0,MANY ,SEASONS ,AGO0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,A,B,/,R,A,C,T 

,AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE TRADITIONALLY CLASSIFI$ =AG]S ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9TO TWO MAJOR CULTURE >EAS1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY /RIK+LY DIFF]5T SOCIAL & E?ICAL SY/EMS4 ,!SE >E 0,CALI=NIA0 & ! ADJAC5T 0,NOR?WE/ ,COA/40 ,=AG]S 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,CALI=NIA EXHIBIT MANY ELEM5TS ( ,WEB]'S 0,PROTE/ANT E?IC10 SU* AS ! MORAL 9JUNCTION = COMMUNITY LEAD]S TO WORK H>D1 SEEK SPIRITUAL PURPOSE BY 9TROSPECTION1 & PURSUE MONET>Y WEAL? :ILE AVOID+ MAT]IAL EXCESS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ =AG]S BE>S COMP>ISON ) ?AT ( C\RTLY E/ATES 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 :]E A LEISUR$ CLASS ( NOBLES A*IEV$ /ATUS ?R\< H]$IT>Y RANK+1 COMPETITIVE BANQUETS1 DAZZL+ ES!TIC DISPLAYS1 & ! RET5TION ( H\SEHOLD SLAVES CAPTUR$ 9 W>4 ,REM>KABLY1 ! COEXI/5CE ( TWO SU* CLE>LY OPPOS$ VALUE SY/EMS AMONG =AG]S 9HABIT+ ADJAC5T P>TS ( ! ,PACIFIC LITTORAL HAS EXCIT$ LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 HI/ORIANS1 OR >*AEOLOGI/S TO DATE4 ,WE CONSID] ! IMPLICATIONS1 :I* CA/ D\BT ON SOME KEY OR?ODOXIES CONC]N+ ! NATURE ( CULTURE >EAS1 MODES ( SUBSI/5CE1 & POLITICAL EVOLUTION4 ,WE >GUE ?AT ! POLITICAL CREATIVITY ( =AG+ PEOPLES HAS BE5 SEV]ELY UND]RAT$4 .<HUNT]-GA!R]S1 SLAV]Y1 S*IZMOG5ESIS1 CULTURE >EAS1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA.> 

,S9CE ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE DI/+UI%$ TWO ,ABORIG9AL 0CULTURE >EAS0 ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA3 0,CALI=NIA0 & ! 0,NOR?WE/ ,COA/40 ,BE=E ,EUROPEAN CONTACT1 BO? REGIONS W]E POPULAT$ MA9LY BY =AG]S4 ,?OSE ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ RELI$ HEAVILY ON ! H>VE/+ ( ANADROM\S FI% 7?AT IS1 SPECIES SU* AS SALMON & EULA*ON1 :I* MIGRATE UPRIV] FROM ! SEA TO SPAWN7 AS WELL AS A V>IETY ( M>9E MAMMALS1 T]RE/RIAL PLANTS1 & GAME RES\RCES 7,AMES & ,MAS*N] #a#i#i#i74 ,!Y DIVID$ !IR YE> BETWE5 COA/AL W9T] VILLAGES ( CONSID]ABLE SIZE1 HOLD+ C]EMONIES ( GREAT COMPLEXITY1 & SMALL] SOCIAL UNITS ( ! SPR+-SUMM] MORE PRAGMATICALLY FOCUS$ ON ! PROVISION ( FOOD4 ,EXP]T WOODWORK]S1 !Y TRANS=M$ ! LOCAL CONIF]S 9TO A DAZZL+ MAT]IAL CULTURE ( C>V$ & PA9T$ MASKS1 CONTA9]S1 TRIBAL CRE/S1 TOTEM POLES1 RI*LY DECORAT$ H\SES1 & CANOES1 :I* RANKS AMONG ! WORLD'S MO/ /RIK+ >TI/IC TRADITIONS4 

,PRIOR TO ,EUROPEAN SETTLEM5T1 ,ABORIG9AL SOCIETIES 9 ,CALI=NIA1 TO ! S\?1 OCCUPI$ ONE ( ! WORLD'S MO/ DIV]SE HABITATS 7,LI<TFOOT & ,P>RI% #b#i74 ,!Y MADE USE ( A /AGG]+ V>IETY ( T]RE/RIAL RES\RCES1 MANAG$ BY C>EFUL TE*NIQUES ( BURN+1 CLE>+1 & PRUN+4 ,! REGION'S 0,M$IT]RANEAN0 CLIMATE & TI<TLY COMPRESS$ TOPOGRAPHY ( M\NTA9S1 DES]TS1 FOO?ILLS1 RIV] VALLEYS1 & COA/L9ES MADE = /RONG COMPLEM5T>ITIES 9 LOCAL RES\RCES1 EX*ANG$ AT 9T]TRIBAL 0TRADE FAIRS40 ,MO/ ,CALI=NIANS W]E PR(ICI5T FI%]S & HUNT]S1 BUT MANY ALSO FOLL[$ AN ANCI5T RELIANCE ON TREE CROPS--NUTS & ACORNS-- AS /APLE FOODS4 ,!IR >TI/IC TRADITIONS DIFF]$ FROM ?OSE ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/4 ,H\SE EXT]IORS W]E G5]ALLY PLA9 & SIMPLE1 & ES!TIC ACTIVITY FOCUS$ ON ! WEAV+ ( HI<LY PATT]N$ BASKETS US$ = /OR+ & S]V+ FOOD4 

,UNLIKE !IR NEI<BORS 9 ! ,GREAT ,BAS9 & ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\?WE/1 !SE SOCIETIES ( ! ,PACIFIC LITTORAL %UNN$ MAIZE1 BEANS1 & SQUA%-->ABLE CROPS 9TRODUC$ TO O!R P>TS ( TEMP]ATE ,NOR? ,AM]ICA FROM ! TROPICS4 ,:ILE NEI!R ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ PEOPLES NOR ?OSE ( ,CALI=NIA PRACTIC$ F>M+1 BO? NEV]!LESS MA9TA9$ POPULATION D5SITIES \T/RIPP+ NATIVE AGRICULTURALI/S4 ,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 A FUR!R IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M4 ,FROM ! ,KLAMA? NOR?W>DS1 ! FI%]-=AG]S ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ HAD PRACTIC$ 9T]GR\P RAID+ & *ATTEL SLAV]Y S9CE TIME IMMEMORIAL4 ,) OCCASIONAL EXCEPTIONS1 ,ABORIG9AL ,CALI=NIANS AVOID$ SU* PRACTICES4 ,A C5TRAL AIM ( ?IS >TICLE IS TO CONSID] :AT MI<T ACC\NT = ! P]SI/5CE ( SLAV]Y 9 ONE GR\P ( =AG+ SOCIETIES AS AGA9/ ITS RELATIVE ABS5CE FROM ANO!R1 NEI<BOR+ GR\P4 ,TO ADDRESS ?IS PROBLEM REQUIRES US TO UNPACK A S]IES ( ASSUMPTIONS AB\T =AG+ SOCIETIES--9 P>TICUL>1 ?OSE ( ! ,PACIFIC COA/4 ,WE BEG9 BY COMP>+ TWO MID-TW5TIE?-C5TURY ESSAYS--ONE BY ,WALT] ,GOLDS*MIDT 7#a#i#e#a7 ON ,CALI=NIA1 ! O!R BY ,CLAUDE ,LE'VI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#g#e7 ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/--?AT HI<LI<T C]TA9 KEY DIFF]5CES 9 ! E?ICAL UND]P9N+S ( !IR RESPECTIVE SOCIETIES4 ,9 BRIEF1 ,GOLDS*MIDT >GU$ ?AT =AG]S 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,CALI=NIA EXHIBIT$ ELEM5TS ( ,WEB]'S 0,PROTE/ANT E?IC10 SU* AS ! MORAL 9JUNCTION = LEAD]S TO WORK H>D1 SEEK SPIRITUAL PURPOSE ?R\< 9TROSPECTION1 & PURSUE MONET>Y WEAL? :ILE AVOID+ MAT]IAL EXCESS4 

,LEVI-,/RAUSS1 ON ! O!R H&1 DREW ATT5TION TO CORRESPOND5CES BETWE5 ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ SOCIETIES & ! C\RTLY E/ATES ( M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 :]E A LEISUR$ CLASS ( NOBLES A*IEV$ /ATUS ?R\< H]$IT>Y RANK+ SY/EMS1 COMPETITIVE BANQUET+1 DAZZL+ ES!TIC DISPLAYS1 & ! RET5TION ( H\SEHOLD SLAVES CAPTUR$ 9 W>4 

,JUXTAPOS+ !SE 9T]PRETATIONS RAISES HI/ORICAL QUE/IONS AB\T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,CALI=NIAN & ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE NOT BE5 ASK$ BE=E4 ,SU* QUE/IONS BE> ON ! PROBLEM ( :AT CON/ITUTES A FRONTI] BETWE5 0CULTURE >EAS0 & ( ! S\RCE ( POLITICAL DIFF]5CES AMONG =AG+ PEOPLES4 ,CONSID]+ !SE DIFF]5CES LEADS US TO QU]Y EVOLUTION>Y CLASSIFICATIONS ( ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ & ,CALI=NIAN SOCIETIES AS MEMB]S ( A S+LE TYPOLOGICAL CATEGORY 7E4G41 0COMPLEX =AG]S074 ,TYPOLOGIES ( ?IS SORT HAVE BE5 WIDELY EMPLOY$ 9 AN?ROPOLOGY & >*AEOLOGY1 CONTRIBUT+ TO EXPLANATORY MODELS = ! PREHI/ORIC EM]G5CE ( AGRICULTURE4 ,WE >GUE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! TYPOLOGICAL UNITY ( !SE SOCIETIES CAN ONLY BE PRES]V$ BY IGNOR+ KEY DIFF]5CES 9 !IR POLITICAL ORGANIZATION--NOTABLY1 ! PRES5CE OR ABS5CE ( SLAV]Y4 ,RECOGNIZ+ !SE DIFF]5CES AMONG ,PACIFIC COA/ SOCIETIES OBLIGES US TO RE?9K ! ROLES !Y >E MADE TO PLAY 9 WID] S*EMES ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 

,\R L>G] AIM1 H[EV]1 IS NOT TO PROPOSE A REF9$ CLASSIFICATION4 ,9 ! MA9 P>T ( ! /UDY1 WE SEEK 9/EAD TO DEMON/RATE ! VALUE ( AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T APPROA* TO 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGE 9 =AG+ SOCIETIES BAS$ ON ! CONCEPT ( 0S*IZMOG5ESIS0 7,BATESON #a#i#c#f74 ,9/EAD ( ASSUM+ ! EXI/5CE ( /ABLE EVOLUTION>Y TYPES1 ?IS APPROA* />TS FROM ! POSITION ?AT 9/ITUTIONS CRY/ALLIZE ?R\< HI/ORICAL 5C\NT]S AMONG SOCIETIES4 ,9T]NAL SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS >E WORK$ \T 9 DIALOGUE ) NEI<BOR+ VALUE SY/EMS4 ,EFFECTS >E BO? POSITIVE & NEGATIVE4 ,ON ! NEGATIVE SIDE1 S*IZMOG5ESIS ACTS AS A BUFF] AGA9/ ! TRANSMISSION ( CULTURAL TRAITS ?R\< IMITATION4 ,FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 IT CREATES A FRONTI] AGA9/ MIMICRY1 />T+ ) ! 9T]NAL RECONFIGURATION ( H\SEHOLD & FAMILY RELATIONS4 ,ON ! POSITIVE SIDE1 PR9CIPLES ( 9TEGRATION 9 ONE GR\P ( SOCIETIES >E GREATLY ELABORAT$ AS CONSCI\S 9V]SIONS ( ?OSE F\ND AMONG NEI<BORS4 ,S*IZMOG5ESIS IS A POSITIVE /RATEGY ( CULTURAL REFUSAL4 ,= ?OSE :O LACK ANY DECISIVE MEANS ( PHYSICAL RESI/ANCE1 IT IS ALSO A PRIM>Y =M ( POLITICAL ACTION 7CF4 ,SAHL9S #b#d2 ,GRAEB] #b#a#cA74 

,PROCESSES ( ?IS K9D HAVE BE5 WIDELY CONSID]$ 9 RELATION TO 9T]ACTIONS AMONG =AG]S1 F>M]S1 & ! /ATE4 ,H[EV]1 !Y HAVE NOT =M$ P>T ( ANY MA9/REAM APPROA* TO ! /UDY ( DIV]SITY AMONG =AG+ SOCIETIES4 ,ASIDE FROM ITS 9TR9SIC HI/ORICAL 9T]E/1 DISCOV]+ ! OP]ATION ( S*IZMOG5ETIC PR9CIPLES AMONG TWO ( ! WORLD'S MO/ RI*LY DOCUM5T$ FAMILIES ( =AG+ SOCIETIES HAS BROAD] IMPLICATIONS4 ,IT REQUIRES US TO CONSID] ! ROLE ( SELF-CONSCI\S POLITICAL TRANS=MATION 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( GR\PS :OSE LIFE/YLES >E MORE (T5 /UDI$ ?R\< ! PRISM ( BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY1 ADAPTATION1 & 5DOG5\S SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,! CASE ( SLAV]Y1 & ITS REJECTION1 ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/ (F]S A R>E OPPORTUNITY TO CONSID] ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 !SE DIFF]5T ANALYTICAL APPROA*ES4 ,9 DO+ SO1 WE RELY ON A COMB9ATION ( E?NOGRAPHIC S\RCES & ORAL HI/ORY SET AGA9/ A BACKGR\ND ( >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE4 

,REC5T APPLICATIONS ( HUMAN BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY TO ,PACIFIC COA/ SOCIETIES PROCE$ BY CLASSIFY+ !M 9 T]MS ( MODES ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 T]RE/RIAL 7ACORN-BAS$7 & AQUATIC 7FI%-BAS$7 ECONOMIES HAS BE5 US$ TO DRAW BROAD DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ,CALI=NIA & ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ 7,TU%+HAM & ,BETT+] #b#a#c74 ,SU* *>ACT]IZATIONS >E CRITICIZ$ = UND]PLAY+ ! DIV]SITY ( REGIONAL =AG+ SY/EMS & EXAGG]AT+ CONTRA/S BETWE5 !M 7SEE ,GRI] #b#a#g74 ,\R [N CRITIQUE HAS 7#e#a#d74 ,BIG EAT]S W]E VIEW$ AS VULG>1 CONSUMPTION WAS TO BE SL[ & MODE/1 ! BODY KEPT SLIM & LI!4 ,AN ALMO/ DAILY TE/ ( !SE ASCETIC VALUES WAS ! NE$ TO SQUIRM HEADFIR/ ?R\< ! T9Y AP]TURES ( SWEAT LODGES3 MALE CLIQUES RES]V$ = ! RI*E/ & MO/-SKILL$ M54 

,GOLDS*MIDT'S ESSAY HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! EVOLUTION>Y & ECOLOGICALLY FOCUS$ /UDIES ?AT BECAME 9CREAS+LY PROM95T AFT] ! #a#i#eS4 ,MO/ TOOK ! TE*NICAL BUS9ESS ( HUNT+ & COLLECT+ FOOD AS A BASIS = WID] CLASSIFICATIONS ( =AG] SOCIETIES1 PRODUC+ OPPOSITIONS BETWE5 0SIMPLE_/COMPLEX10 0IMM$IATE_/DELAY$ RETURN10 0NON-/OR+_//OR+10 & 0G5]ALIZ$_/AFFLU5T0 =MS 7,KELLY #a#i#i#e2 ,TE/>T #a#i#h#b2 ,WOODBURN #a#i#h#b74 ,A /RIK+ EXCEPTION TO ?IS TR5D WAS ,CLAUDE ,LE'VI-,/RAUSS'S 7#a#i#g#e1 A DIFF]5T />T+ PO9T4 ,9 PLACE ( MODES ( SUBSI/5CE1 #a#i#h#g7 DISCUSSION ( 0H\SE SOCIETIES0 7SOCI'ET'ES A'MAISON71 WE DEVELOP AN ALT]NATIVE NOTION ( MODES ( PRODUCTION 7FOLL[+ ,GRAEB] #b#f74 ,MODES ( PRODUCTION >E NOT DI/+UI%$ BY MAT]IAL \TCOMES 7E4G41 C]TA9 K9DS ( FOOD OR PRODUCTS7 BUT BY ! REPRODUCTION ( C]TA9 K9DS ( PEOPLE & /ATUS RELATION%IPS AMONG !M 7E4G41 NOBLES1 COMMON]S1 SLAVES74 ,WE >GUE ?AT ECOLOGICAL MODELS >E BE/ UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( ?IS WID] P]SPECTIVE & ?AT EV5 ! MO/ APP>5TLY BASIC SUBSI/5CE *OICES HAVE E?ICAL & POLITICAL DIM5SIONS 7CF4 ,MOSS #a#i#i#c74 

,P,R,O,T,E,/,A,N,T ,=,A,G,],S ,& ,F,I,%,]-,K,+,S 

,9 A #aiea >TICLE1 ,WALT] ,GOLDS*MIDT PROPOS$ AN AUDACI\S !SIS AB\T ,ABORIG9AL =AG] SOCIETIES--,YUROK1 ,HUPA1 & O!RS--OCCUPY+ ! NOR?WE/ CORN] ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,!IR 0/RUCTURAL & E?ICAL *>ACT]I/ICS10 HE PROPOS$1 W]E /RIK+LY ANALOG\S TO ?OSE ID5TIFI$ AS ! SE$B$ ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM BY ,MAX ,WEB] 9 HIS FAM\S #aie ESSAY ON ! 0,PROTE/ANT E?IC0 7,WEB] #a#i#c74 ,GOLDS*MIDT C\LD NOT CLAIM TO HAVE DISCOV]$ A FULL-BL[N CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AMONG HUNT]-=AG]S4 ,SU* OBVI\S FEATURES AS WAGE LABOR & MONET>Y 9T]E/ W]E LACK+4 ,9/EAD1 HE FOLL[$ ,WEB] 9 DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 A 0CAPITALI/ SPIRIT0 & ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,HIS FOCUS WAS ON ! CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 E?ICAL PATT]NS & SOCIAL /RUCTURES3 0A SY/EM 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS PLAC$ *IEFLY BY P]SONAL ACQUISITION ( WEAL? :I* 9 !ORY WAS FREELY ATTA9ABLE BY ALL1 ) BO? /ATUS & P[] RE/+ UPON ! [N]%IP ( PROP]TY .<UND]P9N$ BY.>4444 ! MORAL DEM& TO WORK & BY EXT5SION PURSUIT ( GA92 ! MORAL DEM& ( SELF-D5IAL1 & ! 9DIVIDUATION ( MORAL RESPONSIBILITY0 7,GOLDS*MIDT #a#i#e#a1 #e#a#c74 

,!SE T5D5CIES W]E RE9=C$ BY ! UNIV]SAL APPLICATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY LAWS1 9CLUD+ 9DIVIDUAL & ALI5ABLE [N]%IP ( =AG+ GR\NDS & ! USE ( %ELL CURR5CY 7D5TALIUM7 9 PROP]TY TRANSACTIONS1 R5TAL >RANGEM5TS1 D[RIES1 & DISPUTE RESOLUTION4 ,P]SONALITY /RUCTURES AMONG M5 & BOYS W]E ALSO KEY4 ,EXEMPL>Y M5 W]E 0EXHORT$ TO AB/A9 FROM ANY K9D ( 9DULG5CE--EAT+1 SEXUAL GRATIFICATION1 PLAY OR SLO?0 DRAW+ ANALOGIES BETWE5 ! ELITE H\SEHOLDS ( M$IEVAL ,EUROPE & ! SOCIETIES ( ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/1 LOCAT$ DIRECTLY TO ! NOR? ( ,GOLDS*MIDT'S 0,PROTE/ANT =AG]S40 

,IF ! E?ICS ( !IR ,CALI=NIAN NEI<BORS BORE COMP>ISON ) M]CANTILE VALUES 9 E>LY MOD]N ,EUROPE1 ?OSE ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ MORE CLOSELY RESEMBL$ ! >I/OCRATIC VALUES ( HI< FEUDALISM4 ,SOCIETIES COMPRIS$ H\SEHOLD E/ATES DIVID$ 9TO H]$IT>Y RANKS ( NOBLES1 COMMON]S1 & SLAVES4 ,SLAVEHOLD+ WAS A DEF9+ ATTRIBUTE ( NOBILITY1 & FROM ,ALASKA S\? TO ,WA%+TON /ATE1 9T]GR\P SLAVE RAIDS W]E 5DEMIC4 ,NOBLES ALONE 5JOY$ ! RITUAL PR]OGATIVE ( 5GAG+ ) GU>DIAN SPIRITS :O CONF]R$ ACCESS TO PRE/IGI\S TITLES1 :I* DEF9$ ! LEGAL CONT5TS ( AN E/ATE4 ,COMMON]S VOLUNT>ILY PROVID$ LABOR & S]VICES TO NOBLE K91 :O VI$ = !IR ALLEGIANCE BY (F]+ SPECTACUL> FEA/S1 5T]TA9M5T1 & ! PLEASURE ( VIC>I\S P>TICIPATION 9 H]OIC EXPLOITS4 0,TAKE GOOD C>E ( Y\R PEOPLE10 W5T ! ELD]'S ADVICE TO A Y\NG ,NUU-*AHNUL? *IEF1 0IF Y\R PEOPLE DON'T LIKE Y\1 Y\'RE NO?+0 7,DRUCK] #a#i#e#a1 #a#c#a74 

,AS H\SEHOLD HEADS1 NOBLES ADH]$ TO A CODE ( HONOR & %AME1 VALORIZ+ W>F>E & P]IODICALLY HO/+ COMPETITIVE BANQUETS KN[N AS POTLAT*4 ,! POTLAT* HO/ W\LD SEEK TO HUMBLE HIS GUE/S ) GR& ORATIONS & TO OV]:ELM !M ) HOSPITALITY4 ,WEAL? MI<T BE SACRIFIC$ 9 PUBLIC DISPLAYS ( L>GESSE1 DESIGN$ TO FLATT5 & HUMILIATE POT5TIAL RIVALS4 ,!SE V>I\S TRAITS--(T5 CONSID]$ HALLM>KS ( AGR>IAN 0C\RTLY SOCIETY0--EXI/$ FULLY FL$G$ BUT 9 M9IATURE AMONG ! =AG]S ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/4 ,EA* 0FI%]-K+0 WAS RUL] ( HIS [N T9Y DOMA91 COMPRIS+ BETWE5 ONE & TWO HUNDR$ MEMB]S1 BUT NO /ABLE POLITICAL UNIT COH]$ ABOVE ! LEVEL ( !SE FI]CELY AUTONOM\S H\SEHOLDS4 

,CONTRA/S BETWE5 ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ & ,CALI=NIAN SOCIETIES1 AL?\< /RIK+1 HAVE NEV] BE5 CONSID]$ AS A HI/ORICAL PROBLEM1 NOR HAS ! COEXI/5CE ( TWO SU* CLE>LY OPPOS$ VALUE SY/EMS AMONG =AG]S 9HABIT+ ADJAC5T P>TS ( ! ,PACIFIC LITTORAL EXCIT$ MU* 9T]E/ 9 AN?ROPOLOGI/S OR >*AEOLOGI/S4 ,NOBODY1 WE TAKE IT1 W\LD SUBSUME FEUDALISM & E>LY MOD]N CAPITALISM )9 A S+LE SOCIOLOGICAL CATEGORY 70COMPLEX F>M]S087 JU/ BECAUSE BO? SY/EMS RE/$ ON AN AGR>IAN MODE ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,YET1 :5 IT COMES TO =AG+ SOCIETIES1 WE F9D SIMIL>LY OPPOS$ SETS ( VALUES & 9/ITUTIONS BR\<T UND] SU* G5]AL HEAD+S AS 0COMPLEX HUNT]-GA!R]S0 OR O!RS M5TION$ E>LI]4 ,IT IS AS ?\< ! LACK ( F>M+ 7OR O!R TRAITS ASSUM$ NORMATIVE1 LIKE /RICT EGALIT>IANISM & P]5NIAL NOMADISM7 HAVE COME TO DEF9E SU* GR\PS ABOVE ALL ELSE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR CONTRA/+ NATURES & HI/ORIES4 

,A ,C,A,S,E ,= 0,S,*,I,Z,M,O,G,5,E,S,I,S0 ,9 ,=,A,G,+ ,P,O,P,U,L,A,T,I,O,N,S 

,AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS K9D ( SOCIOLOGICAL R$UCTIONISM IS ! BOLD >GUM5T ( ,HAYD5'S ,! ,P[] ( ,FEA/S 7#b#a#d71 A /UDY ( ! COEVOLUTION ( FOOD PRODUCTION & SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 ,CALI=NIAN & ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ =AG]S >E US$ TO EXEMPLIFY AN EVOLUTION>Y CATEGORY 70AGGR&IZ+0 OR 0FEA/+0 SOCIETIES7 ?AT ,HAYD5 SEES AS TYPICAL ( ?OSE PREHI/ORIC GR\PS ?AT FIR/ DEVELOP$ AGRICULTURE4 ,HE POSITS A CAUSAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! DEM& = SPECIFIC LUXURY FOODS--DEPLOY$ 9 COMPETITIVE FEA/S--& ! 9T5SIFICATION ( !IR PRODUCTION1 /IMULAT+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( F>M+4 ,HAYD51 H[EV]1 CANNOT DOCUM5T ANY SU* DIRECT TRANSITION FROM 0FEA/+ FOODS0 TO DOME/ICATION1 & ! WORK+S ( 0FEA/+ SOCIETIES0 >E DEMON/RAT$ FROM ! E?NOGRAPHY ( REGIONS DI/+UI%$ BY !IR RESI/ANCE TO ! ADOPTION ( AGRICULTURE4 

,WE ALSO NOTE ! LOGICAL 9CONSI/5CY 9 HOLD+ A *ANGE 9 CONSUMPTION PATT]NS RESPONSIBLE = A *ANGE 9 MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,A FULL EXPLICATION W\LD CONSID] ! NATURE ( ! =AG] PRODUCTIVE SY/EM ?AT MAKES FEA/+ POSSIBLE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT1 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ?AT ! DEF9ITION ( 0FEA/+ SOCIETIES0 RE/S HEAVILY ON ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ E?NOGRAPHY YET H>DLY ADDRESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( SLAV]Y4 ,ONCE WE RE9/ATE ?IS BASIC ELEM5T1 IT BECOMES DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ SU* SOCIETIES MI<T DEVELOP F>M+ ECONOMIES4 ,:ILE SLAV]Y IS COMPATIBLE ) FULLY AGR>IAN SY/EMS1 SY/EMIC 9T]GR\P RAID+ AMONG =AG]S H>DLY SEEMS CONDUCIVE TO ! 9T5SIFICATION ( L& USE1 :I* IS NECESS>Y = 9ITIAL /EPS T[>D AGRICULTURE 7CF4 ,ROSCOE #b#a#g74 ,9 SOME WELL-DOCUM5T$ CASES1 SLAV]Y HAS1 9 FACT1 (F]$ AN ALT]NATIVE TO FOOD PRODUCTION & DEMOGRAPHIC GR[? 9 SUPPORT+ ! EXI/5CE ( LEISUR$ ELITES & SPECIALIZ$ 9DU/RIES 7CF4 ,MEILLASS\X #a#i#i#a2 ,SANTOS-,GRAN]O #b#i74 

,ALSO PROBLEMATIC1 WE SUGGE/1 IS ! TREATM5T ( ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ & ,CALI=NIAN SOCIETIES AS EXEMPL>S ( A COMMON EVOLUTION>Y TYPE1 BAS$ ON !IR FEA/+ & C]EMONIAL PRACTICES4 ,TO MA9TA9 ! ILLUSION ( TYPOLOGICAL SIMIL>ITY1 ONE W\LD HAVE TO OV]LOOK ! ABS5CE 9 ,CALI=NIA ( ALMO/ EV]Y?+ ?AT DEF9ES ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ POTLAT* AS A CULTURAL 9/ITUTION1 SU* AS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 HI< & L[ CUIS9ES 7,BOAS & ,HUNT #a#i#e71 RANK$ SEAT+ ORD]S & S]V+ EQUIPM5T1 OBLIGATORY EAT+ ( OILY FOODS1 COMPETITIVE DE/RUCTION ( ANCE/RAL VALUABLES1 SELF-AGGR&IZ+ POETRY1 SLAVE SACRIFICE1 & O!R PUBLIC MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! RIVALRY BETWE5 NOBLES FI<T+ OV] TITUL> PRIVILEGE 7,COD]E #a#i#e74 

,E?NOGRAPH]S 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY CLE>LY REG>D$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( SU* PRACTICES 9TO NOR!RN ,CALI=NIAN SOCIETIES AS ANOMAL\S 7SEE1 E4G41 ,LESLIE ,SPI]'S .<#a#i#c.> DISCUSSION ( ! ,KLAMA?1 :O TOOK UP SLAV+ & LIMIT$ ASPECTS ( POTLAT* AFT] !IR ADOPTION ( ! HORSE74 ,MORE TYPICALLY1 C]EMONIAL GA!R+S 9 ,ABORIG9AL ,CALI=NIA PRES5T$ FEATURES ?AT >E QUITE ! REV]SE ( POTLAT* PR9CIPLES4 ,!SE 9CLUDE AN EMPHASIS ON ! EX*ANGE & CONSUMPTION ( /APLE RA!R ?AN LUXURY FOODS 7,P[]S #a#h#g#g1 #d#h2 ,VAYDA #a#i#f#g71 PLAYFUL TRANSGRESSION ( GR\P B\ND>IES 9 C]EMONIAL DANCES1 & C>EFUL PUBLIC WRAPP+ & UNWRAPP+ ( ANCE/RAL VALUABLES1 SU* AS OBSIDIAN BLADES1 PASS$ FROM VILLAGE HEADM5 9TO ! TEMPOR>Y CU/ODY ( 0DANCE LEAD]S0 7,GOLDS*MIDT & ,DRIV] #a#i#d74 

,NO D\BT1 ! MUTUALI/IC ASPECTS ( ,CALI=NIAN SEASONAL GA!R+S CAN BE OV]/AT$4 ,LOCAL HEADM5 C]TA9LY B5EFITT$ MONET>ILY & 9 REPUTATION BY HO/+ !M 7,BLACKBURN #a#i#g#f1 #b#c-#c#e74 ,YET1 TO R$UCE SU* SY/EMS TO !IR 0AGGR&IZ+0 FUNCTIONS SEEMS AN UNW>RANT$ DI/ORTION1 ESPECIALLY GIV5 ! LEVEL+ FUNCTIONS ( 0TRADE FEA/S0 & 0DE]SK9 DANCES10 & !IR ROLE 9 PROMOT+ 9T]GR\P SOLID>ITY 7CF4 ,*ASE-,DUNN & ,MANN #a#i#i#h1 #a#d#c-#d#d74 ,NAPOLEON ,*AGNON W5T SO F> AS TO >GUE ?AT 0IT WAS FUNCTIONALLY NECESS>Y = ! ,YUROK TO 'DESIRE' D5TALIA .<I4E41 MONEY.>1 BUT ONLY IF !Y W]E OBTA9$ FROM !IR NEI<BORS4 ,! SOCIAL PRE/IGE 9VOLV$ ) OBTA9+ WEAL? 9 ?IS FA%ION EFFECT$ A MORE /ABLE ADAPTATION TO ! DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES BY ALL[+ TRADE TO BE ! ALT]NATIVE TO RAID 9 TIMES ( LOCAL 9SUFFICI5CY0 7#a#i#g1 #a#g-#a#h74 

,FOLL[+ ?IS L9E ( >GUM5T1 WE WILL MAKE A CASE = ! OCCURR5CE ( S*IZMOG5ESIS AMONG ,ABORIG9AL POPULATIONS ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,AS DEF9$ BY ,GREGORY ,BATESON 7#a#i#c#f71 S*IZMOG5ESIS REF]S TO ! SELF-CONSCI\S DIFF]5TIATION ( CULTURAL NORMS )9 GR\PS AS AN \TCOME ( CUMULATIVE 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 !M1 PRODUC+ SYMMETRICAL CONTRA/S1 & LEAD+ EV5TUALLY TO RUPTURE4 ,! SCALE ( DIFF]5TIATION ) :I* WE >E CONC]N$ IS ?AT ( 0CULTURE >EAS0 7OR 0FOOD >EAS10 AS ,CL>K ,WISSL] .<#a#i#b#b.> T]M$ !M2 CF4 ,KROEB] #a#i#c#i7 RA!R ?AN ! MORE 9TRICATE PATT]N+ ( LANGUAGE & K9%IP GR\PS1 :I* MAY NOT BE EXPLICABLE 9 T]MS ( S*IZMOG5ESIS4 ,?IS ASSUMES A DEEP HI/ORY ( ,ABORIG9AL SLAV]Y ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/ AS WELL AS SU/A9$ 9T]ACTION ACROSS ! FRONTI]S ( CULTURE >EAS1 EXT5D+ BACK BEYOND ! E>LIE/ DETAIL$ E?NOGRAPHIC REPORTS4 

,:ILE NOT UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$1 !SE ASSUMPTIONS >E SUPPORT$ BY A GR[+ BODY ( >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE4 ,A V>IETY ( 9DICATORS PO9T TO ! EXI/5CE ( SOME =M ( H\SEHOLD BONDAGE ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ P]HAPS AS F> BACK AS ! ,MIDDLE ,PACIFIC P]IOD 7C4 #ahe ,B,C71 :5 ! FOCUS$ EXPLOITATION ( ANADROM\S FI% ALSO BEGAN 7,AMES #b#h2 CF4 ,C\PL&1 ,/EW>D1 & ,PATTON #b#a74 ,SU* EVID5CE 9CLUDES DEF5SIVE =TIFICATIONS & SIGNS ( W>F>E1 9 CONJUNCTION ) 9DICATORS ( LABOR 9T5SIFICATION1 EXP&+ TRADE NETWORKS1 & EXTREME DISP>ITIES 9 TREATM5TS ( ! DEAD4 ,AT ! 0TOP 5D10 !SE 9CLUDE BURIALS EXHIBIT+ =MAL SY/EMS ( BODY ORNAM5TATION & ! /AG+ ( CORPSES 9 SEAT$ OR O!R FIX$ POSITIONS1 PRESUMABLY REF]5C+ A HI]>*Y ( RITUAL PO/URES AMONG ! LIV+4 ,AT ! 0BOTTOM10 !Y 9CLUDE ! MUTILATION ( BODIES1 RECYCL+ ( HUMAN BONE = 9DU/RIES1 & ! 0(F]+0 ( PEOPLE AS GRAVE GOODS4 ,! OV]ALL IMPRESSION IS ( A WIDE SPECTRUM ( =MALIZ$ /ATUSES RANG+ FROM HI< RANK TO NONP]SONS 7,AMES #b#a74 

,SU* FEATURES >E ABS5T FROM ! >*AEOLOGICAL RECORD ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,! CONTRA/ CANNOT BE ATTRIBUT$ TO A LACK ( CONTACT4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 >*AEOLOGICAL & L+UI/IC EVID5CE DEMON/RATES EXT5SIVE MIGRATION & TRADE ALONG ! COA/4 ,LONG PRIOR TO ,EUROPEAN CONTACT1 A VIBRANT CANOE-BORNE M>ITIME TRADE L9K$ COA/AL & ISL& SOCIETIES1 CONVEY+ VALUABLES SU* AS %ELL BEADS1 COPP]1 OBSIDIAN1 & A HO/ ( ORGANIC COMMODITIES ACROSS ! DIV]SE ECOLOGIES ( ! ,PACIFIC LITTORAL 7,>NOLD #a#i#i#e74 ,V>I\S L9ES ( EVID5CE PO9T TO ! MOVEM5T ( HUMAN CAPTIVES 9 ! CONTEXT ( 9T]GR\P W>F>E & TRADE 7,AMES #b#h74 ,AS E>LY AS #ae ,B,C1 SOME P>TS ( ! %OREL9E >\ND ! ,SALI% ,SEA W]E ALREADY EQUIPP$ ) =TIFICATIONS & %ELT]S 9 ANTICIPATION ( RAIDS 7CF4 ,ANGELBECK & ,GRI] #b#a#b74 

,DESPITE GR[+ EVID5CE = HI/ORICAL 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ,CALI=NIA & ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ 7E4G41 ,HAJDA #b#e71 !RE HAS BE5 LITTLE COMP>ATIVE WORK ACROSS !SE TWO MAJOR CULTURE >EAS4 ,\R FOCUS WILL BE ON CL>IFY+ :AT CON/ITUT$ A FRONTI] BETWE5 !M1 GIV5 ! POLITICALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ *>ACT] ( SOCIETIES ON BO? SIDES ( ! DIVIDE4 

,T,U,R,N,+ ,M,O,D,E,S ,( ,S,U,B,S,I,/,5,C,E ,9,S,I,D,E ,\,T 

,PROCESSES AK9 TO S*IZMOG5ESIS HAVE BE5 WIDELY EXPLOR$ = =AG+ SOCIETIES 9 RELATION TO AGR>IAN /ATES 7,+OLD1 ,RI*ES1 & ,WOODBURN #a#i#h#h74 ,P]HAPS ! BROADE/ /UDY ( ?IS K9D IS ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT'S ,! ,>T ( ,NOT ,BE+ ,GOV]N$ 7#b#i71 :I* >GUES ?AT MANY 9T]NAL FEATURES ( =AG] 7& HORTICULTURAL7 GR\PS 9 HI<L& ,S\!A/ ,ASIA EVOLV$ AS C\NT]-RESPONSES TO ! PR$ATORY 9T]E/S ( L[L& K+DOMS 9 !IR VIC9ITY4 ,SU* FEATURES RANGE FROM SEGM5T>Y L9EAGE SY/EMS TO ! CULTIVATION ( :AT HE T]MS 0ESCAPE CROPS0 7E4G41 ROOT VEGETABLES7 ?AT GR[ 9VISIBLY BEL[GR\ND & SO >E DIFFICULT = /ATES TO QUANTIFY1 TAX1 OR PLUND]4 ,?IS IS SIMIL> TO ! REJECTION BY HI<L& FOLK ( FIX$-FIELD SY/EMS 9 FAVOR ( 0MOBILE1 FUGITIVE SUBSI/5CE /RATEGIES10 :I* PRES5T 0A NE>LY 9TRACTABLE HI]OGLYPHIC TO ANY /ATE ?AT MI<T WANT TO CORRAL !M0 7,SCOTT #b#i1 #a#i#e2 SEE ALSO #a#h#d-#h#e74 

,=MS ( PR$ATION ?AT ,SCOTT ASSOCIATES ) AGR>IAN /ATES--NOTABLY1 ! 0H>VE/+0 ( PEOPLE & !IR LABOR ?R\< SY/EMATIC RAID+--CAN ALSO BE F\ND 9 COMP>ATIVELY SMALL-SCALE1 NONAGR>IAN SOCIETIES4 ,ON ?IS PO9T1 WE >E GRATEFUL TO ,SCOTT = PO9T+ US T[>D ,SANTOS,GRAN]O'S 7#b#i7 /UDY ( ,ABORIG9AL SLAVEHOLD+ SY/EMS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN TROPICS4 ,US+ S\RCES ?AT DATE BACK TO ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES ,A,D1 ,SANTOS-,GRAN]O ID5TIFIES A SUBSET ( ,ABORIG9AL GR\PS ?AT HE T]MS 0CAPTUR+ SOCIETIES40 ,ON ! FACE ( IT1 !SE SPATIALLY DISP>ATE POPULATIONS HAVE LITTLE 9 COMMON1 LEA/ ( ALL !IR MODES ( SUBSI/5CE1 :I* (T5 EVADE ANY SIMPLE S*EME ( CLASSIFICATION3 

,9 NOR?WE/ ,AMAZONIA ! DOM9ANT PEOPLES W]E S$5T>Y HORTICULTURALI/S & FI%]M5 LIV+ ALONG ! L>GE/ RIV]S :O RAID$ ! NOMADIC HUNT+-GA!R+ B&S ( ! H9T]L&4 ,9 CONTRA/1 9 ! ,P>AGUAY ,RIV] BAS9 !Y W]E SEMI-IT9]ANT HUNT]-GA!R]S :O RAID$ OR SUBJUGAT$ VILLAGE AGRICULTURALI/S4 ,9 S\!RN ,FLORIDA WE F9D A SIMIL> SITUATION3 ! HEGEMONIC PEOPLE W]E FI%]M5-GA!R]S :O LIV$ 9 L>GE P]MAN5T VILLAG]S BUT MOV$ SEASONALLY TO FI%+ & GA!R+ SITES1 & :O RAID$ BO? FI%+ & F>M+ COMMUNITIES4 ,9 ALL ! O!R CASES1 ! /RUGGLE WAS BETWE5 SOCIETIES ) SIMIL> ECONOMIES BAS$ ON SLA%-&-BURN AGRICULTURE COMB9$ ) HUNT+ & FI%+ 9 DIFF]5T DEGREES4 7,SANTOS-,GRAN]O #b#i1 #d#b-#d#d7 

,TWO FACTORS NEV]!LESS ALL[ HIM TO CONSID] !SE SOCIETIES AS A GR\P3 7#a7 !IR RESPECTIVE MONOPOLIES OV] OPTIMAL 5VIRONM5TAL NI*ES 7I4E41 9 T]MS ( RES\RCE ABUNDANCE71 & 7#b7 !IR MA9T5ANCE ( PR$ATORY &_/OR P>ASITIC RELATIONS ) WEAK] NEI<BORS1 :O !Y SUBJUGAT$ ?R\< WELL-COORD9AT$ RAID+4 ,9 SOME CASES1 RIV]9E OR COA/AL HUNT]-=AG]S--SU* AS ! ,GUAICURU' ( ! ,P>AGUAY PALM ,SAVANNAH OR ! ,CALUSA ( ! ,FLORIDA ,KEYS--EX]T$ PR$ATORY P[]S OV] ! L&1 LABOR1 & RES\RCES ( NE>BY F>M+ POPULATIONS4 ,SLAVE-TAK+ & EXTRACTION ( TRIBUTE EXEMPT$ A PORTION ( ! DOM9ANT SOCIETY FROM BASIC SUBSI/5CE *ORES1 SUPPORT+ ! EXI/5CE ( LEISUR$ ELITES AS WELL AS SPECIALIZ$ W>RIOR CA/ES4 

,:]E WE HAVE 0=AG]S0 CONSUM+ REGUL> QUANTITIES ( DOME/IC CROPS EXTRACT$ AS TRIBUTE FROM NE>BY F>M+ POPULATIONS1 ! CONCEPT ( 0MODES ( SUBSI/5CE0 MAY BE SAFELY SET ASIDE4 ,:AT /RUCTUR$ RELATION%IPS )9 & BETWE5 GR\PS WAS AN OV]>*+ MODE ( PRODUCTION BAS$ ON ! CAPTURE ( PEOPLE FROM 5EMIES1 !IR 9CORPORATION AS SUBORD9ATES1 & !IR TRANS=MATION 9TO S\RCES ( RITUAL VALUE ?R\< SACRIFICE OR BY PROCESS+ !IR BODY P>TS 9TO TROPHIES & TALISMANS4 ,9 ! TROPICS1 FOOD WAS 9VOLV$ AT EV]Y /AGE1 BO? PRACTICALLY & CONCEPTUALLY4 ,RAID+ WAS ASSIMILAT$ TO PR$ATION 7M5'S WORK7 & CAPTIVES TO VANQUI%$ PREY1 & LAT] TO PETS1 :ILE !IR RESOCIALIZATION 9TO H\SEHOLDS MEANT EXT5SIVE NURTUR+1 9/RUCTION1 & COOK+ MEALS 7WOM5'S WORK74 ,SLAVE SACRIFICE OCCURR$ AT COLLECTIVE FEA/S1 PRESID$ OV] BY RITUAL SPECIALI/S1 & C\LD 9CLUDE ! EAT+ ( 5EMY FLE% AS A WAY ( DIV]T+ VITALITY TO ! BODIES ( A CONQU]+ POPULATION 7,FAU/O #b74 

,ALL ?IS CIRCULATION ( FOOD1 H[EV]1 WAS JU/ ONE ASPECT ( A MORE 5COMPASS+ SY/EM ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION1 :I* ,SANTOS-,GRAN]O CALLS ! 0,AM]9DIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY ( LIFE40 ,AT A BROAD] !ORETICAL LEVEL1 WE MI<T REIMAG9E MODES ( PRODUCTION 79CLUD+ MODES ( SUBSI/5CE7 9 EXACTLY !SE K9DS ( T]MS 7,GRAEB] #b#f74 ,MODES ( PRODUCTION W\LD !N BE DI/+UI%$ NOT SO MU* BY !IR MAT]IAL \TCOMES 7E4G41 C]TA9 K9DS ( FOOD OR PRODUCTS7 AS BY !IR EFFICACY 9 PRODUC+ & REPRODUC+ C]TA9 DI/9CTIVE K9DS ( PEOPLE & /ATUS RELATION%IPS AMONG !M 7E4G41 NOBLES1 COMMON]S1 SLAVES74 ,IT IS 9 PRECISELY SU* T]MS ?AT WE PROPOSE TO EXPLORE ! CULTURAL DIV]G5CE ( =AG+ POPULATIONS BETWE5 NOR!RN ,CALI=NIA & ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/4 

,W,O,G,I,E,S3 ,A ,C,A,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,T,A,L,E ,& ,S,*,I,Z,M,O,G,5,E,T,I,C 0,S,M,O,K,+ ,G,U,N0 

,WE >E EMBOLD5$ TO DO SO 9 P>T BY A REM>KABLE /ORY1 :I* COMES D[N TO US VIA ,/EPH5 ,P[]S'S 7#a#h#g#g7 ,TRIBES ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,! GEOGRAPH] ,A4 ,W4 ,*ASE 7#a#h#g#c7 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO REPORT IT AS AN ACC\NT GIV5 TO HIM BY ! ,*ETCO ( ,OREGON CONC]N+ ! ORIG9S ( ! WORD 0,WOGIE0 7PRON\NC$ 0,WA@5GEH074 ,MAC,LEOD ?\<T IT WOR?Y ( COMM5T 9 HIS #aibi /UDY ( 0! ORIG9 ( S]VILE LABOR GR\PS10 BUT IT HAS RECEIV$ LITTLE ATT5TION S9CE4 ,! ,*ETCO1 TODAY ALL BUT GONE1 >E KN[N TO HAVE DOM9AT$ ,OREGON'S S\!RN %OREL9E4 ,BY #a#h#g#c1 A SMALL NUMB] W]E LIV+ 9 ! ,SILETZ ,RES]VATION1 N[ 9 ,L9COLN ,C\NTY1 DISPLAC$ FROM !IR VILLAGES BY ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S4 ,*ASE WROTE ! FOLL[+3 

,! ,*ETKOS SAY ?AT1 MANY SEASONS AGO1 !IR ANCE/ORS CAME 9 CANOES FROM ! F> NOR?1 & L&$ AT ! RIV]'S M\?4 ,!Y F\ND TWO TRIBES 9 POSSESSION1 ONE A W>LIKE RACE1 RESEMBL+ !MSELVES2 !SE !Y SOON CONQU]$ & EXT]M9AT$4 ,! O!R WAS A DIM9UTIVE PEOPLE1 ( AN EXCE$+LY MILD DISPOSITION1 & :ITE4 ,!SE CALL$ !MSELVES1 OR W]E CALL$ BY ! NEW-COM]S1 0,WOGIES40 ,!Y W]E SKILLFUL 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( BASKETS1 ROBES1 & CANOES1 & HAD MANY ME?ODS ( TAK+ GAME & FI% :I* W]E UNKN[N TO ! 9VAD]S4 ,REFUS+ TO FI<T1 ! ,WOGIES W]E MADE SLAVES (1 & KEPT AT WORK TO PROVIDE FOOD & %ELT] & >TICLES ( USE = ! MORE W>LIKE RACE1 :O WAX$ V]Y FAT & LAZY4 ,ONE NI<T1 H[EV]1 AFT] A GR& FEA/1 ! ,WOGIES PACK$ UP & FL$1 & W]E NEV] MORE SE54 ,:5 ! FIR/ :ITE M5 APPE>$1 ! ,*ETKOS SUPPOS$ ?AT !Y W]E ! ,WOGIES RETURN$4 ,!Y SOON F\ND \T !IR MI/AKE H[EV]1 BUT RETA9$ AMONG !MSELVES ! APPELLATION = ! :ITE M51 :O >E KN[N AS ,WOGIES BY ALL ! COA/ TRIBES 9 ! VIC9ITY4 7CIT$ 9 ,P[]S #a#h#g#g1 #f#i7 

,?AT A =AG] GR\P ( ! ,OREGON COA/ %\LD N>RATE ,EURO-,AM]ICAN COLONIZATION AS AN ACT ( HI/ORICAL V5GEANCE IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,ABORIG9AL POPULATIONS !RE W]E AMONG ! FIR/ ON ! ,PACIFIC LITTORAL TO SUCCUMB TO DISEASES 9TRODUC$ BY TRAD]S & SETTL]S4 ,COMB9$ ) G5OCIDAL ATTACKS1 ?IS CAUS$ !M TO SUFF] ALMO/ TOTAL DEMOGRAPHIC COLLAPSE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,AS A RESULT1 !RE >E NO DETAIL$ ACC\NTS ( !SE GR\PS TO COMP>E ) ! TWO MAJOR E?NOLOGICAL /UDY REGIONS TO EI!R SIDE4 ,9DE$1 ?IS COMPLEX SUBSECTOR ( ! COA/1 BETWE5 ! ,EEL ,RIV] & ! M\? ( ! ,COLUMBIA ,RIV]1 POS$ SIGNIFICANT PROBLEMS ( CLASSIFICATION = S*OL>S SEEK+ TO DEL9EATE ! B\ND>IES ( 0CULTURE >EAS0 9 WE/]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 7,JORG5S5 #a#i#h2 ,KROEB] #a#i#c#i71 & ! ISSUE ( !IR AFFILIATION REMA9S CONT5TI\S TODAY 7SEE ,DONALD #b#c74 

,GIV5 ?IS CONSID]ABLE BODY ( MOD]N RESE>*1 IT MAY SEEM FRIVOL\S TO EVOKE A N9ETE5?-C5TURY /ORY--ONE ( QUE/IONABLE HI/ORICITY--AS A BASIS = R5EW$ DISCUSSION ( =AG+ SOCIETIES ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/4 ,YET1 WE W\LD >GUE !RE >E S\ND REASONS = DO+ SO4 ,FIR/1 !RE IS NO?+ 9H]5TLY IMPLAUSIBLE AB\T A SLAVEHOLD+ SOCIETY MIGRAT+ S\? OV] WAT] 9TO NEW T]RITORY1 AT SOME REMOTE TIME1 & EI!R SUBJUGAT+ OR KILL+ ! AUTO*?ON\S 9HABITANTS4 ,SECOND1 ! /ORY DEF9ES A SET ( PRAGMATIC CRIT]IA = ! 5SLAVEM5T ( AN ALI5 PEOPLE4 0,WOGIES0 W]E ALREADY SOCIALIZ$ TO P]=M ?OSE COLLECTIVE ACTIVITIES MO/ VALU$ BY !IR NEW MA/]S 7PREF]ABLE1 NO D\BT1 GIV5 ! CO/ ( H\S+ & FE$+ SLAVES74 ,:AT ! PROTO-,*ETCO CAPTUR$ WAS NOT AB/RACT 0,WOGIE LABOR0 BUT ! ACCUMULAT$ SAVOIR-FAIRE ( A HUNT]-FI%]-=AG] PEOPLE NOT TOO UNLIKE !MSELVES & 9 SOME RESPECTS CLE>LY MORE CAPABLE4 ,?IRD1 ! ,*ETCO 0TALE ( ! ,WOGIES0 IS SET 9 PRECISELY ?AT 9T]M$IATE >EA BETWE5 SOCIETIES :]E SLAV+ WAS 5DEMIC1 & MO/ LIKELY ( GREAT ANTIQUITY1 & ?OSE :]E IT WAS MU* ATT5UAT$ OR SIMPLY ABS5T4 

,MORE 9TRIGU+1 /ILL1 >E ! /ORY'S E?ICAL DIM5SIONS1 :I* RESONATE ) C]TA9 WELL-KN[N FEATURES ( ,ABORIG9AL ,CALI=NIAN MORALITY1 9CLUD+ ! HI< VALUE PLAC$ ON H>D WORK & 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY4 ,9DE$1 ! :OLE LEG5D--TOLD1 IT SEEMS1 AMONG A V>IETY ( COA/AL GR\PS-- MAKES S5SE AS A CAUTION>Y TALE = ?OSE TEMPT$ TO R5D] O!RS SLAVES OR TO ACQUIRE WEAL? & LEISURE ?R\< RAID+4 ,HAV+ =C$ !IR VICTIMS 9TO S]VITUDE & GR[N 0FAT & LAZY0 ON ! PROCE$S1 IT IS ! ,*ETCO'S NEWF\ND SLO? ?AT MAKES !M UNABLE TO PURSUE ! FLEE+ ,WOGIES4 ,! ,WOGIES COME \T ( ! :OLE AFFAIR ON TOP BY VIRTUE ( !IR PACIFISM1 9DU/RI\SNESS1 CRAFT SKILLS1 & CAPACITY = 9NOVATION2 9DE$1 !Y GET TO MAKE A LE?AL RETURN--9 SPIRIT1 AT LEA/--AS ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SETTL]S EQUIPP$ ) GUNS1 G]MS1 & /EEL4 

,! TALE ( ! ,WOGIES RAISES WID] QUE/IONS AB\T ! HI/ORICAL DIV]G5CE ( =AG+ SOCIETIES 9 ,PACIFIC ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & AB\T ! NATURE ( HUNT]-=AG] DIV]SITY 9 G5]AL4 ,= BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGI/S1 ! DEF9ITIVE /ATEM5T ON ?IS MATT] REMA9S ,ROB]T ,L4 ,KELLY'S MAGI/]IAL BOOK1 ,! ,=AG+ ,SPECTRUM 7#a#i#i#e71 :I* USES E?NOGRAPHIC DATA FROM EV]Y CONT95T TO CONVEY ! DIV]SITY ( SOCIETIES ?AT SUBSI/ ON WILD RES\RCES1 9CLUD+ ! EFFECTS ( !IR 05CAPSULATION0 BY AGROPA/ORAL PEOPLES & 9DU/RIAL /ATES4 ,9 PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGI/S SEEK TO ACC\NT = ?IS DIV]SITY BY DRAW+ COMP>ISONS AMONG HI/ORICALLY UNRELAT$ GR\PS )9 ! GLOBAL SAMPLE ( KN[N =AG+ SOCIETIES 7E4G41 ,ALD5 ,SMI? ET AL4 #b#a74 

,H5CE1 ! CONCEPT ( A 0=AG+ SPECTRUM10 AS CURR5TLY US$1 FALLS VICTIM TO A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,9 !ORY1 ! APPROA* ACKN[L$GES DIV]SITY AMONG =AG+ SOCIETIES RESULT+ FROM !IR HI/ORICAL POSITION 9 A L>G] NETWORK ( SOCIETIES4 ,YET1 9 PRACTICE1 IT RECOGNIZES ! OP]ATION ( SU* PROCESSES ONLY :]E =AG]S 5C\NT] F>M]S & /ATES4 ,9 O!R CASES1 HUMAN- 5VIRONM5T RELATIONS 7SU* AS SEASONAL MOBILITY OR RES\RCE ABUNDANCE7 >E EVOK$1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! MUTUAL DIFF]5TIATION ( 9/ITUTIONS AMONG NEI<BOR+ GR\PS4 ,! TALE ( ! ,WOGIES 9VITES US TO EXPLORE PROCESSES ( ! LATT] K9D4 ,9 DO+ SO1 & TO CL>IFY \R [N POSITION1 WE FIR/ CONSID] A REC5T & /IMULAT+ APPLICATION ( HUMAN BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY TO ,ABORIG9AL ,CALI=NIA4 

,A,P,P,>,5,T,L,Y ,I,R,R,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,=,A,G,],S 

,PR$ICTIVE MODEL+1 AS EMPLOY$ 9 BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY1 PROVIDES A SET ( RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS AGA9/ :I* TO MEASURE ! ACTUAL BEHAVIOR ( =AG+ POPULATIONS4 0,OPTIMAL =AG+ !ORY0 ASSUMES1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT WILD RES\RCES >E NORMALLY T>GET$ ON A CO/-B5EFIT BASIS1 CALCULAT$ 9 T]MS ( CALORIC RETURN RELATIVE TO LABOR EXP5D$ 9 COLLECTION & PROCESS+4 ,A SIMPLIFI$ MODEL ( ?IS K9D W\LD PO/ULATE ?AT BIG-GAME HUNT]S %IFT !IR ATT5TION D[N ! TROPHIC SCALE ONLY IF OBLIG$ TO DO SO1 MOV+ ON TO SMALL] & MORE ABUNDANT FOOD PACKAGES 7E4G41 RABBIT OR FI%7 & SUPPLEM5T+ !SE :]E NE$$ ) 0?IRD ORD]0 FOODS 7E4G41 %ELLFI%1 ACORNS1 P9E NUTS1 OR WILD SE$ GRASSES74 ,BAS$ ON SU* CALCULATIONS1 ALL RES\RCES 9 A GIV5 CAT*M5T RECEIVE A RANK+ 7SEE1 E4G41 ,W9T]HALD] #a#i#h#a74 

,:]E ! EVID5CE DEVIATES FROM ?IS IDEAL CO/-EFFECTIVE PATT]N1 IT BECOMES NECESS>Y TO ASK :Y =AG]S MI<T HAVE OPT$ = A SUBOPTIMAL MODE ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGI/S ID5TIFY ,ABORIG9AL ,CALI=NIA AS JU/ SU* A DEVIANT CASE4 ,AQUATIC RES\RCES1 9CLUD+ ANADROM\S FI%1 >E ABUNDANT FROM ! ,PACIFIC COA/ AS F> 9L& AS ! ,SACRAM5TO-,SAN ,JOAQU9 RIV] SY/EM & PLAY$ SIGNIFICANT ROLES 9 ,ABORIG9AL ECONOMY4 ,YET !Y G5]ALLY CAME SECOND 9 IMPORTANCE TO TREE CROPS1 ACORNS1 & P9E NUTS4 ,EV5 AMONG COA/AL GR\PS1 ! PRACTICE ( 0BALANOCULTURE0 7FROM ! ,GREEK = 0ACORN07 PROVID$ A GREAT] COMPON5T ( ,ABORIG9AL DIETS4 ,9 SOME P>TS ( ,CALI=NIA1 RELIANCE ON ACORNS AS A DIET>Y /APLE CAN BE TRAC$ BACK SOME F\R MILL5NIA1 MU* FUR!R ?AN 9T5SE EXPLOITATION ( FI%4 ,EV5 ACC\NT+ = TAPHONOMIC ISSUES1 A WIDE RANGE ( EVID5CE1 9CLUD+ ISOTOPIC /UDIES ON HUMAN REMA9S1 CORROBORATES ! PREC$5CE ( BOREAL OV] AQUATIC RES\RCES 7,TU%+HAM & ,BETT+] #b#a#c74 

,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( OPTIMAL =AG+ !ORY1 ?IS IS PUZZL+4 ,ACORNS & P9E NUTS (F] T9Y 9DIVIDUAL FOOD PACKAGES1 & !IR YIELDS CAN V>Y DRAMATICALLY FROM ONE SEASON TO ! NEXT4 ,BE=E CONSUMPTION1 MO/ V>IETIES ( ACORN REQUIRE LEA*+ & GR9D+ TO REMOVE TOX9S & RELEASE NUTRI5TS 7,DRIV] #a#i#e#b74 ,!Y >E 0HI<-CO/1 L[RANK+0 FOODS4 ,SALMON1 BY CONTRA/1 CAN BE H>VE/$ & PROCESS$ 9 GREAT QUANTITIES ON AN ANNUAL BASIS & HAVE HI< NUTRITIONAL VALUE1 PROVID+ OIL & FATS AS WELL AS PROTE91 MAK+ !M RELATIVELY 0L[-CO/1 HI<-RANK+0 FOODS4 ,ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/1 BULK H>VE/+ ( SALMON & O!R ANADROM\S SPECIES EXT5DS BACK TO #b ,B,C & REMA9$ A CORN]/ONE ( ,ABORIG9AL ECONOMY UNTIL REC5T TIMES 7,AMES & ,MAS*N] #a#i#i#i74 ,:Y NOT SIMIL>LY1 !N1 9 ,CALI=NIA1 & H[ MI<T ?IS CONTRA/ RELATE TO O!R DIFF]5CES 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( =AG+ SOCIETIES BETWE5 ! TWO REGIONS8 ,SOME ASPECTS ( ! PROBLEM >E EASILY EXPLA9$4 ,! MA9 =E/ SPECIES ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ >E CONIF]S BE>+ FEW $IBLE NUTS OR ACORNS4 ,MOREOV]1 ! D5SITY & DIV]SITY ( ANADROM\S FI% IS GREAT] ?AN 9 ,CALI=NIA & 9CLUDES SMALL] SPECIES SU* AS EULA*ON 7C&LEFI%71 9T5SIVELY EXPLOIT$ = ITS OIL1 :I* WAS BO? A /APLE FOOD & CORE +R$I5T 9 ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ 0GREASE FEA/S0 7,MIT*ELL & ,DONALD #b#a74 ,= ,TU%+HAM & ,BETT+] 7#b#a#c71 ! ECOLOGICAL PUZZLE C5T]S RA!R ON ,CALI=NIA4 ,:Y W\LD =AG+ SOCIETIES 9 ?AT REGION--R5[N$ = !IR PRUD5CE 9 H&L+ MONEY & PROP]TY--OPT = A SECOND-BE/ PA? TO SUBSI/5CE1 *OOS+ TO 9T5SIFY !IR EXPLOITATION ( WILD OAK GROVES & P9ION /&S1 :5 ABUNDANT FI%]IES W]E ALSO AVAILABLE8 ,:Y ACORNS BE=E SALMON8 

,E,S,C,A,P,E ,C,R,O,P,S ,B,E,=,E ,A,G,R,I,C,U,L,T,U,R,E8 

,FRAM$ 9 SU* G5]AL T]MS1 ! QUE/ION HAS WID] EVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS4 ,9T5SIFICATION ( !SE TWO DI/9CT FOOD PA?WAYS--! AQUATIC-COA/AL & ! BOREALT]RE/RIAL--IS WIDELY *>ACT]I/IC ( PO/-,PLEI/OC5E SOCIETIES4 ,!RE IS A LIVELY DEBATE 9 >*AEOLOGY AB\T :E!R ! OPTIMAL NI*ES = EXP&+ 0,MESOLI?IC0 & 0,>*AIC0 POPULATIONS W]E MA9LY ON COA/AL %ELVES1 NEWLY EXPOS$ BY GLACIAL RETREAT1 OR 9L& >EAS :]E RIP>IAN WOODL& SPREAD ACROSS =M] /EPPE-TUNDRA 7,BAILEY & ,MILN] #b#b74 ,A COMPELL+ ANSW]1 >IS+ FROM ECOLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 MI<T HAVE PR$ICTIVE VALUE = MODEL+ GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES AFT] ! RETREAT ( ! ICE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! DOME/ICATION ( PLANTS & ANIMALS4 

,TU%+HAM & ,BETT+] 7#b#a#c7 APPROA* ! PROBLEM 9 T]MS ( A MODIFI$ BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY1 FACTOR+ 9 ! PR$ATION RISKS 9CURR$ :5 WILD RES\RCES >E /OR$ = DELAY$ CONSUMPTION4 ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( PROSPECTIVE ?IEVES & RAID]S1 :AT MATT]S IS NOT SIMPLY :E!R ?+S >E /OR$1 BUT ! AM\NT ( LABOR EXP5D$ 9 !IR PROCESS+ PRIOR TO /ORAGE3 :AT !Y CALL 0FRONT-LOAD+0 CO/S4 ,) SEASONAL FI% H>VE/S1 !SE >E V]Y HI< BECAUSE ABUNDANCE IS DET]M9$ MA9LY BY ! GR\P'S CAPACITY = EFFICI5T PROCESS+ & PRES]V+ ( ! CAT*--! SKILL$ & TIMELY P]=MANCE ( CLEAN+1 FILLET+1 DRY+1 & SMOK+ TO PREV5T EXPOSURE & 9FE/ATION4 ,ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/1 SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION ( !SE TASKS WAS CRITICAL = ! GR\P'S PHYSICAL & SOCIAL SURVIVAL 9 ! COMPETITIVE FEA/+ EXPLOITS ( ! W9T] SEASON 7,SUTTLES #a#i#f#h74 

,ONE C\LD !N >GUE ?AT BY PRIORITIZ+ AQUATIC RES\RCES1 ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ =AG]S W]E CON/ANTLY MAK+ & REMAK+ A NOOSE = !IR [N NECKS4 ,BY 9VE/+ 9 ! CREATION ( A /ORABLE SURPLUS ( HEAVILY PROCESS$ FOODS--& TO ! WORK ( PO/H>VE/ PROCESS+1 WE %\LD ADD ! PREH>VE/ LABOR ( NET WEAV+1 TRAP MAK+1 & WEIR CON/RUCTION--!Y W]E ALSO CREAT+1 YE> UPON YE>1 AN IRRESI/IBLE TEMPTATION = PLUND]]S4 ,SUCCESSFUL RAIDS ON ! W9T] /ORES ( A NE>BY GR\P YIELD$ NOT JU/ 0FOOD0 BUT ALSO F9I%$ PRODUCTS3 V>Y+ GRADES ( PREP>$ & PACKAG$ CUIS9E1 9CLUD+ FATS & OILS AS WELL AS PRES]V$ FI%4 ,!SE DURABLE & PORTABLE GOODS C\LD BE 9/ANTLY R$EPLOY$ 9 HOSPITALITY OR TRAD$ ONW>DS 7,TURN] & ,LOEW5 #a#i#i#h74 

,ACORNS & NUTS PRES5T NEI!R SU* RISKS NOR SU* OPPORTUNITIES4 ,CALI=NIANS MANAG$ !IR OAK WOODL&S BY BURN+1 WE$+1 & PRUN+ 7,&]SON #b#e71 BUT H>VE/+ TE*NIQUES W]E QUITE SIMPLE1 & !RE WAS NO NE$ = EXT5SIVE PROCESS+ PRIOR TO /ORAGE4 ,BY F>1 ! BULK ( SUBSI/5CE LABOR WAS DEF]R$ TO A TIME %ORTLY BE=E CONSUMPTION :5 WOM5 EM]G$ FROM !IR HOMES TO )DRAW GRAN>Y /OCKS & BEG9 ! >DU\S PROCESS ( LEA*+ & GR9D+ TO MAKE PORRIDGES1 BREAD1 & BISCUITS4 ,AS ,BETT+] PUTS IT1 ! ACORN IS 0SO V]Y BACK-LOAD$ ?AT ITS CAPTURE AS /ORES REPRES5TS LITTLE SAV$ TIME 444 ) CORRESPOND+LY LESS POT5TIAL = DEVELOP+ 9EQUALITY1 LIKEWISE = ATTRACT+ RAID]S OR DEVELOP+ ORGANIZATIONAL MEANS TO DEF5D OR RETALIATE0 7#b#a#e1 #b#c#c74 ,:AT ! REMOTE ANCE/ORS ( ! ,MAIDU1 ,POMO1 ,MIWOK1 ,W9TU1 & O!RS SACRIFIC$ 9 %ORT-T]M NUTRITIONAL VALUE1 !Y GA9$ OV] ! LONG T]M 9 FOOD SECURITY4 

,BETT+] GOES ON TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! DI/9CT MODES ( SUBSI/5CE FOLL[$ BY ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ & ,CALI=NIAN =AG]S--BO? EQUALLY 0RATIONAL0 9 !IR [N WAYS--MI<T EXPLA9 O!R DIFF]5CES 9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 NOTABLY ! PRES5CE AMONG ! =M] ( RIGID SOCIAL /RATIFICATION & 5DEMIC RAID+1 :I* W]E ABS5T AMONG ! LATT]4 ,IF HIS EXPLANATION HOLDS1 !N !RE IS LITTLE ANALYTICAL VALUE 9 CONSID]+ RELATION%IPS ACROSS ! FRONTI]S ( !SE ADJAC5T CULTURE >EAS4 ,BROAD REGIONAL DIFF]5CES 9 MODES ( SUBSI/5CE W\LD BE SUFFICI5T TO ACC\NT = V>IATIONS 9 ! =AG+ SPECTRUM1 & ! TALE ( ! ,WOGIES C\LD BE CONSIGN$ TO ! IMAG9>Y WORLD ( 0MANY SEASONS AGO40 ,YET1 !RE >E DIFFICULTIES ) ?IS O!RWISE NEAT 9T]PRETATION4 ,IT IS CLE>1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ! MA9 9C5TIVE = 9T]GR\P RAID+ ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ WAS ! CAPTURE ( PEOPLE1 NOT DRI$ FI% OR O!R PRODUCTS 7,DONALD #a#i#i#g74 ,9DE$1 ! SCALE ON :I* SU* COMMODITIES C\LD BE APPROPRIAT$ WAS DECID$LY LIMIT$1 :E!R ON FOOT OR BY CANOE4 

,SO :5CE ! HUNG] = PEOPLE 9 ONE ( ,ABORIG9AL ,AM]ICA'S MO/ POPUL\S REGIONS8 ,! UND]LY+ CAUSES ( SLAV]Y1 WE SUGGE/1 W]E NOT /RICTLY ECOLOGICAL OR DEMOGRAPHIC BUT RA!R SOCIAL & POLITICAL4 ,>I/OCRATIC VALUES EXEMPT$ A GOOD PROPORTION ( ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ PEOPLE FROM ! K9D ( M5IAL WORK ON :I* !IR SURVIVAL AS A GR\P DEP5D$4 ,?IS BECAME />KLY APP>5T 9 ! SPR+ & SUMM]1 :5 ! ONLY FACTOR LIMIT+ FI% H>VE/S WAS ! NUMB] ( H&S AVAILABLE TO PROCESS & PRES]VE ! CAT*4 ,RULES ( DECORUM PREV5T$ NOBLES FROM 5GAG+ 9 SU* WORK1 :ILE L[-RANK+ COMMON]S 70P]PETUAL TRANSI5TS10 AS ,DRUCK] .<#a#i#e#a1 #b#g#i.> DESCRIB$ !M7 W\LD READILY DEFECT TO A RIVAL H\SEHOLD IF PRESS$ TOO H>D4 ,! RESULT WAS A SEV]E %ORTAGE NOT ( LABOR1 AS SU*1 BUT ( CONTROLLABLE LABOR AT KEY TIMES ( ! YE>1 A PROBLEM ADDRESS$ ?R\< SEASONAL SLAVE RAIDS ON 5EMY GR\PS 7,AMES #b#a1 #b#h74 

,SU* W]E ! PROXIMATE CAUSES1 :I* MADE 0H>VE/+ PEOPLE0 NO LESS ESS5TIAL TO ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ECONOMY ?AN CON/RUCT+ WEIRS1 CLAM G>D5S1 OR T]RAC$ PLOTS = CULTIVAT+ WILD ROOTS4 ,ALL !SE DILIG5T ACTS ( 0NI*E CON/RUCTION0 W]E EMB$D$ 9 CYCLES ( 9T]SOCIETAL W>F>E & PR$ATION1 :I* DEF9$ UND]LY+ RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! L[] ORD]S :O WORK$ & ! NOBLES :O FEA/$ 7,AMES #a#i#i#e2 ,RUYLE #a#i#g#c74 ,AGA9/ ?IS BACKDROP1 WE MI<T REASONABLY CONSID] :E!R ACORNS & NUTS W]E SELECT$ AMONG !IR S\!RN NEI<BORS AS =AG] EQUIVAL5TS ( 0ESCAPE CROPS10 9 ,SCOTT'S 7#b#i7 S5SE--?AT IS1 CROPS CONSCI\SLY ADOPT$ AS P>T ( A WID] SET ( CULTURAL /RATEGIES ?R\< :I* ,CALI=NIANS MA9TA9$ A B\ND>Y BETWE5 !MSELVES & !IR NEI<BORS TO ! NOR?4 ,:AT IS ! EVID5CE = SU* WID] /RATEGIES8 

,C,U,L,T,I,V,A,T,+ ,D,I,F,F,],5,C,E ,9 ,! ,P,A,C,I,F,I,C ,%,A,T,T,] ,Z,O,N,E 

,A LOGICAL PLACE TO BEG9 LOOK+ = B\ND>Y ME*ANISMS IS ! ,CALI=NIAN NOR?WE/1 :I* ,ALFR$ ,KROEB] CONSID]$ A ZONE ( TRANSITION BETWE5 ! TWO GREAT CULTURE >EAS ( ! ,PACIFIC LITTORAL4 ,!RE1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( E?NIC & LANGUAGE GR\PS BECAME COMPRESS$1 ACCORDION-LIKE1 9TO A SUBREGION ( GREAT COMPLEXITY1 :I* NEV]!LESS PRES5T$ /RONG CULTURAL COMMONALITIES4 ,IT IS ?IS 0%ATT] ZONE0 ( ,ABORIG9AL CULTURES ?AT WE FOCUS ON1 BEG9N+ ) AN OBS]VATION FROM ,*ASE-,DUNN & ,MANN'S PIONE]+ /UDY ( 0V]Y SMALL WORLD SY/EMS10 ,! ,W9TU & ,!IR ,NEI<BORS3 

,UNLIKE MO/ E?NOGRAPHICALLY /UDI$ HUNT]-GA!R]S1 ! 9DIG5ES ( ,NOR!RN ,CALI=NIA HAD LITTLE OR NO CONTACT ) PEOPLE FROM /ATE-SOCIETIES PRIOR TO ! >RIVAL ( ,EURO-,AM]ICANS 9 ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 NOR DID !Y 9T]ACT ) ANY PEOPLES :O HAD L>GE COMPLEX *IEFDOMS ) CLASS-/RATIFI$ SOCIETIES ,A POSSIBLE EXCEPTION IS ! ,A?ABASCAN-SPEAK+ PEOPLES 444 LIV+ 9 ! NOR?WE/]N CORN] ( ,CALI=NIA4.<#a.> ,!SE GR\PS MU/ HAVE MIGRAT$ FROM ! NOR?1 :]E ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ ,A?ABASCANS HAD !IR FAM\S BIG-MAN SOCIETIES4 ,! ,A?ABASCANS 9 ,CALI=NIA DID HAVE CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS PRIVATE PROP]TY & RANK$ L9EAGES ?AT /EMM$ FROM !IR ,NOR?WE/ CULTURAL H]ITAGE1 BUT !Y HAD O!RWISE LO/ MO/ ( !IR HI]>*ICAL FEATURES & BECAME RA!R SIMIL> TO !IR EGALIT>IAN .<,CALI=NIAN.> NEI<BORS4 7#a#i#i#h1 #g#c7 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ OBVI\S ( !SE 0LO/0 9/ITUTIONS1 AT LEA/ 9 T]MS ( H\SEHOLD ORGANIZATION1 IS *ATTEL SLAV]Y4 ,AT ANY GIV5 TIME1 CAPTIVES ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ MI<T HAVE CON/ITUT$ UP TO A QU>T] ( ! TRIBAL POPULATION 7,MIT*ELL #a#i#h#e74 ,!SE PROPORTIONS1 RECORD$ 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY C5SUS FIGURES1 RIVAL :AT C\LD BE F\ND ON ! COTTON PLANTATIONS ( ! COLONIAL ,S\? & >E 9 L9E ) E/IMATES = H\SEHOLD SLAV]Y 9 CLASSICAL ,A!NS 7,DONALD #a#i#i#g2 ,MAC,LEOD #a#i#b#h74 ,!SE W]E 0SLAVE SOCIETIES10 :]E UNFREE LABOR UND]P9N$ ! DOME/IC ECONOMY & SU/A9$ ! LIFE/YLES ( NOBLES & COMMON]S4 ,! S\!RN FRONTI]S ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ CULTURE >EA W]E OCCUPI$ BY AN EXTRAORD9>Y V>IETY ( GR\PS1 AMONG !M ! ,YUROK1 ,K>UK1 ,HUPA1 & ,TOL[A4 ,SOME SPOKE LANGUAGES ( ! ,A?ABASCAN FAMILY1 ) ITS EPIC5T] TO ! NOR?1 & O!R TRADITIONAL FEATURES ( !IR SOCIETIES-- 9CLUD+ A /RONG RELIANCE ON ANADROM\S FI%--PO9T SIMIL>LY TO NOR!RN ORIG9S4 ,*ATTEL SLAV]Y1 H[EV]1 WAS ABS5T1 DW9DL+ 9TO V>I\S =MS ( PEONAGE ON ! L[] REA*ES ( ! ,COLUMBIA ,RIV]1 :ILE BEYOND /RET*$ A L>GELY SLAVE-FREE ZONE 7,HAJDA #b#e2 = LIMIT$ EXCEPTIONS1 SEE ,KROEB] .<#a#i#b#e1 #c#h-#b.>1 ,P[]S .<#a#h#g#g1 #b#e#d-#g#e.>1 & ,SPI] .<#a#i#c.>74 

,UND]/&+ :5 & H[ =AG] GR\PS 9 ! %ATT] ZONE CAME TO LOSE ! HABIT ( KEEP+ SLAVES WILL REQUIRE MU* NEW RESE>*4 ,EV5 :5 ORAL HI/ORIES & E?NOGRAPHIC S\RCES >E AVAILABLE1 COMPREH5D+ ! WORK+S ( ?IS ANTISLAV+ BUFF] IS NO EASY TASK4 ,IT REQUIRES US TO ?9K AB\T ! G5]ATION ( POLITICAL DIFF]5CES FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 NOT JU/ 9 T]MS ( ECOLOGICAL PRACTICES BUT ALSO 9 MODES ( H\SEHOLD & VILLAGE ORGANIZATION1 GRASSROOTS LEGAL & FISCAL /RATEGIES1 & *ANGES 9 RITUAL & E?ICAL NORMS4 ,9 ANALYZ+ ! HI/ORICAL DIV]G5CE ( ,ABORIG9AL SOCIETIES 9 ,PACIFIC ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 \R AIM IS TO TAKE A FIR/ /EP 9 ?IS DIRECTION &1 9 DO+ SO1 TO RAISE NEW QUE/IONS AB\T ! RANGE ( FACTORS PRODUC+ DIV]SITY 9 ! 0=AG+ SPECTRUM40 ,WE MAKE NO PRET5SE AT HAV+ REA*$ A DEF9ITIVE CONCLUSION4 

,TO FULLY APPRECIATE ! DIFFICULTY ( ! PROBLEM1 IT IS FIR/ NECESS>Y TO RULE \T SOME OBVI\S--BUT C]TA9LY 9CORRECT1 OR AT BE/ P>TIAL--ANSW]S4 ,NO:]E 9 ! ,ABORIG9AL T]RITORIES ( NOR?WE/ ,CALI=NIA1 OR ADJAC5T >EAS1 IS ANY K9D ( SPECIAL ORGANIZ$ PHYSICAL RESI/ANCE TO SLAV]Y DOCUM5T$4 ,MI<T WE !N APPLY ! SAME K9D ( 0ECOLOGIC0 AS ! PREC$+ >GUM5T AB\T ACORNS & FI% BUT ?IS TIME ) REG>D TO HUMANS AS CAPTIVE RES\RCES8 ,WAS !RE1 9 %ORT 7& TO BORR[ A ,HUPA IDIOM71 SOME S5SE 9 :I* ! 0ACORN EAT]S0 ( ,ABORIG9AL ,CALI=NIA W]E AS UNATTRACTIVE A PROSPECT = PR$ATION AS ! CONT5TS ( !IR GRAN>IES1 !IR EMBODI$ /ORES ( KN[L$GE AS USELESS AS !IR WICK] /ORES ( ACORNS8 ,IF SO1 ?IS C\LD ONLY APPLY TO A V]Y DI/ANT PA/1 BECAUSE MO/ E?NOGRAPHICALLY KN[N ,CALI=NIANS HAD TRADITIONS ( WEIR BUILD+1 NETT+1 BASKET TRAPP+1 FILLET+1 CUR+1 & OIL EXTRACTION NO LESS SOPHI/ICAT$ ?AN ?OSE ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ 7,KROEB] & ,B>RETT #a#i#f74 

,! QUE/ION >ISES3 ,TO :AT EXT5T >E WE DEAL+ H]E ) A PROCESS ( CONSCI\S POLITICAL DIV]G5CE AMONG =AG]S8 ,DETAIL$ EVID5CE IS H>D TO OBTA91 BUT C]TA9 RECORD$ FEATURES ( !SE SOCIETIES >E 9DICATIVE1 SU* AS ! ,YUROK REQUIREM5T = VICTORS 9 BATTLE TO PAY 9DIVIDUAL COMP5SATION = EA* LIFE TAK51 AT ! GO+ RATE = MURD]1 ?US R5D]+ 9T]GR\P RAID+ BO? FISCALLY PO9TLESS & MORALLY BANKRUPT4 ,9 F9ANCIAL T]MS1 MILIT>Y ADVANTAGE BECAME A LIABILITY TO ! SUP]IOR P>TY4 ,AS ,KROEB] PUT IT1 0,! VAE VICTIS ( CIVILIZATION MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ AMONG ! ,YUROK1 9 A MONET>Y S5SE AT LEA/1 BY ! DICTUM3 ',WOE TO ! VICTORS'0 7#a#i#b#e1 #d#i74 

,! CAUTION>Y 0TALE ( ! ,WOGIES0 (F]S SOME FUR!R PO9T]S4 ,IT SUGGE/S ?AT POPULATIONS DIRECTLY ADJAC5T TO ! ,CALI=NIAN 0%ATT] ZONE0 W]E AW>E ( !IR NOR!RN NEI<BORS & SAW !M AS W>LIKE1 DISPOS$ TO A LIFE ( LUXURY BAS$ ON EXPLOIT+ ! LABOR ( ?OSE !Y CONQU]$4 ,IT IMPLIES ?AT !Y RECOGNIZ$ SU* EXPLOITATION AS A POSSIBILITY 9 !IR [N SOCIETIES YET REJECT$ IT ON ! GR\NDS ?AT KEEP+ SLAVES W\LD UND]M9E IMPORTANT SOCIAL VALUES 7!Y W\LD BECOME 0FAT & LAZY074 ,TURN+ S\? TO ! %ATT] ZONE ITSELF1 WE F9D FUR!R EVID5CE ?AT 9 MANY KEY >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE ! =AG]S ( ?IS REGION W]E BUILD+ !IR COMMUNITIES AS A K9D ( MIRROR IMAGE OR CONSCI\S 9V]SION ( ?OSE ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/4 

,CLUES EM]GE FROM ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ APP>5TLY PRAGMATIC DETAILS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 NO FREE MEMB] ( A ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ H\SEHOLD W\LD EV] BE SE5 *OPP+ OR C>RY+ WOOD 7,DONALD #a#i#i#g1 #a#b#d-#b#f74 ,TO DO SO WAS TO UND]M9E ONE'S ID5TITY 9 SOCIETY1 EFFECTIVELY MAK+ ONESELF 9TO A SLAVE4 ,CALI=NIAN *IEFS1 BY CONTRA/1 SEEM TO HAVE ELEVAT$ !SE ACTIVITIES 9TO A SOLEMN PUBLIC DUTY1 9CORPORAT+ !M 9TO ! CORE RITUALS ( ! SWEAT LODGE4 ,AS ,GOLDS*MIDT OBS]V$3 

,ALL M51 P>TICUL>LY ! Y\?S1 W]E EXHORT$ TO GA!R WOOD = USE 9 SWEAT+4 ,?IS WAS NOT EXPLOITATION ( *ILD LABOR1 BUT AN IMPORTANT RELIGI\S ACT1 FREI<T$ ) SIGNIFICANCE4 ,SPECIAL WOOD WAS BR\<T FROM ! M\NTA9 RIDGES2 IT WAS US$ = AN IMPORTANT PURIFICATION RITUAL4 ,! GA!R+ ITSELF WAS A RELIGI\S ACT1 = IT WAS A MEANS ( ACQUIR+ 0LUCK40 ,IT HAD TO BE DONE ) ! PROP] PSY*OLOGICAL ATTITUDE ( :I* RE/RA9$ DEMEANOR & CON/ANT ?9K+ AB\T ! ACQUISITION ( RI*ES W]E ! *IEF ELEM5TS4 ,! JOB BECAME A MORAL 5D RA!R ?AN A MEANS TO AN 5D1 ) BO? RELIGI\S & ECONOMIC 9VOLVEM5TS4 7#a#i#e#a1 #e#d7 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! RITUAL SWEAT+ ?AT 5SU$--PURG+ ! ,CALI=NIAN MAN'S BODY ( SURPLUS FLUID--9V]TS ! EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION ( FAT1 BLUBB]1 & GREASE ?AT SIGNIFI$ MASCUL9E /ATUS ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/4 ,TO 5HANCE HIS /ATUS & IMPRESS HIS ANCE/ORS1 ! NOBLEMAN ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ LADL$ C&LEFI% OIL 9TO ! FIRE AT ! T\RNAM5T FIELDS ( ! POTLAT*4 ,! ,CALI=NIAN *IEF BURN$ CALORIES 9 ! CLOS$ SECLUSION ( HIS SWEAT LODGE4 ,NATIVE ,CALI=NIANS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 WELL AW>E ( ! K9DS ( VALUES !Y W]E REJECT+1 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ !M 9 ! FIGURE ( ! CL[N1 :OSE PUBLIC ANTICS ( SLO?1 GLUTTONY1 & MEGALOMANIA-- :ILE GIV+ VOICE TO FAMILI>1 LOCAL DISCONT5TS 7,BRI<TMAN #a#i#i#i7--SEEM ALSO TO P>ODY ! MO/ COVET$ VALUES ( A PROXIMATE CIVILIZATION4 

,9V]SIONS >E ALSO TO BE F\ND 9 ! SPIRITUAL & ES!TIC DOMA9S4 ,>TI/IC TRADITIONS ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ >E ALL AB\T SPECTACLE & DECEPTION3 ! !ATRICAL TRICK]Y ( MASKS ?AT FLICK] OP5 & %UT1 ( SURFACE FIGURES PULL+ ! GAZE 9 %>PLY OPPOS$ DIRECTIONS4 ,! NATIVE WORD = 0RITUAL0 9 MO/ ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ LANGUAGES TRANSLATES AS 0FRAUD0 OR 0ILLUSION0 7,BOAS #a#i#f#f1 #a#g#b2 CF4 ,GOLDMAN #a#i#g#e1 #a#b74 ,SPIRITUALITY 9 ! ,CALI=NIAN %ATT] ZONE PROVIDES AN ALMO/ P]FECT ANTI!SIS4 ,:AT MATT]$ WAS CULTIVATION ( ! 9N] SELF ?R\< DISCIPL9E1 E>NE/ TRA9+1 & H>D WORK4 ,CALI=NIAN SONGS & POETRY %[ ?AT !SE W]E WAYS ( CONNECT+ ) :AT IS AU!NTIC 9 LIFE4 ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ GR\PS W]E NOT AV]SE TO ADOPT+ ,EUROPEANS 9 LAVI% NAM+ C]EMONIES4 ,W\LD-BE ,CALI=NIANS--LIKE ,ROB]T ,FRANK1 ADOPT$ BY ! ,YUROK AT ! CLOSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY--W]E MORE LIKELY TO F9D !MSELVES HAUL+ WOOD FROM ! M\NTA9S1 WEEP+ ) EA* FOOTFALL1 AS !Y E>N$ !IR PLACE AMONG ! 0REAL PEOPLE0 7SEE ,KAN #b#a74 

,IF WE ACCEPT ?AT :AT WE CALL 0SOCIETY0 REF]S TO ! MUTUAL CREATION ( HUMAN BE+S1 & 0VALUE0 ! SELF-CONSCI\S ASPECTS ( ?AT PROCESS 7,GRAEB] #b#a#cB71 !N IT IS H>D TO SEE ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ & ADJAC5T ,CALI=NIA AS ANY?+ BUT DIAMETRICAL OPPOSITES4 ,!SE NEI<BOR+ GR\PS ( SOCIETIES BO? 5GAG$ 9 EXTRAVAGANT EXP5DITURES ( LABOR1 BUT ! =MS & FUNCTIONS ( ?AT LABOR C\LD NOT HAVE DIFF]$ MORE4 ,( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/1 ,COD]E WRITES3 

,9 A REGION :]E SUBSI/5CE DEM&S C\LD HAVE BE5 MET EASILY BY CONC5TRATION ON GETT+ & /OR+ 5\< ( A FEW NATURAL PRODUCTS SU* AS SALMON & B]RIES1 ! ,KWAKIUTL *OSE ! GR& MANN] 9 PRODUCTION AS WELL AS 9 ! GREAT DISPLAYS1 DI/RIBUTIONS & EV5 DE/RUCTIONS ( WEAL? SO DI/9CTIVE ( !IR CULTURE 444 ,EA* H\SEHOLD MADE & POSSESS$ MANY MATS1 BOXES1 C$>B>K & FUR BLANKETS1 WOOD5 DI%ES1 HORN SPOONS1 & CANOES4 ,IT WAS AS ?\< 9 MANUFACTUR+ AS WELL AS 9 FOOD PRODUCTION !RE WAS NO PO9T AT :I* FUR!R EXP5DITURE ( EF=T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( MORE ( ! SAME ITEMS WAS FELT TO BE SUP]FLU\S4 7#a#i#e1 #a#i7 

,?IS MAT]IAL EFFLORESC5CE WAS CONSI/5T ) ! EXTRAVAGANT !ATRICALITY ( ! POTLAT*4 ,BUT POTLAT*1 9 TURN1 WAS AN OCCASION TO 0FA/5 ON0 NAMES TO >I/OCRATIC CONT5D]S1 ! FA%ION+ & ALLOTM5T ( SU* TITLES BE+ ! ULTIMATE FOCUS ( ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ RITUAL LIFE4 ,ALL ?IS WORK WAS ULTIMATELY AIM$ AT CREAT+ SPECIFIC SORTS ( P]SONS4 ,! RESULT IS1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 AN >TI/IC TRADITION WIDELY CONSID]$ AMONG ! MO/ DAZZL+ ! WORLD HAS SE5 & ONE /RONGLY FOCUS$ ON ! !ME ( EXT]IORITY3 ALL MASKS & FACADES4 

,SOCIETIES 9 ! ,CALI=NIAN %ATT] ZONE W]E EQUALLY EXTRAVAGANT 9 !IR [N WAY1 BUT IF !Y W]E 0POTLAT*+0 ANY?+1 IT WAS SURELY LABOR ITSELF4 ,AS ,G>? WROTE ( ! ,ATSUGEWI3 0,! IDEAL 9DIVIDUAL WAS BO? WEAL?Y & 9DU/RI\S4 ,9 ! FIR/ GRAY HAZE ( DAWN HE >OSE TO BEG9 HIS DAY'S WORK1 NEV] CEAS+ ACTIVITY UNTIL LATE AT NI<T4 ,E>LY RIS+ & ! ABILITY TO GO )\T SLEEP W]E GREAT VIRTUES4 ,IT WAS EXTREMELY COMPLIM5T>Y TO SAY 'HE DOESN'T KN[ H[ TO SLEEP'0 7#a#i#g#f1 #c#c#h74 

,IT WAS ! SELF-DISCIPL9E & H>D WORK ( ! WEAL?Y MAN ?AT M>K$ HIM \T AS A PROVID] = POOR] DEP5D5TS1 IMPROVID5T FOLK1 & FOOLI% DRIFT]S4 ,) ITS 0,PROTE/ANT0 EMPHASIS ON 9T]IORITY & 9TROSPECTION1 ,CALI=NIAN SPIRITUALITY (F]S A C\NT]PO9T TO ! 0SMOKE & MIRRORS0 ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/4 ,AMONG ! ,YUROK1 WORK PROP]LY P]=M$ BECAME A WAY ( CONNECT+ ) A TRUE REALITY1 ( :I* PRIZ$ OBJECTS LIKE D5TALIA & HUMM+BIRD SCALPS W]E M]E \TW>DS MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,AS A CONTEMPOR>Y E?NOGRAPH] EXPLA9S3 

,AS HE 0ACCUMULATES0 HIMSELF & BECOMES CLEAN]1 ! P]SON 9 TRA9+ SEES HIMSELF AS MORE & MORE 0REAL0 & ?US ! WORLD AS MORE & MORE 0BEAUTIFUL03 A REAL PLACE 9 EXP]I5CE RA!R ?AN M]ELY A SETT+ = A 0/ORY10 = 9TELLECTUAL KN[L$GE4 

,9 #a#h#f#e1 ,CAPTA9 ,SPOTT1 = 9/ANCE1 TRA9$ = MANY WEEKS AS HE HELP$ ! M$IC9E MAN PREP>E = ! ,FIR/ ,SALMON C]EMONY AT ! M\? ( ! ,KLAMA? ,RIV] 0! OLD .<M$IC9E.> MAN S5T .<,CAPTA9 ,SPOTT.> TO BR+ D[N SWEA?\SE WOOD4 ,ON ! WAY HE CRI$ ) NE>LY EV]Y /EP BECAUSE N[ HE WAS SEE+ ) HIS [N EYES H[ IT WAS DONE40 

,TE>S1 CRY+1 >E ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE 9 ,YUROK SPIRITUAL TRA9+ AS MANIFE/ATIONS ( P]SONAL YE>N+1 S9C]ITY1 HUMILITY1 & OP5NESS4 7,BUCKLEY #b#b1 #a#a#g2 CF4 ,KROEB] #a#i#b#e1 #d1 #a#g7 

,?R\< SU* EX]TIONS1 ONE DISCOV]$ ONE'S TRUE VOCATION & PURPOSE4 ,:5 0SOMEONE ELSE'S PURPOSE 9 LIFE IS TO 9T]F]E ) Y\10 ,BUCKLEY'S 9=MANTS TOLD HIM1 0HE MU/ BE /OPP$1 LE/ Y\ BECOME HIS SLAVE1 HIS 'PET'0 7#h#h74 

,! EVID5CE MAY BE FRAGM5T>Y1 & ! TIME-DEP? ( !SE CULTURAL S*ISMS F> FROM CLE>4 ,SU* AS !RE IS1 H[EV]1 SUGGE/S AT ! V]Y LEA/ ! BASIS = A NEW UND]/&+ ( DIV]SITY AMONG =AG]S ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/1 9CORPORAT+ ,ABORIG9AL NOTIONS ( E?ICS & P]SONHOOD1 AS FLEET+LY CAPTUR$ 9 ! /ORY ( ! 0,WOGIES0 & 9 :I* ,GOLDS*MIDT P]CEIV$ A KEY TO UND]/&+ ! ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMY & SOCIETY 9 NOR?WE/ ,CALI=NIA4 

,C,O,N,C,L,U,S,I,O,N 

,IT IS \R CONT5TION ?AT ! ABS5CE ( *ATTEL SLAV]Y & RELAT$ =MS ( HI]>*Y 9 ,ABORIG9AL NOR?WE/]N ,CALI=NIA WAS NOT SO MU* A MATT] ( CULTURAL 0LOSS0 AS SELF-CONSCI\S REJECTION3 A S*IZMOG5ETIC REFLEX AGA9/ ! GOV]N+ PR9CIPLES ( ADJAC5T SOCIETIES4 ,! REASON ! ,WOGIE /ORY CAN BE CALL$ A 0SMOK+ GUN0 9 ?IS RESPECT IS NOT SO MU* BECAUSE ! ,*ETCO !MSELVES TOLD IT BUT ?AT !IR NEI<BORS W]E ALL FAMILI> ) IT AS WELL 70,WA@5GEH0 BECOM+ A REGIONAL T]M = ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SETTL]S74 ,TO REIT]ATE ! MA9 PO9TS1 ?IS IMPLIES3 

,CALI=NIANS W]E AW>E (1 & 9 AT LEA/ P]IODIC CONTACT )1 ! PEOPLES ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/2 

!Y SAW NOR!RN]S AS W>LIKE & DISPOS$ TO EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( DEFEAT$ PEOPLES2 

!Y RECOGNIZ$ ! EXPLOITATION ( W> CAPTIVES AS AN ONGO+ POSSIBILITY 9 !IR [N SOCIETY BUT REJECT$ IT2 & 

!Y DID SO ON GR\NDS ?AT EXPLOIT+ CAPTIVES W\LD LEAD TO RESULTS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO KEY SOCIAL VALUES ( AUTONOMY & P]SONAL 

,WE CANNOT KN[ H[ COMMON SU* CAUTION>Y TALES W]E BECAUSE !Y >E NOT ! K9D ( /ORIES E>LY OBS]V]S W]E LIKELY TO HAVE RECORD$ 7?IS P>TICUL> TALE SURVIV$ ONLY BECAUSE ,*ASE BELIEV$ ! ,WOGIES MI<T HAVE BE5 %IPWRECK$ ,JAPANESE74 ,BUT !RE >E 9DICATIONS 9 ! >*AEOLOGICAL RECORD ?AT ! HI/ORICAL CONT\RS ( ! S*IZMOG5ETIC PROCESS RUN DEEP1 REA*+ BACK C5TURIES1 P]HAPS EV5 MILL5NIA1 PRIOR TO ,EUROPEAN CONTACT 7E4G41 ,AMES #b#h2 ,ANGELBECK & ,GRI] #b#a#b2 ,RIT*IE ET AL4 #b#a#f74 ,CL>IFY+ ! SEQU5CE REMA9S A MATT] = FUTURE 9VE/IGATION1 ) A FOCUS ON M>ITIME NETWORKS ?AT =M$ ! MA9 AXIS ( SOCIAL & DEMOGRAPHIC *ANGE ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/1 BETWE5 FIR/ HUMAN >RIVALS 7,]L&SON ET AL4 #b#a#e7 & ! WR5*+ TRANS=MATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN FUR TRADE1 :I* EV5TUALLY =C$ ,ABORIG9AL TRADE 9L& 7,LI<TFOOT #a#i#i#c74 ,:ATEV] NEW K9DS ( HI/ORY ?IS 5T]PRISE G5]ATES >E LIKELY TO HAVE BROAD RAMIFICATIONS1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE ! E?NOGRAPHIC RECORD ( ,PACIFIC ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAS LONG S]V$ AS 0AN EXEMPL>Y CASE = EXAM9+ H[ HUNT]-GA!R]S ?RIV$ 9 TEMP]ATE 5VIRONM5TS PRIOR TO ! ADV5T ( AGRICULTURE0 7,LI<TFOOT #a#i#i#c1 #a#f#h74 ,:AT SU* A /ATEM5T MI<T MEAN IS 5TIRELY DEP5D5T ON :AT WE TAKE TO BE ! E?NOGRAPHIC RECORD ( ,PACIFIC ,NOR? ,AM]ICA &1 ( C\RSE1 :AT WE MEAN BY 0?RIV+40 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 WE FOCUS ON FEA/+ PRACTICES L>GELY TO ! EXCLUSION ( S]VILE 9/ITUTIONS--AS MO/ DEEP TIME COMP>ISONS SEEM TO--!N :AT WE >E REALLY COMP>+ IS JU/ DETA*$ %>DS ( A L>G] CULTURAL :OLE4 ,?IS SEEMS A POOR ME?OD = APPROA*+ AN ALREADY FRAGM5T$ RECORD ( ! DI/ANT PA/4 

,:AT EM]GES FROM A MORE R\ND$ COMP>ISON IS ! PR9CIPLE ?AT MODES ( SUBSI/5CE--EV5 ?OSE ?AT SEEM1 ON FIR/ 9SPECTION1 MO/ DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 PRAGMATIC CONC]NS--CONTA9 A DIM5SION ( POLITICAL HI/ORY4 ,! PROCESS ( S*IZMOG5ESIS1 RESULT+ 9 ! =MATION ( TWO MAJOR ,WE/ ,COA/ 0CULTURE >EAS10 CANNOT BE ADEQUATELY EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( 5VIRONM5TAL ADAPTATION ANY MORE ?AN IT CAN BE R$UC$ TO DI/9CTIONS ( LANGUAGE OR E?NICITY4 ,:ILE ! IMPORTANCE ( SU* FACTORS IS CLE>1 WE SUGGE/ !Y >E BE/ UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( SELF-CONSCI\S PROJECTS ( POLITICAL TRANS=MATION ?AT TOOK PLACE AMONG EXT5D$ NETWORKS ( DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES4 ,SU* PROJECTS W]E PURSU$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ?R\< ! RECONFIGURATION ( H\SEHOLDS & VILLAGES1 LEGAL & FISCAL /RATEGIES1 RITUAL & E?ICAL NORMS4 

,9 BROAD] HI/ORICAL T]MS1 IT IS /ILL WIDELY ASSUM$ ?AT 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGE 9 PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES WAS CLOSELY AN*OR$ TO 9T5SIFICATION 9 ME?ODS ( FOOD PRODUCTION1 ESPECIALLY ! ADOPTION & REF9EM5T ( AGRICULTURE4 ,)9 ?IS E/ABLI%$ P>ADIGM1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( =AG] SOCIETIES ON ! WE/ COA/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA CAN ONLY BE CONCEPTUALIZ$ AS A PUZZL+ ANOMALY 7,RI*]SON & ,BOYD #b#a1 #b#a#g7 OR A TRUNCAT$ EXP]IM5T 9 0PALEO-POLITICAL ECOLOGY10 REAL POLITICS BE+ SUPPOS$LY RES]V$ = AGR>IAN SOCIETIES & 0MOD]N-DAY ELITES0 7,HAYD5 #b#a#d1 #f74 ,! CASE ( ,ABORIG9AL SLAV]Y & ITS REJECTION ON ! ,PACIFIC COA/ S]VES AS AN IMPORTANT CORRECTIVE TO SU* VIEWS4 ,IT REM9DS US ?AT T]MS LIKE 0EM]G5T0 OR 09CIPI5T10 :5 APPLI$ TO =MS ( 9EQUALITY1 >E BY !IR V]Y NATURE FICTIONS4 ,=MS ( 9EQUALITY >E ALWAYS EQUALLY REAL = ?OSE :O LIVE !M & ?US EQUALLY OP5 TO *ALL5GE & REV]SAL4 ,!RE >E NO EVOLUTION>Y FALSE />TS 9 ?IS REG>D1 NO 0>*AIC PEOPLES10 NOR ANY DORMANT SE$B$S ( POLITICAL *ANGE1 AWAIT+ ! MAGICAL H& ( AGRICULTURE ?AT BR+S !M TO FRUITION4 ,IT IS !SE L+]+ ILLUSIONS ?AT /ILL PREV5T US FROM EXPLOR+ ! PA?WAYS ?AT LEAD FROM ! HUNT+ RET9UE TO ! DYNA/IC C\RT1 FROM TRIBAL SLAV]Y TO TRIBUT>Y /ATES1 & FROM 0ORIG9AL AFFLU5CE0 TO ! MOD]N LEISURE CLASS4 

,A,C,K,N,[,L,$,G,M,5,T,S4 

,\R S9C]E ?ANKS TO TWO ANONYM\S REVIEW]S1 & ALSO TWO :O MADE !MSELVES KN[N AS ,LES ,FIELD & ,COL9 ,GRI]4 ,ALSO TO ,JIM ,SCOTT1 ,KEVAN ,$9BOR\<1 ,DORIAN ,FULL]1 & ,]H>D ,S*U8TTPELZ4 

,R,E,F,],5,C,E,S ,C,I,T,$ 

,ALD5 ,SMI?1 ,]IC1 ,KIM ,HILL1 ,FRANK ,M>L[E1 ,DAVID ,NOL91 ,POLLY ,WIESSN]1 ,MI*AEL ,GURV51 ,SAMUEL ,B[LES1 ,MONIQUE ,BORG]H(F ,MULD]1 ,TOM ,H]TZ1 & ,ADRIAN ,BELL4 #b#a4 0,WEAL? ,TRANSMISSION & ,9EQUALITY AMONG ,HUNT]-,GA!R]S40 ,CURR5T ,AN?ROPOLOGY #ea 7#a73 #a#i-#c#d4 

,AMES1 ,K5NE? ,M4 #a#i#i#e4 0,*IEFLY ,P[] & ,H\SEHOLD ,PRODUCTION ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/40 ,9 ,F\NDATIONS ( ,SOCIAL ,9EQUALITY1 $IT$ BY ,T4 ,D\GLAS ,PRICE & ,G>Y ,M4 ,FE9MAN1 #a#e#e-#h#g4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PL5UM ,PRESS4 

,AMES1 ,K5NE? ,M4 #b#a4 0,SLAVES1 ,*IEFS & ,LABOR ON ! ,NOR!RN ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/40 ,WORLD ,>*AEOLOGY #cc 7#a73 #a-#a#g4 

,AMES1 ,K5NE? ,M4 #b#h4 0,SLAV]Y1 ,H\SEHOLD ,PRODUCTION & ,DEMOGRAPHY ON ! ,S\!RN ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/3 ,CABLES1 ,TACK+ & ,ROPEWALKS40 ,9 ,9VISIBLE ,CITIZ5S3 ,CAPTIVES & ,!IR ,CONSEQU5CES1 $IT$ BY ,C4 ,CAM]ON1 #a#c#h-#e#h4 ,SALT ,LAKE ,CITY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,UTAH ,PRESS4 

,AMES1 ,K5NE? ,M41 & ,H]B]T ,D4 ,G4 ,MAS*N]4 #a#i#i#i4 ,PEOPLES ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/4 ,LONDON3 ,?AMES & ,HUDSON4 

,&]SON1 ,M4 ,KAT4 #b#e4 ,T5D+ ! ,WILD3 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN ,KN[L$GE & ! ,MANAGEM5T ( ,CALI=NIA'S ,NATURAL ,RES\RCES4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,ANGELBECK1 ,BILL1 & ,COL9 ,GRI]4 #b#a#b4 0,AN>*ISM & ! ,>*AEOLOGY ( ,AN>*IC ,SOCIETIES3 ,RESI/ANCE TO ,C5TRALIZATION 9 ! ,COA/ ,SALI% ,REGION ( ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/40 ,CURR5T ,AN?ROPOLOGY #ec 7#e73 #e#d#g-#h#g4 

,>NOLD1 ,JEANNE ,E4 #a#i#i#e4 0,TRANSPORTATION1 ,9NOVATION & ,SOCIAL ,COMPLEXITY AMONG ,M>ITIME ,HUNT]-,GA!R] ,SOCIETIES40 ,AM]ICAN ,AN?ROPOLOGI/ #ig 7#d73 #g#c#c-#d#g4 

,BAILEY1 ,GE(F ,N41 & ,NICKY ,J4 ,MILN]4 #b#b4 0,COA/AL ,HUNT],GA!R]S & ,SOCIAL ,EVOLUTION3 ,M>G9AL OR ,C5TRAL80 ,BE=E ,F>M+3 ,! ,>*AEOLOGY ( ,OLD ,WORLD ,HUNT]-,GA!R]S #c-#d 7#a73 #a-#a#e4 

,BATESON1 ,GREGORY4 #a#i#c#f4 ,NAV54 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BETT+]1 ,ROB]T ,L4 #b#a#e4 ,ORD]LY ,AN>*Y3 ,SOCIOPOLITICAL ,EVOLUTION 9 ,ABORIG9AL ,CALI=NIA4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,BLACKBURN1 ,?OMAS ,C4 #a#i#g#f4 0,C]EMONIAL ,9TEGRATION & ,SOCIAL ,9T]ACTION 9 ,ABORIG9AL ,CALI=NIA40 ,9 ,NATIVE ,CALI=NIANS3 ,A ,!ORETICAL ,RETROSPECTIVE1 $IT$ BY ,L4 ,J4 ,BEAN & ,T4 ,C4 ,BLACKBURN1 #b#b#e-#d#d4 ,SOCORRO3 ,BALL5A ,PRESS4 

,BOAS1 ,FRANZ4 #a#i#f#f4 ,KWAKIUTL ,E?NOGRAPHY4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,BOAS1 ,FRANZ1 & ,GEORGE ,HUNT4 #a#i#e4 ,KWAKIUTL ,TEXTS4 ,PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,JESUP ,NOR? ,PACIFIC ,EXP$ITION1 VOL4 #c4 ,LEID53 ,NE!RL&S4 ,BRI<TMAN1 ,ROB]T4 #a#i#i#i4 0,TRADITIONS ( ,SUBV]SION & ! ,SUBV]SION ( ,TRADITION3 ,CULTURAL ,CRITICISM 9 ,MAIDU ,CL[N ,P]=MANCES40 ,AM]ICAN ,AN?ROPOLOGI/ #aa 7#b73 #b#g#b-#h#g4 

,BUCKLEY1 ,?OMAS4 #b#b4 ,/&+ ,GR\ND3 ,YUROK ,9DIAN ,SPIRITUALITY1 #a#h#e-#a#i#i4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,*AGNON1 ,NAPOLEON4 #a#i#g4 0,ECOLOGICAL & ,ADAPTIVE ,ASPECTS ( ,CALI=NIA ,%ELL ,MONEY40 ,U,C,L,A ,>*AEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY ,ANNUAL ,REPORT #a#b3#a-#b#e4 

,*ASE1 ,ALEX&] ,W4 #a#h#g#c4 0,9DIAN ,M\NDS & ,RELICS ON ! ,COA/ ( ,OREGON40 ,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL ( ,SCI5CE & ,>TS #g 7#c#a73 #b#f-#c#b4 

,*ASE-,DUNN1 ,*RI/OPH] ,K41 & ,KELLY ,M>IE ,MANN4 #a#i#i#h4 ,! ,W9TU & ,!IR ,NEI<BORS3 ,A ,V]Y ,SMALL ,WORLD ,SY/EM4 ,TUCSON3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,>IZONA ,PRESS4 

,COD]E1 ,HEL54 #a#i#e4 ,FI<T+ ) ,PROP]TY3 ,A ,/UDY ( ,KWAKIUTL ,POTLAT*+ & ,W>F>E1 #a#g#i#b-#a#i#c4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,J4 ,J4 ,AUGU/94 

,C\PL&1 ,G>Y1 ,KA?LYN ,/EW>T1 & ,KA!R9E ,PATTON4 #b#a4 0,DO ,Y\ ,EV] ,GET ,TIR$ ( ,SALMON8 ,EVID5CE = ,EXTREME ,SALMON ,SPECIALIZATION AT ,PR9CE ,RUP]T ,H>BOR1 ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA40 ,J\RNAL ( ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,>*AEOLOGY #b#i3#a#h#i-#b#g4 

,DONALD1 ,LEL&4 #a#i#i#g4 ,ABORIG9AL ,SLAV]Y ON ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,B]KELEY3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS4 

,DONALD1 ,LEL&4 #b#c4 0,! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ AS A ,/UDY ,>EA3 ,NATURAL1 ,PREHI/ORIC1 & ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,ISSUES40 ,9 ,EM]G+ FROM ! ,MI/3 ,/UDIES 9 ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ,CULTURE ,HI/ORY1 $IT$ BY ,G4 ,G4 ,C\PL&1 ,R4 ,G4 ,MATSON1 & ,Q4 ,MACKIE1 #b#h#i-#c#b#g4 ,VANC\V]3 ,U,B,C ,PRESS4 

,DRIV]1 ,H>OLD ,E4 #a#i#e#b4 0,! ,ACORN 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,DIET40 ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,9DIANA ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CE #f#b3#e#f-#f#b4 

,DRUCK]1 ,PHILIP4 #a#i#e#a4 ,! ,NOR!RN & ,C5TRAL ,NOOTKAN ,TRIBES4 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C3 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,GOV]NM5T ,PR9T+ ,(FICE4 

,]L&SON1 ,JON ,M41 ,TODD ,J4 ,BRAJE1 ,KRI/9A ,M4 ,GILL1 & ,MI*AEL ,GRAHAM4 #b#a#e4 0,ECOLOGY ( ! ,KELP ,HI<WAY3 ,DID ,M>9E ,RES\RCES ,FACILITATE ,HUMAN ,DISP]SAL FROM ,NOR!A/ ,ASIA TO ! ,AM]ICAS80 ,J\RNAL ( ,COA/AL & ,ISL& ,>*AEOLOGY #a 7#c73 #c#i#b-#d#a#a4 

,FAU/O1 ,C>LO4 #b4 0,( ,5EMIES & ,PETS3 ,W>F>E & ,%AMANISM 9 ,AMAZONIA40 ,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGI/ #bf 7#d73 #i#c#c-#e#f4 

,G>?1 ,?OMAS ,R41 ,JR4 #a#i#g#f4 0,EMPHASIS ON ,9DU/RI\SNESS AMONG ! ,ATSUGEWI40 ,9 ,NATIVE ,CALI=NIANS3 ,A ,!ORETICAL ,RETROSPECTIVE1 $IT$ BY ,L4 ,J4 ,BEAN & ,T4 ,C4 ,BLACKBURN1 #c#c#g-#e#d4 ,SOCORRO3 ,BALL5A ,PRESS4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,IRV+4 #a#i#g#e4 ,! ,M\? ( ,HEAV53 ,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO ,KWAKIUTL ,RELIGI\S ,?\<T4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,JOHN ,WILEY & ,SONS4 

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