO ! F> GREAT]1 & P]MAN5T1 VIOL5CE :I* KEEPS ! MAJORITY ( MANK9D 9 S]VITUDE4.<#h#c.> 

,! B\RGEOISIE WILL NOT ALL[ ITSELF TO BE EXPROPRIAT$ )\T A /RUGGLE1 & ONE WILL ALWAYS HAVE TO RESORT TO ! C\P DE =CE1 TO ! VIOLATION ( LEGAL ORD] BY ILLEGAL MEANS4.<#h#d.> 

,WE TOO >E DEEPLY UNHAPPY AT ?IS NE$ = VIOL5T /RUGGLE4 ,WE :O PREA* LOVE1 & :O /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE A /ATE ( SOCIETY 9 :I* AGREEM5T & LOVE >E POSSIBLE AMONG M51 SUFF] MORE ?AN ANYBODY BY ! NECESSITY ) :I* WE >E CONFRONT$ ( HAV+ TO DEF5D \RSELVES ) VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! VIOL5CE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,H[EV]1 TO R5\NCE A LIB]AT+ VIOL5CE1 :5 IT IS ! ONLY WAY TO 5D ! DAILY SUFF]+S & ! SAVAGE C>NAGE :I* AFFLICT MANK9D1 W\LD BE TO CONNIVE AT ! CLASS ANTAGONISMS WE DEPLORE & AT ! EVILS :I* >ISE FROM !M4.<#h#e.> 

,WE NEI!R SEEK TO IMPOSE ANY?+ BY =CE NOR DO WE WI% TO SUBMIT TO A VIOL5T IMPOSITION4 

,WE 9T5D TO USE =CE AGA9/ GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE IT IS BY =CE ?AT WE >E KEPT 9 SUBJECTION BY GOV]NM5T4 

,WE 9T5D TO EXPROPRIATE ! [N]S ( PROP]TY BECAUSE IT IS BY =CE ?AT !Y )HOLD ! RAW MAT]IALS & WEAL?1 :I* IS ! FRUIT ( HUMAN LABOR1 & USE IT TO OBLIGE O!RS TO WORK 9 !IR 9T]E/4 

,WE %ALL RESI/ ) =CE :OEV] W\LD WI% BY =CE1 TO RETA9 OR REGA9 ! MEANS TO IMPOSE HIS WILL & EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( O!RS4 

,WE W\LD RESI/ ) =CE ANY 0DICTATOR%IP0 OR 0CON/ITU5T0 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO IMPOSE ITSELF ON ! MASSES 9 REVOLT4 ,& WE WILL FI<T ! REPUBLIC AS WE FI<T ! MON>*Y1 IF BY REPUBLIC IS MEANT A GOV]NM5T1 H[EV] IT MAY HAVE COME TO P[]1 :I* MAKES LAWS & DISPOSES ( MILIT>Y & P5AL P[]S TO OBLIGE ! PEOPLE TO OBEY4 

,) ! EXCEPTION ( !SE CASES1 9 :I* ! USE ( =CE IS JU/IFI$ AS A DEF5SE AGA9/ =CE1 WE >E ALWAYS AGA9/ VIOL5CE1 & = SELF-DET]M9ATION4.<#h#f.> 

,I HAVE REPEAT$ A ?\S& TIMES ?AT ,I BELIEVE ?AT NOT TO 0ACTIVELY0 RESI/ EVIL1 ADEQUATELY & BY EV]Y POSSIBLE WAY IS1 9 !ORY ABSURD1 BECAUSE IT IS 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! AIM ( AVOID+ & DE/ROY+ EVIL1 & 9 PRACTICE IMMORAL BECAUSE IT IS A D5IAL ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY & ! DUTY ?AT /EMS FROM IT TO DEF5D ! WEAK & ! OPPRESS$ ,I ?9K ?AT A REGIME :I* IS BORN ( VIOL5CE & :I* CONT9UES TO EXI/ BY VIOL5CE CANNOT BE OV]?R[N EXCEPT BY A CORRESPOND+ & PROPORTIONATE VIOL5CE1 & ?AT ONE IS !RE=E EI!R /UPID OR DECEIV$ 9 RELY+ ON LEGALITY :]E ! OPPRESSORS CAN *ANGE ! LAW TO SUIT !IR [N 5DS4 ,BUT ,I BELIEVE ?AT VIOL5CE IS1 = US :O AIM AT PEACE AMONG M51 & JU/ICE & FRE$OM = ALL1 AN UNPLEASANT NECESSITY1 :I* MU/ CEASE ! MOM5T LIB]ATION IS A*IEV$--?AT IS1 AT ! PO9T :]E DEF5SE & SECURITY >E NO LONG] ?REAT5$--OR BECOME A CRIME AGA9/ HUMANITY1 & ! H>B+] ( NEW OPPRESSION & 9JU/ICE6.<#h#g.> 

,WE >E ON PR9CIPLE OPPOS$ TO VIOL5CE & = ?IS REASON WI% ?AT ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE %\LD BE CONDUCT$ AS HUMANELY AS POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE W\LD WI% IT TO BE LESS DET]M9$1 LESS ?OR\<GO+2 9DE$ WE >E ( ! OP9ION ?AT 9 ! LONG RUN HALF MEASURES ONLY 9DEF9ITELY PROLONG ! /RUGGLE1 NEUTRALIZ+ IT AS WELL AS 5C\RAG+ MORE ( ! K9D ( VIOL5CE :I* ONE WI%ES TO AVOID4 ,NEI!R DOES IT MEAN ?AT WE LIMIT ! RI<T ( SELF-DEF5SE TO RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ACTUAL OR IMM95T ATTACK4 ,= US ! OPPRESS$ >E ALWAYS 9 A /ATE ( LEGITIMATE DEF5SE & >E FULLY JU/IFI$ 9 RIS+ )\T WAIT+ TO BE ACTUALLY FIR$ ON2 & WE >E FULLY AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ATTACK IS (T5 ! BE/ MEANS ( DEF5SE4444 

,REV5GE1 P]SI/5T HATR$1 CRUELTY TO ! VANQUI%$ :5 !Y HAVE BE5 OV]COME1 >E UND]/&ABLE REACTIONS & CAN EV5 BE =GIV51 9 ! HEAT ( ! /RUGGLE1 9 ?OSE :OSE DIGNITY HAS BE5 CRUELLY (F5D$1 & :OSE MO/ 9TIMATE FEEL+S HAVE BE5 \TRAG$4 ,BUT TO CONDONE F]OCI\S ANTI-HUMAN FEEL+S & RAISE !M TO ! LEVEL ( A PR9CIPLE1 ADVOCAT+ !M AS A TACTIC = A MOVEM5T1 IS BO? EVIL & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 

,= US REVOLUTION MU/ NOT MEAN ! SUB/ITUTION ( ONE OPPRESSOR = ANO!R1 ( \R DOM9ATION = ?AT ( O!RS4 ,WE WANT ! MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL ELEVATION ( MAN2 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( EV]Y DI/9CTION BETWE5 VANQUI%$ & CONQU]ORS2 S9C]E BRO!RHOOD AMONG ALL MANK9D--)\T :I* HI/ORY W\LD CONT9UE1 AS 9 ! PA/1 TO BE AN ALT]NATION BETWE5 OPPRESSION & REBELLION1 AT ! EXP5SE ( REAL PROGRESS1 & 9 ! LONG T]M TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( EV]YBODY1 ! CONQU]ORS NO LESS ?AN ! VANQUI%$4.<#h#h.> 

,IT IS ABUNDANTLY CLE> ?AT VIOL5CE IS NE$$ TO RESI/ ! VIOL5CE ( ! ADV]S>Y1 & WE MU/ ADVOCATE & PREP>E IT1 IF WE DO NOT WI% ! PRES5T SITUATION ( SLAV]Y 9 DISGUISE1 9 :I* MO/ ( HUMANITY F9DS ITSELF1 TO CONT9UE & WORS54 ,BUT VIOL5CE CONTA9S )9 ITSELF ! DANG] ( TRANS=M+ ! REVOLUTION 9TO A BRUTAL /RUGGLE )\T ! LI<T ( AN IDEAL & )\T POSSIBILITIES ( A B5EFICIAL \TCOME2 & = ?IS REASON ONE MU/ /RESS ! MORAL AIMS ( ! MOVEM5T1 & ! NE$1 & ! DUTY1 TO CONTA9 VIOL5CE )9 ! LIMITS ( /RICT NECESSITY4 

,WE DO NOT SAY ?AT VIOL5CE IS GOOD :5 WE USE IT & H>MFUL :5 O!RS USE IT AGA9/ US4 ,WE SAY ?AT VIOL5CE IS JU/IFIABLE1 GOOD & 0MORAL10 AS WELL AS A DUTY :5 IT IS US$ 9 ONE'S [N DEF5SE & ?AT ( O!RS1 AGA9/ ! DEM&S ( ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 VIOL5CE2 IT IS EVIL & 0IMMORAL0 IF IT S]VES TO VIOLATE ! FRE$OM ( O!RS4444 

,WE >E NOT 0PACIFI/S0 BECAUSE PEACE IS NOT POSSIBLE UNLESS IT IS DESIR$ BY BO? SIDES4 

,WE CONSID] VIOL5CE A NECESSITY & A DUTY = DEF5SE1 BUT ONLY = DEF5SE4 ,& WE MEAN NOT ONLY = DEF5SE AGA9/ DIRECT1 SUDD51 PHYSICAL ATTACK1 BUT AGA9/ ALL ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS :I* USE =CE TO KEEP ! PEOPLE 9 A /ATE ( S]VITUDE4 

,WE >E AGA9/ FASCISM & WE W\LD WI% ?AT IT W]E WEAK5$ BY OPPOS+ TO ITS VIOL5CE A GREAT] VIOL5CE4 ,& WE >E1 ABOVE ALL1 AGA9/ GOV]NM5T1 :I* IS P]MAN5T VIOL5CE4.<#h#i.> 

,TO MY M9D IF VIOL5CE IS JU/IFIABLE EV5 BEYOND ! NE$S ( SELF-DEF5SE1 !N IT IS JU/IFI$ :5 IT IS US$ AGA9/ US1 & WE W\LD HAVE NO GR\NDS = PROTE/4.<#i.> 

,TO ! ALLEG$ 9CAPACITY ( ! PEOPLE WE DO NOT (F] A SOLUTION BY PUTT+ \RSELVES 9 ! PLACE ( ! =M] OPPRESSORS4 ,ONLY FRE$OM OR ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM CAN BE ! S*OOL = FRE$OM4 

,BUT1 Y\ WILL SAY1 TO />T A REVOLUTION & BR+ IT TO ITS CONCLUSION ONE NE$S A =CE :I* IS ALSO >M$4 ,& :O D5IES ?IS8 ,BUT ?IS >M$ =CE1 OR RA!R ! NUM]\S >M$ REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS1 WILL BE P]=M+ A REVOLUTION>Y TASK IF !Y S]VE TO FREE ! PEOPLE & PREV5T ! REEM]G5CE ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT !Y WILL BE TOOLS ( REACTION & DE/ROY !IR [N A*IEVEM5TS IF !Y >E PREP>$ TO BE US$ TO IMPOSE A P>TICUL> K9D ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OR ! PROGRAM ( A P>TICUL> P>TY4444.<#i#a.> 

,REVOLUTION BE+1 BY ! NECESSITY ( ?+S1 VIOL5T ACTION1 T5DS TO DEVELOP1 RA!R ?AN REMOVE1 ! SPIRIT ( VIOL5CE4 ,BUT ! REVOLUTION AS CONCEIV$ BY AN>*I/S IS ! LEA/ VIOL5T ( ALL & SEEKS TO HALT ALL VIOL5CE AS SOON AS ! NE$ TO USE =CE TO OPPOSE ?AT ( ! GOV]NM5T & ! B\RGEOISIE1 CEASES4 

,AN>*I/S RECOGNIZE VIOL5CE ONLY AS A MEANS ( LEGITIMATE DEF5SE2 & IF TODAY !Y >E 9 FAVOR ( VIOL5CE IT IS BECAUSE !Y MA9TA9 ?AT SLAVES >E ALWAYS 9 A /ATE ( LEGITIMATE DEF5SE4 ,BUT ! AN>*I/ IDEAL IS = A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! FACTOR ( VIOL5CE HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$1 & !IR IDEAL S]VES TO RE/RA91 CORRECT & DE/ROY ! SPIRIT ( REV5GE :I* REVOLUTION1 AS A PHYSICAL ACT1 W\LD T5D TO DEVELOP4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! REM$Y W\LD NEV] BE ! ORGANIZATION & CONSOLIDATION ( VIOL5CE 9 ! H&S ( A GOV]NM5T OR DICTATOR%IP1 :I* CANNOT BE F\ND$ ON ANY?+ BUT BRUTE =CE & RECOGNITION ( ! AU?ORITY ( POLICE--& MILIT>Y--=CES4.<#i#b.> 

444 ,AN ]ROR1 ! OPPOSITE ( ! ONE :I* ! T]RORI/S MAKE1 ?REAT5S ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,P>TLY AS A REACTION TO ! ABUSE ( VIOL5CE DUR+ REC5T YE>S1 P>TLY AS A RESULT ( ! SURVIVAL ( ,*RI/IAN IDEAS1 & ABOVE ALL1 AS A RESULT ( ! MY/ICAL PREA*+ ( ,TOL/OY1 :I* [E !IR POPUL>ITY & PRE/IGE TO ! G5IUS & HI< MORAL QUALITIES ( !IR AU?OR1 AN>*I/S >E BEG9N+ TO PAY S]I\S ATT5TION TO ! P>TY ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE1 :OSE BASIC PR9CIPLE IS ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ ALL[ HIMSELF & O!RS TO BE P]SECUT$ & DESPIS$ RA!R ?AN H>M ! AGGRESSOR4 ,IT IS :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ PASSIVE AN>*Y4 

,S9CE !RE >E SOME1 UPSET BY MY AV]SION TO USELESS & H>MFUL VIOL5CE1 :O HAVE BE5 SUGGE/+ ?AT ,I DISPLAY$ TOL/OYANI/ T5D5CIES1 ,I TAKE ! OPPORTUNITY TO DECL>E ?AT1 9 MY OP9ION1 ?IS DOCTR9E H[EV] SUBLIMELY ALTRUI/IC IT MAY APPE> TO BE1 IS1 9 FACT ! NEGATION ( 9/9CT & SOCIAL DUTIES4 ,A MAN MAY1 IF HE IS A V]Y GOOD 444 ,*RI/IAN1 SUFF] EV]Y K9D ( PROVOCATION )\T DEF5D+ HIMSELF ) EV]Y WEAPON AT HIS DISPOSAL1 & /ILL REMA9 A MORAL MAN4 ,BUT W\LD HE NOT1 9 PRACTICE1 EV5 UNCONSCI\SLY1 BE A SUPREME EGOI/ W]E HE TO ALL[ O!RS TO BE P]SECUT$ )\T MAK+ ANY EF=T TO DEF5D !M8 ,IF1 = 9/ANCE1 HE W]E TO PREF] ?AT A CLASS %\LD BE R$UC$ TO ABJECT MIS]Y1 ?AT A PEOPLE %\LD BE D[NTRODD5 BY AN 9VAD]1 ?AT A MAN'S LIFE OR LIB]TY %\LD BE ABUS$1 RA!R ?AN BRUISE ! FLE% ( ! OPPRESSOR8 

,!RE CAN BE CASES :]E PASSIVE RESI/ANCE IS AN EFFECTIVE WEAPON1 & IT W\LD !N OBVI\SLY BE ! BE/ ( WEAPONS1 S9CE IT W\LD BE ! MO/ ECONOMIC 9 HUMAN SUFF]+4 ,BUT MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 TO PR(ESS PASSIVE RESI/ANCE ONLY S]VES TO REASSURE ! OPPRESSORS AGA9/ !IR FE> ( REBELLION1 & ?US IT BETRAYS ! CAUSE ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO OBS]VE H[ BO? ! T]RORI/S & ! TOL/OYANS1 JU/ BECAUSE BO? >E MY/ICS1 >RIVE AT PRACTICAL RESULTS :I* >E MORE OR LESS SIMIL>4 ,! =M] W\LD NOT HESITATE TO DE/ROY HALF MANK9D SO LONG AS ! IDEA TRIUMPH$2 ! LATT] W\LD BE PREP>$ TO LET ALL MANK9D REMA9 UND] ! YOKE ( GREAT SUFF]+ RA!R ?AN VIOLATE A PR9CIPLE4 

,= MYSELF1 ,I W\LD VIOLATE EV]Y PR9CIPLE 9 ! WORLD 9 ORD] TO SAVE A MAN3 :I* W\LD 9 FACT BE A QUE/ION ( RESPECT+ PR9CIPLE1 S9CE1 9 MY OP9ION1 ALL MORAL & SOCIOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES >E R$UC$ TO ?IS ONE PR9CIPLE3 ! GOOD ( MANK9D1 ! GOOD ( ALL MANK9D4.<#i#c.> 

#f4 ,ATT5TATS 

,I REMEMB] ?AT ON ! OCCASION ( A MU* PUBLICIZ$ AN>*I/ ATT5TAT A SOCIALI/ ( ! FIR/ RANK JU/ BACK FROM FI<T+ 9 ! ,GRECO-,TURKI% W>1 %\T$ FROM ! H\SETOPS ) ! APPROVAL ( HIS COMRADES1 ?AT HUMAN LIFE IS ALWAYS SACR$ & MU/ NOT BE ?REAT5$1 NOT EV5 9 ! CAUSE ( FRE$OM4 ,IT APPE>$ ?AT HE ACCEPT$ ! LIVES ( ,TURKS & ! CAUSE ( ,GREEK 9DEP5D5CE4 ,ILLOGICALITY1 OR HYPOCRISY8.<#i#d.> 

,AN>*I/ VIOL5CE IS ! ONLY VIOL5CE ?AT IS JU/IFIABLE1 :I* IS NOT CRIM9AL4 ,I AM ( C\RSE SPEAK+ ( VIOL5CE :I* HAS TRULY AN>*I/ *>ACT]I/ICS1 & NOT ( ?IS OR ?AT CASE ( BL9D & UNREASON+ VIOL5CE :I* HAS BE5 ATTRIBUT$ TO AN>*I/S1 OR :I* P]HAPS HAS BE5 COMMITT$ BY REAL AN>*I/S DRIV5 TO FURY BY ABOM9ABLE P]SECUTIONS1 OR BL9D$ BY OV]S5SITIV5ESS1 UNCONTROLL$ BY REASON1 AT ! SI<T ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICES1 ( SUFF]+ = ! SUFF]+S ( O!RS4 

,REAL AN>*I/ VIOL5CE IS ?AT :I* CEASES :5 ! NECESSITY ( DEF5SE & LIB]ATION 5DS4 ,IT IS TEMP]$ BY ! AW>5ESS ?AT 9DIVIDUALS 9 ISOLATION >E H>DLY1 IF AT ALL1 RESPONSIBLE = ! POSITION !Y OCCUPY ?R\< H]$ITY & 5VIRONM5T2 REAL AN>*I/ VIOL5CE IS NOT MOTIVAT$ BY HATR$ BUT BY LOVE2 & IS NOBLE BECAUSE IT AIMS AT ! LIB]ATION ( ALL & NOT AT ! SUB/ITUTION ( ONE'S [N DOM9ATION = ?AT ( O!RS4 

,!RE IS A POLITICAL P>TY 9 ,ITALY :I*1 AIM+ AT HI<LY CIVILIZ$ 5DS1 SET ITSELF ! TASK ( EXT+UI%+ ALL CONFID5CE 9 VIOL5CE AMONG ! MASSES 444 & HAS SUCCE$$ 9 R5D]+ !M 9CAPABLE ( ANY RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! RISE ( FASCISM4 ,IT SEEM$ TO ME ?AT ,TURATI HIMSELF MORE OR LESS CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ & LAM5T$ ! FACT 9 HIS SPEE* 9 ,P>IS COMMEMORAT+ ,JAURES4 

,! AN>*I/S >E )\T HYPOCRISY4 ,=CE MU/ BE RESI/$ BY =CE3 TODAY AGA9/ ! OPPRESSION ( TODAY2 TOMORR[ AGA9/ ?OSE :O MI<T REPLACE ?AT ( TODAY4.<#i#e.> 

,MC,K9LEY1 HEAD ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN OLIG>*Y1 ! 9/RUM5T & DEF5D] ( ! CAPITALI/ GIANTS1 ! BETRAY] ( ! ,CUBANS & ! ,FILIP9OS1 ! MAN :O AU?ORIZ$ ! MASSACRE ( ! /RIK]S ( ,HAZLETON1 ! TORTUR] ( ! WORK]S 9 ! 0MODEL REPUBLIC02 ,MC,K9LEY :O 9C>NAT$ ! MILIT>I/IC1 EXPANSIONI/ & IMP]IALI/ POLICIES ON :I* ! FAT ,AM]ICAN B\RGEOISIE HAVE EMB>K$1 HAS FALL5 F\L ( AN AN>*I/'S REVOLV]4 

,IF WE FEEL AT ALL DI/RESS$ IT IS = ! FATE 9 /ORE = ! G5]\S-HE>T$ MAN1 :O OPPORTUNELY OR 9OPPORTUNELY1 = GOOD OR TACTICALLY BAD REASONS1 GAVE HIMSELF 9 :OLESALE SACRIFICE TO ! CAUSE ( EQUALITY & LIB]TY4444 

.<,IT MI<T BE >GU$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE CONDEMN$ ,CZOLGOSZ'S ACT.> ?AT ! WORK]S' CAUSE & ?AT ( ! REVOLUTION HAVE NOT BE5 ADVANC$2 ?AT ,MC,K9LEY IS SUCCE$$ BY HIS EQUAL1 ,ROOSEVELT1 & EV]Y?+ REMA9S UN*ANG$ EXCEPT ?AT ! SITUATION = AN>*I/S HAS BECOME A LITTLE MORE DIFFICULT ?AN BE=E4 ,& !Y MAY BE RI<T2 9DE$1 FROM :AT ,I KN[ ( ! ,AM]ICAN SC5E1 ?IS WILL MO/ LIKELY BE ! CASE4 

,:AT IT MEANS IS ?AT .<AS.> 9 W> !RE >E BRILLIANT AS WELL AS FALSE MOVES1 !RE >E CAUTI\S COMBATANTS AS WELL AS O!RS :O >E EASILY C>RI$ AWAY BY 5?USIASM & ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE AN EASY T>GET = ! 5EMY1 & MAY EV5 COMPROMISE ! POSITION ( !IR COMRADES4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT EA* ONE MU/ ADVISE1 DEF5D & PRACTICE ! ME?ODS :I* HE ?9KS MO/ SUITABLE TO A*IEVE VICTORY 9 ! %ORTE/ TIME & ) ! LEA/ SACRIFICE POSSIBLE2 BUT IT DOES NOT ALT] ! FUNDAM5TAL & OBVI\S FACT ?AT HE :O /RUGGLES1 WELL OR BADLY1 AGA9/ ! COMMON 5EMY & T[>DS ! SAME GOAL AS US1 IS \R FRI5D & HAS A RI<T TO EXPECT \R W>M SYMPA?Y EV5 IF WE CANNOT ACCORD HIM \R UNCONDITIONAL APPROVAL4 

,:E!R ! FI<T+ UNIT IS A COLLECTIVITY OR A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT *ANGE ! MORAL ASPECT ( ! PROBLEM4 ,AN >M$ 9SURRECTION C>RI$ \T 9OPPORTUNELY CAN PRODUCE REAL OR APP>5T H>M TO ! SOCIAL W> WE >E FI<T+1 JU/ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL ATT5TAT :I* ANTAGONIZES POPUL> FEEL+2 BUT IF ! 9SURRECTION WAS MADE TO CONQU] FRE$OM1 NO ONE WILL D>E D5Y ! SOCIO-POLITICAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! DEFEAT$ 9SURRECTIONI/S4 ,:Y %\LD IT BE ANY DIFF]5T :5 ! 9SURRECTIONI/ IS A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL8 444 

,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( DISCUSS+ TACTICS4 ,IF IT W]E1 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT 9 G5]AL ,I PREF] COLLECTIVE ACTION TO 9DIVIDUAL ACTION1 ALSO BECAUSE COLLECTIVE ACTION DEM&S QUALITIES :I* >E FAIRLY COMMON & MAKES ! ALLOCATION ( TASKS MORE OR LESS POSSIBLE1 :]EAS ONE CANNOT C\NT ON H]OISM1 :I* IS EXCEPTIONAL & BY ITS NATURE SPORADIC1 CALL+ = 9DIVIDUAL SACRIFICE4 ,! PROBLEM H]E IS ( A HI<] ORD]2 IT IS A QUE/ION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 ( ?AT ALMO/ 9/9CTIVE FEEL+ ( HATR$ ( OPPRESSION1 )\T :I* PROGRAMS REMA9 DEAD LETT]S H[EV] LIB]T>IAN >E ! PROPOSALS !Y EMBODY2 IT IS A QUE/ION ( ?AT COMBATIVE SPIRIT1 )\T :I* EV5 AN>*I/S BECOME DOME/ICAT$ & 5D UP1 BY ONE ROAD OR ANO!R1 9 ! SL\< ( LEGALIT>IANISM4444.<#i#f.> 

,GAETANO ,BRESCI1 WORK] & AN>*I/1 HAS KILL$ ,HUMB]T1 K+4 ,TWO M53 ONE DEAD PREMATURELY1 ! O!R CONDEMN$ TO A LIFE ( TORM5T :I* IS A ?\S& TIMES WORSE ?AN DEA?6 ,TWO FAMILIES PLUNG$ 9TO SADNESS6 

,:OSE FAULT IS IT8 444 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT IF ONE TAKES 9TO CONSID]ATION SU* FACTORS AS H]$ITY1 $UCATION & SOCIAL BACKGR\ND1 ! P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY ( ?OSE 9 P[] IS MU* R$UC$ & P]HAPS EV5 NON-EXI/5T4 ,BUT !N IF ! K+ IS NOT RESPONSIBLE = HIS COMMISSIONS & OMISSIONS2 IF 9 SPITE ( ! OPPRESSION1 ! DISPOSSESSION1 & ! MASSACRE ( ! PEOPLE C>RI$ \T 9 HIS NAME1 HE %\LD HAVE CONT9U$ TO OCCUPY ! HI<E/ PLACE 9 ! C\NTRY1 :Y EV] !N %\LD ,BRESCI HAVE TO PAY ) A LIFE ( 9DESCRIBABLE SUFF]+1 = AN ACT :I*1 H[EV] MI/AK5 SOME MAY JUDGE IT1 NO ONE CAN D5Y WAS 9SPIR$ BY ALTRUI/IC 9T5TIONS8 

,BUT ?IS BUS9ESS ( SEEK+ TO PLACE ! RESPONSIBILITY :]E IT BELONGS IS ONLY ( SECOND>Y 9T]E/ TO US4 

,WE DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ! RI<T TO PUNI%2 WE REJECT ! IDEA ( REV5GE AS A B>B>\S S5TIM5T4 ,WE HAVE NO 9T5TION ( BE+ EI!R EXECUTION]S OR AV5G]S4 ,IT SEEMS TO US ?AT ! ROLE ( LIB]ATORS & PEACEMAK]S IS MORE NOBLE & POSITIVE4 ,TO K+S1 OPPRESSORS & EXPLOIT]S WE W\LD WILL+LY EXT5D \R H&1 IF ONLY !Y WI%$ TO BECOME M5 AMONG O!R M51 EQUALS AMONG EQUALS4 ,BUT SO LONG AS !Y 9SI/ ON PR(IT+ FROM ! SITUATION AS IT EXI/S & TO DEF5D IT ) =CE1 ?US CAUS+ ! M>TYRDOM1 ! WRET*$NESS & ! DEA? ?R\< H>D%IPS ( MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S1 WE >E OBLIG$1 WE HAVE A DUTY TO OPPOSE =CE ) =CE4444 

,WE KN[ ?AT !SE ATT5TATS1 ) ! PEOPLE 9SUFFICI5TLY PREP>$ = !M1 >E /]ILE & (T51 BY PROVOK+ REACTIONS :I* ONE IS UNABLE TO CONTROL1 PRODUCE MU* SORR[1 & H>M ! V]Y CAUSE !Y W]E 9T5D$ TO S]VE4 

,WE KN[ ?AT :AT IS ESS5TIAL & UND\BT$LY USEFUL IS NOT JU/ TO KILL A K+1 ! MAN1 BUT TO KILL ALL K+S--?OSE ( ! ,C\RTS1 ( P>LIAM5TS & ( ! FACTORIES--9 ! HE>TS & M9DS ( ! PEOPLE2 ?AT IS1 TO UPROOT FAI? 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY TO :I* MO/ PEOPLE [E ALLEGIANCE4.<#i#g.> 

,I DO NOT NE$ TO REPEAT MY DISAPPROVAL & HORROR = ATT5TATS SU* AS ?AT ( ! ,DIANA1 :I* BESIDES BE+ BAD 9 !MSELVES >E ALSO /UPID1 BECAUSE !Y 9EVITABLY H>M ! CAUSE !Y W\LD WI% TO S]VE4 ,& ,I HAVE NEV] FAIL$ TO PROTE/ /RONGLY1 :5EV] SIMIL> ACTS HAVE TAK5 PLACE & ESPECIALLY :5 IT HAS TURN$ \T ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 COMMITT$ BY AU!NTIC AN>*I/S4 ,I HAVE PROTE/$ :5 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] = ME TO REMA9 SIL5T1 BECAUSE MY PROTE/ WAS 9SPIR$ BY SUP]IOR REASONS ( PR9CIPLES & TACTICS1 & BECAUSE ,I HAD A DUTY TO DO SO1 S9CE !RE >E PEOPLE GIFT$ ) LITTLE P]SONAL CRITICAL S5SE1 :O ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE GUID$ BY :AT ,I SAY4 ,BUT N[ IT IS NOT A CASE ( JUDG+ ! FACT1 & DISCUSS+ :E!R IT WAS A GOOD OR BAD ?+ TO HAVE DONE1 OR :E!R SIMIL> ACTIONS %\LD OR %\LD NOT BE REPEAT$4 ,N[ IT IS A QUE/ION ( JUDG+ M5 ?REAT5$ ) A PUNI%M5T A ?\S& TIMES WORSE ?AN ! DEA? P5ALTY2 & SO ONE MU/ EXAM9E :O !SE M5 >E1 :AT W]E !IR 9T5TIONS & ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* !Y ACT$4.<#i#h.> 

444 ,I SAID ?AT ?OSE ASSASS9S >E ALSO SA9TS & H]OES2 & ?OSE ( MY FRI5DS :O PROTE/ AGA9/ MY /ATEM5T DO SO 9 HOMAGE TO ?OSE :OM !Y CALL ! REAL SA9TS & H]OES1 :O1 IT W\LD SEEM1 NEV] MAKE MI/AKES4 

,I CAN DO NO MORE ?AN CONFIRM :AT ,I SAID4 ,:5 ,I ?9K ( ALL ?AT ,I HAVE LE>N$ AB\T ,M>IANI & ,AGUGG9I2 :5 ,I ?9K :AT GOOD SONS & BRO!RS !Y W]E1 & :AT AFFECTIONATE & DEVOT$ COMRADES !Y W]E 9 EV]YDAY LIFE1 ALWAYS READY TO TAKE RISKS & TO MAKE SACRIFICES :5 !RE WAS URG5T NE$1 ,I BEMOAN !IR FATE1 ,I BEMOAN ! DE/9Y ?AT HAS TURN$ ?OSE F9E & NOBLE BE+S 9TO ASSASS9S4 

,I SAID ?AT ONE DAY !Y WILL BE PRAIS$--,I DID NOT SAY ?AT ,I W\LD PRAISE !M2 & !Y WILL BE PRAIS$ BECAUSE1 AS HAS HAPP5$ ) SO MANY O!RS1 ! BRUTAL ACTION1 ! PASSION ?AT MISL$ !M WILL BE =GOTT51 & ONLY ! IDEA :I* 9SPIR$ !M & ! M>TYRDOM :I* MADE !M SACROSANCT WILL BE REMEMB]$4 

,I DON'T WANT TO GET 9VOLV$ 9 HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES2 BUT ,I C\LD IF ,I WI%$ F9D 9 ! HI/ORY ( ALL CONSPIRACIES & REVOLUTIONS1 9 ?AT ( ! ,ITALIAN ,RISORGIM5TO AS WELL AS 9 \R [N1 A ?\S& EXAMPLES ( M5 :O HAVE COMMITT$ ACTIONS AS BAD & AS /UPID AS ?AT ( ! ,DIANA & YET :O >E PRAIS$ BY !IR RESPECTIVE P>TIES1 BECAUSE 9 FACT ONE =GETS ! ACTION & REMEMB]S ! 9T5TION1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL BECOMES A SYMBOL & ! EV5T IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A LEG5D4 

,YES1 !RE >E SA9TS & H]OES :O >E ASSASS9S2 !RE >E ASSASS9S :O >E SA9TS & H]OES4 

,! HUMAN M9D IS REALLY MO/ COMPLICAT$1 & !RE IS A DISEQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 :AT ONE CALLS HE>T & :AT IS CALL$ BRA91 BETWE5 AFFECTIVE QUALITIES & ! 9TELLECTUAL FACULTIES1 :I* PRODUCES ! MO/ UNPR$ICTABLE RESULTS & MAKES POSSIBLE ! MO/ /RIK+ CONTRADICTIONS 9 HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,! W> VOLUNTE] 9EBRIAT$ BY PATRIOTIC PROPAG&A1 CONV9C$ ( S]V+ ! CAUSE ( JU/ICE & CIVILIZATION1 & PREP>$ = ! SUPREME SACRIFICE1 :O RAG$ AGA9/ ! 05EMY0--,ITALIAN AGA9/ ,AU/RIAN1 OR VICE V]SA--& DI$ 9 ! ACT ( KILL+1 WAS UND\BT$LY A H]O1 BUT A H]O :O WAS UNCONSCI\SLY AN ASSASS94 

,TORQUEMADA :O TORTUR$ O!RS AS WELL AS HIMSELF TO S]VE ,GOD & TO SAVE S\LS1 WAS BO? A SA9T & AN ASSASS94444 

,IT C\LD EASILY BE >GU$ ?AT ! SA9T & ! H]O >E ALMO/ ALWAYS UNBALANC$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,BUT !N EV]Y?+ W\LD BE R$UC$ TO A QUE/ION ( WORDS1 TO A QUE/ION ( DEF9ITION4 ,:AT IS A SA9T8 ,:AT IS A H]O8 

,5\< ( HAIRSPLITT+4 

,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS TO AVOID CONFUS+ ! ACT ) ! 9T5TIONS1 & 9 CONDEMN+ ! BAD ACTIONS NOT TO OV]LOOK DO+ JU/ICE TO ! GOOD 9T5TIONS4 ,& NOT ONLY ON ! GR\NDS ( RESPECT = ! TRU?1 OR HUMAN PITY1 BUT ALSO = REASONS ( PROPAG&A1 = ! PRACTICAL REP]CUSSIONS ?AT \R JUDGM5T MAY HAVE4 

,!RE >E1 &1 SO LONG AS PRES5T CONDITIONS & ! 5VIRONM5T ( VIOL5CE 9 :I* WE LIVE LA/1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE G5]\S M51 :O >E REBELLI\S & OV]S5SITIVE1 BUT :O LACK SUFFICI5T P[]S ( REFLECTION & :O 9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE C>RI$ AWAY BY PASSION & /RIKE \T BL9DLY4 ,IF WE DO NOT OP5LY RECOGNIZE ! GOODNESS ( !IR 9T5TIONS1 IF WE DO NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 ]ROR & WICK$NESS1 WE LOSE ANY MORAL 9FLU5CE OV] !M & AB&ON !M TO !IR BL9D IMPULSES4 ,IF 9/EAD1 WE PAY HOMAGE TO !IR GOODNESS1 !IR C\RAGE & S5SE ( SACRIFICE1 WE CAN REA* !IR M9DS ?R\< !IR HE>TS1 & 5SURE ?AT ?OSE VALUABLE /OREH\SES ( 5]GY %ALL BE US$ 9 AN 9TELLIG5T & GOOD1 AS WELL AS USEFUL1 WAY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! .<COMMON.> CAUSE4.<#i#i.> 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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