,M>X & ,AN>*ISM 

#aibe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,I/VAN1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,L,IC5SE ,I 

,SOME YE>S AGO1 %ORTLY AFT] ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS DI$1 ,MR4 ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T MEMB]S ( ! ,M>XI/ COMMUNITY1 A/ONI%$ HIS COLLEAGUES ) SOME NOTEWOR?Y DISCOV]IES4 ,B]N/E9 MADE PUBLIC HIS MISGIV+S AB\T ! ACCURACY ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY1 & ( ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ( SURPLUS VALUE & ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL4 ,HE W5T SO F> AS TO ATTACK ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD & CONCLUD$ ?AT TALK ( A CRITICAL SOCIALISM WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,A CAUTI\S MAN1 ,B]N/E9 KEPT HIS DISCOV]IES TO HIMSELF UNTIL AFT] ! DEA? ( ! AG$ ,5GELS2 ONLY !N DID HE MAKE !M PUBLIC1 TO ! CONSEQU5T HORROR ( ! ,M>XI/ PRIE/HOOD4 ,BUT NOT EV5 ?IS PRECAUTION C\LD SAVE HIM1 = HE WAS ASSAIL$ FROM EV]Y DIRECTION4 ,KAUTSKY WROTE A BOOK AGA9/ HIS H]ESY1 & AT ! ,HANOV] CONGRESS POOR ,$U>D WAS OBLIG$ TO DECL>E ?AT HE WAS A FRAIL1 MORTAL S9N] & ?AT HE W\LD SUBMIT TO ! DECISION ( ! SCI5TIFIC MAJORITY4 

,= ALL ?AT1 ,B]N/E9 HAD NOT COME UP ) ANY NEW REVELATIONS4 ,! REASON+ HE PUT UP AGA9/ ! F\NDATIONS ( ! M>XI/ TEA*+ HAD ALREADY BE5 9 EXI/5CE :5 HE WAS /ILL A FAI?FUL APO/LE ( ! M>XI/ *UR*4 ,! >GUM5TS 9 QUE/ION HAD BE5 LOOT$ FROM AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE & ! ONLY ?+ WOR?Y ( NOTE WAS ?AT ONE ( ! BE/ KN[N SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WAS TO EMPLOY !M = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,NO S5SIBLE P]SON W\LD D5Y ?AT ,B]N/E9'S CRITICISM FAIL$ TO MAKE AN UN=GETTABLE IMPRESSION 9 ! M>XI/ CAMP3 ,B]N/E9 HAD /RUCK AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT F\NDATIONS ( ! METAPHYSICAL ECONOMICS ( ,K>L ,M>X1 & IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! MO/ RESPECTABLE REPRES5TATIVES ( OR?ODOX M>XISM BECAME AGITAT$4 

,NONE ( ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 SO S]I\S1 BUT = ! FACT ?AT IT WAS TO COME 9 ! MIDDLE ( AN EV5 MORE IMPORTANT CRISIS4 ,= ALMO/ A C5TURY ! M>XI/S HAVE NOT CEAS$ TO PROP\ND ! VIEW ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E ! DISCOV]]S ( SO CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM2 AN >TIFICIAL DI/9CTION WAS 9V5T$ BETWE5 SO CALL$ UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S & ! SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ( ! M>XI/S1 A DI/9CTION ?AT EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! IMAG9ATIONS ( ! LATT]4 ,9 ! G]MANIC C\NTRIES SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE HAS BE5 MONOPOLIZ$ BY M>XI/ !ORY1 :I* EV]Y SOCIAL DEMOCRAT REG>DS AS ! PURE & UTT]LY ORIG9AL PRODUCT ( ! SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 

,BUT ?IS ILLUSION1 TOO1 VANI%$3 MOD]N HI/ORICAL RESE>* HAS E/ABLI%$ BEYOND ALL QUE/ION ?AT SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ONLY CAME FROM ! OLD ,5GLI% & ,FR5* SOCIALI/S & ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E ADEPT AT PICK+ ! BRA9S ( O!RS4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTIONS ( #ahdh A T]RIBLE REACTION SET 9 9 ,EUROPE3 ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE SET AB\T CA/+ ITS NETS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY ) ! 9T5TION ( SUFFOCAT+ SOCIALI/ ?\<T1 :I* HAD PRODUC$ SU* A V]Y RI* LIT]ATURE 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY1 ,SPA9 & ,ITALY4 ,?IS LIT]ATURE WAS CA/ 9TO OBLIVION ALMO/ 5TIRELY DUR+ ?IS ]A ( OBSCURANTISM4 ,MANY ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT WORKS W]E DE/ROY$ UNTIL !Y W]E R$UC$ TO A FEW EXAMPLES ?AT F\ND A REFUGE 9 ! TRANQUILITY ( C]TA9 L>GE PUBLIC LIBR>IES OR ! COLLECTIONS ( SOME PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS4 

,?IS LIT]ATURE WAS ONLY R$ISCOV]$ T[>DS ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? & BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURIES & N[ADAYS ! F]TILE IDEAS TO BE F\ND 9 ! OLD WRIT+S ( ! S*OOLS :I* FOLL[$ ,F\RI] & ,SA9T,SIMON1 OR ! WORKS ( ,CONSID]ANT1 ,DEMASI1 ,MEY & MANY O!RS1 >E A S\RCE ( WOND]4 ,IT WAS \R OLD FRI5D ,W4 ,T*]KES(F :O WAS ! FIR/ TO COME UP ) A SY/EMATIC PATT]N = ALL !SE FACTS3 HE %[$ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS >E NOT ! 9V5TORS ( ! !ORIES :I* HAVE SO LONG BE5 DEEM$ A P>T ( !IR 9TELLECTUAL BEQUE/2.<#a.> HE EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO PROVE ?AT SOME ( ! MO/ FAM\S M>XI/ WORKS1 SU* AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 >E 9 FACT ONLY FREE TRANSLATIONS FROM ! ,FR5* BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,& ,T*]KES(F SCOR$ A VICTORY :5 HIS ALLEGATIONS ) REG>D TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O W]E CONC$$ BY ,AVANTI1 ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! ,ITALIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1.<#b.> AFT] ! AU?OR HAD HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO DRAW COMP>ISONS BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/ MANIFE/O & ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ,DEMOCRACY BY ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT1 ! APPE>ANCE ( :I* PREC$$ ! PUBLICATION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS' PAMPHLET BY FIVE YE>S4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O IS REG>D$ AS ONE ( ! E>LIE/ WORKS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 & ITS CONT5TS W]E DRAWN FROM ! WRIT+S ( A 0UTOPIAN01 = M>XISM CATEGORIZ$ ,F\RI] ) ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MO/ CRUEL IRONIES IMAG9ABLE & C]TA9LY IS H>DLY A TE/IMONIAL TO ! SCI5TIFIC WOR? ( M>XISM4 ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT WAS ONE ( ! F9E/ SOCIALI/ WRIT]S ) :OM ,M>X WAS ACQUA9T$3 HE REF]R$ TO HIM EV5 9 ! DAYS BE=E HE BECAME A SOCIALI/4 ,9 #ahdb ! ,ALLGEME9E ,ZEITUNG ATTACK$ ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG ( :I* ,M>X WAS ! $ITOR9*IEF1 *>G+ IT ) BE+ FAVORABLE TO COMMUNISM4 ,M>X !N REPLI$ 9 AN $ITORIAL 9 :I* HE /AT$ AS FOLL[S3 0,WORKS LIKE ?OSE BY ,L]\X1 ,CONSID]ANT & ABOVE ALL ! P5ETRAT+ BOOK BY ,PR\DHON CANNOT BE CRITICIZ$ 9 ANY SUP]FICIAL S5SE2 !Y REQUIRE LONG & C>EFUL /UDY BE=E ONE BEG9S TO CRITICIZE !M40.<#c.> 

,M>X'S 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T WAS HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ,FR5* SOCIALISM2 BUT ( ALL ! SOCIALI/ WRIT]S ( ,FRANCE1 ! ONE ) ! MO/ P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON HIS ?\<T WAS ,P4 ,J4 ,PR\DHON4 ,IT IS EV5 OBVI\S ?AT ,PR\DHON'S BOOK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 L$ ,M>X TO EMBRACE SOCIALISM4 ,ITS CRITICAL OBS]VATIONS ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY & ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES OP5$ UP A :OLE NEW WORLD TO ,M>X & ,M>X'S M9D WAS MO/ IMPRESS$1 ABOVE ALL1 BY ! !ORY ( SURPLUS VALUE AS SET \T BY ! 9SPIR$ ,FR5* SOCIALI/4 ,WE CAN F9D ! ORIG9S ( ! DOCTR9E ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ?AT GR& 0SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]Y0 ( :I* \R M>XI/S >E SO PR\D1 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,PR\DHON4 ,IT WAS ?ANKS TO HIM ?AT ,M>X BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) ?AT !ORY TO :I* HE ADD$ MODIFICATIONS ?R\< HIS LAT] /UDY ( ! ,5GLI% SOCIALI/S ,BRAY & ,?OMPSON4 

,M>X EV5 RECOGNIZ$ ! HUGE SCI5TIFIC SIGNIFICANCE ( ,PR\DHON PUBLICLY1 & 9 A SPECIAL BOOK1 :I* IS TODAY COMPLETELY \T ( PR9T1 HE CALLS ,PR\DHON'S WORK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 0,! FIR/ SCI5TIFIC MANIFE/O ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT04 ,?IS WORK WAS NOT REPR9T$ BY ! M>XI/S1 NOR WAS IT TRANSLAT$ 9TO O!R LANGUAGES1 EV5 ?\< ! (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVES ( M>XISM HAVE MADE EV]Y EF=T TO DI/RIBUTE ! WRIT+S ( !IR M5TOR 9 EV]Y LANGUAGE4 ,?IS BOOK HAS BE5 =GOTT5 & ?IS IS ! REASON :Y3 ITS REPR9T+ W\LD REVEAL TO ! WORLD ! COLOSSAL NONS5SE & IRRELEVANCE ( ALL ,M>X WROTE LAT] AB\T ?AT EM95T !ORETICIAN ( AN>*ISM4 

,NOT ONLY WAS ,M>X 9FLU5C$ BY ! ECONOMIC IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON1 BUT HE ALSO FELT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! GREAT ,FR5* SOCIALI/'S AN>*I/ !ORIES1 & 9 ONE ( HIS WORKS FROM ! P]IOD HE ATTACKS ! /ATE ! SAME WAY ,PR\DHON DID4 

,I,I 

,ALL :O HAVE S]I\SLY /UDI$ ,M>X'S EVOLUTION AS A SOCIALI/ WILL HAVE TO CONC$E ?AT ,PR\DHON' S WORK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 WAS :AT CONV]T$ HIM TO SOCIALISM4 ,TO ?OSE :O DO NOT HAVE AN EXACT KN[L$GE ( ! DETAILS ( ?AT EVOLUTION & ?OSE :O HAVE NOT HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO READ ! E>LY SOCIALI/ WORKS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ?IS CLAIM WILL SEEM \T ( PLACE & UNLIKELY4 ,BECAUSE 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S ,M>X SPEAKS ( ,PR\DHON SCA?+LY & ) RIDICULE & !SE >E ! V]Y WRIT+S :I* ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS *OS5 TO PUBLI% & REPUBLI% TIME AFT] TIME4 

,9 ?IS WAY ! BELIEF WAS GRADUALLY =M$ ?AT ,M>X HAD BE5 A !ORETICAL OPPON5T ( ,PR\DHON FROM ! V]Y \TSET & ?AT !RE HAD NEV] BE5 ANY COMMON GR\ND BETWE5 !M4 ,&1 TO TELL ! TRU?1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BELIEVE O!RWISE :5EV] ONE LOOKS AT :AT ! =M] WROTE AB\T ,PR\DHON 9 HIS FAM\S WORK ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 OR 9 ! OBITU>Y PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,SOZIALDEMOKRAT 9 ,B]L91 %ORTLY AFT] ,PR\DHON'S DEA?4 

,9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY ,M>X ATTACKS ,PR\DHON 9 ! BASE/ WAY1 %R9K+ FROM NO?+ TO %[ ?AT ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS >E WOR?LESS & ?AT HE C\NTS NEI!R AS SOCIALI/ NOR AS A CRITIC ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

0,MONSIEUR ,PR\DHON1 HE /ATES1 HAS ! MIS=TUNE ( BE+ PECULI>LY MISUND]/OOD 9 ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 HE HAS ! RI<T TO BE A BAD ECONOMI/1 BECAUSE HE IS REPUT$ TO BE A GOOD ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH]4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 HE HAS ! RI<T TO BE A BAD PHILOSOPH] BECAUSE HE IS REPUT$ TO BE ONE ( ! ABLE/ ,FR5* ECONOMI/S4 ,BE+ BO? ,G]MAN & ECONOMI/ AT ! SAME TIME1 WE DESIRE TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ?IS D\BLE ]ROR40.<#d.> 

,& ,M>X W5T EV5 FUR!R3 )\T ADDUC+ ANY PRO(1 HE *>G$ ,PR\DHON ( HAV+ PLAGI>IZ$ ! IDEAS ( ! ,5GLI% ECONOMI/ ,BRAY4 ,HE WROTE3 

0,9 ,BRAY'S BOOK.<#e.> WE BELIEVE WE HAVE DISCOV]$ ! KEY TO ALL ! PA/1 PRES5T & FUTURE WORKS ( ,MONSIEUR ,PR\DHON40 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO F9D ,M>X1 :O SO (T5 US$ ! IDEAS ( O!RS & :OSE ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O IS 9 PO9T ( FACT ONLY A COPY ( ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT'S ,MANIFE/O ( ,DEMOCRACY4 *>G+ O!RS ) PLAGI>ISM4 

,BUT LET US PRESS ON4 ,9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ,M>X DEPICTS ,PR\DHON AS A CONS]VATIVE1 B\RGEOIS *>ACT].<#f.>4 ,& 9 ! OBITU>Y HE WROTE = ! ,SOZIALDEMOKRAT 7#a#h#f#e7 WE CAN F9D ! FOLL[+3 

0,9 A /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC HI/ORY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ?IS BOOK 7NAMELY ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY87 W\LD SC>CELY DES]VE A M5TION4 ,= S5SATIONALI/ WORKS LIKE ?IS PLAY EXACTLY ! SAME ROLE 9 ! SCI5CES AS !Y DO 9 ! WORLD ( ! NOVEL40 

,& 9 ?IS OBITU>Y ,M>X REIT]ATES ! CLAIM ?AT ,PR\DHON IS WOR?LESS AS A SOCIALI/ & ECONOMI/1 AN OP9ION :I* HE HAD ALREADY VOIC$ 9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY4 

,IT IS NOT H>D TO UND]/& ?AT ALLEGATIONS LIKE ?IS1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,PR\DHON BY ,M>X1 C\LD ONLY SPREAD ! BELIEF1 OR RA!R ! CONVICTION1 ?AT ABSOLUTELY NO COMMON GR\ND HAD EV] EXI/$ BETWE5 HIM & ?AT GREAT ,FR5* WRIT]4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ,PR\DHON IS ALMO/ UNKN[N4 ,G]MAN $ITIONS ( HIS WORKS1 ISSU$ >\ND #a#h#d1 >E \T ( PR9T4 ,! ONLY ONE ( HIS BOOKS REPUBLI%$ 9 ,G]MAN IS ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 & EV5 IT HAD ONLY A RE/RICT$ CIRCULATION4 ,?IS ACC\NTS = ,M>X BE+ ABLE TO WIPE \T ALL TRACES ( HIS E>LY DEVELOPM5T AS A SOCIALI/4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ABOVE H[ HIS ATTITUDE TO ,PR\DHON WAS QUITE DIFF]5T AT ! BEG9N+1 & ! CONCLUSIONS :I* FOLL[ WILL 5DORSE \R CLAIMS4 

,AS $ITOR 9 *IEF ( ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ NEWSPAP]S ( ,G]MAN DEMOCRACY1 ,M>X CAME TO MAKE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ,FRANCE'S MO/ IMPORTANT SOCIALI/ WRIT]S1 EV5 ?\< HE HIMSELF HAD NOT YET ESP\S$ ! SOCIALI/ CAUSE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ A QUOTE FROM HIM 9 :I* HE REF]S TO ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT1 ,PI]RE ,L]\X & ,PR\DHON & !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ,CONSID]ANT & ,PR\DHON W]E ! M5TORS :O ATTRACT$ HIM TO SOCIALISM4 ,)\T ANY D\BT1 ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 WAS A MAJOR 9FLU5CE OV] ,M>X'S DEVELOPM5T AS A SOCIALI/2 ?US1 9 ! P]IODICAL M5TION$1 HE CALLS ! 9SPIR$ ,PR\DHON 0! MO/ CONSI/5T & WISE/ ( SOCIALI/ WRIT]S0.<#g.>4 ,9 #a#h#d#c1 ! ,PRUSSIAN C5SOR SIL5C$ ! ,RE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG2 ,M>X LEFT ! C\NTRY & IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT HE MOV$ T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,?IS %IFT IS QUITE NOTICEABLE 9 HIS LETT]S TO ! FAM\S WRIT] ,>NOLD ,RUGE & EV5 MORE SO 9 HIS WORK ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY1 ( A ,CRITIQUE ( ,CRITICAL ,CRITICISM1 :I* HE PUBLI%$ JO9TLY ) ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS4 ,! BOOK APPE>$ 9 #ahde ) ! OBJECT ( >GU+ AGA9/ ! T5D5CY HEAD$ BY ! ,G]MAN ?9K] ,BRUNO ,BAU].<#h.>4 ,9 ADDITION TO PHILOSOPHICAL MATT]S1 ! BOOK ALSO DEALT ) POLITICAL ECONOMY & SOCIALISM1 & IT IS ESPECIALLY !SE P>TS :I* CONC]N US H]E4 

,( ALL ! WORKS PUBLI%$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY IS ! ONLY ONE ?AT HAS NOT BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO O!R LANGUAGES & :I* ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S HAVE NOT REPR9T$4 ,TRUE1 ,FRANZ ,MEHR+1 ,M>X & ,5GELS' LIT]>Y EXECUTOR1 DID1 ON ! PROMPT+ ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ P>TY1 PUBLI% ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY ALONG ) O!R WRIT+S FROM !IR E>LY YE>S AS ACTIVE SOCIALI/S1 BUT ?IS WAS DONE SIXTY YE>S AFT] IT WAS FIR/ ISSU$1 &1 = ANO!R ?+1 !IR PUBLICATION WAS 9T5D$ = SPECIALI/S1 S9CE !Y W]E TOO EXP5SIVE = ! WORK+ MAN4 ,AP>T FROM ?AT1 SO LITTLE KN[N 9 ,G]MANY IS ,PR\DHON1 ?AT ONLY A V]Y FEW HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT !RE IS A HUGE GULF BETWE5 ! FIR/ OP9IONS :I* ,M>X EXPRESS$ ( HIM & ?AT :I* HE WAS TO HAVE LAT] ON4 

,& YET ! BOOK CLE>LY DEMON/RATES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>X'S SOCIALISM & ! P[]FUL 9FLU5CE :I* ,PR\DHON WIELD$ OV] ?AT DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY ,M>X CONC$$ ?AT ,PR\DHON HAD ALL ! M]ITS ?AT ,M>XI/S W]E LAT] TO CR$IT !IR M5TOR )4 

,LET US SEE :AT HE SAYS 9 ?IS CONNECTION ON PAGE #c#f3 

0,ALL TREATISES ON POLITICAL ECONOMY TAKE PRIVATE PROP]TY = GRANT$4 ,?IS BASE PREMISE IS = !M AN 9CONTE/ABLE FACT TO :I* !Y DEVOTE NO FUR!R 9VE/IGATION1 9DE$ A FACT :I* IS SPOK5 AB\T ONLY 0ACCIDELLEM5T01 AS ,SAY NAIVELY ADMITS.<#i.>4 ,BUT ,PR\DHON MAKES A CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION ! FIR/ RESOLUTE1 RU?LESS1 & AT ! SAME TIME SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION ( ! BASIS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,?IS IS ! GREAT SCI5TIFIC ADVANCE HE MADE1 AN ADVANCE :I* REVOLUTIONIZES POLITICAL ECONOMY & = ! FIR/ TIME MAKES A REAL SCI5CE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY POSSIBLE4 ,PR\DHON'S ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 IS AS IMPORTANT = MOD]N POLITICAL ECONOMY AS ,SIEYES' WORK ,:AT ,IS ,! ,?IRD ,E/ATE8 = MOD]N POLITICS40 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO COMP>E !SE WORDS ) :AT ,M>X HAD TO SAY LAT] AB\T ! GREAT AN>*I/ !ORI/4 ,9 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY HE SAYS ?AT ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 IS ! FIR/ SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ?AT IT HAD OP5$ UP A POSSIBILITY ( MAK+ A REAL SCI5CE \T ( NATIONAL ECONOMY2 BUT 9 HIS WELL KN[N OBITU>Y = ! ,SOZIALDEMOKRAT ! SAME ,M>X ALLEGES ?AT 9 A /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC HI/ORY ( ECONOMY ?AT WORK W\LD SC>CELY RATE A M5TION4 

,:AT LIES BEH9D ?IS SORT ( CONTRADICTION8 ,?AT IS SOME?+ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( SO CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM HAVE YET TO MAKE CLE>4 ,9 REAL T]MS !RE IS ONLY ONE ANSW]3 ,M>X WANT$ TO CONCEAL ! S\RCE HE HAD DIPP$ 9TO4 ,ALL :O HAVE MADE A /UDY ( ! QUE/ION & DO NOT FEEL OV]:ELM$ BY P>TISAN LOYALTIES MU/ CONC$E ?AT ?IS EXPLANATION IS NOT FANCIFUL4 

,BUT LET US HE>K5 AGA9 TO :AT ,M>X HAS TO SAY AB\T ! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ,PR\DHON4 ,ON PAGE #eb ( ! SAME WORK WE CAN READ3 

0,NOT ONLY DOES ,PR\DHON WRITE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IANS HE IS HIMSELF A PROLET>IAN1 AN \VRI]4 ,HIS WORK IS A SCI5TIFIC MANIFE/O ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT40 

,H]E1 AS ONE CAN SEE1 ,M>X /ATES QUITE SPECIFICALLY ?AT ,PR\DHON IS AN EXPON5T ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM & ?AT HIS WORK REPRES5TS A SCI5TIFIC MANIFE/O FROM ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O HE ASSURES US ?AT ,PR\DHON IS ! 9C>NATION ( CONS]VATIVE1 B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM4 ,C\LD !RE BE A %>P] CONTRA/8 ,:OM >E WE TO BELIEVE ! ,M>X ( ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY OR ! AU?OR ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 8 ,& H[ COME ! DISCREPANCY8 ,?AT IS A QUE/ION WE ASK \RSELVES AGA91 & NATURALLY ! REPLY IS ! SAME AS BE=E3 ,M>X WANT$ TO CONCEAL FROM EV]YONE JU/ :AT HE [$ TO ,PR\DHON & ANY MEANS TO ?AT 5D WAS ADMISSIBLE4 ,!RE CAN BE NO O!R POSSIBLE EXPLANATION2 ! MEANS ,M>X LAT] US$ 9 HIS CONTE/ ) ,BAKUN9 >E EVID5CE ?AT HE WAS NOT V]Y SCRUPUL\S 9 HIS *OICE4 

0,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! PURPOSE & GOODWILL ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ITS MEANS & POSSIBILITIES4 ON ! O!R H&1 CANNOT BE ABOLI%$ BY ! /ATE )\T ! LATT] ABOLI%+ ITSELF1 = IT IS BAS$ ON ?IS CONTRADICTION4 ,! /ATE IS BAS$ ON ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 PUBLIC & PRIVATE LIFE1 ON ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 G5]AL 9T]E/S & PRIVATE 9T]E/S4 ,H5CE ! ADM9I/RATION HAS TO CONF9E ITSELF TO A =MAL & NEGATIVE ACTIVITY1 = :]E CIVIL LIFE & ITS LABOR BEG91 !RE ! P[] ( ! ADM9I/RATION 5DS4 ,9DE$1 CONFRONT$ BY ! CONSEQU5CES :I* >ISE FROM ! UNSOCIAL NATURE ( ?IS CIVIL LIFE1 ?IS PRIVATE [N]%IP1 ?IS TRADE1 ?IS 9DU/RY1 ?IS MUTUAL PLUND]+ ( ! V>I\S CIRCLES ( CITIZ5S1 CONFRONT$ BY ALL !SE CONSEQU5CES1 IMPOT5CE IS ! LAW ( NATURE ( ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,= ?IS FRAGM5TATION1 ?IS BAS5ESS1 ?IS SLAV]Y ( CIVIL SOCIETY IS ! NATURAL F\NDATION ON :I* ! MOD]N /ATE RE/S1 JU/ AS ! CIVIL SOCIETY ( SLAV]Y WAS ! NATURAL F\NDATION ON :I* ! ANCI5T SOCIETY /ATE RE/$4 ,! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE & ! EXI/5CE ( SLAV]Y >E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,! ANCI5T /ATE & ANCI5T SLAV]Y !SE /RAI<T=W>D CLASSIC OPPOSITES W]E NOT MORE 9TIMATELY RIVET$ TO EA* O!R ?AN >E ! MOD]N /ATE & ! MOD]N COMM]CIAL WORLD1 !SE HYPOCRITICAL ,*RI/IAN OPPOSITES40 

,?IS ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! NATURE ( ! /ATE1 :I* SEEMS SO ODD 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,M>X'S LAT] TEA*+S1 IS CLE> PRO( ( ! AN>*I/IC ROOTS ( HIS E>LY SOCIALI/ EVOLUTION4 ,! >TICLE 9 QUE/ION REFLECTS ! CONCEPTS ( ,PR\DHON'S CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE1 A CRITIQUE FIR/ SET D[N 9 HIS FAM\S BOOK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 ,?AT IMMORTAL WORK HAD DECISIVE 9FLU5CE ON ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/1 REG>DLESS ( :I* FACT HE MAKES EV]Y EF=T & NOT BY ! NOBLE/ ME?ODS TO D5Y ! E>LY DAYS ( ITS SOCIALI/ ACTIVITY4 ,( C\RSE1 9 ?IS ! M>XI/S SUPPORT !IR MA/] & 9 ?IS WAY ! MI/AK5 HI/ORICAL VIEW ( ! E>LY RELATIONS BETWE5 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON IS GRADUALLY BUILT UP4 

,9 ,G]MANY ESPECIALLY1 S9CE ,PR\DHON IS ALMO/ UNKN[N !RE1 ! MO/ COMPLETE MISREPRES5TATIONS 9 ?IS REG>D >E ABLE TO CIRCULATE4 ,BUT ! MORE ONE GETS TO KN[ ! IMPORTANT WORKS ( ! OLD SOCIALI/ WRIT]S1 ! MORE ONE REALIZES JU/ H[ MU* SO CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM [ES TO ! 0UTOPIANS0 :O W]E1 = SO LONG1 =GOTT5 ON ACC\NT ( ! COLOSSAL 0R5[N0 ( ! M>XI/ S*OOL & ( O!R FACTORS :I* RELEGAT$ TO OBLIVION ! SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE FROM ! E>LIE/ P]IOD4 ,ONE ( ,M>X'S MO/ IMPORTANT TEA*]S & ! ONE :O LAID ! F\NDATIONS = HIS SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T WAS NONE O!R ?AN ,PR\DHON1 ! AN>*I/ SO LIBEL$ & MISUND]/OOD BY ! LEGALI/IC SOCIALI/S4 

,I,I,I 

,M>X'S POLITICAL WRIT+S FROM ?IS P]IOD = 9/ANCE1 ! >TICLE HE PUBLI%$ 9 ,VORWA]TS ( ,P>IS %[ H[ HE HAD BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ,PR\DHON'S ?9K+ & EV5 BY HIS AN>*I/ IDEAS4 

,VORWA]TS WAS A P]IODICAL :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ,FR5* CAPITAL DUR+ ! YE> #ahdd UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,HE9RI* ,B]N/E94 ,9ITIALLY IT WAS M]ELY LIB]AL 9 \TLOOK4 ,BUT LAT] ON1 AFT] ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,ANALES ,G]MANO,FRANCAISES1 ,B]N/E9 CONTACT$ ! OLD CONTRIBUTORS TO ! LATT] :O WON HIM OV] TO ! SOCIALI/ CAUSE4 ,FROM !N ON ,VORWA]TS BECAME ! (FICIAL M\?PIECE ( SOCIALISM & ! NUM]\S CONTRIBUTORS TO ,A4 ,RUGE'S LATE PUBLICATION AMONG !M ,BAKUN91 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,HE9RI* ,HE9E1 ,GEORG ,H]WE<1 ETC4 S5T 9 !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO IT4 

,9 ISSUE NUMB] #fc 7#g ,AUGU/ #a#h#d#d7 ,M>X PUBLI%$ A POLEMICAL WORK 0,CRITICAL ,NOTES ON ! ,>TICLE ',! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA & ,SOCIAL ,RE=M'40 ,9 IT1 HE MADE A /UDY ( ! NATURE ( ! /ATE & DEMON/RAT$ ITS UTT] 9ABILITY TO R$UCE SOCIAL MIS]Y & WIPE \T POV]TY4 ,! IDEAS :I* ! WRIT] SETS \T 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS >TICLE >E :OLLY AN>*I/ ONES 9 P]FECT ACCORD ) ! ?9K+ ?AT ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & O!R !ORI/S ( AN>*ISM HAVE SET \T 9 ?IS CONNECTION4 ,! READ]S CAN JUDGE = !MSELVES FROM ! FOLL[+ EXTRACT FROM ,M>X'S /UDY3 

0,! /ATE 4444 WILL NEV] SEE 9 '! /ATE & ! SY/EM ( SOCIETY' ! S\RCE ( SOCIAL MALADIES4 ,:]E POLITICAL P>TIES EXI/1 EA* P>TY SEES ! ROOT ( EV]Y EVIL 9 ! FACT ?AT 9/EAD ( ITSELF AN OPPOS+ P>TY /&S AT ! HELM ( ! /ATE4 ,EV5 RADICAL & REVOLUTION>Y POLITICIANS SEEK ! ROOT ( ! EVIL NOT 9 ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ! /ATE BUT 9 A DEF9ITE /ATE =M1 :I* !Y WI% TO REPLACE ) A DIFF]5T /ATE =M4 

0,FROM ! POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! /ATE & ! SY/EM ( SOCIETY >E NOT TWO DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,! /ATE IS ! SY/EM ( SOCIETY4 ,9S(> AS ! /ATE ADMITS ! EXI/5CE O F SOCIAL DEFECTS1 IT SEES !IR CAUSE EI!R 9 ! LAWS ( NATURE1 :I* NO HUMAN P[] CAN COMM&1 OR 9 PRIVATE LIFE :I* DOES NOT DEP5D ON ! /ATE1 OR 9 ! 9EXP$I5T ACTIVITY ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 :I* DOES NOT DEP5D ON IT4 ,?US ,5GL& SEES ! CAUSE ( POV]TY 9 ! LAW ( NATURE BY :I* ! POPULATION MU/ ALWAYS BE 9 EXCESS ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,5GL& EXPLA9S PAUP]ISM AS DUE TO ! BAD WILL ( ! POOR1 JU/ AS ! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA EXPLA9S IT BY ! UN*RI/IAN FEEL+S ( ! RI*1 & JU/ AS ! CONV5TION EXPLA9$ IT BY ! SUSPECT C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y M5TALITY ( ! PROP]TY [N]S4 ,!RE=E ,5GL& PUNI%ES ! POOR1 ! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIAN ADMONI%ES ! RI*1 & ! CONV5TION CUTS (F ! HEADS ( ! PROP]TY [N]S4 

0,F9ALLY1 EV]Y /ATE SEEKS ! CAUSE 9 ACCID5TAL OR DELIB]ATE %ORTCOM+S ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 & !RE=E IT SEEKS ! REM$Y ( ITS ILLS 9 MEASURES ( ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,:Y8 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE ADM9I/RATION IS ! ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITY ( ! /ATE4 

,ON #b ,JULY #a#h#g1 ,K>L ,M>X WROTE TO ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS3 0,! ,FR5* NE$ A ?RA%+4 ,IF ! ,PRUSSIANS >E VICTORI\S ! C5TRALIZATION ( /ATE P[] WILL BE HELPFUL = ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS2 FUR!RMORE1 ,G]MAN PR$OM9ANCE WILL %IFT ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5TS FROM ,FRANCE TO ,G]MANY4 ,& ONE HAS BUT TO COMP>E ! MOVEM5T FROM #ahff TO TODAY TO SEE ?AT ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS IS 9 !ORY & ORGANIZATION SUP]IOR TO ! ,FR5*4 ,ITS DOM9ATION OV] ! ,FR5* ON ! WORLD /AGE W\LD MEAN LIKEWISE ! DOM9ANCE ( \R !ORY OV] ?AT ( ,PR\DHON1 ETC40 

,M>X WAS RI<T3 ,G]MANY'S VICTORY OV] ,FRANCE MEANT A NEW C\RSE = ! HI/ORY ( ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]AL SOCIALISM ( ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES WAS CA/ ASIDE LEAV+ ! /AGE TO ! /ATI/1 ANTIAN>*I/ !ORIES ( M>XISM4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT LIVELY1 CREATIVE SOCIALISM WAS DISRUPT$ BY A NEW IRON DOGMATISM :I* CLAIM$ FULL KN[L$GE ( SOCIAL REALITY1 :5 IT WAS SC>CELY MORE ?AN A HOT*POT* ( !OLOGICAL PHRASEOLOGY & FATALI/IC SOPHISMS & TURN$ \T TO BE ! TOMB ( ALL G5U9ELY SOCIALI/ ?\<T4 

,ALONG ) ! IDEAS1 ! ME?ODS ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T *ANG$ TOO4 ,9/EAD ( REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS = PROPAG&A & = ! ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLES1 9 :I* ! 9T]NATIONALI/S SAW ! EMBRYO ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY & ORGANS SUIT$ TO ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 CAME ! ]A ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES & P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE ! OLD SOCIALI/ $UCATION :I* WAS LEAD+ ! WORK]S TO ! CONQUE/ ( ! L& & ! WORK%OPS WAS =GOTT51 REPLAC$ ) A NEW P>TY DISCIPL9E :I* LOOK$ ON ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] AS ITS HI<E/ IDEAL4 

,M>X'S GREAT OPPON5T1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 CLE>LY SAW ! %IFT 9 ! POSITION & ) A HEAVY HE>T PR$ICT$ ?AT A NEW *APT] 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE WAS BEG9N+ ) ! ,G]MAN VICTORY & ! FALL ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,PHYSICALLY EXHAU/$ & />+ DEA? 9 ! FACE HE P5N$ !SE IMPORTANT L9ES TO ,OG>EV ON #aa ,NOVEMB] #a#h#g#d3 

0,BISM>SKISM1 :I* IS MILIT>ISM1 POLICE RULE & A F9ANCE MONOPOLY FUZ$ 9TO ONE SY/EM UND] ! NAME ( ! ,NEW ,/ATE1 IS CONQU]+ EV]Y:]E4 ,BUT 9 MAYBE T5 OR FIFTE5 YE>S ! UN/ABLE EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES WILL ONCE AGA9 %$ LI<T ON ! PA?S ( VICTORY4 0 ,ON ?IS OCCASION1 ,BAKUN9 WAS MI/AK51 FAIL+ TO CALCULATE ?AT IT W\LD TAKE A HALFC5TURY UNTIL ,BISM>CKISM WAS TOPPL$ AMID A T]RIBLE WORLD CATACLYSM4 

,JU/ AS ,G]MAN VICTORY 9 #ahga & ! FALL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE W]E ! SIGNALS = ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL1 SO ! ,GREAT ,W> ( #aiad WAS ! EXPOSURE ( ! BANKRUPTCY ( POLITICAL SOCIALISM4 

,& !N SOME?+ ODD & SOMETIMES TRULY GROTESQUE HAPP5$1 :I* CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( COMPLETE IGNORANCE ( ! OLD SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,BOL%EVIKS 9DEP5D5TS1 COMMUNI/S & SO ON1 5DLESSLY *>G$ ! HEIRS ( ! OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ) A %AMEFUL ADULT]ATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( M>XISM4 ,!Y ACCUS$ !M ( HAV+ BOGG$ ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T D[N 9 ! QUAGMIRE ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM1 HAV+ MIS9T]PRET$ ! ATTITUDES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS TO ! ,/ATE1 ETC41 ETC4 ,NIKOLAI ,L591 ! SPIRITUAL LEAD] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 TRI$ TO GIVE HIS *>GES A SOLID BASIS 9 HIS FAM\S BOOK ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION :I* IS1 ACCORD+ TO HIS DISCIPLES1 A G5U9E & PURE 9T]PRETATION ( M>XISM4 ,BY MEANS ( A P]FECTLY ORD]$ SELECTION ( QUOTATIONS ,L59 CLAIMS TO %[ ?AT 0! F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 W]E AT ALL TIMES DECL>$ 5EMIES ( DEMOCRACY & ! P>LIAM5T>Y MORASS & ?AT ! T>GET ( ALL !IR EF=TS WAS ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! /ATE4 

,ONE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ,L59 DISCOV]$ ?IS ONLY REC5TLY :5 HIS P>TY1 AGA9/ ALL EXPECTATIONS1 F\ND ITSELF 9 ! M9ORITY AFT] ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,UP TO !N ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 JU/ LIKE ! O!R P>TIES1 HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ELECTIONS & HAD BE5 C>EFUL NOT TO CONFLICT ) ! PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y TOOK P>T 9 ! LA/ ELECTIONS = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY ( #a#i#a#g1 ) A GR&IOSE PROGRAM1 HOP+ TO W9 AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY4 ,BUT :5 !Y F\ND ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ALL ?AT1 !Y W]E LEFT 9 A M9ORITY !Y DECL>$ W> ON DEMOCRACY & DISSOLV$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ) ,L59 ISSU+ ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION AS A P]SONAL SELF-JU/IFICATION4 

,I,V 

,TO BE SURE1 ,L59'S TASK WAS NO EASY ONE3 ON ! ONE H&1 HE WAS =C$ TO MAKE D>+ CONCESSIONS TO ! ANTI/ATI/ T5D5CIES ( ! AN>*I/S1 :ILE ON ! O!R H& HE HAD TO %[ ?AT HIS ATTITUDE WAS BY NO MEANS AN>*I/1 BUT PURELY M>XI/4 ,AS AN 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS1 HIS WORK IS FULL ( MI/AKES AGA9/ ALL ! LOGIC ( S\ND HUMAN ?\<T4 ,ONE EXAMPLE WILL %[ ?IS TO BE SO 9 HIS DESIRE TO EMPHASIZE1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 A SUPPOS$ ANTI/ATE T5D5CY 9 ,M>X1 ,L59 QUOTES ! FAM\S PASSAGE FROM ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE :]E ,M>X GIVES HIS APPROVAL TO ! ,COMMUNE = HAV+ BEGUN TO UPROOT ! P>ASITIC /ATE4 ,BUT ,L59 DID NOT BO!R TO REMEMB] ?AT ,M>X 9 SO SAY+ IT WAS 9 OP5 CONFLICT ) ALL HE HAD SAID E>LI] WAS BE+ =C$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ,BAKUN9'S SUPPORT]S AGA9/ :OM HE WAS !N 5GAG$ 9 A V]Y BITT] /RUGGLE4 

,EV5 ,FRANZ ,MEHR+ :O CANNOT BE SUSPECT$ ( SYMPA?Y ) ! MAJORITY SOCIALI/S WAS =C$ TO GRANT ?AT ?IS WAS A CONCESSION 9 HIS LA/ BOOK1 ,K>L ,M>X1 :]E HE SAYS3 0,H[EV] TRU?FUL ALL ! DETAILS 9 ?IS WORK MAY BE1 IT IS BEYOND QUE/ION ?AT ! ?9K+ IT CONTA9S CONTRADICTS ALL ! OP9IONS ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD BE5 PROCLAIM+ S9CE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O A QU>T] C5TURY E>LI]40 

,BAKUN9 WAS RI<T :5 HE SAID AT ! TIME3 0,! PICTURE ( A ,COMMUNE 9 >M$ 9SURRECTION WAS SO IMPOS+ ?AT EV5 ! M>XI/S1 :OSE IDEAS ! ,P>IS REVOLUTION HAD UTT]LY UPSET1 HAD TO B[ BE=E ! ACTIONS ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,!Y W5T FUR!R ?AN ?AT2 9 DEFIANCE ( ALL LOGIC & !IR KN[N CONVICTIONS !Y HAD TO ASSOCIATE !MSELVES ) ! ,COMMUNE & ID5TIFY ) ITS PR9CIPLES & ASPIRATIONS4 ,IT WAS A COMIC C>NIVAL GAME1 BUT A NECESS>Y ONE4 ,= SU* WAS ! 5?USIASM AWAK5$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 REJECT$ & REPUDIAT$ EV]Y:]E HAD !Y TRI$ TO RETREAT 9TO ! IVORY T[] ( !IR DOGMA40 

,V 

,L59 =GOT SOME?+ ELSE1 SOME?+ ?AT IS C]TA9LY ( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE 9 ! MATT]4 ,IT IS ?IS3 ?AT IT WAS PRECISELY ,M>X & ,5GELS :O TRI$ TO =CE ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL TO GO 9 = P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY1 !REBY MAK+ !MSELVES DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE = ! :OLESALE BOGG+ D[N ( ! SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T 9 B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO BR+ ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ( EV]Y C\NTRY TOGE!R 9TO ONE BIG UNION1 ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( :I* W\LD BE ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,) ! V>I\S SECTIONS DIFF]+ 9 !IR ?9K+ & TACTICS1 IT WAS IMP]ATIVE TO LAY D[N ! CONDITIONS = !IR WORK+ TOGE!R & RECOGNIZE ! FULL AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5T AU?ORITY ( EA* ( ! V>I\S SECTIONS4 ,:ILE ?IS WAS DONE ! ,9T]NATIONAL GREW P[]FULLY & FL\RI%$ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,BUT ?IS ALL *ANG$ COMPLETELY ! MOM5T ,M>X & ,5GELS BEGAN TO PU% ! DIFF]5T NATIONAL F$]ATIONS T[>DS P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY2 ?AT HAPP5$ = ! FIR/ TIME AT ! LAM5TABLE ,LONDON CONF]5CE ( #a#h#g#a1 :]E !Y WON APPROVAL = A RESOLUTION ?AT CLOS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 

0,CONSID]+1 ?AT AGA9/ ?IS COLLECTIVE P[] ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES ! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT ACT1 AS A CLASS1 EXCEPT BY CON/ITUT+ ITSELF 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY1 DI/9CT FROM1 & OPPOS$ TO1 ALL OLD P>TIES =M$ BY ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES2 ?AT ?IS CON/ITUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY IS 9DISP5SABLE 9 ORD] TO ASSURE ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION & ITS ULTIMATE 5D ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES2 ?AT ! COMB9ATION ( =CES :I* ! WORK+ CLASS HAS ALREADY EFFECT$ BY ITS ECONOMICAL /RUGGLES \<T AT ! SAME TIME TO S]VE AS A LEV] = ITS /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! POLITICAL P[] ( L&LORDS & CAPITALI/S ! ,CONF]5CE RECALLS TO ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL3 ?AT 9 ! MILITANT /ATE ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ITS ECONOMICAL MOVEM5T & ITS POLITICAL ACTION >E 9DISSOLUBLY UNIT$40 

,?AT A S+LE SECTION OR F$]ATION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL %\LD ADOPT SU* A RESOLUTION WAS QUITE POSSIBLE1 = IT W\LD ONLY BE 9CUMB5T ON ITS MEMB]S TO ACT UPON IT2 BUT ?AT ! ,EXECUTIVE ,C\NCIL %\LD IMPOSE IT ON MEMB] GR\PS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ESPECIALLY AN ISSUE ?AT WAS NOT SUBMITT$ TO A ,G5]AL ,CONGRESS1 WAS AN >BITR>Y ACT 9 OP5 CONTRAV5TION ( ! SPIRIT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & NECESS>ILY HAD TO BR+ 5]GETIC PROTE/S FROM ALL ! 9DIVIDUALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS4 

,! %AMEFUL CONGRESS AT ,! ,HAGUE 9 #ahgb CR[N$ ! LABORS UND]TAK5 BY ,M>X & ,5GELS BY TURN+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO AN ELECTORAL MA*9E1 9CLUD+ A CLAUSE TO ! EFFECT ( OBLIG+ ! V>I\S SECTIONS TO FI<T = ! SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,SO ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E GUILTY ( SPLITT+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) ALL ITS NOXI\S CONSEQU5CES = ! LABOR MOVEM5T & IT WAS !Y :O BR\<T AB\T ! /AGNATION & DEG5]ATION ( ,SOCIALISM ?R\< POLITICAL ACTION4 

,V,I 

,:5 REVOLUTION BROKE \T 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#h#g#c1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ALMO/ ALL ( !M AN>*I/S IGNOR$ ! PETITIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES & FOLL[$ !IR [N C\RSE T[>DS ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! L&1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 A SPIRIT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,G5]AL /RIKES & REBELLIONS BROKE \T 9 ,ALCOY1 ,SAN ,LUC> DE ,B>RAM$A1 ,SEVILLE1 ,C>TAG5A & ELSE:]E1 :I* HAD TO BE /IFL$ ) BLOOD%$4 ,! PORT ( ,C>TAG5A HELD \T LONG]1 REMA9+ 9 ! H&S ( REVOLUTION>IES UNTIL IT F9ALLY FELL UND] ! FIRE ( ,PRUSSIAN & ,5GLI% W>%IPS4 ,AT ! TIME1 ,5GELS LAUN*$ A H>% ATTACK ON ! ,SPANI% ,BAKUN9I/S 9 ! ,VOLKS/AAT1 TAK+ !M TO TASK = !IR UNWILL+NESS TO JO9 =CES ) ! ,REPUBLICANS4 ,HAD HE LIV$ LONG 5\<1 H[ ,5GELS W\LD HAVE CRITICIZ$ HIS COMMUNI/ DISCIPLES FROM ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY6 

,AFT] ! CELEBRAT$ #ahia ,CONGRESS :5 ! LEAD]S ( ! SOCALL$ 0,Y\?0 W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 = LEVEL+ ! SAME *>GES AS ,L59 WAS TO DO1 AGA9/ 0OPPORTUNI/S0 & 0KAUTSKYI/S01 !Y F\ND$ A SEP>ATE P>TY ) ITS [N PAP]1 ,D] ,SOZIALI/1 9 ,B]L94 ,9ITIALLY1 ! MOVEM5T WAS EXTREMELY DOGMATIC & ITS ?9K+ WAS ALMO/ ID5TICAL TO ! ?9K+ ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY ( TODAY4 ,IF1 = 9/ANCE1 ONE READS ,TEI/L]'S BOOK ,P>LIAM5T>ISM & ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS1 ONE COMES ACROSS ! SAME IDEAS AS 9 ,L59'S ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN BOL%EVIKS & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ! 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/S ( ?AT TIME REPUDIAT$ ! PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY1 & REFUS$ TO TAKE ANY P>T 9 B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS ON ! BASIS ( ! RE=MI/ PR9CIPLES ( M>XISM4 

,SO :AT HAD ,5GELS TO SAY ( !SE 0,Y\?0 :O1 LIKE ! COMMUNI/S1 DELI<T$ 9 ACCUS+ ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT ,P>TY ( BETRAY+ M>XISM8 ,9 A LETT] TO ,SORGE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#i#a1 ! AG$ ,5GELS PASS$ ! FOLL[+ K9DLY COMM5TS3 0,! NAUSEAT+ ,B]L9]S HAVE BECOME ! ACCUS$ 9/EAD ( /AY+ ! ACCUS]S & HAV+ BEHAV$ LIKE MIS]ABLE C[>DS W]E =C$ TO WORK \TSIDE ! P>TY IF !Y WANT TO DO ANY?+4 ,)\T D\BT !RE >E POLICE /IES & CRYPTOAN>*I/S AMONG !IR NUMB] :O WANT TO WORK AMONG \R PEOPLE4 ,ALONG ) !M1 !RE >E A NUMB] ( DULL>DS1 DELUD$ /UD5TS & AN ASSORTM5T ( 9SOL5T M\NTEBANKS4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 SOME TWO HUNDR$ PEOPLE40 ,IT W\LD BE REALLY 9T]E/+ TO KN[ :AT FOND DESCRIPTIONS ,5GELS W\LD HAVE HONOR$ \R 0COMMUNI/S0 ( TODAY )1 !Y :O CLAIM TO BE 0! GU>DIANS ( M>XI/ PR9CIPLES04 

,V,I,I 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO *>ACT]IZE ! ME?ODS ( ! OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,ON ?AT ISSUE ,L59 HAS NOT ONE WORD TO SAY & HIS ,G]MAN FRI5DS HAVE EV5 LESS4 ,! MAJORITY SOCIALI/S \<T TO REMEMB] ?IS TELL+ DETAIL TO %[ ?AT !Y >E ! REAL REPRES5TATIVES ( M>XISM2 ANYONE ) A KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY WILL AGREE ) !M4 ,IT WAS M>XISM ?AT IMPOS$ P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION ON ! WORK+ CLASS & M>K$ \T ! PA? FOLL[$ BY ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,ONLY :5 ?IS IS UND]/OOD WILL ONE REALIZE ?AT ! PA? ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION BR+S US TO ! HAPPY L& ( AN>*ISM DESPITE ! OPPOSITION ( M>XISM4 

  

.<#a.> ,W4 ,T*]KES(F3 ,PAGES D',HI/OIRE SOCIALI/E2 LES PRECURSEURS DE L'LNT]NATIONALE4 

.<#b.> ,! >TICLE1 5TITL$ 0,IL ,MANIFE/O DELLA ,DEMOCRAZIA01 WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,AVANTI6 7,YE> #f2 NUMB] #a#i#a1 ( #a#i#b74 

.<#c.> ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 NUMB] #b#h#i1 #af ,OCTOB] #a#h#d#b4 

.<#d.> ,M>X3 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 =EWORD4 

.<#e.> ,BRAY3 ,LABOR'S ,WRONSZS & ,LABOR'S ,REM$Y1 ,LE$S1 #a#h#c#i4 

.<#f.> ,M>X & ,5GELS3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 PAGE #b#a4 

.<#g.> ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 #g ,JANU>Y #a#h#d#c4 

.<#h.> ,B4 ,BAU] WAS ONE ( ! MO/ ASSIDU\S MEMB]S ( ! ,B]L9 CIRCLE 0,! ,FREE01 :]E \T/&+ FIGURES FROM ! WORLD ( ,G]MAN FREE?\<T 7( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY7 C\LD BE SE52 FIGURES LIKE ,FEU]BA*1 AU?OR ( ,! ,ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY1 A PR(\NDLY A!I/ WORK1 OR ,MAX ,/IRN]1 AU?OR ( ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN ?\<T ( ,K>L ,M>X WAS FAT$ TO CLA% ) ! FREE ?9K+ ( ,B4 ,BAU] & HIS FRI5DS1 AMONG :OM WE MU/ NOT =GET ,E4 ,BAU]1 :OSE BOOK ,D] ,KRITIK MIT ,KIR*E UND ,/AAT .<,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE.> WAS COMPLETELY CONFISCAT$ BY ! AU?ORITIES & BURN$ 7FIR/ $ITION1 #a#h#d#c74 ,! SECOND PR9T+ 7,B]NE1 #a#h#d#d7 HAD BETT] LUCK4 ,BUT NOT ! AU?OR1 :O WAS S5T5C$ & IMPRISON$ = HIS ANTI/ATE1 ANTI*UR* IDEAS4 7,$ITOR'S ,NOTE47 

.<#i.> ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY1 AN ,5GLI% ECONOMI/ ( ! DAY :OSE COMPLETE WORKS ,MAX ,/IRN] TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,G]MAN4 ,K>L ,M>X'S PHOBIA = ,FR5* AN>*I/ ?\<T 7AS WE KN[1 HIS ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY IS A CONT9U\S CRITICISM ( ,PR\DHON'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,POV]TY7 OR = ,G]MAN FREE?\<T 7HIS MASSIVE BOOK ,DOCUM5TS ( ,SOCIALISM IS A VA91 LAU<ABLE ATTEMPT TO MAKE LITTLE ( & DISMISS ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N71 ALSO ROSE UP AGA9/ ?IS SOCIOLOGI/1 MU* DISCUSS$ AT ! TIME BY ANYONE CRITICAL ( ! /ATE & TRY+ TO ESCAPE ITS TYRANNY4 7,$ITOR'S ,NOTE47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibd 3 ,M>X & ,AN>*ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b#a1 #bai 3 ,M>X & ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,M>X & ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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