,M>* #bab 9T]VIEW ) ,SAM ,MBAH 

#bab 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,SAM ,MBAH 

,TEXT 3 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,IT'S MY PLEASURE TO 9TRODUCE ,SAM ,MBAH1 AU?OR ( ! GR\NDBREAK+ BOOK ',AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM'1 A LAWY]1 A J\RNALI/1 AN ACTIVI/4 ,?IS 9T]VIEW IS BE+ RECORD$ 9 ,5UGU1 ,NIG]IA1 9 ,M>* #b#a#b4 ,SAM1 ?ANK Y\ V]Y MU* = TAK+ ! TIME TO DO ?IS 9T]VIEW4 

,SAM3 ,IT'S MY PLEASURE ,J]EMY4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,IT'S BE5 AB\T #ae YE>S S9CE ! PUBLICATION ( Y\R BOOK ON ! PROSPECTS ( AN>*ISM 9 ,AFRICA4 ,:AT IS !RE1 IF ANY?+1 ?AT COMES TO M9D ?AT Y\ W\LD ADD TO OR *ANGE AB\T ! BOOK1 & ! IDEAS ?AT Y\ PRES5T$ 9 IT8 

,SAM3 ,YEAH1 ,I WANT TO LOOK AT ! IDEAS ?AT ,I W\LD ADD1 NOT REALLY *ANGE4 ,EV] S9CE ! PUBLICATION ( ! BOOK ,I HAVE BE5 COLLECT+ ADDITIONAL MAT]IALS ?AT ,I /UMBLE UPON 9 ! C\RSE ( MY WRIT+S & RESE>*4 ,I ?9K !RE IS ROOM = ADDITIONS TO ! BOOK1 NOT REALLY MU* TO *ANGE1 OR SUBTRACT FROM ! WORK4 ,I ?9K !RE IS ROOM = ADDITIONS TO ! BOOK1 & ?IS IS SOME?+ ,I HAVE ALREADY />T$ 9 ! S5SE ?AT 9 ! ,SPANI% $ITION ?AT CAME \T 9 #b1 ,I WROTE AN EXT5SIVE =EWORD1 :]E9 ,I TRI$ TO >TICULATE SOME ( ! PO9TS WE MISS$ 9 ! ORIG9AL BOOK4 ,I TRI$ TO LOOK AT MORE ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES ?AT %>$ ! SAME *>ACT]I/ICS & FEATURES AS ! ,IGBO1 ! ,TIV1 ! ,EFIK1 ! ,TALL5SI & ! MULTIPLICITY ( TRIBES & SOCIAL GR\PS ?AT WE HAVE 9 ,NIG]IA ?AT ,I HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ 9 ! BOOK4 ,I ALSO TRI$ TO EXPLORE O!R GR\PS 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD ESPECIALLY ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ,I WAS ABLE TO DRAW SOME P>ALLELS BETWE5 !IR SOCIAL EXI/5CE & SY/EMS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & ! *>ACT]I/ICS & FEATURES ( AN>*ISM1 AS ,I UND]/& IT4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,= ?OSE ( US :O HAV5'T READ ! BOOK REC5TLY1 CAN Y\ JU/ RECAP A C\PLE ( ?+S AB\T :AT AN>*ISM MEANS TO Y\ & H[ IS IT CONNECT$ TO SOME ( ! 9TR9SIC ASPECTS ( ,AFRICAN CULTURE8 

,SAM3 ,O,K1 ,I PO9T$ \T 9 ! BOOK RI<T AWAY ?AT AN>*ISM AS AN IDEOLOGY1 AS A CORPUS ( IDEOLOGY1 & AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 IS REMOV$ TO ,AFRICA4 ,?AT WAS A PO9T ,I MADE V]Y EXPLICITLY AT ! \TSET ( ! BOOK4 ,BUT AN>*ISM AS A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 AS A BASIS ( ORGANIZ+ SOCIETIES - ?AT IS NOT REMOTE TO US4 ,IT IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( \R EXI/5CE AS A PEOPLE4 ,I REF]R$ TO ! COMMUNAL SY/EM ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT EXI/$ & /ILL EXI/S 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,AFRICA1 :]E PEOPLE LIVE !IR LIVES )9 COMMUNITIES & SAW !MSELVES AS 9TEGRAL P>TS ( COMMUNITIES1 & :I* CONTRIBUT$ IMM5SELY TO ! SURVIVAL ( !IR COMMUNITIES AS A UNIT4 ,I PO9T$ TO ASPECTS ( SOLID>ITY1 ASPECTS ( SOCIAL COHESION & H>MONY ?AT EXI/$ 9 SO MANY COMMUNAL SOCIETIES 9 ,AFRICA & TRI$ TO DRAW L9KAGES ) ! PRECEPTS ( AN>*ISM1 9CLUD+ MUTUAL AID1 9CLUD+ AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T ( SMALL UNITS1 & A SY/EM ?AT IS NOT BAS$ ON A MONETIZATION ( ! MEANS & =CES ( PRODUCTION 9 SOCIETY4 ,SO1 ,I LOOK BACK & ,I FEEL1 LIKE ,I PO9T$ \T E>LI]1 !SE >E ?+S ?AT IF WE C>RY ON ADDITIONAL RESE>* IT W\LD ?R[ MORE LI<T ON H[ !SE SOCIETIES W]E ABLE TO SURVIVE4 ,BUT AGA91 ) ! ADV5T ( COLONIALISM & ! 9CORPORATION ,AFRICAN ECONOMIES & SOCIETIES 9TO ! GLOBAL CAPITALI/ ORBIT1 SOME ( !SE ?+S ( *ANG$4 ,WE'VE />T$ HAV+ A RI* CLASS1 WE'VE />T$ HAV+ A CLASS ( POLITICAL RUL]S :O LORD IT OV] & ABOVE EV]Y O!R P]SON4 ,WE'VE />T$ HAV+ A SOCIETY ?AT IS HI<LY MILIT>IZ$ :]E ! ! ,/ATE & ?OSE :O CONTROL ! ,/ATE %>E ! MONOPOLY ( 9/RUM5TS ( VIOL5CE & >E KE5 TO DEPLOY IT AGA9/ ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 ,?AT'S !IR BUS9ESS4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S WE'VE DEF9ITELY SE5 AN 9CREASE 9 AU?ORIT>IAN RULE 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD1 & AU/]ITY MEASURES1 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,SEPTEMB] #a#a? T]RORI/ ATTACKS 9 ! ,/ATES & ! GLOBAL F9ANCIAL CRISIS1 MORE REC5TLY4 ,H[ DO Y\ SEE ?OSE ISSUES1 & H[ HAVE !Y AFFECT$ ,AFRICA1 & ! /RUGGLE H]E8 

,SAM3 ,:5 ,I WROTE ,AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM ) MY FRI5D1 WE WROTE AGA9/ ! BACKDROP ( ?REE DECADES ( MILIT>Y RULE1 NE>LY F\R DECADES ( MILIT>Y RULE1 9 ,NIG]IA4 ,MILIT>Y RULE WAS A =M ( GOV]NM5T ?AT BELIEV$ 9 OV]-C5TRALIZATION ( P[]S1 & DICTATOR%IP1 AS IT W]E1 & IT WAS A /R& ?AT EVOLV$ FROM CAPITALISM4 ,SO :ILE ! ,NIG]IAN SOCIETY & MU* ( ,AFRICA WAS UND] ! GRIP ( MILIT>Y RULE & MILIT>Y AU?ORIT>IANISM1 TODAY WE HAVE A NOM9AL CIVILIAN ADM9I/RATION1 A NOM9AL CIVILIAN DEMOCRACY4 ,SOME PEOPLE HAVE CALL$ IT RULE DEMOCRACY1 SOME PEOPLE HAVE CALL$ IT DYSFUNCTIONAL DEMOCRACY1 ALL K9DS ( NAMES1 SEEK+ TO CAPTURE ! FACT ?AT ?IS IS F> FROM DEMOCRACY4 ,& = ME IT IS AN EXT5SION ( MILIT>Y RULE4 ,?IS IS ACTUALLY A PHASE ( MILIT>Y RULE4 ,BECAUSE IF Y\ LOOK AT DEMOCRACY 9 ,NIG]IA1 & ! RE/ ( ,AFRICA1 ?OSE :O >E %AP+ ! C\RSE & FUTURE ( !SE DEMOCRACIES >E PR$OM9ANTLY EX-MILIT>Y RUL]S1 & !IR APOLOGI/S & COLLABORATORS )9 ! CIVILIAN CLASS4 

,SO1 LOOK+ AT ! GLOBAL /AGE1 CAPITALISM IS 9 CRISIS4 ,AT ANY RATE1 CAPITALISM CANNOT EXI/ REALLY )\T CRISIS4 ,CRISIS IS ! HEAL? ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS CRISIS IS :AT MANY PHILOSOPH]S1 FROM ,M>X TO ,HEGEL TO ,L59 TO ,KROPOTK9 TO ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 & MORE CURR5TLY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY HAVE SPOK5 EXT5SIVELY AB\T3 ! T5D5CY = CRISIS ON ! P>T ( CAPITALISM4 ,SO1 BETWE5 ! COM+ ( ',AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM' & TODAY1 WE HAVE SE5 #i#a#a1 ! SO-CALL$ 'W> ON T]ROR'1 ! F9ANCIAL CRISIS ( #b#g-#b#h1 TODAY WE'RE FAC$ ) A MAJOR GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ?AT IS REM9ISC5T ( ! GREAT DEPRESSION ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,& !RE IS NO ABSOLUTE GU>ANTEE ?AT1 EV5 IF ! GLOBAL ECONOMY EM]GES FROM ?IS CRISIS1 IT WILL NOT RELAPSE 9TO ANO!R1 BECAUSE ! T5D5CY T[>DS CRISIS IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( CAPITALISM4 ,= US1 H]E1 !SE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS HAVE HAD A S]I\S IMPACT ON \R SOCIETY1 \R ECONOMY1 \R GOV]NM5T4 

,IF WE BEG9 FROM ! #iaa 9CID5T1 TODAY ! WORLD IS UND] ! GRIP ( T]ROR & C\NT]-T]RORISM AS WELL4 ,H]E 9 ,NIG]IA 9 ! PA/ ONE YE>1 ! C\NTRY HAS COMMONLY EXP]I5C$ BOMB+S1 EXPLOSIVES1 WE >E SEE+ EV]YDAY 9CREAS+LY EV]YDAY !RE IS A BOMB SET (F 9 ONE PLACE4 ,& H[ DOES ! ,NIG]IAN ,/ATE REACT8 ,IT REACTS ) MORE =CE1 & 9 ! PROCESS ( US+ MORE =CE IT CREATES COLLAT]AL DAMAGES & CASUALTIES ALL OV] ! PLACE4 ,SO WE >E NOT IMMUNE FROM ! RAVAGES ( T]RORISM & ! 'W> ON T]RORISM' :I* ! ,WE/ EMB>K$ UPON1 AFT] #i#a#a4 ,\R C\NTRY IS WELL UND] ! GRIP ( T]ROR4 ,& IT IS IRONICAL ?AT ANY MOM5T !RE IS A BOMB ?AT EXPLODES SOME:]E1 ! GOV]NM5T %\TS1 '?IS IS T]RORISM6 ?IS IS T]RORISM6' ,BUT ! H>D L9E T5D5CIES ( GOV]NM5T & ! AG5CIES ( ! ,/ATE :I* USE UNDUE =CE & UNDUE VIOL5CE 9 RESOLV+ ISSUES ?AT W\LD O!RWISE HAVE BE5 RESOLV$ )\T ANY LOSS ( LIFE - !SE >E GLOSS$ OV] & SE5 AS BE+ NORMAL4 ,BUT ANY MOM5T A BOMB IS SET (F ANY:]E1 ! GOV]NM5T C\NT]S ?AT ?IS IS T]RORISM4 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT GOV]NM5T1 ! ,/ATE1 9 ,AFRICA1 IS ! GREATE/ S\RCE ( T]ROR4 ,! ,/ATE 9 ,AFRICA IS ! GREATE/ S\RCE ( T]RORISM4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! SOCIETY W\LD BE A LOT BETT]1 ! DAY ! ,/ATE CEASES FROM ACT+ & DEPLOY+ ITS AG5CIES AS 9/RUM5TS ( T]ROR AGA9/ ! ORD9>Y POPULATION1 & ! COMMON PEOPLE4 

,SO1 ! GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS1 ! GLOBAL CAPITALI/ CRISIS1 HAS IMPACT$ NEGATIVELY ON ,AFRICAN ECONOMIES1 9CLUD+ ,NIG]IA - BECAUSE WE >E P>T & P>CEL ( ! GLOBAL CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ALBEIT WE >E UNEQUAL P>TN]S 9 ! GLOBAL CAPITALI/ EX*ANGE4 ,\R ECONOMY IS DEP5D5T ON COMMODITIES4 ,\R ECONOMY IS A MONO-CROP ONE4 ,ANY?+ ?AT HAPP5S TO OIL IS B\ND TO HAVE A CRISIS EFFECT ON US4 ,& ?AT IS ONE ( ! REASONS :Y Y\ SAW ,NIG]IANS & ! ,NIG]IAN ,/ATE 9 A /&-(F AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS YE> .<#b#a#b.>1 OV] PHANTOM SUBSIDIES :I* ! GOV]NM5T SAID IT WANT$ TO REMOVE1 & :I* PEOPLE PROTE/$4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,C\LD Y\ EXPLA9 A BIT MORE AB\T ! FUEL-TAX SUBSIDY = ?OSE :O >5'T FAMILI> ) H[ IT WORKS 9 ,NIG]IA8 

,SAM3 ,O,K4 ,! FUEL TAX1 OR :AT ! ,NIG]IAN GOV]NM5T CALLS ! 'FUEL SUBSIDY'1 ASSUMES ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS SUBSIDIZ+ ! CO/ ( FUEL = ! CITIZ5RY4 ,?AT ! ,NIG]IAN PEOPLE >E NOT PAY+ A REALI/IC VALUE = FUEL 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT ! C\NT]->GUM5T IS ?AT WE >E AN OIL-PRODUC+ C\NTRY1 & !RE IS NO REASON :Y ! CO/ ( FUEL %\LD BE BAS$ ON ! GLOBAL OR 9T]NATIONAL M>KET4 ,WE HAVE REF9]IES1 WE HAVE AB\T F\R REF9]IES ?AT COLLECTIVELY HAVE A REF9+ CAPACITY ( AB\T #e1 B>RELS P] DAY4 ,BUT Y\ F9D ?AT 9 ! PA/ TW5TY YE>S !SE REF9]IES HAVE NOT FUNCTION$4 ,!Y HAVE NOT FUNCTION$ BECAUSE ( CORRUPTION4 ,!Y HAVE NOT FUNCTION$ BECAUSE ! P[]S ?AT BE 9 ! C\NTRY >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 !SE REF9]IES FUNCTION+4 ,! ONLY REASON :Y !SE REF9]IES >E NOT FUNCTION+ IS BECAUSE !RE IS CORRUPTION & A LOT ( PEOPLE 9 GOV]NM5T1 9 ! MILIT>Y & 9 ! BUREAUCRACY1 >E B5EFITT+ FROM ! :OLESALE IMPORTATION ( REF9$ PETROLEUM PRODUCT4 ,NIG]IA IS AB\T ! ONLY ,O,P,E,C C\NTRY ?AT IMPORTS #a.0 ( ITS REF9$ PETROLEUM NE$S4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,SO AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS YE> .<#b#a#b.>444 

,SAM3 ,SO ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE 9 ,NIG]IA >E SAY+1 IF \R REF9]IES W]E WORK+1 & !Y REF9$ \R CRUDE1 ! GOV]NM5T %\LD BE ABLE TO SAY AT :AT CO/ ?IS CRUDE1 !SE PRODUCTS >E REF9$4 ,& BAS$ ON ! CO/ ( REF9+ Y\ CAN N[ SET A PRICE4 ,?AT 9S(> AS Y\ HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO MAKE ! REF9]IES FUNCTIONAL1 & Y\ >E FIX+ ! CO/ ( PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ON ! BASIS ( :AT IT IS 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS1 Y\ >E MAK+ A GRAVE MI/AKE4 ,BECAUSE ! CO/ ( LIV+ 9 ,NIG]IA IS DIFF]5T FROM ! CO/ ( LIV+ 9 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,SO ! GOV]NM5T SAYS1 ',WE PAY SO MU* TO ! IMPORT]S ( PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AS SUBSIDY' - ?AT MEANS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CO/ ( IMPORTATION & ! SELL+ PRICE ( ! REF9$ PRODUCT4 ,BUT Y\ F9D \T ?AT EV5 ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 9 GOV]NM5T1 EV5 M9I/]S ( PETROLEUM PRODUCTS1 CAME \T TO SAY ?AT MU* ( :AT Y\ PAY AS SUBSIDY IS BAS$ ON CORRUPT DOCUM5TATION1 :I* ! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT 9VE/IGATE1 :I* ! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT 9 ANY WAY TRY TO CL>IFY1 :I* 9VOLVES S5IOR (FICIALS ( ! ORGANS & AG5CIES ?AT >E SUPPOS$ TO REGULATE ! PETROLEUM 9DU/RY4 ,!Y >E ! ONES :O >E PAY+ !SE HUGE SUMS TO !MSELVES & TO !IR COMPANIES4 ,LET ME ILLU/RATE ! CONCEPT ( ! OIL SUBSIDY BY ONE REF]5CE4 ,! ,NIG]IAN GOV]NM5T ALL[S A MULTIPLICITY ( TRAD]S TO BR+ 9 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS4 ,!Y BUY REF9$ PETROLEUM PRODUCTS FROM A MULTIPLICITY ( 9T]NATIONAL TRAD]S1 :5 9 FACT ! ,NIG]IAN ,NATIONAL ,PETROLEUM ,CORPORATION - ! ,N,P,C - :I* IS \R NATIONAL OIL COMPANY1 CAN 5T] 9TO PUR*ASE AGREEM5TS ) REF9]IES ?AT EXI/ ABROAD1 & GET !SE REF9$ PRODUCTS DIRECTLY FROM REF9]IES4 ,9/EAD1 !Y PREF] TO GO ?R\< MIDDLE M51 :O GET ! REF9$ PRODUCTS FROM REF9]IES1 & SELL !M TO ,N,P,C AT EXORBITANT RATES4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,SO :AT HAPP5$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! YE> .<#b#a#b.>8 

,SAM3 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! YE> ! GOV]NM5T WANT$ TO SUPPOS$LY D]EGULATE ! D[N/REAM SECTOR ( ! OIL 9DU/RY4 ,& LABOR & CIVIL SOCIETY GR\PS PROTE/$1 & RESI/$ SU* A MOVE4 ,9 ! EV5T1 A TWO WEEK /RIKE WAS CALL$4 ,DUR+ ?OSE TWO WEEKS1 ! PEOPLE /AY$ AWAY FROM WORK1 ! PEOPLE PROTE/$ 9 ! /REETS ( ,LAGOS1 ,KADUNA1 ,PORT ,H>C\RT1 ,KANO1 ,IBADAN1 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,& BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T S5S$ ! RESOLVE ( ORD9>Y ,NIG]IANS TO RESI/ !SE >BITR>Y 9CREASES1 ! GOV]NM5T BACK$ D[N SOME:AT1 BY BR++ D[N ! OV] #a.0 9CREASE 9 PRICES ( PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TO AB\T #c.04 ,& ( C\RSE ! LABOR MOVEM5T PRACTICALLY SOLD \T1 BECAUSE ! CIVIL SOCIETY & ! MASS ( ! POPULATION W]E PREP>$ TO GO ON ) ! PROTE/ & REFUSE ! PAY ! #c.0 9CREASE1 BUT LABOR SOLD \T1 & ?AT IS :]E WE >E TODAY4 

,I W\LD SAY1 IT IS AN UNF9I%$ /RUGGLE4 ,MY S5SE IS ?AT ! GOV]NM5T /ILL 9T5DS TO A*IEVE ITS OBJECTIVE :I* IS #a.0 9CREASE 9 ! PRICE ( PETROLEUM PRODUCTS4 ,BUT IF !RE IS ANYBODY 9 GOV]NM5T :O IS /ILL ?9K+1 :O IS /ILL MOV$ BY ANY S5SE ( OBJECTIVITY1 !Y W\LD HAVE SE5 ?AT ! RESOLVE ( ,NIG]IANS TO RESI/ !SE >BITR>Y 9CREASES BAS$ ON FALSE ANALYSIS ( :AT SUBSIDY CON/ITUTES1 IS SOME?+ !Y CANNOT WI% AWAY4 ,! PEOPLE >E ALSO MOBILIZ+4 ,JU/ AS ! GOV]NM5T IS DEVIS+ O!R /RATEGIES ?R\< :I* IT WILL 9CREASE ! PRICE ( PETROLEUM ?R\< ! BACK DOOR1 ! PEOPLE >E REVIEW+ ! LA/ 5C\NT] & TRY+ TO F9D \T :AT O!R WAYS !Y CAN EMPLOY ?AT ADVANCE !IR CAUSE4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,9 ?AT MASSIVE & V]Y 9SPIR+ MOBILIZATION1 !RE W]E ELEM5TS ( REFLECTION ( SOME ( ! GLOBAL MOVEM5TS WE'VE SE5 REC5TLY1 SOME P>T ( ! PROTE/ WAS CALL$ ',OCCUPY ,NIG]IA'4 ,WE'VE SE5 ! EXPLOSION ( ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T & ! ,>AB ,SPR+1 :AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ?OSE8 

,SAM3 ,YEAH1 YEAH1 ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T 9 P>TS ( ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE HAS REALLY 9SPIR$ A LOT ( PEOPLE 9 ,NIG]IA4 ,! RESOLVE & ! C\RAGE ?AT HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$ BY ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPEAN CAPITALS1 IS A PO9T] TO ! 5DLESS POSSIBILITIES ?AT AB\ND IF PEOPLE DECIDE TO /RUGGLE4 ,! ,>AB ,SPR+ ON ITS P>T1 HAS BE5 A MO/ REFRE%+ EXP]I5CE = ?OSE ( US 9 ,AFRICA4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,I'VE HAD CONV]SATIONS ) MY FRI5DS & ,I TRY TO PO9T \T ! FACT ?AT ! ,>AB ,SPR+ %\LD HAVE BE5 HAPP5+ 9 SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA1 RA!R ?AN 9 ! ,>AB WORLD1 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 BECAUSE ! ABJECT CONDITIONS ( LIV+ 9 ,AFRICA .<>E MU* WORSE ?AN.> ! RELATIVELY ADVANC$ /&>DS ( LIV+ 9 MO/ ( ! ,>AB C\NTRIES & EV5 \R NEI<BORS 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,SO ! ,>AB SPR+ %\LD HAVE BE5 HAPP5+ 9 SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA4 ,?AT IS MY S5SE4 ,BUT :Y IS IT NOT HAPP5+8 ,IT IS BECAUSE WE HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO TURN \R ANG] 9TO RESOLVE1 WE HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO BUILD ! REQUISITE SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 TO BE ABLE TO 9/IGATE & SU/A9 SU* A /RUGGLE4 

,BUT BAS$ ON :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,NIG]IA REC5TLY1 ,I HAVE NO D\BT ?AT PEOPLE >E BEG9N+ TO DRAW LESSONS FROM :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ! ,>AB WORLD4 ,& ASK+ !MSELVES SOME SE>*+ QUE/IONS - IF IT CAN HAPP5 9 ! ,>AB WORLD1 :Y NOT US8 ,IF PEOPLE :O >E LIV+ 9 BETT] SOCIAL CONDITIONS CAN ELECT TO FI<T1 TO /RUGGLE1 TO PROTE/ 9 ! /REETS1 = DAYS & MON?S ON 5D1 H[ AB\T US :O CANNOT EV5 F9D LI<T4 ,LI<T 9 ,NIG]IA IS A LUXURY4 ,\R ECONOMY IS A G5]ATOR-SET ECONOMY4 .<,! ,/ATE ELECTRICITY GRID FUNCTIONS V]Y POORLY2 ! RI* USE PRIVATE ELECTRICITY G5]ATORS4.> ,Y\ VIRTUALLY PROVIDE Y\R [N WAT]1 Y\ PROVIDE Y\R [N SECURITY4 ,NO?+ WORKS H]E4 ,UNLIKE IF Y\ W]E TO GO TO ,LIBYA4 ,I'VE NOT BE51 BUT ,I'VE READ /ORIES AB\T ,LIBYA1 ,EGYPT1 ,TUNISIA4 ,!SE >E BETT] ORGANIZ$ SOCIETIES1 :]E SOCIAL AM5ITIES & PUBLIC UTILITIES FUNCTION4 ,BUT H]E WE >E 9 SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA :]E NO?+ WORKS4 ,SO1 ,I CAN SAY )\T ANY FE> ( CONTRADICTION ?AT ! PROTE/S 9 ,NIG]IA 9 ,JANU>Y1 W]E AN (F%OOT ( ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T 9 ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE1 AS WELL AS AN (F%OOT ( ! ,>AB ,SPR+4 ,SO1 ,I DON'T KN[ :E!R \R PROTE/S HAVE GOTT5 TO ! PO9T :]E WE CAN CALL IT A ',NIG]IAN ,SPR+'1 BUT ,I GUESS ?AT ! ,NIG]IAN ,SPR+ WILL /ILL COME4 

444 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,SAM1 CLIMATE *ANGE IS A MAJOR ?REAT TO ,NIG]IANS1 AS IT IS TO EV]YONE ELSE ON ! PLANET4 ,:AT >E SOME ( ! SPECIFIC 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES H]E1 & :AT SORT ( CONSCI\SNESS IS !RE ( CLIMATE JU/ICE1 & SU/A9ABLE DEVELOPM5T8 

,SAM3 ,I'LL ANSW] Y\R QUE/ION FROM TWO P]SPECTIVES4 ,LET ME ANSW] IT ) ! G5]AL P]SPECTIVE & !N ,I'LL COME TO ! MORE P]SONAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,! ?REAT ( CLIMATE *ANGE IS REAL4 ,WE1 9 ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD1 >E NOT IMMUNE FROM ! ?REATS ( CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,IF WE TAKE A LOOK >\ND US1 ! HUMIDITY LEVELS >E RIS+4 ,9 REC5T TIMES1 :]E ,I LIVE 7,I LIVE 9 A SMALL BUNGAL[ ( ?REE ROOMS71 IF !RE IS NO LI<T .<NO ELECTRICITY1 NO FAN.>1 ,I CAN H>DLY SLEEP4 ,MY *ILDR5 CAN H>DLY SLEEP1 EXCEPT DUR+ ! RA9Y SEASON1 IT BECOMES A LOT MORE MANAGEABLE DUR+ ! RA9Y SEASON4 ,BECAUSE :AT MAKES IT EV5 WORSE IS ?AT \R LI<T1 \R ELECTRICITY SITUATION1 IS 9 FITS & PIECES4 ,I'VE F\ND ?AT 9 ! PA/ ?REE OR F\R YE>S1 BETWE5 ! MON?S ( ,M>* & ,APRIL1 BE=E ! RA9S />T ALL OV] AGA91 ,I AM SWEAT+ LIKE ,I HAVE NEV] SWEAT$ 9 ALL MY LIFE4 ,I AM SEE+ 9CREAS+ LEVELS ( TEMP]ATURE ?AT ,I DID NOT SEE :ILE ,I WAS GR[+ UP1 & EV5 9 ! #hS & #iS4 ,OV] ! PA/ FIVE YE>S1 ONE HAS HAD TO LIVE ) V]Y SWELT]+ TEMP]ATURES4 ,& ! S\RCES ( ?IS >E NOT F>-FET*$4 

,IF Y\ LOOK >\ND1 ! =E/S ?AT US$ TO EXI/444 ,IF ,I GO TO MY VILLAGE1 !RE US$ TO BE V]Y DEEP =E/S1 :]E LITTLE *ILDR5 W\LD EV5 F9D IT V]Y DIFFICULT TO 5T]4 ,TODAY MO/ ( !SE =E/S >E NO MORE4 ,! LITTLE TREES & M9I =E/S ?AT EXI/ >E BE+ LOGG$ ON A DAILY BASIS1 & !RE IS NO =M ( *ECK ON LOGG+4 ,IF Y\ GO TO ! VILLAGES1 LOGG+ IS TAK+ PLACE AT V]Y RIDICUL\S LEVELS4 ,!RE IS NO AG5CY ( GOV]NM5T 9 ?IS P>T ( ! C\NTRY ?AT IS DO+ ANY?+ TO REGULATE IT1 TO CURTAIL IT1 TO M9IMIZE IT4 ,SO TREES >E BE+ CUT AS NEV] BE=E & NOBODY IS DO+ ANY?+ TO REPLACE !SE TREES4 ,! =E/ COV] IS 9CREAS+LY GO+ D[N & 9 \R [N P>T ( ! C\NTRY :]E ! POPULATION D5SITY IS PROBABLY ! HI<E/ 9 ,AFRICA \TSIDE ! ,NIG] ,DELTA1 WE F9D ?AT HUMAN ACTIVITY IS IMPACT+ S]I\SLY & NEGATIVELY ON ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,PEOPLE >E BUILD+ UNCONTROLLABLY1 ROADS >E BE+ BUILT1 BU%ES >E BE+ BURNT4 ,!RE IS DE=E/ATION ON A MASSIVE SCALE4 ,& ONE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( DE=E/ATION 9 \R P>T ( ! C\NTRY IS ]OSION1 ( SOIL1 GULLIES1 EV5 ROADS 9 SOME PLACES HAVE BE5 CUT 9 TWO4 ,!N ( C\RSE ! /REAMS & RIV]S & RIVULETS ?AT US$ TO CONTA9 A LOT ( AQUATIC LIFE >E TODAY DRY+ UP4 ,!RE'S A /REAM ?AT LIES AB\T #b MET]S FROM MY C\NTRY HOME 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,:5 ,I WAS GR[+ UP ,I NEV] SAW IT DRY UP4 ,BUT 9 ! PA/ T5 YE>S1 IF ! RA9S FAIL TO FALL BETWE5 ,FEBRU>Y1 ,M>*1 & ,APRIL1 TIMES :5 ! /REAM DRIES UP4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,& H[ >E PEOPLE ?9K+ AB\T ?AT1 BECAUSE PEOPLE WANT TO SEE DEVELOPM5T1 BUT H[ CAN ?AT BE JU/IFI$ ) SU/A9ABILITY8 

,SAM3 ,! ORD9>Y PEOPLE DO NOT HAVE AN ACCURATE CONSCI\SNESS ( :AT IS HAPP5+4 ,!Y >E BLAM+ EVIL =CES1 UNSE5 H&S & ALL K9DS ( METAPHYSICAL OBJECTS = !SE HAPP5+S & !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,& IT IS ACTUALLY UP TO ! GOV]NM5T TO $UCATE ! PEOPLE AB\T ! NEGATIVE CONSEQU5CES ( DE=E/ATION1 ( UNBALANC$ UTILIZATION ( RES\RCES1 AB\T ! B5EFITS ( A PLANN$1 SU/A9ABLE DEVELOPM5T - BO? = ! 9DIVIDUAL & = ! SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,BUT ! GOV]NM5T IS NOT DO+ MU* 9 ?IS >EA4 ,!RE IS ACTUALLY A DE>? ( PUBLIC 5LI<T5M5T & CONSCI5TIZATION ON ! PR9CIPLE ISSUES4 

,& Y\ F9D ALSO ?AT 9 \R VILLAGES1 ! L&S ?AT US$ TO BE F]TILE >E NOT PRODUC+ AS MU* FOOD1 AS MU* CROPS1 AS !Y US$ TO4 ,!SE >E ! CONSEQU5CES ( CLIMATE *ANGE4 

,YES1 AT ! LEVEL ( ! ELITE1 ( ! 5LI<T5$ FEW1 !RE IS A REALIZATION ?AT YES1 SOME?+ IS WRONG4 ,BUT AT ! LEVEL ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE1 !RE IS NO CONSCI5TIZATION1 NO EF=T TO 5ABLE !M TO UND]/& ?AT IT IS 9 !IR 9T]E/S TO 5SURE ?AT !Y PROTECT !IR 5VIRONM5T4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,Y\ M5TION$ ! ,NIG] ,DELTA4 ,?AT IS ONE >EA 9 ,NIG]IA :]E ! /RUGGLE OV] 5VIRONM5T & OIL HAS BE5 P>TICUL>LY ACUTE1 ) MASSIVE OIL SPILLS BUT ALSO MILITANT ACTIVITY :I* HAS HAD A REAL IMPACT ON OIL PRODUCTION & TRY+ TO RECLAIM SOME ( ! WEAL? FROM OIL = PEOPLE4 ,:AT >E Y\R VIEWS ON ! ACTIVITIES ( MILITANTS 9 ! ,NIG] ,DELTA8 

,SAM3 ,! ACTIVITIES ( MILITANTS %\LD NOT BE VIEW$ 9 ISOLATION4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( MILITANTS IS CONSEQU5T UPON ! EXPLOITATIVE T5D5CIES ( OIL COMPANIES OP]AT+ 9 ! ,NIG] ,DELTA1 :O >E NOT ADH]+ TO 9T]NATIONAL BE/ PRACTICES ?AT !Y CONT9UE TO OBS]VE ELSE:]E >\ND ! WORLD4 ,9 ,NIG]IA1 BECAUSE !Y >E COMPLICIT ) ! ,NIG]IAN /ATE & ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y C>RY ON AS !Y WI%4 ,!Y C>RY ON AS IF TOMORR[ DOES NOT EXI/4 ,!Y C>RY ON BECAUSE !RE IS NOBODY TO CALL !M TO ORD]1 TO HOLD !M TO ACC\NT4 ,SO ! EM]G5CE ( ! MILITANT GR\PS 9 ! ,NIG] ,DELTA IS CONSEQU5T UPON ! EXPLOITATIVE PRACTICES & T5D5CIES1 & ! ABSOLUTE LACK ( C>E = ! 5VIRONM5T 9 ! EXPLORATION1 DRILL+ & PRODUCTION ( MO/ ( ! OIL COMPANIES OP]AT+ 9 ! ,NIG] ,DELTA4 

,SO1 IF VIEW$ AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND1 ! MILITANT GR\PS >E RESPOND+ TO A CLE> & PRES5T ?REAT TO ! EXI/5CE ( COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,NIG] ,DELTA4 ,:5 WE W]E GR[+ UP1 WE GREW UP TO LE>N ?AT MO/ ( ! VILLAGES1 TRIBES & SOCIAL GR\PS 9 ! ,NIG] ,DELTA W]E ESS5TIALLY FI%]M54 ,BUT ) ! CON/ANT OIL SPILLS1 DESPOLIATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 ! D5UDATION ( ! FAUNA & ! AQUATIC LIFE ( ! ,NIG] ,DELTA1 MU* ( ! FI%+ 9DU/RY HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,MU* ( ! F>M+ & AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES TAK+ PLACE !RE HAVE ALSO DISAPPE>$4 

,SO1 :5 Y\ HAVE ROBB$ A PEOPLE ( !IR 5VIRONM5T1 H[1 9 GOOD CONSCI5CE1 DO Y\ EXPECT !M TO SURVIVE8 ,TO CONT9UE TO EXI/ AS A PEOPLE4 ,Y\ SEE1 \R PEOPLE HAVE A SAY+ ?AT NATURE HAS PLAC$ AT ! DISPOSAL ( EV]Y GR\P A MEANS ( SURVIVAL4 ,I'LL GIVE Y\ AN EXAMPLE4 ,9 ! S\?-EA/1 9 ,IGBOL& = 9/ANCE1 \R PEOPLE SURVIVE MO/LY ON \R L&4 ,WE SURVIVE ON \R PALM TREES1 \R PEOPLE MAKE PALM OIL1 \R PEOPLE F>M1 ?IS IS ! BASIC MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,IF Y\ GO TO ! ,NOR?1 !Y DO NOT HAVE PALM TREES4 ,!Y SURVIVE ON O!R FIRMS ( AGRICULTURE1 LIKE PLANT+ ONIONS1 PLANT+ YAMS1 & ALSO PA/ORAL EXI/5CE4 ,IF Y\ GO TO ,NIG] ,DELTA1 ! BASIC MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE IS FI%+1 & SOME =MS ( AGRICULTURE & F>M+ TOO4 ,SO IF WE AGREE ?AT NATURE HAS PLAC$ AT ! DISPOSAL ( EV]Y GR\P SOME =MS ( SU/5ANCE1 WE >E WITNESS+ A SITUATION :]E ! MEANS ( SU/5ANCE ( MU* ( ! ,NIG] ,DELTA HAS BE5 TAK5 AWAY4 ,?R\< ! ACTIVITIES ( OIL COMPANIES :O >E NOT M9D$ ON ANY =M ( CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY4 

,SO1 ?AT IS ! CONTEXT 9 :I* ,I VIEW ! MILITANCY ?AT SPRUNG UP 9 ! ,NIG] ,DELTA FROM ! LATE #a#i#iS TILL TODAY4 ,YES1 MO/ ( ! MILITANT GR\PS 5GAGE 9 ALL =MS ( CRIM9ALITY & B&ITRY AS WELL1 :I* DO NOT 9 ANY WAY S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ORD9>Y ,NIG] ,DELTANS4 ,& ?AT IS CONDEMNABLE1 BUT IT DOES NOT 9 ANY WAY VITIATE ! ORIG9AL S9 ?AT PU%$ !M 9TO FUR!R S94 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,YES4 ,SPEAK+ ( S91 ,NIG]IA IS QUITE A RELIGI\S SOCIETY4 ,RELIGION IS V]Y DEEPLY +RA9$ H]E4 ,& (T5 IT TAKES QUITE CONS]VATIVE1 SOMETIMES VIOL5T =MS4 ,:AT >E Y\R ?\<TS ON RELIGION 9 ,NIG]IA & :AT IT MEANS = AN>*ISM & ORGANIZ+ MORE BROADLY8 

,SAM3 ,I'LL SAY ?AT RELIGION & RELIGI\S PRACTICES HAVE 5T]$ A NEW PHASE 9 ,NIG]IA4 ,BE=E ! ADV5T ( COLONIALISM1 \R PEOPLE W]E MO/LY ,AFRICAN RELIGIONI/S1 :O WOR%IP \R SMALL GODS - GODS ( ?UND]1 GODS ( RIV]1 & SU* O!R GODS4 ,) ! COM+ ( COLONIALISM1 ! TWO MA9 GLOBAL RELIGIONS - ,ISLAM & ,*RI/IANITY - BECAME A PR$OM9ANT =CE 9 ! LIVES ( ,NIG]IANS4 

,! RIVALRY & COMPETITION BETWE5 ! TWO RELIGIONS HAS T5D$ TO PLAY D[N ! FACT ?AT NOT ALL ,NIG]IANS >E ,*RI/IANS OR ,MUSLIMS4 ,EV5 9 ! ,NOR?-C5TRAL1 Y\ >E TALK+ AB\T PAGAN TRIBES & DIFF]5T =MS ( ,AFRICAN RELIGION ?AT TAKE PLACE 9 ?OSE PLACES4 ,BUT TODAY ,NIG]IA IS PR(IL$ & /]EOTYP$ AS A ,*RI/IAN ,S\? & A ,MUSLIM ,NOR?4 ,YET IF Y\ GO TO ! ,NOR? Y\ F9D A LOT ( NON-ADH]5TS TO ,ISLAM1 Y\ COME TO ! ,S\? AS WELL Y\ F9D A LOT ( NON-ADH]5TS TO ,*RI/IANITY4 

,BUT ,I W\LD SAY ?AT 9 ! PA/ #b-#c YE>S ! S+UL> 9FLU5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY & ,ISLAM HAS BE5 CONSID]ABLY NEGATIVE ON ! SOCIETY 9 ! S5SE ?AT BO? RELIGIONS HAVE BECOME S\RCES ( MANIPULATION1 POLITICAL MANIPULATION ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 ,:5 Y\ HE> ?AT !RE IS A RELIGI\S RIOT 9 ! ,NOR?1 A RELIGI\S RIOT 9 ! ,EA/1 :5 Y\ GO D[N & EXAM9E ! ISSUES1 !Y >E NOT BASICALLY RELIGI\S4 ,POLITICIANS >E US+ RELIGION TO MANIPULATE ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE 9TO FI<T+ = ! POLITICAL POSITIONS & BELIEFS ( ! ELITE4 

,RELIGION HAS BECOME AN 9/RUM5T ( MANIPULATION1 EXPLOITATION1 DECEIT1 & L>GE-SCALE BL9DFOLD+ ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE 9 ,NIG]IA4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! ELEM5TS MILITAT+ AGA9/ SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS A CLASS1 9 ,NIG]IA4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( A CLASS ( ! DISPOSSESS$1 ! OPPRESS$1 ! M>G9ALIZ$1 :O FEEL & %>E COMMON 9T]E/S & >E KE5 TO FI<T = ?OSE COMMON 9T]E/S4 ,RELIGION IS ?R[N 9 AS A W$GE1 AS A S\RCE ( CONFLICT AMONG ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 ,LIKE ,K>L ,M>X SAID1 RELIGION BECOMES ! OPIUM ( SOCIETY4 ,EV]Y LITTLE ?+ IS COV]$1 IS GIV5 A RELIGI\S COLORATION1 :5 IT IS ACTUALLY NOT4 ,IT IS A TREM5D\S SETBACK TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS 9 ,NIG]IA & ! RE/ ( ,AFRICA AS A :OLE4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,YES4 ,Y\'VE ALREADY T\*$ ON IT1 BUT ?OSE RELIGI\S DIVISIONS >E (T5 RELAT$ TO 7BUT NOT SOLELY RELAT$ TO7 E?NIC DIVISIONS1 & RACE1 & G5D] AS DIVID+ PEOPLE FROM EA* O!R4 ,:AT >E Y\R ?\<TS AB\T ?AT8 

,SAM3 ,WELL ! PROBLEM WE HAVE IS NOT REALLY RACE AS SU*1 IT IS AB\T RELIGION1 IT IS AB\T E?NICITY4 ,MU* ( RELIGION 9 ,NIG]IA & ,AFRICA IS GEOGRAPHICAL4 ,Y\ F9D ?AT RELIGION T5DS TO CON=M TO C]TA9 E?NIC B\ND>IES4 ,:5 Y\ HE> AB\T A ,FULANI1 Y\ IMAG9E A ,MUSLIM4 ,:5 Y\ HE> AB\T AN ,IGBOMAN1 Y\ IMAG9E A ,CA?OLIC ,*RI/IAN4 ,:5 Y\ TALK AB\T ! MAN FROM ! MIDDLE BELT ( ,NIG]IA1 Y\'RE TALK+ AB\T AN EVANGELICAL ,*RI/IAN4 ,SO1 MU* ( \R RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES HAVE BECOME GEOGRAPHICAL 9 NATURE1 9 ! S5SE ?AT C]TA9 E?NIC B\ND>IES >E COH]5T ALSO ) C]TA9 RELIGIONS4 ,! PEOPLE HAVE BE5 MADE TO SEE !SE DIFF]5CES AS P]MAN5T FEATURES ( LIFE1 NOT ?+S Y\ CAN OV]COME4 ,! TRU? IS ?AT BE=E ! COMMODIFICATION ( EX*ANGE & ! MEANS ( SU/5ANCE 9 \R SOCIETY1 BE=E ! MONETIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 PEOPLE RELAT$ ) ONE ANO!R1 & DID NOT M9D AB\T RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES4 ,EV]YBODY BELIEV$ Y\R RELIGION \<T TO BE A P]SONAL ISSUE TO Y\4 ,BUT ) ! POLITICIZATION ( RELIGION1 ! WAY WE >E SEE+ IT TODAY1 SOCIAL DIFF]5CES HAVE BE5 MAGNIFI$ BY POLITICIANS1 :O USE IT TO MANIPULATE & CONTROL ! MASS ( ! POPULATION4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,& :AT AB\T G5D]8 ,IS !RE A *ANGE 9 ! /RUGGLE = WOM5'S LIB]ATION8 

,SAM3 ,! /RUGGLE = WOM5'S LIB]ATION 9 ,NIG]IA & ! RE/ ( ,AFRICA HAS COME A LONG WAY4 ,9 ! S5SE ?AT1 \R SOCIETY1 :I* IS PATRI>*AL 9 NATURE1 EMPHASIZES ! ROLE ( ! MAN4 ,9 MANY ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES1 AS ,I TRI$ TO PO9T \T 9 MY BOOK1 ! ROLE ( WOM5 IS DIM9I%$1 R$UC$ TO ALMO/ TO FOOTNOTES4 ,BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT EV5 9 TRADITIONAL ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES1 IF ,I USE ! TRADTIONAL ,IGBO SOCIETY AS AN EXAMPLE1 ! ROLE ( ! WOM5 IS CRITICAL1 IS C5TRAL TO ! CREATION ( BALANCE & SOCIAL H>MONY4 ,BUT MO/ ( ! TIME IT IS UND]PLAY$4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,Y\'RE TALK+ AB\T ! ROLE WOM5 PLAY AS LEAD]S8 

,SAM3 ,YES4 ,Y\ MI<T NOT BELIEVE IT1 BUT LET ME TELL Y\ SOME?+ - ONE ( ! LESS OBVI\S MANIFE/ATIONS ( ,AFRICAN SOCIETY4 ,9 TRADITIONAL ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES1 9 TRADITIONAL ,IGBO SOCIETY1 = EXAMPLE1 A WOMAN :O IS UNABLE TO GIVE BIR? = ! HUSB&1 ASSUM+ ! HUSB& DIES1 & ! WOMAN IS FAC$ ) ! REALITY ( NOT CONT9U+ ! L9EAGE AT H] [N DEA?1 IT WAS COMMON = WOM5 :O F9D !MSELVES 9 ?IS SITUATION1 TO M>RY ANO!R WOMAN4 ,SO :5 ,AFRICANS SAY LESBIANISM1 OR WOM5 M>RY+ WOM51 OR M5 M>RY+ M51 IS NOT TRADITIONAL TO US1 ANY CLE>HEAD$ POLITICAL ANALY/1 AN?ROPOLOGI/ OR SOCIOLOGI/ 9 ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD1 W\LD KN[ 9 ,IGBO SOCIETY IT WAS COMMON = WOM5 TO M>RY WOM51 :5 FAC$ ) ?AT SITUATION 9 ! ABS5CE ( !IR HUSB&1 & BE SE5 AS ! WIFE ( ! OLD] WOMAN4 ,MAYBE ! OLD] WOMAN MI<T ALSO BR+ A MAN :O SLEEPS ) ! Y\NG] WOMAN & BEG9S TO RAISE (FSPR+ = ! MEMORY ( ! LATE HUSB&4 

,! TRADITIONAL ,AFRICAN SOCIETY W\LD NOT A*IEVE BALANCE & H>MONY )\T ! ROLE ( ! WOM54 ,!IR ROLE WAS CRITICAL TO ! RESOLUTION ( DISPUTES4 ,9 ,IGBO RESOLUTION ( L& DISPUTES1 FAMILY DISPUTES1 & 9TRACTABLE SOCIAL ISSUES1 ! VIEWS ( WOM51 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O W]E SE5 AS WOM5 :O HAVE MADE SOME A*IEVEM5T MAT]IALLY WAS CONT9UALLY S\<T BY ! M5 FOLK 9 TRADITIONAL ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES4 

,MOV+ AWAY FROM TRADITIONAL ,AFRICAN SOCIETY TO ! PRES5T DAY1 $UCATION HAS BE5 ! CRITICAL =CE 9 ! LIB]ATION ( WOM54 ,WOM5 GO TO S*OOL1 9 ,IGBOL& TODAY !RE >E MORE WOM5 9 S*OOL ?AN M54 ,BECAUSE ! M5 GO (F TO DO BUS9ESS1 TRAD+ ACTIVITIES4 ,9CREAS+LY1 9 MANY PRIM>Y & SECOND>Y S*OOLS ! NUMB] ( FEMALE PUPILS \TNUMB]S ! MALES4 ,MANY FAMILIES HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT IF Y\ TRA9 WOM51 Y\ TRA9 A NATION1 IF Y\ TRA9 A MAN1 9 SOME CASES1 Y\ >E JU/ TRA9+ AN 9DIVIDUAL4 

,! IMPORTANCE ( WOM5 9 \R SOCIETY IS CONT9UALLY BE+ REASS]T$4 ,! C\RTS ( LAW HAVE PLAY$ SOME ROLE 9 TRY+ TO LIB]ATE WOM5 FROM BE+ ! UND]L+S ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ,IGBOL& 9 ! PA/1 WOM5 C\LD NOT 9H]IT ! E/ATE ( !IR FA!RS1 EV5 IF !Y W]E ! ONLY *ILDR5 ( !IR P>5TS4 ,!RE IS N[ A C\RT DOCUM5T ?AT SAYS A MAN CAN MAKE A WILL & DEVOLVE HIS E/ATE AMONG HIS MALE & FEMALE *ILDR5 EQUALLY4 ,9 CASES :]E ! MAN DID NOT HAVE MALE ISSUES1 HE CAN DEVOLVE HIS E/ATE AMONG HIS FEMALE *ILDR54 

,SO WE'VE RECOGNIZ$ SOME ADVANCE4 ,!RE IS VIRTUALLY NO C\RSE 9 UNIV]SITY :]E Y\ DO NOT F9D SOME WOM5 FOLK - M$IC9E1 5G9E]+1 GEOLOGY1 COMPUT] SCI5CE1 NOT JU/ ! HUMANITIES & >TS4 ,WOM5 >E EV]Y:]E1 EV5 9 ! MILIT>Y4 ,BUT ,I W\LD SAY /ILL1 GIV5 ! FACT ?AT \R SOCIETY IS #e.0 MALE1 #e.0 FEMALE1 !RE IS /ILL A LOT ROOM = IMPROVEM5T = WOM54 ,IT IS AN ONGO+ /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS NOT SOME?+ ?AT IS LIKELY GO+ TO 5D4 ,! MOM5TUM WE HAVE HAVE A*IEV$ IS SU* ?AT ! FUTURE LOOKS V]Y V]Y BRI<T 9DE$ = WOM5'S LIB]ATION & G5D] EQUALITY 9 \R SOCIETY4 

444 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,SAM1 Y\ PLAY$ A V]Y IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! ',AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE'1 :I* WAS A ,NIG]IAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ?AT FL\RI%$ 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,CAN Y\ TELL US A BIT AB\T H[ IT GREW & H[ IT DECL9$8 

,SAM3 ,IT'S A LITTLE NO/ALGIC = ME !SE DAYS1 TALK+ AB\T ! ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE1 BECAUSE ! ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE WAS A ROMANTIC IDEA4 ,:5 WE 5T]$ ! UNIV]SITIES 9 ! E>LY #hS1 :AT WE 5C\NT]$ WAS SOCIALI/ GR\PS1 SOCIALI/ TEA*+1 ,M>XI/ TEA*+ ESPECIALLY4 ,& WE BECAME ATTRACT$ TO ,M>XISM1 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT PREA*$ ! COM+ ( A NEW DAWN 9 SOCIETY1 & BY EXT5SION1 ! ,AFRICAN CONT95T4 ,WE W]E REALLY 5?RALL$ BY ! P]SPECTIVES ( ,M>XISM1 & ! ABID+1 ?OR\< CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM ?AT ,M>X & ,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE EMBODI$4 ,IT DID NOT TAKE MU* TIME BE=E WE DEF9$ \RSELVES AS ,M>XI/S ON CAMPUS1 & ?IS CONT9U$ UNTIL WE LEFT ! UNIV]SITIES4 ,:5 ,I WAS LEAV+ UNIV]SITY ,I WROTE A !SIS 9 MY F9AL YE> ON ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ,NIG]IA'S EXT]NAL DEBT CRISIS !N1 & 9 ! !SIS1 IT MI<T 9T]E/ Y\ TO KN[1 ,I EMPLOY$ ! ,M>XI/ FRAMEWORK1 AS MY TOOL ( ANALYSIS4 ,:]E ,M>X WAS TALK+ AB\T ! ECONOMY AS PROVID+ ! AXIS >\ND :I* ! FUR!R MOVEM5T 9 SOCIETY REVOLV$1 :E!R IT WAS POLITICS1 OR CULTURE4 ,I ALSO TALK$ AB\T ! T5D5CY ( CAPITALISM T[>DS CRISIS4 ,!SE W]E IDEAS ?AT 5?RALL$ US4 ,ALSO ! IDEAS ( REVOLUTION4 ,M>X SAID ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ALL HI!RTO EXI/+ SOCIETIES HAS BE5 ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 & TALK$ AB\T ! REVOLUTION BE+ ! MIDWIFE ( A NEW SOCIETY1 GIV+ BIR? TO A NEW ONE4 

,USUALLY 9 ,NIG]IA1 AFT] Y\R GRADUATION FROM UNIV]SITY1 Y\ >E OBLIG$ TO TAKE P>T 9 A M&ATORY ONE YE> S]VICE4 ,SO ,I WAS PO/$ TO ! OLD ,OYO /ATE ) ITS CAPITAL AT ,IBADAN1 = ! M&ATORY ONE YE> NATIONAL S]VICE4 ,IT WAS !RE ?AT ,I MET A C\PLE ( SOCIALI/-M9D$ Y\NG M5 LIKE MYSELF1 & WE />T$ ORGANIZ+ & TALK+ AB\T ,M>XISM1 SOCIALISM1 LEFTI/ RESI/ANCE4 ,WE ID5TIFI$ \RSELVES ESS5TIALLY AS A LEFTI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?AT1 SOME ( US />T$ SUBSCRIB+ TO ',! ,TOR*' NEWSPAP]1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,IT WAS !RE WE />T$ GLEAN+ = ! FIR/ TIME1 ! 9ITIAL IDEAS ( AN>*ISM4 ,?AT WAS H[1 GRADUALLY1 :5 WE F9I%$ \R NATIONAL S]VICE1 SOME ( US :O W]E LIV+ 9 ! S\?-EA/1 />T$ ?9K+ AB\T AN 5DUR+ PLAT=M4 ,BECAUSE SOCIALISM EV5 !N WAS 5T]+ A S]I\S CRISIS4 ,! CRISIS ( ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE WAS BREW+4 ,IT WAS NOT LONG !REAFT] ?AT COMMUNISM COLLAPS$ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,& IT WAS 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS CRISIS ?AT WE />T$ 9CREAS+LY VACILAT+ T[>DS AN>*ISM4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE WAS BORN1 & ! RE/ IS HI/ORY4 

,! ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE FIR/ ( ALL1 D]IV$ ITS LIFEBLOOD FROM ! RESI/ANCE AGA9/ MILIT>Y RULE 9 ,NIG]IA4 ,! CONT9UATION ( MILIT>Y RULE ACT$ AS A SPORE4 ,IT WAS ONE ( ! 9CLUSIONS ?AT CONT9U$ TO GIVE OXYG5 TO \R EXI/5CE !N AS ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE4 ,IT IS ON RECORD ?AT BETWE5 ! LATE #a#i#hS & ! LATE #a#i#iS1 ,NIG]IA WITNESS$ ! T\<E/ ANTI-MILIT>Y /RUGGLE4 ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE JO9$ =CES ) O!R ANTI-MILIT>Y GR\PS 9 RESI/+ MILIT>Y RULE 9 ,NIG]IA4 ,IT WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( COM+ 9TO T\* ) A LOT ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ GR\PS >\ND ! WORLD1 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA 1 ?AT ,I & MY FRI5D DECID$ TO 9TELLECTUALIZE ! ! SUBJECT ( AN>*ISM BY PRODUC+ A BOOK1 :I* Y\ V]Y WELL KN[4 

,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ MILIT>Y RULE 5D$ ) ! COM+ ( CIVILIAN RULE 9 #a#i#i#i4 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT ! ANTAGONISM ( NOT ONLY ! ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE BUT ALL ! CIVIL SOCIETY1 COMMUNITY-BAS$ GR\PS1 & LEFTI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! C\NTRY1 VIRTUALLY EVAPORAT$4 ,BECAUSE ! MILIT>Y WAS A UNIT+ FACTOR1 ,I W\LD SAY1 9 ! S5SE ?AT EV]Y P]SON - :E!R Y\ W]E AN>*I/1 ,M>XI/1 LEFTI/1 SOCIALI/ - SAW 9 ! MILIT>Y A COMMON 5EMY TO BE RESI/$1 TO BE OPPOS$1 TO BE OV]?R[N IF POSSIBLE4 ,) ! COM+ ( CIVILIAN GOV]NM5T1 WE DID NOT HAVE ?AT K9D ( COMMON 5EMY ANY LONG]4 ,BECAUSE SOME ( ! GR\PS1 SOME 9DIVIDUALS FROM !SE GR\PS1 N[ />T$ GRAVITAT+ T[>DS B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,BUT LET ME SAY ?AT = ! MO/ P>T1 ! PROBLEM WAS NOT 9DIVIDUALS GRAVITAT+ T[>DS B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 IT WAS REALLY ?AT ! CIVIL SOCIETY GR\PS1 ! LEFTI/ GR\PS & ORGANIZATIONS1 W]E NOT PREP>$ = ! CONSEQU5CES ( .<CIVILIAN.> RULE4 ,WE DID NOT ANALYZE 9 A S]I\S S5SE :AT W\LD BE ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! 5D ( MILIT>Y RULE & ! COM+ ( CIVILIAN RULE1 9 ! PLACE ( ! MILIT>Y4 ,WE TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT IT W\LD BE BUS9ESS AS USUAL4 ,BUT AS IT HAPP5$1 ! 5D ( MILIT>Y RULE S+UL>LY SIGNAL$ ! 5D ( MO/ ( !SE COMMUNITY-BAS$1 CIVIL-SOCIETY-BAS$ GR\PS4 ,MO/ ( !SE GR\PS1 9CLUD+ ! ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE1 FRAGM5T$4 

,BY ! DAWN ( ! NEW MILL5NIUM1 WE W]E JU/ A FEW 9DIVIDUALS LEFT1 TRY+ TO GRAPPLE ) ! REALITY ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 \R C\NTRY4 ,SOME ( \R MEMB]S HAVE HAD TO GO BACK TO S*OOL1 TAK+ UP TEA*+ APPO9TM5TS AT SOME UNIV]SITIES1 SOME >E GRAPPL+ ) ! REALITIES ( SURVIVAL & EXI/5CE 9 \R K9D ( SOCIETY4 ,I P]SONALLY HAVE BE5 HAV+ HEAL? *ALL5GES - IT'S NOT SOME?+ ,I WANT TO BROADCA/ - BUT ,I'VE BE5 HAV+ SOME HEAL? *ALL5GES4 ,BETWE5 #bg & #b#i1 ,I HAD S]I\S HEAL? *ALL5GES4 ,= ME1 ,I F9D ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO RECREATE ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT WE F9D \RSELVES 9 TODAY4 

,SO P]HAPS1 ,I SAID TO MYSELF1 WE CANNOT RECREATE ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE1 BUT WE MU/ MA9TA9 SOME =M ( 9T]ACTION AMONG \RSELVES1 WE MU/ CONT9UE TO 9T]ACT ) O!RS 9 CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,WE MU/ CONT9UE TO 5GAGE1 EV5 ) ?OSE 9 P[]1 9 SOME =M ( CALL TO ACC\NT4 ,& WE MU/ DEVISE MORE REALI/IC WAYS ( BE+ RELEVANT 9 SOCIETY & TRY+ TO MAKE A DIFF]5CE 9 \R RESPECTIVE COMMUNITIES & 9 SOCIETY AT L>GE4 

,SO ,I HAVE S9CE !N1 GONE 9TO TRY+ TO JO9 H&S ) SOME PEOPLE 9 TRY+ TO CREATE A NON-GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATION KN[N AS ,TROPICAL ,WAT*4 ,CONC]N$ ESS5TIALLY ) ISSUES ( SU/A9ABLE DEVELOPM5T & 5VIRONM5T1 9CLUD+ CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,9 ! PROCESS ALSO WE HAVE BE5 DRAWN 9TO SOME ANTI-CORRUPTION FI<TS1 ANTI-CORRUPTION /RUGGLES 9 \R SOCIETY4 ,BECAUSE WE F9D ?AT ONE ( ! GREATE/ ?REATS TO SU/A9ABLE DEVELOPM5T IS CORRUPTION4 ,CORRUPTION MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = RES\RCES TO BE ALLOCAT$ 9 A JUDICIAL1 TRANSP>5T MANN]4 ,SU* ?AT ALL SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY1 ALL SECTORS ( ! SOCIETY1 W\LD B5EFIT4 ,IT IS CORRUPTION ?AT MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = GOV]NM5TS TO *ECK UNCONTROLL$ LOGG+ 9 DIFF]5T COMMUNITIES = 9/ANCE4 ,IT IS CORRUPTION ?AT MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = CONTACTS AW>D$ = ROAD CON/RUCTION1 = PROVISION ( WAT]1 = SANITATION & ?+S LIKE ?AT TO BE EXHIBIT$4 ,9 SO F> AS CORRUPTION EXI/S1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CREATE A H>MONI\S BALANCE BETWE5 RES\RCE UTILIZATION & ! EXI/5CE ( \R 5VIRONM5T & SOCIETIES4 ,SO !SE >E SOME ( ! ?+S ?AT ,I P]SONALLY1 9 CONJUNCTION ) SOME O!R FRI5DS & LIKE-M9D$ 9DIVIDUALS1 HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO CREATE4 

,BUT IT HAS NOT BE5 EASY4 ,BECAUSE1 LIKE ,I TOLD Y\1 :AT HAPP5$ TO ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE IS NOT UNIQUE - IT HAPP5$ TO EV]Y S+LE O!R CIVIL SOCIETY GR\P1 EV]Y O!R ORGANIC SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! C\NTRY ?AT TOOK P>T 9 ! ANTI-MILIT>Y /RUGGLE4 ,I'LL GIVE Y\ ANO!R EXAMPLE1 ONE ( ! L>GE/ ,N,G,OS 9 ,NIG]IA OV] ! PA/ #a#e-#b YE>S1 HAS BE5 ! ,CIVIL ,LIB]TIES ,ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS A BODY D$ICAT$ TO FI<T+ = HUMAN RI<TS1 CON/ITUTIONAL RULE1 & FI<T+ AGA9/ POLICE VIOL5CE & ALL =MS ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ CIVILIANS1 WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,! ,CIVIL ,LIB]TIES ,ORGANIZATION 7,C,L,O7 GREW 9 LEAPS & B\NDS SO ?AT !Y HAD (FICES 9 ALL DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,NIG]IA4 ,BUT ,I CAN TELL Y\3 9 ! PA/ SEV5 OR EI<T YE>S1 ! ,C,L,O HAS ALMO/ BE5 DEAD4 ,ACTUALLY1 :AT WE >E SEE+ IS MORE OR LESS A <O/1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO /ATE 9 ,NIG]IA :]E !IR (FICE IS FUNCTIONAL ANY LONG]4 ,! MAN :O US$ TO BE ! ZONAL DIRECTOR H]E 9 ,5UGU HAS VIRTUALLY BE5 LEFT TO F5D = HIMSELF4 ,!Y HAV5'T PAID ! R5T ON !IR (FICE 9 ! PA/ FIVE YE>S4 ,SO :AT ,I'M TRY+ TO SAY IS ?AT :AT HAPP5$ TO ,AW>5ESS ,LEAGUE IS :AT HAPP5$ MO/ O!R ORGANIZATIONS4 ,EV5 ,TROPICAL ,WAT* IS /ILL TRY+ TO F9D ITS FEET4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,:AT AB\T WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,NIG]IA1 TRADE UNIONS1 TO :AT EXT5T CAN !Y BE RECLAIM$ AS VEHICLES = WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE8 

,SAM3 ,! TRADE UNIONS 9 ,NIG]IA W]E P>TICUL>LY V]Y ACTIVE 9 ! E>LY ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLE4 ,I TOLD Y\ SOME TIME AGO AB\T ! /RUGGLES ( ! COAL M9]S H]E 9 ,5UGU1 ,5UGU WAS ! COAL M9+ CAPITAL ( ,NIG]IA4 ,DUR+ ! ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE1 ! COLONIAL MA/]S KILL$ AB\T #di COAL M9]S H]E 9 ?IS CITY1 :O W]E /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! EXPLOITATIVE T5D5CIES ( ! MANAG]S ( ! M9ES4 ,IT WAS A L&M>K DEVELOPM5T DUR+ ! ANTI-COLONIAL /RUGGLE 9 ?IS P>T ( ,NIG]IA4 ,I TOLD Y\ AB\T ! CITY ( ,JOS1 :]E Y\ HAD A FL\RI%+ T9 M9+ 9DU/RY1 ! WORK]S W]E WELL-ORGANIZ$4 ,! M9+ 9DU/RIES BECAME A P$E/AL = UNIONIZ+ 9 ! C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ ! REGUL> CIVIL S]VICE4 ,AT ! TURN ( 9DEP5D5CE1 WE HAD A FAIRLY SIZABLE WORK+-CLASS TRADE-UNIONISM TAK+ PLACE 9 ! C\NTRY1 & ?IS CONT9U$ UNTIL ! ADV5T ( MILIT>Y RULE4 

,MILIT>Y RULE /ULTIFI$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( TRADE UNIONISM 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y W]E ABLE TO DO ?IS BY 9VOK+ PRIMORDIAL S5TIM5TS1 RELIGION1 TRIBALISM & ISSUES ( REGIONALISM AS WELL1 TO DIVIDE & RULE1 TO MANIPULATE WORK]S4 ,DEP5D+ ON :I* GOV]NM5T WAS 9 P[]4 ,! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T 9 ,NIG]IA - T[>DS ! DY+ DAYS ( MILIT>Y RULE - TRI$ TO REGA9 ITS VOICE1 />T$ CALL+ MAJOR NATIONAL /RIKES1 />T$ ORGANIZ+ ON A NATIONAL SCALE4 

,BUT ,I CAN TELL Y\ ?AT ! =TUNES ( TRADE UNIONISM HAS BE5 HAMP]$ BY ! DE9DU/RIALIZATION PROCESS ?AT HAS CONT9U$ TAK+ PLACE 9 ! C\NTRY1 S9CE ! DY+ DAYS ( MILIT>Y RULE4 ,MO/ 9DU/RIES HAVE FOLD$ UP4 ,ONE ( ! L>GE/ EMPLOY]S ( LABOR 9 ?IS C\NTRY US$ TO BE ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS NO MORE4 ,! TEXTILE 9DU/RY HAS BE5 WIP$ AWAY COMPLETELY4 ,WE N[ DEP5D = \R TEXTILE MAT]IALS ON *EAP TEXTILE MAT]IALS COM+ FROM ,*9A1 NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES1 ,9DIA4 ,! TEXTILE 9DU/RY US$ TO EMPLOY MORE ?AN #b1 WORK]S ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,! AUTOMOBILE 9DU/RY US$ TO HAVE ASSEMBLY PLANTS - H]E 9 ,5UGU ,ANAMMCO1 ,PEUGEOT WAS 9 ,KADUNA1 ,PELEOT WAS 9 ,BAU*I1 ,VOLKSWAG5 WAS 9 ,LAGOS4 ,ALL !SE ASSEMBLY PLANTS HAVE CLOS$ D[N4 ,WE US$ TO HAVE A TRID5T /EEL SECTOR 9 .<A NUMB] ( PLACES.>4 ,!Y'VE ALL CLOS$ %OP4 ,SO !RE HAS BE5 MASSIVE DE9DU/RIALIZATION 9 ! C\NTRY 9 ! PA/ #b YE>S1 & IT HAS AFFECT$ ! =TUNES ( WORK]S4 

,SO ! CORE ( ! WORK]S WE HAVE TODAY >E EI!R 9 ! CIVIL S]VICE1 ! BANK+ SECTOR1 OR ! PETROLEUM 9DU/RY4 ,! WORK]S 9 ! PETROLEUM SECTOR SEE !MSELVES AS BE+ FAVOR$ S\LS4 ,SO !Y H>DLY TAKE P>T 9 !IR UNION ACTIVITIES1 EXCEPT ! JUNIOR /AFF4 ,! SAME ?+ ALSO 9 ! BANK+ 9DU/RY1 9 FACT ONE ( ! CODES ( PRACTICE WAS ?AT Y\ DON'T TAKE P>T 9 UNION ORGANIZ+4 ,= UPW>DS ( #a-#b YE>S ! WORK]S ACCEPT$ IT4 ,BUT S9CE ! FIR/ FAILURE ( BANKS 9 ,NIG]IA1 :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! LATE #a#i#iS1 ! JUNIOR WORK]S 9 ! BANKS >E BEG9N+ TO ORGANIZE AGA94 ,BUT !Y'RE NO LONG] AS EFFECTIVE4 ,SO BASICALLY1 :AT Y\ HAVE AS UNIONS 9 ,NIG]IA1 >E BASICALLY ! CIVIL S]VANTS4 ,& Y\ WILL AGREE ) ME ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL EXP]I5CE IS BAS$ 9 9DU/RIAL WORKPLACES1 NOT 9 (FICES4 ,NOT 9 AIR-CONDITION$ (FICES & :ITE-COLL> TABLES4 

,SO ! /ATE ( UNION ACTIVITIES TODAY 9 ,NIG]IA IS DEPLORABLE4 ,& MO/ UNION LEAD]S SEE !IR POSITIONS FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( !IR C>E]4 ,!Y ?9K ( !IR C>E] FIR/ & =EMO/1 BE=E ANY?+ ELSE4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! KEY FACTORS ?AT AFFECT$ ! LA/ NATION-WIDE PROTE/S1 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,NIG]IAN ,LABOR ,CONGRESS CAPITULAT$ AT ! LA/ M9UTE4 

,LET ME ALSO PO9T \T ?AT ! PR(ESSIONAL GR\PS 9 ,NIG]IA - ! M$ICAL DOCTORS1 ! B> ASSOCIATION1 ! >*ITECTS SOCIETY1 ! SOCIETY ( 5G9E]S & SIMIL> PR(ESSIONAL GR\PS >E NOT M9D$ ON WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZ+ & DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y />T FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SEE+ !MSELVES AS BE+ PRIVILEG$ MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 ,EV5 ?\< ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION ( !IR MEMB]S IS ! SAME AS ?AT ( ORD9>Y ,NIG]IANS4 ,= !M !RE IS NO 9C5TIVE TO BEG9 TO ORGANIZE4 ,9/EAD :AT A P]SON IS TRY+ TO DO AMONG ! PR(ESSIONAL GR\PS IS TRY+ TO SEE H[ HE CAN USE ! SY/EM TO ADVANCE HIS P]SONAL OR GR\P 9T]E/S4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,SAM1 ,I WANT$ TO ASK1 :AT >E SOME ( ! ?+S ?AT ! PEOPLE :O >E ACTIVE - ! RANK & FILE ACTIVI/S 9 UNIONS1 OR PEOPLE LIKE Y\RSELF 9 ,TROPICAL ,WAT* OR CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS - :AT >E SOME ( ! ?+S ?AT PEOPLE DO TO TRY & BUILD ! /RUGGLE8 ,LIKE PRACTICAL DAY-TO-DAY TASKS1 :AT DO PEOPLE SP5D !IR TIME DO+ TO TRY TO BUILD UP SOCIAL /RUGGLE8 

,SAM3 ,WE1 ! ACTIVI/S1 TRY TO MEET4 ,WE TRY TO HOLD WORK%OPS4 ,!RE >E SOME WORK%OPS ?AT WE HOLD OR >E SPONSOR$ BY DONOR AG5CIES1 ?AT BR+ TOGE!R ACTIVI/S4 ,WE HAVE HAD SEM9>S & WORK%OPS 9 ! >EAS ( POLICE BRUTALITY1 POLICE VIOL5CE1 G5D] VIOL5CE1 CLIMATE *ANGE1 Y\ KN[4 ,!SE SEM9>S & WORK%OPS 9 A WAY TRY TO BR+ TOGE!R ACTIVI/S ( ALL P]SUASIONS4 ,& FROM TIME TO TIME1 >IS+ FROM SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS >\ND US1 WE TRY TO SET UP MEET+S AMONG GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS1 & SEE IF WE CAN WORK \T >EAS ( AGREEM5T & SEE IF WE CAN BUILD UP ON ?AT4 

,BUT ,I MU/ BE FAIR TO Y\1 ESPECIALLY H]E 9 ! S\?-EA/1 WE HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO BUILD A VIRILE CIVIL SOCIETY 9 ?IS P>T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! PEOPLE 9 ,LAGOS HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CREATE BETT] MODELS ESS5TIALLY BECAUSE !Y HAVE GREAT] EXP]I5CE 9 ?IS FIELD1 >IS+ FROM ! YE>S ( MILIT>Y RULE4 ,! PEOPLE 9 ,ABUJA >E DO+ WELL AS WELL1 BECAUSE S9CE ! MOVEM5T ( ! SEAT ( GOV]NM5T TO ,ABUJA1 WE HAVE WITNESS$ ! CONC5TRATION ( ACTIVI/S ORGANIZ+ TO HOLD ! GOV]NM5T ACC\NTABLE 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,BUT WE HAVE NOT BE5 SO LUCKY H]E4 ,I GUESS ?AT P>T ( ! PROBLEM IS ?AT MO/ PEOPLE >E CONC]N$ ) ! /RUGGLE = EV]YDAY SURVIVAL4 ,BUT ,I RECKON ?AT ?IS IS NOT 5\< ( AN EXCUSE TO GIVE = NOT BE+ ABLE TO ORGANIZE4 

,! EXP]I5CE ( ONE ( \R COMRADES ,OSMOND ,UGWU :O1 NOT TOO LONG AGO1 HAS BE5 A VICTIM ( /ATE HI<H&$NESS4 ,HE CAME \T TO ORGANIZE WORK]S1 TO PROTE/ AGA9/ NON-IMPLEM5TATION ( ! M9IMUM WAGE4 ,! M9IMUM WAGE WAS A NATIONAL POLICY ( ! ,P,D,P GOV]NM5T1 & A NATIONAL M9IMUM WAGE ACT WAS PASS$ BY BO? *AMB]S ( ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY4 ,ALL ! /ATES 9 ! C\NTRY W]E N[ OBLIG$ TO IMPLEM5T ! M9IMUM WAGE1 TO BR+ IT 9TO PRACTICE 9 !IR RESPECTIVE /ATES4 ,BUT ! GOV]NOR H]E 9 ,5UGU REFUS$ TO IMPLEM5T IT4 ,OR DECID$ ?AT HE WAS GO+ TO DELAY ! T]MS ( IMPLEM5TATION4 ,& :5 ,OSMOND & ONE OR TWO ( HIS COMRADES TRI$ TO ORGANIZE ! WORK]S1 TO S5SITIZE !M ON RESI/+ ?IS H>ASSM5T BY ! GOV]NM5T1 HE WAS 9C>C]AT$4 ,IT IS 9/RUCTIVE TO NOTE ?AT :ILE ,OSMOND WAS TRY+ TO MOBILIZE ! WORK]S1 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,NIG]IAN ,LABOR ,CONGRESS H]E WAS COLLABORAT+ ) ! /ATE GOV]NM5T & NEGOTIAT+ AWAY ! RI<TS ( WORK]S TO ORGANIZE4 ,ULTIMATELY HE PAID ! PRICE BY BE+ S5T TO JAIL & BE+ TRI$ ON TRUMP$ UP *>GES4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! ! LAT] P>T ( ,JANU>Y ?IS YE> .<#b#a#b.> ?AT HE WAS RELEAS$4 ,BAS$ ESS5TIALLY ON ! PROTE/S M\NT$ BY ,AMNE/Y ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,& TODAY HE /ILL FACES A CRIM9AL *>GE :I* IS AS RIDICUL\S AS ANY?+ CAN BE4 ,?IS UND]L9ES ! ?REATS FAC$ BY ?OSE :O /RUGGLE TO CREATE A NEW SOCIETY 9 \R K9D ( 5VIRONM5T4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,ONE LA/ QUE/ION ,SAM3 H[ DO Y\ CONCEPTUALIZE GLOBAL SOLID>ITY8 ,I MEAN1 H[ BE/ CAN ACTIVI/S 9 SO-CALL$ 'DEVELOP$' C\NTRIES SUPPORT ACTIVI/S 9 ! MAJORITY WORLD1 & VISE V]SA8 

,SAM3 ,YEAH1 ! ACTIVISM 9 ! DEVELOP$ WORLD CAN DO A LOT REALLY TO /IR UP ! CONSCI\SNESS ( PEOPLE H]E4 ,BUT ,I GUESS ?AT AT ! 5D ( ! DAY1 ! PEOPLE H]E MU/ TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = \R LIVES1 MU/ TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = RESI/+ AUTOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS1 MU/ TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = SEEK+ TO HOLD !M ACC\NTABLE AS WELL4 

,PEOPLE 9 ! METROPOLITAN WORLD CAN ASSI/ US BY TRY+ TO HELP US BUILD CAPACITY4 ,Y\ SEE1 ! CIVIL SOCIETY GR\PS H]E >E NOT QUITE AT HOME ) ! TOOLS ( MOD]N COMMUNICATION - ! SOCIAL M$IA - :I* HAS PLAY$ A V]Y IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 & 9 ! ,>AB ,SPR+4 ,Y\'D BE SURPRIS$ ?AT ! ,NIG]IAN PROTE/ WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY BOO/$ BY SOCIAL M$IA4 ,YES1 !RE W]E 9/ANCES :5 SOCIAL M$IA CAME 9TO PLAY1 BUT \R NOTION ( SOCIAL M$IA H]E IS GO+ TO Y\R EMAIL BOX & REPLY+ TO EMAIL OR GO+ TO Y\R [N ,FACEBOOK4 ,?AT IS ! NOTION ( ! AV]AGE ,NIG]IAN AB\T SOCIAL M$IA4 ,BUT .<IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO LE>N.> H[ WE CAN UTILIZE TWITT] OR ,Y\,TUBE1 TO UPLOAD PICTURES & ?+S1 H[ DO ,I CREATE A BLOG ?AT IS EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO O!R ACTIVI/S :O HAVE ACCESS TO ! NET8 

,IT IS TRUE ( C\RSE ?AT ! ,9T]NET ACCESS H]E IS /ILL DEVELOP+4 ,BY MY [N RECKON+1 IS /ILL UND] #b.0 ( ! POPULATION4 ,OR MU* MU* MU* LESS ?AN ?AT4 ,YES1 PEOPLE HAVE SOME ,9T]NET ACCESS :5 IT COMES TO GO+ TO !IR EMAIL BOX1 REPLY+ TO MESSAGES1 S5D+ MESSAGES1 MAYBE ,FACEBOOK4 ,BUT IF Y\'RE TALK+ ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE & ! NET1 ! ,9T]NET ACCESS RATE IS LESS ?AN #a.04 

,SO PEOPLE FROM ! METROPOLITAN WORLD CAN REALLY HELP US BY TRY+ TO CREATE CAPACITY 9 ! TOOLS = SOCIAL M$IA COMMUNICATION4 ,?AT IS V]Y CRITICAL IF WE MU/ MAKE PROGRESS 9 ORGANIZ+ & EV5 9 BUILD+ SOLID>ITY ) ! \TSIDE WORLD4 ,IF WE HAVE ACCESS TO !SE TOOLS1 IT BECOMES MU* EASI] TO KEEP 9 T\* ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 & = ! RE/ ( ! WORLD TO KN[ EXACTLY ! TRUE SITUATION ( :AT IS HAPP5+ H]E4 ,PEOPLE %\LD BE ABLE TO1 FROM !IR RESPECTIVE >EAS1 NOT JU/ ! URBAN >EAS1 TO BE ABLE TO TAKE PICTURES & UPLOAD ON ! NET & TRY TO MAKE AS MU* CAPITAL \T ( !M AS POSSIBLE4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,YES4 ,IS !RE ANY?+ ELSE Y\ WANT$ TO ADD BE=E WE WRAP UP8 

,SAM3 ,YEAH1 ,I WANT TO SAY A FEW WORDS TO \R AN>*I/ FRI5DS & GR\PS ?AT 9 ! PA/ ASSOCIAT$ ) US1 SUPPORT$ US1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 ESPECIALLY FROM ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,I SAY TO !M ?AT AN>*ISM IS NOT DEAD 9 ,AFRICA4 ,BUT IT IS IMPORTANT = !M TO APPRECIATE ?AT AN>*ISM AS A MOVEM5T1 AS A POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 AS AN IDEOLOGICAL PLAT=M1 IS /ILL GO+ TO TAKE SOME TIME TO CRY/ALLIZE H]E4 ,BUT 9 ! MEAN TIME1 WE MU/ CONT9UE TO 5GAGE ) ! RE/ ( ! SOCIETY4 ,WE MU/ CONT9UE TO 9T]ROGATE ! GOV]NM5T 9 DEBATES :]E WE CAN A*IEVE4 ,?AT IS :AT 9=M$ SOME ( US GO+ 9TO NON-GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:5 Y\ TALK TO PEOPLE AB\T AB\T AN>*ISM 9 ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD !Y >E LIKE1 ',WELL8 ,:AT IS IT AB\T8 ,AH1 NO NO NO AN>*ISM IS AB\T DISORD]1 *AOS1 CONFUSION4' ,( C\RSE :5 Y\ DO ! 9TELLECTUAL ANALYSIS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & H[ ?IS .<9CORRECT UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM.> CON=MS TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES .<( H[ IDEOLOGY CONTROLS PEOPLE.>1 Y\ CAN MAKE S5SE ( IT4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT 9 ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD TO BEG9 TO BUILD A MOVEM5T BAS$ ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ALONE4 ,BUT WE CAN BUILD A MOVEM5T BAS$ ON TRY+ TO HOLD ! GOV]NM5T ACC\NTABLE1 TRY+ TO FI<T = ! 5VIRONM5T1 TRY+ TO FI<T = G5D] EQUALITY1 TRY+ TO FI<T = HUMAN RI<TS4 ,BECAUSE !SE >E M9IMUM PR9CIPLES ON :I* A BROAD SWA! ( ! POPULATION AGREE1 & IT MAKES S5SE = US TO CONT9UE TO 9T]ACT & 9T]ROGATE SOCIAL EXI/5CE & PUBLIC POLICY ON ?IS BASIS4 ,& SEEK TO 5SURE ?AT CIVIL SOCIETY IS NOT EXT+UI%$ COMPLETELY4 ,:ILE ALSO ?OSE ( US :O G5U9ELY BELIEVE 9 AN>*ISM WILL CONT9UE TO ORGANIZE & DEVELOP TOOLS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT WILL SOME DAY LEAD TO ! EM]G5CE ( AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,9T]VIEW]3 ,YES4 ,?ANK Y\ ,SAM4 ,Y\'VE GIV5 US A LOT TO ?9K AB\T4 ,& ,I ?9K ?AT ) PEOPLE >\ND :O >E AS KN[L$GEABLE & CRITICAL & ACTIVE AS Y\1 !RE IS A LOT ( HOPE = BUILD+ ! SORT ( MOVEM5T ?AT Y\ TALK AB\T4 

,SAM3 ,?ANK Y\ ,J]EMY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #baa 3 ,M>* #bab 9T]VIEW ) ,SAM ,MBAH -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#g1 #bb 3 ,M>* #bab 9T]VIEW ) ,SAM ,MBAH -- ,ADD$4 

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