,MAN1 ,SOCIETY1 & ,FRE$OM 

#ahga 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,K>51,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE  
,! DOCTR9AIRE LIB]ALS1 REASON+ FROM ! PREMISES ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 POSE AS ! ADV]S>IES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?OSE AMONG !M :O MA9TA9 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T1 I4E41 ! BODY ( FUNCTION>IES ORGANIZ$ & DESIGNAT$ TO P]=M ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE IS A NECESS>Y EVIL1 & ?AT ! PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION CONSI/S 9 ALWAYS & CONT9U\SLY DIM9I%+ ! ATTRIBUTES & ! RI<TS ( ! ,/ATES1 >E 9CONSI/5T4 ,SU* IS ! !ORY1 BUT 9 PRACTICE !SE SAME DOCTR9AIRE LIB]ALS1 :5 ! EXI/5CE OR ! /ABILITY ( ! ,/ATE IS S]I\SLY ?REAT5$1 >E JU/ AS FANATICAL DEF5D]S ( ! ,/ATE AS >E ! MON>*I/S & ! ,JACOB9S4 

,!IR ADH]5CE TO ! ,/ATE1 :I* FLATLY CONTRADICTS !IR LIB]AL MAXIMS1 CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 TWO WAYS3 9 PRACTICE1 !IR CLASS 9T]E/S MAKE ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( DOCTR9AIRE LIB]ALS MEMB]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS V]Y NUM]\S & RESPECTABLE CLASS DEM&1 ONLY = !MSELVES1 ! EXCLUSIVE RI<TS & PRIVILEGES ( COMPLETE LIC5SE4 ,! SOCIOECONOMIC BASE ( ITS POLITICAL EXI/5CE RE/S UPON NO O!R PR9CIPLE ?AN ! UNRE/RICT$ LIC5SE EXPRESS$ 9 ! FAM\S PHRASES LAISSEZ FAIRE & LAISSEZ ALL]4 ,BUT !Y WANT ?IS AN>*Y ONLY = !MSELVES1 NOT = ! MASSES :O MU/ REMA9 UND] ! SEV]E DISCIPL9E ( ! ,/ATE BECAUSE !Y >E 0TOO IGNORANT TO 5JOY ?IS AN>*Y )\T ABUS+ IT40 ,= IF ! MASSES1 TIR$ ( WORK+ = O!RS1 %\LD REBEL1 ! :OLE B\RGEOIS $IFICE W\LD COLLAPSE4 ,ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E1 :5 ! MASSES >E RE/LESS1 EV5 ! MO/ 5?USIA/IC LIB]ALS IMM$IATELY REV]SE !MSELVES & BECOME ! MO/ FANATICAL *AMPIONS ( ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 

,9 ADDITION TO ?IS PRACTICAL REASON1 !RE IS /ILL ANO!R ( A !ORETICAL NATURE :I* ALSO LEADS EV5 ! MO/ S9C]E LIB]ALS BACK TO ! CULT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y CONSID] !MSELVES LIB]ALS BECAUSE !IR !ORY ON ! ORIG9 ( SOCIETY IS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 & IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT !Y MU/ 9EVITABLY RECOGNIZE ! ABSOLUTE RI<T .<SOV]EIGNTY.> ( ! ,/ATE4 

,ACCORD+ TO !M 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM IS NOT A CREATION1 A HI/ORIC PRODUCT ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y MA9TA91 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM IS ANT]IOR TO ALL SOCIETY & ?AT ALL M5 >E 5D[$ BY ,GOD ) AN IMMORTAL S\L4 ,MAN IS ACCORD+LY A COMPLETE BE+1 ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T1 AP>T FROM & \TSIDE SOCIETY4 ,AS A FREE AG5T1 ANT]IOR TO & AP>T FROM SOCIETY1 HE NECESS>ILY =MS HIS SOCIETY BY A VOLUNT>Y ACT1 A SORT ( CONTRACT1 BE IT 9/9CTIVE OR CONSCI\S1 TACIT OR =MAL4 ,9 %ORT1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY1 9DIVIDUALS >E NOT ! PRODUCT ( SOCIETY BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E L$ TO CREATE SOCIETY BY SOME NECESSITY SU* AS WORK OR W>4 

,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS !ORY ?AT SOCIETY1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 DOES NOT EXI/4 ,! NATURAL HUMAN SOCIETY1 ! BEG9N+ ( ALL CIVILIZATION1 ! ONLY MILIEU 9 :I* ! P]SONALITY & ! LIB]TY ( MAN IS =M$ & DEVELOP$ DOES NOT EXI/ = !M4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ?IS !ORY RECOGNIZES ONLY SELF -- SUFFICI5T 9DIVIDUALS LIV+ 9 ISOLATION1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ONLY A SOCIETY >BITR>ILY CREAT$ BY !M & BAS$ ONLY ON A =MAL OR TACIT CONTRACT1 I4E41 ON ! ,/ATE4 7,!Y KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT NO /ATE 9 HI/ORY HAS EV] BE5 CREAT$ BY CONTRACT1 & ?AT ALL /ATES W]E E/ABLI%$ BY CONQUE/ & VIOL5CE47 

,! MASS ( 9DIVIDUALS ( :OM ! ,/ATE CONSI/S >E SE5 AS 9 L9E ) ?IS !ORY1 :I* IS S+UL>LY FULL ( CONTRADICTIONS4 ,EA* ( !M IS1 CONSID]$ ON ! ONE H&1 AN IMMORTAL S\L 5D[$ ) FREE WILL4 ,ALL >E UNTRAMMEL$ BE+S ALTOGE!R SUFFICI5T UNTO !MSELVES & 9 NE$ ( NO O!R P]SON1 NOT EV5 ,GOD1 =1 BE+ IMMORTAL1 !Y >E !MSELVES GODS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y >E BRUTAL1 WEAK1 IMP]FECT1 LIMIT$1 & ALTOGE!R SUBJECT TO ! =CES ( NATURE :I* 5COMPASS !M & SOON] OR LAT] C>RY !M (F TO !IR GRAVES4444 

,UND] ! ASPECT ( !IR E>?LY EXI/5CE1 ! MASS ( M5 PRES5T SO SORRY & DEGRAD+ A SPECTACLE1 SO POOR 9 SPIRIT1 9 WILL & 9ITIATIVE1 ?AT ONE MU/ BE 5D[$ ) A TRULY GREAT CAPACITY = SELF -- DELUSION1 TO DETECT 9 !M AN IMMORTAL S\L1 OR EV5 ! FA9TE/ TRACE ( FREE WILL4 ,!Y APPE> TO BE ABSOLUTELY DET]M9$3 DET]M9$ BY EXT]IOR NATURE1 BY ! />S1 & BY ALL ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( !IR LIVES2 DET]M9$ BY LAWS & BY ! :OLE WORLD ( IDEAS OR PREJUDICES ELABORAT$ 9 PA/ C5TURIES1 ALL ( :I* !Y F9D READY TO TAKE OV] !IR LIVES AT BIR?4 ,! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT ONLY AMONG ! IGNORANT MASSES BUT ALSO AMONG ! CIVILIZ$ & PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 ?9K & WANT ONLY :AT EV]YBODY ELSE >\ND !M ?9KS & WANTS4 ,!Y D\BTLESSLY BELIEVE ?AT !Y ?9K = !MSELVES1 BUT !Y >E ONLY SLAVI%LY REPEAT+ BY ROTE1 ) SLI<T MODIFICATIONS1 ! ?\<TS & AIMS ( ! O!R CON=MI/S :I* !Y IMP]CEPTIBLY ABSORB4 ,?IS S]VILITY1 ?IS R\T9E1 ?IS P]5NIAL ABS5CE ( ! WILL TO REVOLT & ?IS LACK ( 9ITIATIVE & 9DEP5D5CE ( ?\<T >E ! PR9CIPLE CAUSES = ! SL[1 DESOLATE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY4 ,= US1 MAT]IALI/S & REALI/S :O BELIEVE 9 NEI!R ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L NOR 9 FREE WILL1 ?IS SL[NESS1 AS DISA/R\S AS IT MAY BE1 IS A NATURAL FACT4 ,EM]G+ FROM ! /ATE ( ! GORILLA1 MAN HAS ONLY ) GREAT DIFFICULTY ATTA9$ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS HUMANITY & HIS LIB]TY4444 ,HE WAS BORN A F]OCI\S BEA/ & A SLAVE1 & HAS GRADUALLY HUMANIZ$ & EMANCIPAT$ HIMSELF ONLY 9 SOCIETY1 :I* IS NECESS>ILY ANT]IOR TO ! BIR? ( HIS ?\<T1 HIS SPEE*1 & HIS WILL4 ,HE CAN A*IEVE ?IS EMANCIPATION ONLY ?R\< ! COLLECTIVE EF=T ( ALL ! MEMB]S1 PA/ & PRES5T1 ( SOCIETY1 :I* IS ! S\RCE1 ! NATURAL BEG9N+ ( HIS HUMAN EXI/5CE4 

,MAN COMPLETELY REALIZES HIS 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM AS WELL AS HIS P]SONALITY ONLY ?R\< ! 9DIVIDUALS :O SURR\ND HIM1 & ?ANKS ONLY TO ! LABOR & ! COLLECTIVE P[] ( SOCIETY4 ,)\T SOCIETY HE W\LD SURELY REMA9 ! MO/ /UPID & ! MO/ MIS]ABLE AMONG ALL ! O!R F]OCI\S BEA/S4444 ,SOCIETY1 F> FROM DECREAS+ HIS FRE$OM1 ON ! CONTR>Y CREATES ! 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM ( ALL HUMAN BE+S4 ,SOCIETY IS ! ROOT1 ! TREE1 & LIB]TY IS ITS FRUIT4 ,H5CE1 9 EV]Y EPO*1 MAN MU/ SEEK HIS FRE$OM NOT AT ! BEG9N+ BUT AT ! 5D ( HI/ORY4 ,IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ! REAL & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS ! TRUE1 ! GREAT1 ! SUPREME AIM ( HI/ORY4444 

,! MAT]IALI/IC4 REALI/IC1 & COLLECTIVI/ CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! IDEALI/IC1 IS ?IS3 ,MAN BECOMES CONSCI\S ( HIMSELF & HIS HUMANITY ONLY 9 SOCIETY & ONLY BY ! COLLECTIVE ACTION ( ! :OLE SOCIETY4 ,HE FREES HIMSELF FROM ! YOKE ( EXT]NAL NATURE ONLY BY COLLECTIVE & SOCIAL LABOR1 :I* ALONE CAN TRANS=M ! E>? 9TO AN ABODE FAVORABLE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY4 ,)\T SU* MAT]IAL EMANCIPATION ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,HE CAN EMANCIPATE HIMSELF FROM ! YOKE ( HIS [N NATURE1 I4E4 SUBORD9ATE HIS 9/9CTS & ! MOVEM5TS ( HIS BODY TO ! CONSCI\S DIRECTION ( HIS M9D1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( :I* IS FO/]$ ONLY BY $UCATION & TRA9+4 ,BUT $UCATION & TRA9+ >E PREEM95TLY & EXCLUSIVELY SOCIAL 444 H5CE ! ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT POSSIBLY BECOME CONSCI\S ( HIS FRE$OM4 

,TO BE FREE 444 MEANS TO BE ACKN[L$G$ & TREAT$ AS SU* BY ALL HIS FELL[M54 ,! LIB]TY ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS ONLY ! REFLECTION ( HIS [N HUMANITY1 OR HIS HUMAN RI<T ?R\< ! CONSCI5CE ( ALL FREE M51 HIS BRO!RS & HIS EQUALS4 

,I CAN FEEL FREE ONLY 9 ! PRES5CE ( & 9 RELATION%IP ) O!R M54 ,9 ! PRES5CE ( AN 9F]IOR SPECIES ( ANIMAL ,I AM NEI!R FREE NOR A MAN1 BECAUSE ?IS ANIMAL IS 9CAPABLE ( CONCEIV+ & CONSEQU5TLY RECOGNIZ+ MY HUMANITY4 ,I AM NOT MYSELF FREE OR HUMAN UNTIL OR UNLESS ,I RECOGNIZE ! FRE$OM & HUMANITY ( ALL MY FELL[M54 

,ONLY 9 RESPECT+ !IR HUMAN *>ACT] DO ,I RESPECT MY [N4 ,A CANNIBAL :O DEV\RS HIS PRISON] 444 IS NOT A MAN BUT A BEA/4 ,A SLAVE [N] IS NOT A MAN BUT A MA/]4 ,BY D5Y+ ! HUMANITY ( HIS SLAVES HE ALSO ABROGATES HIS [N HUMANITY1 AS ! HI/ORY ( ALL ANCI5T SOCIETIES PROVES4 ,! ,GREEKS & ! ,ROMANS DID NOT FEEL LIKE FREE M54 ,!Y DID NOT CONSID] !MSELVES AS SU* BY HUMAN RI<T4 ,!Y BELIEV$ 9 PRIVILEGES = ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS & ONLY = !IR [N C\NTRIES1 :ILE !Y REMA9$ UNCONQU]$ & CONQU]$ O!R C\NTRIES4 ,BECAUSE !Y BELIEV$ !MSELVES UND] ! SPECIAL PROTECTION ( !IR NATIONAL GODS1 !Y DID NOT FEEL ?AT !Y HAD ! RI<T TO REVOLT 444 & !MSELVES FELL 9TO SLAV]Y4444 

,I AM TRULY FREE ONLY :5 ALL HUMAN BE+S1 M5 & WOM51 >E EQUALLY FREE4 ,! FRE$OM ( O!R M51 F> FROM NEGAT+ OR LIMIT+ MY FRE$OM1 IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ITS NECESS>Y PREMISE & CONFIRMATION4 ,IT IS ! SLAV]Y ( O!R M5 ?AT SETS UP A B>RI] TO MY FRE$OM1 OR :AT AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+1 IT IS !IR BE/IALITY :I* IS ! NEGATION ( MY HUMANITY4 ,= MY DIGNITY AS A MAN1 MY HUMAN RI<T :I* CONSI/S ( REFUS+ TO OBEY ANY O!R MAN1 & TO DET]M9E MY [N ACTS 9 CON=MITY ) MY CONVICTIONS IS REFLECT$ BY ! EQUALLY FREE CONSCI5CE ( ALL & CONFIRM$ BY ! CONS5T ( ALL HUMANITY4 ,MY P]SONAL FRE$OM1 CONFIRM$ BY ! LIB]TY ( ALL1 EXT5DS TO 9F9ITY4 

,! MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM IS !RE=E A V]Y POSITIVE1 V]Y COMPLEX ?+1 & ABOVE ALL1 EM95TLY SOCIAL1 BECAUSE IT CAN BE REALIZ$ ONLY 9 SOCIETY & BY ! /RICTE/ EQUALITY & SOLID>ITY AMONG ALL M54 ,ONE CAN DI/+UI% ! MA9 ELEM5TS 9 ! ATTA9M5T ( FRE$OM4 ,! FIR/ IS EM95TLY SOCIAL4 ,IT IS ! FULLE/ DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ! FACULTIES & P[]S ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+1 BY $UCATION1 BY SCI5TIFIC TRA9+1 & BY MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY2 ?+S :I* CAN ONLY BE PROVID$ = EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL BY ! COLLECTIVE1 MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 MANUAL1 & S$5T>Y LABOR ( SOCIETY 9 G5]AL4 

,! SECOND ELEM5T ( FRE$OM IS NEGATIVE4 ,IT IS ! REVOLT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ALL DIV9E1 COLLECTIVE1 & 9DIVIDUAL AU?ORITY4 

,! FIR/ REVOLT IS AGA9/ ! SUPREME TYRANNY ( !OLOGY1 ( ! PHANTOM ( ,GOD4 ,AS LONG AS WE HAVE A MA/] 9 HEAV51 WE WILL BE SLAVES ON E>?4 ,\R REASON & \R WILL WILL BE EQUALLY ANNULL$4 ,AS LONG AS WE BELIEVE ?AT WE MU/ UNCONDITIONALLY OBEY -- & VIS A VIS ,GOD1 NO O!R OB$I5CE IS POSSIBLE -- WE MU/ HAVE NECESSITY PASSIVELY SUBMIT1 )\T ! LEA/ RES]VATION1 TO ! HOLY AU?ORITY ( HIS CONSECRAT$ & UNCONSECRAT$ AG5TS1 MESSIAHS1 PROPHETS1 DIV9ELY 9SPIR$ LAW-MAK]S1 EMP]ORS1 K+S1 & ALL !IR FUNCTION>IES & M9I/]S1 REPRES5TATIVES & CONSECRAT$ S]VITORS ( ! TWO GREATE/ 9/ITUTIONS :I* IMPOSE !MSELVES UPON US1 & :I* >E E/ABLI%$ BY ,GOD HIMSELF TO RULE OV] M52 NAMELY1 ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE4 ,ALL TEMPORAL OR HUMAN AU?ORITY /EMS DIRECTLY FROM SPIRITUAL &_/OR DIV9E AU?ORITY4 ,BUT AU?ORITY IS ! NEGATION ( FRE$OM4 ,GOD1 OR RA!R ! FICTION ( ,GOD1 IS ! CONSECRATION & ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL S\RCE ( ALL SLAV]Y ON E>?1 & ! FRE$OM ( MANK9D WILL NEV] BE COMPLETE UNTIL ! DISA/R\S & 9SIDI\S FICTION ( A HEAV5LY MA/] IS ANNIHILAT$4 

,?IS IS NATURALLY FOLL[$ BY ! REVOLT AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( M51 9DIVIDUAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL1 REPRES5T$ & LEGALIZ$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 WE MU/ MAKE A V]Y PRECISE DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! (FICIAL & CONSEQU5TLY DICTATORIAL PR]OGATIVES ( SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ AS A /ATE1 & ( ! NATURAL 9FLU5CE & ACTION ( ! MEMB]S ( A NON-(FICIAL1 NON->TIFICIAL SOCIETY4 

,! REVOLT AGA9/ ?IS NATURAL SOCIETY IS F> MORE DIFFICULT = ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AN IT IS AGA9/ ! (FICIALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,SOCIAL TYRANNY1 (T5 OV]:ELM+ & BANEFUL1 DOES NOT ASSUME ! VIOL5T IMP]ATIVE *>ACT] ( ! LEGALIZ$ & =MALIZ$ DESPOTISM :I* M>KS ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS NOT IMPOS$ 9 ! =M ( LAWS TO :I* EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 ON PA9 ( JUDICIAL PUNI%M5T1 IS =C$ TO SUBMIT4 ,! ACTION ( SOCIAL TYRANNY IS G5TL]1 MORE 9SIDI\S1 MORE IMP]CEPTIBLE1 BUT NO LESS P[]FUL & P]VASIVE ?AN IS ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT DOM9ATES M5 BY CU/OMS1 BY MORES1 BY ! MASS ( PREJUDICES1 BY ! HABITS ( DAILY LIFE1 ALL ( :I* COMB9E TO =M :AT IS CALL$ PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,IT OV]:ELMS ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM BIR?1 ,IT P]MEATES EV]Y FACET ( LIFE1 SO ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS1 (T5 UNKN[+LY1 9 A SORT ( CONSPIRACY AGA9/ HIMSELF4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS ?AT TO REVOLT AGA9/ ?IS 9FLU5CE ?AT SOCIETY NATURALLY EX]CISES OV] HIM1 HE MU/ AT LEA/ TO SOME EXT5T REVOLT AGA9/ HIMSELF4 ,=1 TOGE!R ) ALL HIS NATURAL T5D5CIES & MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL ASPIRATIONS1 HE IS HIMSELF NO?+ BUT ! PRODUCT ( SOCIETY1 & IT IS 9 ?IS ?AT ! IMM5SE P[] EX]CIS$ BY SOCIETY OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL LIES4 

,FROM ! ANGLE ( ABSOLUTE MORALITY1 I4E41 ( HUMAN RESPECT1 ?IS P[] ( SOCIETY CAN BE B5EFIC5T & IT CAN ALSO BE 9JURI\S4 ,IT IS B5EFICIAL :5 IT T5DS TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE1 ( MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY1 ( FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & SOLID>ITY4 ,IT IS BANEFUL :5 IT T5DS 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,A MAN BORN 9TO A SOCIETY ( BRUTES T5DS TO REMA9 A BRUTE2 BORN 9TO A SOCIETY RUL$ BY PRIE/S1 HE BECOMES AN IDIOT1 A SANCTIMONI\S HYPOCRITE2 BORN 9TO A B& ( ?IEVES1 HE WILL PROBABLY BECOME A ?IEF2 & IF HE IS UN=TUNATELY BORN 9TO A SOCIETY ( DEMIGODS :O RULE ?IS E>?1 NOBLES1 PR9CES1 HE WILL BECOME A CONTEMPTIBLE 5SLAV] ( SOCIETY1 A TYRANT4 ,9 ALL !SE CASES1 REVOLT AGA9/ ! SOCIETY 9 :I* HE WAS BORN IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! HUMANIZATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,BUT1 ,I REPEAT1 ! REVOLT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ SOCIETY IS MU* MORE DIFFICULT ?AN REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE IS A TRANSITORY1 HI/ORIC 9/ITUTION1 LIKE ITS BRO!R 9/ITUTION1 ! ,*UR*1 ! REGULATOR ( ! PRIVILEGES ( A M9ORITY & ! REAL 5SLAV]S ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY4 

,REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,/ATE IS MU* LESS DIFFICULT BECAUSE !RE IS SOME?+ 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ! ,/ATE ?AT PROVOKES REVOLT4 ,! ,/ATE IS AU?ORITY1 =CE4 ,IT IS ! O/5TATION & 9FATUATION ) =CE4 ,IT DOES NOT 9S9UATE ITSELF4 ,IT DOES NOT SEEK TO CONV]T2 & IF AT TIMES IT MELIORATES ITS TYRANNY1 IT DOES SO ) BAD GRACE4 ,= ITS NATURE IS NOT TO P]SUADE1 BUT TO IMPOSE ITSELF BY =CE4 ,:ATEV] PA9S IT TAKES TO MASK ITSELF1 IT IS BY NATURE ! LEGAL VIOLATOR ( ! WILL ( M51 ! P]MAN5T NEGATOR ( !IR FRE$OM4 ,EV5 :5 ! ,/ATE COMM&S ! GOOD IT BR+S =? EVIL2 = EV]Y COMM& SLAPS LIB]TY 9 ! FACE2 BECAUSE :5 ! GOOD IS DECRE$1 IT BECOMES EVIL FROM ! /&PO9T ( HUMAN MORALITY & LIB]TY4 ,FRE$OM1 MORALITY1 & ! HUMAN DIGNITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ?IS2 ?AT HE DOES GOOD NOT BECAUSE HE IS =C$ TO DO SO1 BUT BECAUSE HE FREELY CONCEIVES IT1 WANTS IT1 & LOVES IT4 

,! AU?ORITY ( SOCIETY IS IMPOS$ NOT >BITR>ILY OR (FICIALLY1 BUT NATURALLY4 ,& IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS FACT ?AT ITS EFFECT ON ! 9DIVIDUAL IS 9COMP>ABLY MU* MORE P[]FUL ?AN ?AT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT CREATES & MOLDS ALL 9DIVIDUALS 9 ITS MID/4 ,IT PASSES ON TO !M1 SL[LY1 FROM ! DAY ( BIR? TO DEA?1 ALL ITS MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,SOCIETY1 SO TO SPEAK1 9DIVIDUALIZES ITSELF 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL4 

,! REAL 9DIVIDUAL IS FROM ! MOM5T ( HIS GE/ATION 9 HIS MO!R'S WOMB ALREADY PR$ET]M9$ & P>TICUL>IZ$ BY A CONFLU5CE ( GEOGRAPHIC1 CLIMATIC1 E?NOGRAPHIC1 HYGI5IC1 & ECONOMIC 9FLU5CES4 :I* CON/ITUTE ! NATURE ( HIS FAMILY1 HIS CLASS1 HIS NATION1 HIS RACE4 ,HE IS %AP$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS APTITUDES BY ! COMB9ATION ( ALL !SE EXT]IOR & PHYSICAL 9FLU5CES4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ?ANKS TO ! RELATIVELY SUP]IOR ORGANIZATION ( ! HUMAN BRA91 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL 9H]ITS AT BIR?1 9 DIFF]5T DEGREES1 NOT IDEAS & 9NATE S5TIM5TS1 AS ! IDEALI/S CLAIM1 BUT ONLY ! CAPACITY TO FEEL1 TO WILL1 TO ?9K1 & TO SPEAK4 ,!RE >E RUDIM5T>Y FACULTIES )\T ANY CONT5T4 ,:5CE COMES !IR CONT5T8 ,FROM SOCIETY 444 IMPRESSIONS1 FACTS1 & EV5TS COALESC$ 9TO PATT]NS ( ?\<T1 RI<T OR WRONG1 >E TRANSMITT$ FROM ONE 9DIVIDUAL TO ANO!R4 ,!SE >E MODIFI$1 EXP&$1 MUTUALLY COMPLIM5T$ & 9TEGRAT$ BY ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S & GR\PS ( SOCIETY 9TO A UNIQUE SY/EM1 :I* F9ALLY CON/ITUTES ! COMMON CONSCI\SNESS1 ! COLLECTIVE ?\<T ( A SOCIETY4 ,ALL ?IS1 TRANSMITT$ BY TRADITION FROM ONE G5]ATION TO ANO!R1 DEVELOP$ & 5L>G$ BY ! 9TELLECTUAL LABORS ( C5TURIES1 CON/ITUTES ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL PATRIMONY ( A NATION1 A CLASS1 & A SOCIETY444 4 

,EV]Y NEW G5]ATION UPON REA*+ ! AGE ( MATURE ?\<T F9DS 9 ITSELF & 9 SOCIETY ! E/ABLI%$ IDEAS & CONCEPTIONS :I* S]VE IT AS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 GIV+ IT1 AS IT W]E1 ! RAW MAT]IAL = ITS [N 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL LABOR444 4 ,!SE >E ! CONCEPTIONS ( NATURE1 ( MAN1 ( JU/ICE1 ( ! DUTIES & RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS & CLASSES1 ( SOCIAL CONV5TIONS1 ( ! FAMILY1 ( PROP]TY1 & ( ! ,/ATE1 & MANY O!R FACTORS AFFECT+ ! RELATIONS BETWE5 M54 ,ALL !SE IDEAS >E IMPR9T$ UPON ! M9D ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & CONDITION$ BY ! $UCATION & TRA9+ HE RECEIVES EV5 BE=E HE BECOMES FULLY AW>E ( HIMSELF AS AN 5TITY4 ,MU* LAT]1 HE R$ISCOV]S !M1 CONSECRAT$ & EXPLA9$1 ELABORAT$ BY !ORY1 :I* EXPRESSES ! UNIV]SAL CONSCI5CE OR ! COLLECTIVE PREJUDICES ( ! RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS ( ! SOCIETY TO :I* HE BELONGS4 ,HE IS HIMSELF SO IMBU$ ) !SE PREJUDICES ?AT HE IS1 9VOLUNT>ILY1 BY VIRTUE ( ALL HIS 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL HABITS1 ! UPHOLD] ( !SE 9IQUITIES1 EV5 IF HE W]E NOT P]SONALLY 9T]E/$ 9 DEF5D+ !M4 

,IT IS C]TA9LY NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! IDEAS PASS$ ON BY ! COLLECTIVE M9D ( SOCIETY %\LD HAVE SO GREAT A HOLD UPON ! MASSES ( PEOPLE1 ,:AT IS SURPRIS+1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS ?AT !RE >E AMONG !SE MASSES 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE ! IDEAS1 ! WILL1 & ! C\RAGE TO GO AGA9/ ! /REAM ( CON=MITY4 ,= ! PRESSURE ( SOCIETY ON ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SO GREAT ?AT !RE IS NO *>ACT] SO /RONG1 NOR AN 9TELLIG5CE SO P[]FUL AS TO BE 5TIRELY IMMUNE TO ?IS DESPOTIC & IRRESI/IBLE 9FLU5CE444 4 

,NO?+ DEMON/RATES ! SOCIAL NATURE ( MAN BETT] ?AN ?IS 9FLU5CE4 ,IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ! COLLECTIVE CONSCI5CE ( ANY SOCIETY :ATEV]1 EMBODI$ 9 ! GREAT PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS1 9 ALL ! DETAILS ( PRIVATE LIFE1 S]VES AS ! BASE ( ALL ITS !ORIES4 ,IT CON/ITUTES A SORT ( 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL ATMOSPH]E3 H>MFUL ?\< IT MAY BE1 YET ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO ! EXI/5CE ( ALL ITS MEMB]S1 :OM IT DOM9ATES :ILE SU/A9+ !M1 & RE9=C+ ! BANALITY1 ! R\T9E1 :I* B9DS TOGE!R ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! MASSES4 

,! GREATE/ NUMB] ( M51 & NOT ONLY ! MASSES ( PEOPLE BUT ! PRIVILEG$ & 5LI<T5$ CLASSES EV5 MORE1 FEEL ILL AT EASE UNLESS !Y FAI?FULLY CON=M & FOLL[ TRADITION & R\T9E4 9 ALL ! ACTS ( !IR LIVES4 ,!Y REASON ?AT 0,\R FA!R ?\<T & ACT$ 9 ?IS WAY1 SO WE MU/ ?9K & DO ! SAME4 ,EV]YBODY ELSE ?9KS & ACTS ?IS WAY4 ,:Y %\LD WE ?9K & ACT O!RWISE80 

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