,*APT] #a ,! ,EXPROPRIATION ( ,CAPITAL ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,TEXT 3 ,CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION MU/ PROGRESS1 = /&+ /ILL MEANS RETROGRESSION4 ,IT CANNOT CEASE ACCUMULAT+ )\T DISRUPT+ ! :OLE SOCIAL FABRIC ON :I* IT RE/S4 ,ANY /ATIC ANALYSIS ( ITS RELATION%IPS IS PURELY FICTITI\S1 & IS EXCUSABLE ONLY AS A POSSIBLE M$IUM = GRASP+ ITS REAL DYNAMICS4 ,9 ORD] TO SECURE A CONT9U\S PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS-VALUE ADEQUATE TO ! CON/ANT NE$ TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL 7:I* IS ! CAPITALI/ICALLY-NECESS>Y PRECONDITION = A MORE OR LESS SATISFACTORY SOCIAL PRODUCTION 9 REAL T]MS - SU* AS SU/A9S SOCIAL EXI/5CE7 CAPITALISM MU/ UNCEAS+LY REVOLUTIONIZE ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION 9 ITS SE>* = EV] MORE SURPLUS-VALUE1 & MU/ CONSI/5TLY EXP& ITS M>KETS 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M SURPLUS-VALUE 9TO ADDITIONAL CAPITAL4 ,YET ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS-VALUE DEP5DS NOT SIMPLY ON A L>G] M>KET1 BUT ON ONE :I* ALL[S = ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( NEW MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 = ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS-VALUE AS CAPITAL4 ,ACCUMULATION PROCE$S BY WAY ( COMPETITION4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT CAPITALISM DEP5DS ON COMPETITION4 ,JU/ ! SAME1 COMPETITION IS ITS TRUE MODE ( MOTION4 0,SO LONG AS CAPITAL IS /ILL WEAK10 ,M>X WROTE1 0IT SUPPORTS ITSELF BY LEAN+ ON ! CRUT*ES ( PA/1 OR DISAPPE>+1 MODES ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS SOON AS IT BEG9S TO FEEL ITSELF /RONG1 IT ?R[S AWAY !SE CRUT*ES & MOVES AB\T 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N LAWS ( MOTION4 ,BUT AS SOON AS IT BEG9S TO FEEL ITSELF AS A H9DRANCE TO FUR!R DEVELOPM5T & IS RECOGNIZ$ AS SU*1 IT ADAPTS =MS ( BEHAVIOR ?R\< ! H>NESS+ ( COMPETITION :I* SEEM+LY 9DICATE ITS ABSOLUTE RULE BUT ACTUALLY PO9T TO ITS DECAY & DISSOLUTION40.<#a.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 A 0HEAL?Y0 CAPITALISM IS A /RICTLY COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM1 & ! IMP]FECTIONS ( COMPETITION 9 ! E>LY & LATE /AGES ( ITS DEVELOPM5T MU/ BE REG>D$ AS ! AILM5TS ( AN 9FANTILE & ( A S5ILE CAPITALISM4 ,= A CAPITALISM :I* RE/RICTS COMPETITION CANNOT F9D ITS 9DIRECT 0REGULATION0 9 ! PRICE & M>KET MOVEM5TS :I* D]IVE FROM ! VALUE RELATIONS 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,M>X WAS CONC]N$ ) ! COMPETITIVELY-EXP&+ PRIVATE-PROP]TY CAPITALISM ( HIS TIME1 :I* EI!R ADVANCES BY WAY ( ACCUMULATION OR SUFF]S CRISIS & DEPRESSION4 ,:5 HE SPEAKS ( ! 0SELF-EXPANSION0 ( CAPITAL1 ( 0ACCUMULATION = ! SAKE ( ACCUMULATION10 HE SPEAKS ( ! COMPULSIVE & NEV]-RE/+ DRIVE = EX*ANGE-VALUE4 ,?IS DRIVE1 :ILE MAK+ CAPITALISM ! HI!RTO MO/ PRODUCTIVE SOCIAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 ALSO ACC\NTS = ALL ITS SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES &1 F9ALLY1 = ITS T5D5CY TO FREEZE ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION :5 & :]EV] !IR FUR!R DEVELOPM5T COLLIDES ) ! SPECIFIC CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ACCUMULATION ACC\NTS = BO? ! RISE & ! DECL9E ( CAPITALISM4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL =MATION - ALL TRACEABLE TO ! VALUE *>ACT] ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION - BO? FO/] & RET>D ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT AT SOME PO9T 9 ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS 0! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE P[] TURNS 9TO AN OB/ACLE TO CAPITAL1 OR1 :AT IS ! SAME1 ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION BECOME OB/ACLES TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( SOCIAL LABOR4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 CAPITAL & WAGE-LABOR /& 9 ! SAME RELATION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION & SOCIAL WEAL? AS DID1 PREVI\SLY1 ! GUILD-SY/EM1 S]FDOM1 & SLAV]Y4 ,! FETT]S ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION MU/ N[ BE %$4 ,CONTRADICTIONS1 CRISES1 SOCIAL CONVULSIONS PO9T TO ! 9COMPATIBILITY ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE DEVELOPM5T ) ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ! VIOL5T DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL1 NOT BY EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT AS A CONDITION ( ITS SELF-PRES]VATION1 IT BECOMES EVID5T ?AT CAPITALISM'S TIME IS DONE & ?AT IT MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY A HI<] /ATE ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION40.<#b.> ,BY CONTEMPLAT+ ! EFFECT ( ! 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR UPON ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS AS ECONOMIC VALUE RELATIONS1 ,M>X WAS ABLE TO PR$ICT ! MAJOR TR5D ( CAPITAL EXPANSION1 EV5 ?\< !SE PR$ICTIONS RELATE TO NO MORE ?AN ! BROAD 0HI/ORICAL T5D5CY ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION40.<#c.> ,HIS HIE LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM A MODEL B\ND TO A LIMIT$ SET ( ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS1 :I*1 ?\< BASIC TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 DO NOT EXHAU/ ! CONCRETE CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,AL?\< !RE IS NO REAL UND]/&+ ( GIV5 REALITY )\T A !ORY ( DEVELOPM5T1 SU* A !ORY TELLS ONLY :]E TO LOOK 9 ! ATTEMPT TO COMPREH5D ! UNFOLD+ REAL WORLD ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,! LOGICAL 5D-CONSEQU5CE ( CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T AS A VALUE EXPANSION PROCESS NE$ NOT BECOME A PRACTICAL REALITY2 YET1 AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME1 ! !ORY PROVIDES A PO9T ( ORI5TATION = A N>R[]1 MORE CONCRETE ANALYSIS ( ! ACTUAL MOVEM5TS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,IF CAPITALISM C\LD GET \T ( ITS [N SK91 SO TO SPEAK1 & SUDD5LY BECOME SOME?+ O!R ?AN ITSELF1 !N1 ( C\RSE1 ! VALUE ANALYSIS ( CAPITAL EXPANSION W\LD BE QUITE SUP]FLU\S4 ,AS IT IS1 H[EV]1 ANY P>TICUL> MODE ( PRODUCTION RE/S ON DEF9ITE SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS :I* REMA9 UNALT]$ NO MATT] H[ MU* ! MODE ( PRODUCTION MAY BE MODIFI$4 ,SO LONG AS SOCIAL RELATIONS >E ECONOMIC VALUE RELATIONS & DET]M9E ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T AS SU*1 CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION WILL HAVE ! HI/ORICAL T5D5CY DETECT$ BY ,M>X4 ,M>X'S VALUE !ORY ( CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T IS AT ONCE A G5]AL !ORY ( ACCUMULATION & A SPECIAL CRISIS !ORY2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 NEI!R ! ONE NOR ! O!R CAN BE DEALT ) SEP>ATELY4 ,ASSUM+ AN UN9T]RUPT$ CAPITAL EXPANSION 9 A CLOS$ SY/EM1 ! G5]AL !ORY REVEALS ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! RIS+ ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS G5]AL T5D5CY COMES TO ! =E ONLY 9 P]IODS ( CRISIS1 ) ! OV] PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL4 ,ONLY ?R\< !SE ACTUAL OCCURR5CES DOES ! G5]AL !ORY GA9 ITS PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE4 ,! REAL LIMITATIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM >E NOT GIV5 BY ! AB/RACT T5D5TIAL FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT AS ELUCIDAT$ 9 ! VALUE MODEL1 BUT REVEAL !MSELVES 9 ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS ( ! CRISIS ( OV]-ACCUMULATION4 ,! ONLY RELEVANT CRISIS-PO9T 9 ! G5]AL !ORY ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IS ?AT PO9T AT :I* SURPLUS-VALUE CAN NO LONG] BE SUFFICI5TLY 9CREAS$ TO OV]COME ! T5D5TIAL FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT BY P]MITT+ AN ACCEL]AT$ CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,9 ! REAL WORLD !RE IS NO WAY :ATSOEV] TO DET]M9E :5 SU* A PO9T WILL BE REA*$4 ,! ACTUAL CAPITAL ACCUMULATION PROCESS CAN BE SL[$ D[N & IS1 9 FACT1 CON/ANTLY SL[$ D[N BY NONPRODUCTIVE1 I4E4 NON-PR(ITABLE1 CAPITAL EXP5DITURES1 BY ! \TRI71 & BY POLITICAL 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,! AV]AGE RATE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION1 CALCULAT$ OV] A P]IOD ( TIME1 IS QUITE MOD]ATE & DOES NOT SEEM TO JU/IFY ! EXPECTATION ?AT CAPITAL WILL F9D ITS 5D 9 ! T5D5TIAL FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT AS DEPICT$ 9 ,M>X'S MODEL ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! MODEL & REALITY MU/ ALWAYS BE KEPT 9 M9D4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT ! AV]AGE RATE ( ACCUMULATION OV] LONG P]IODS ( TIME :I* DET]M9ES SOCIAL ACTIVITIES1 BUT ! ACTUAL /ATE ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION AT ANY GIV5 TIME - DUR+ P]IODS ( PROSP]ITY OR P]IODS ( DEPRESSION4 ,M>X'S G5]AL !ORY ( ACCUMULATION MAKES CLE> 0?AT ! REAL B>RI] TO CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,IT IS ! FACT ?AT CAPITAL & ITS SELF-EXPANSION APPE> AS ! />T+ & ! CLOS+ PO9T1 AS ! MOTIVE & AIM ( PRODUCTION2 ?AT PRODUCTION IS M]ELY PRODUCTION = CAPITAL1 & NOT VICE V]SA1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION M]E MEANS = AN EV]-EXP&+ SY/EM ( ! LIFE PROCESS = ! B5EFIT ( ! SOCIETY ( PRODUC]S40.<#d.> ,YET BECAUSE CAPITAL PRODUCTION HAS ?IS *>ACT]1 IT CAN = A TIME OV]COME ! B>RI]S IT SETS 9 ITS [N WAY4 ,IT IS NOT UNTIL ?IS MODE ( PRODUCTION ACTUALLY & P]MAN5TLY BECOMES A H9DRANCE TO A FUR!R UNFOLD+ ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE P[]S ?AT ITS IMMAN5T B>RI]S APPE> AS ABSOLUTE B>RI]S 9 ! CONCRETE WORLD ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,AL?\< ! G5]AL LAW ( ACCUMULATION PO9TS TO ! HI/ORICAL LIMITS ( CAPITALISM1 !RE IS NO WAY ( TELL+ :5 !SE LIMITS WILL BE REA*$ - ?AT IS1 :AT P>TICUL> CONDITIONS 9 ! FLUCTUATIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION WILL CON/ITUTE ?AT CRISIS PO9T :I* ! SY/EM WILL NOT BE ABLE TO OV]COME4 ,BUT S9CE CAPITALISM IS BESET ) CRISES ( ALWAYS GREAT] DE/RUCTIV5ESS1 ! SOCIAL CONVULSIONS RELEAS$ BY ANY CRISIS C\LD - ) LUCK - LEAD TO SOCIAL ACTIONS ?AT C\LD 5D ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,) ! RISE ( CAPITALISM !RE ALSO >OSE ! NEW CLASS ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,IF !SE WORK]S BECOME CONSCI\S ( !IR CLASS POSITION & ( ! HI/ORICAL OBSOLESC5CE ( CAPITALISM1 IT IS NOT 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT !Y W\LD ELECT TO ABOLI% !IR [N CONDITIONS ( EXPLOITATION & DEPRIVATION BY 5D+ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ?R\< POLITICAL MEANS4 ,?IS NOT ONLY WAS CONCEIVABLE BUT 9 SOME MEASURE ACTUALLY OCCURR$1 F9D+ ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! RISE ( AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,!RE WAS ALSO ! HI/ORICAL EVID5CE ?AT PREVI\SLY-EXI/+ CLASS RELATIONS1 BAS$ ON O!R MODES ( PRODUCTION1 HAD ACTUALLY BE5 5D$ BY POLITICAL MEANS1 & !RE WAS NO REASON TO ASSUME ?AT ?IS PATT]N ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T HAD COME TO A CLOSE ) CAPITALISM4 ,9 BRIEF1 ,M>X DID NOT AWAIT AN 0AUTOMATIC0 OR 0ECONOMIC0 COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM4 ,:E!R ANY P>TICUL> CRISIS SITUATION W\LD PROVE TO BE CAPITALISM'S 0F9AL CRISIS0 WAS DET]M9ABLE ONLY BY ! PROB+ =CE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS4 ,WE >E NOT H]E CONC]N$ ) ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ,M>X RELI$ TOO MU* UPON HI/ORICAL PREC$5T AS REG>DS SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 OR PROV$ TO BE OV]-OPTIMI/IC OR EV5 ! VICTIM ( ILLUSION 9 HIS EXPECTATION ( ! RISE ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT - :I* SEEMS TO BE ! CASE 9 VIEW ( ! ACTUAL UNFOLD+ POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( TW5TIE? C5TURY CAPITALISM4 ,:AT CONC]NS US H]E IS M]ELY ! LIMIT$ PR$ICTIVE P[] ( A VALUE ANALYSIS ( CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>X WAS AW>E ( ?IS 0%ORTCOM+10 AS IS 9DICAT$ BY HIS REFUSAL TO PR$ICT ! 5D ( CAPITALISM 9 O!R ?AN G5]AL HI/ORICAL T]MS4 ,BUT H[EV] LIMIT$ HIS !ORY MAY BE1 DUE TO ITS HI< LEVEL ( AB/RACTION1 IT IS ! ONLY !ORY ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION :I* HAS F\ND V]IFICATION 9 ! ACTUAL C\RSE ( CAPITALISM'S DEVELOPM5T4 ,:E!R WE CONSID] ! RIS+ ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL2 ! TANG5TIALLY FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT AS ACTUALIZ$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ CRISIS2 ! 9CREAS+ SEV]ITY ( CRISES2 ! PRODUCTION ( AN 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY2 ! UNRELIEV$ MIS]Y ( ! GREAT BULK ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION DESPITE 9CREAS+ WEAL? AS CAPITAL2 ! ELIM9ATION ( COMPETITION ?R\< COMPETITION 7OR CONC5TRATION1 C5TRALIZATION1 & MONOPOLIZATION ( CAPITAL7 - WE CANNOT FAIL TO NOTICE ! PATT]N ( DEVELOPM5T PROJECT$ BY ,M>X4 ,CAPITAL MONOPOLIZATION1 CONC5TRATION1 & C5TRALIZATION >E G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ & WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ FACTS4 ,TO QUOTE JU/ ONE EXAMPLE3 AT ! PRES5T TIME 0APPROXIMATELY #e P] C5T ( ,AM]ICAN MANUFACTUR+ - ?AT IS1 EV]Y?+ O!R ?AN F9ANCIAL & TRANSPORTATION - IS HELD BY #ae CORPORATIONS1 RECKON$1 AT LEA/1 BY ASSETS VALUE4 ,IF F9ANCE & TRANSPORTATION >E 9CLUD$1 ! TOTAL 9CREASES4 ,IF A RA!R L>GE GR\P IS TAK51 ! /ATI/ICS W\LD PROBABLY %[ ?AT AB\T TWO-?IRDS ( ! ECONOMICALLY PRODUCTIVE ASSETS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EXCLUD+ AGRICULTURE1 >E [N$ BY A GR\P ( NOT MORE ?AN #e CORPORATIONS4 ,?IS IS ACTUAL ASSET [N]%IP4 ,9 T]MS ( P[]1 )\T REG>D TO ASSET POSITIONS1 NOT ONLY DO #e CORPORATIONS CONTROL TWO-?IRDS ( ! NON-F>M ECONOMY BUT )9 EA* ( ! #e A /ILL SMALL] GR\P HAS ! ULTIMATE DECISION-MAK+ P[]4 ,?IS IS 444 ! HIRIES ON NOT QUITE HALF ( ! MANUFACTUR+ PRODUCTION ( ! 5TIRE WORLD TODAY1 !SE #e GR\P+S 444 REPRES5T A CONC5TRATION ( P[] OV] ECONOMICS BEYOND ANY?+ WE HAVE YET SE540.<#e.> ,H[EV]1 ,M>X'S G5]AL LAW ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION D]IVES ITS REAL IMPORTANCE NOT SO MU* FROM ! TRANS=MATIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 ! C\RSE ( ACCUMULATION AS FROM ! EFFECT ( !SE *ANGES UPON ! LOT ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION4 ,TO REIT]ATE3 ,COMPETITION =CES ALL 5T]PRISES TO 5L>GE !IR CAPITAL1 & TO 5L>GE IT FA/] ?AN ! LABOR IT EMPLOYS4 ,AS ! L>G] CAPITAL BEATS ! SMALL]1 ! M9IMUM AM\NT ( CAPITAL REQUIR$ TO 5GAGE 9 BUS9ESS 9CREASES4 ,:ILE ! GR[? ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL CAPITAL IMPLIES ! EM]G5CE & GR[? ( MANY 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS1 IT ALSO 9CREASES ! CONC5TRATION ( ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL4 ,COMPETITION IS ?US A C5TRALIZATION PROCESS1 TRANS=M+ MANY SMALL 9TO FEW]1 L>G] CAPITALS4 ,AS IT REQUIRES NO MORE ?AN A *ANGE 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! AVAILABLE CAPITAL1 IT TAKES PLACE :E!R CAPITAL ACCUMULATES OR NOT1 9 P]IODS ( PROSP]ITY AS WELL AS 9 P]IODS ( DEPRESSION4 ,CONC5TRATION IS GREATLY 5HANC$ BY ! CR$IT SY/EM1 :I* BECOMES A 0=MIDABLE WEAPON 9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE1 & F9ALLY TRANS=MS ITSELF 9TO AN IMM5SE SOCIAL ME*ANISM = ! C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL40.<#f.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 C5TRALIZATION SUPPLEM5TS ! WORK ( CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,ACCUMULATION ALONE1 I4E41 0! GRADUAL PROPAGATION ( CAPITAL BY A REPRODUCTION PASS+ FROM A CIRCUL> 9TO A SPIRAL =M1 IS A V]Y SL[ PROCESS AS COMP>$ ) C5TRALIZATION1 :I* NE$S BUT ALT] ! QUANTITATIVE GR\P+ ( ! 9TEGRAL P>TS ( ! SOCIAL CAPITAL40.<#g.> ,! C5TRALIZATION PROCESS 9 ANY P>TICUL> 0L9E ( 9DU/RY W\LD REA* ITS EXTREME LIMIT1 IF ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS 9VE/$ 9 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 AMALGAMAT$ 9TO ONE S+LE CAPITAL4 ,?IS LIMIT W\LD NOT BE REA*$ 9 ANY P>TICUL> SOCIETY UNTIL ! 5TIRE SOCIAL CAPITAL W\LD BE UNIT$1 EI!R 9 ! H&S ( ONE S+LE CAPITALI/1 OR 9 ?OSE ( ONE S+LE CORPORATION40.<#h.> ,MEAN:ILE1 H[EV]1 ! C5TRALIZATION T5D5CY ADDS TO ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR ! EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL BY CAPITAL1 PO9T+ TO ITS F9AL DE/RUCTION4 ,! :OLE PROCESS IS SUMM$ UP BY ,M>X 9 ! WELL-KN[N /ATEM5T ?AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL FOLL[S DIRECTLY FROM ! IMMAN5T LAWS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 0,ONE CAPITALI/ ALWAYS KILLS MANY10 ,M>X WROTE1 0H& 9 H& ) ?IS C5TRALIZATION1 OR ?IS EXPROPRIATION ( MANY CAPITALI/S BY A FEW1 DEVELOPS1 ON AN EV] EXT5D+ SCALE1 ! COOP]ATIVE =M ( ! LABOR-PROCESS1 ! CONSCI\S TE*NICAL APPLICATION ( SCI5CE1 ! ME?ODICAL CULTIVATION ( ! SOIL1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR 9TO 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 ONLY USABLE 9 COMMON1 ! ECONOMIZ+ ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY !IR USE AS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ( COMB9$1 SOCIALIZ$ LABOR1 ! 5TANGLEM5T ( ALL PEOPLES 9 ! NET ( ! WORLD-M>KET1 & ) ?IS1 ! 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT] ( ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 ,ALONG ) ! CON/ANTLY DIM9I%+ NUMB] ( MAGNATES ( CAPITAL1 :O USURP & MONOPOLIZE ALL ADVANTAGES ( ?IS PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION1 GR[S UP ! MASS ( MIS]Y1 OPPRESSION1 SLAV]Y1 DEGRADATION1 EXPLOITATION2 BUT ) ?IS TOO GR[S ! REVOLT ( ! WORK+-CLASS1 A CLASS ALWAYS 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB]S1 & DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,! MONOPOLY ( CAPITAL BECOMES A FETT] UPON ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* HAS SPRUNG UP & FL\RI%$ ALONG ) IT1 & UND] IT4 ,C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR AT LA/ REA* A PO9T :]E !Y BECOME 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR CAPITALI/ 9TEGUM5T4 ,?IS 9TEGUM5T IS BUR/ ASUND]4 ,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$4 0.<#i.> ,WE >E H]E ONLY CONC]N$ ) ! UND]LY+ G5]AL T5D5CIES ( VALUE PRODUCTION & CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION 9CREASES ! NUMB] ( BO? CAPITALI/S & WORK]S ABSOLUTELY1 :ILE R$UC+ !IR NUMB] RELATIVE TO ! GR[+ MASS ( CAPITAL4 ,) A DECREAS+ RATE ( ACCUMULATION1 ?IS RELATIVE DECL9E T5DS T[>D AN ABSOLUTE DECL9E4 ,WORK]S CEASE TO PRODUCE SURPLUS-VALUE & CAPITALI/S CEASE TO APPROPRIATE IT1 !REBY CEAS+ TO BE CAPITALI/S4 ,! DECREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( CAPITALI/S M]ELY 9CREASES ! NUMB] ( PROLET>IANS1 EMPLOY$ & UNEMPLOY$4 ,?US1 ! ACCUMULATION & C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL POL>IZES SOCIETY 9TO A DIM9I%+ NUMB] ( [N]S ( CAPITAL & A GR[+ NUMB] ( PROP]TYLESS PEOPLE :O CAN EXI/ ONLY ?R\< ! SALE ( !IR LABOR-P[]1 OR NOT AT ALL4 ,! TW(OLD *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 EXPRESS$ 9 ! S+LE COMMODITY 9 ITS D\BLE NATURE AS BO? EX*ANGE- & USE-VALUE1 & 9 SOCIETY AT L>GE 9 ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 MAT]IAL & CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 REAPPE>S & DET]M9ES CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ITS V>I\S MANIFE/ATIONS & 9 ITS MANN] ( MOTION BY WAY ( EXPANSION & CONTRACTION4 ,! LIFE CONDITIONS ( ! PROP]TYLESS MASSES >E DEP5D5T ON ! MOVEM5TS ( CAPITAL AS DET]M9$ BY ITS PR(ITABILITY2 & ! MORE CAPITAL ACCUMULATES1 ! MORE PREC>I\S !IR DEP5D5CE BECOMES4 ,:ILE ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9CREASES ! PROLET>IAT1 IT ALSO DECREASES ! DEM& = LABOR RELATIVE TO ! GR[+ CAPITAL4 ,IT PRODUCES A SURPLUS POPULATION ( LABOR]S1 BO? AS A RESULT & AS A CONDITION ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 S9CE ! *ANG+ NE$S ( CAPITAL EXPANSION REQUIRE N[ A L>G]1 N[ A SMALL]1 MASS ( EXPLOITABLE LABOR P[]4 0,! :OLE =M ( ! MOVEM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY DEP5DS UPON ! CON/ANT TRANS=MATION ( A P>T ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION 9TO UNEMPLOY$ OR HALF-EMPLOY$40.<#a.> ,! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL IS ?US SIMULTANE\SLY AN ACCUMULATION ( MIS]Y4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X3 0,! GREAT] ! SOCIAL WEAL?1 ! FUNCTION+ CAPITAL1 ! EXT5T & 5]GY ( ITS GR[?1 &1 !RE=E1 ALSO ! ABSOLUTE MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! PRODUCTIV5ESS ( ITS LABOR1 ! GREAT] ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,! SAME CAUSES :I* DEVELOP ! EXPANSIVE P[] ( CAPITAL1 DEVELOP ALSO ! LABOR-P[] AT ITS DISPOSAL4 ,! RELATIVE MASS ( ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY 9CREASES !RE=E ) ! POT5TIAL 5]GY ( WEAL?4 ,BUT ! GREAT] ?IS RES]VE >MY1 ! GREAT] IS ! MASS ( ! CONSOLIDAT$ SURPLUS-POPULATION1 :OSE MIS]Y IS 9 9V]SE RATIO TO ITS TORM5T ( LABOR4 ,! MORE EXT5SIVE1 F9ALLY1 ! ,LAZ>US-LAY] ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 ! GREAT] IS (FICIAL PAUP]ISM4 ,?IS IS ! ABSOLUTE G5]AL LAW ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,LIKE ALL O!R LAWS IT IS MODIFI$ 9 ITS WORK+ BY MANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ANALYSIS ( :I* DOES NOT CONC]N US H]E40.<#a#a.> ,! 9CREAS+ MIS]Y ACCOMPANY+ ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS IS H]E SE5 AS A G5]AL T5D5CY :I* UND]LIES ! ACTUAL MOVEM5TS ( LABOR & CAPITAL1 BUT :I* MAY BE MODIFI$ 9 ! SAME S5SE 9 :I* ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS ITSELF IS MODIFI$ BY ! SPECIFIC NATURE ( ITS CONTRACTION & EXPANSION AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME4 ,M>X DOES NOT EXPECT ?AT 9CREAS+ MIS]Y WILL ALWAYS BE AN EMPIRICAL REALITY1 JU/ AS ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT IS NOT ALWAYS AN OBS]VABLE FACT4 ,9 ! SAME WAY 9 :I* A SUFFICI5T CAPITAL EXPANSION WILL COMP5SATE ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT ?R\< AN 9CREASE 9 ! MASS ( CAPITAL1 SO ! T5D5CY ( MIS]Y TO 9CREASE WILL BE SUSP5D$ 9 P]IODS ( CAPITAL EXPANSION :I* 9CREASE ! DEM& = LABOR & RAISE ! PRICE ( LABOR ?R\< ! R$UCTION OR ELIM9ATION ( ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,TO BE A SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT FACT1 ! 9CREAS+ MIS]Y MU/ BE ACCOMPANI$ BY AN ACTUAL & /EADY DECL9E 9 ! DEM& = LABOR4 ,IT CAN BECOME AN EV]-PRES5T SOCIAL REALITY ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ( CRISIS1 DEPRESSION1 & CAPITAL /AGNATION4 ,H[EV]1 ! ABS5CE ( WIDE-SPREAD & 9CREAS+ MIS]Y DUR+ P]IODS ( CAPITAL EXPANSION IS ALSO ONLY A TEMPOR>Y CONDITION & CAN NEV] GA9 P]MAN5CE UND] CONDITIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,) ! 9CREAS+ FREQU5CY ( CRISES1 ! L5G!N+ ( P]IODS ( DEPRESSION1 ! 9CREAS+ DIFFICULTY ( ACCEL]AT+ CAPITAL ACCUMULATION - TAK+ 0GOOD0 TIMES & 0BAD0 TIMES TOGE!R - 9CREAS+ MIS]Y WILL BE REVEAL$ BO? AS A SOCIAL FACT & AS ! 0ABSOLUTE G5]AL LAW ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION40 ,9CREAS+ MIS]Y FOLL[S FROM ! LAW ( VALUE ONLY 9 SO F> AS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL DECREASES ! DEM& = LABOR RELATIVE TO ! GR[+ MASS ( CAPITAL & !REBY PRODUCES AN 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,EMPLOYM5T FLUCTUATES ) ! EXPANSION & CONTRACTION ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,A /EADILY DECREAS+ RATE ( ACCUMULATION - AS A P]MAN5T CONDITION - W\LD 9CREASE ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY CON/ANTLY1 &1 !RE)1 ! MASS ( PAUP]IZ$ PEOPLE LIV+ ON ! (FAL ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT AS LONG AS AN ACCEL]AT$ CAPITAL EXPANSION IS ACTUALLY POSSIBLE1 ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY LIVES UP TO ITS NAME & PROVIDES ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS ) ! REQUIR$ EXPLOITABLE HUMAN MAT]IAL4 ,TO EXPECT AN ABSOLUTE IMPOV]I%M5T ( AN ALWAYS GREAT] PORTION ( ! PROLET>IAT IS TO EXPECT A /EADILY DECL9+ RATE ( ACCUMULATION4 ,M>X DID EXPECT ?IS TO BE ! F9AL \TCOME ( ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS1 EV5 ?\< ! TIME ( ITS ACTUAL >RIVAL WAS UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,M>X'S VALUE !ORY ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ASSUMES ?AT EMPLOY$ LABOR-P[] ALWAYS RECEIVES ITS FULL EX*ANGE-VALUE1 I4E41 ITS PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION CO/S4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS ASSUMPTION1 !RE IS NO 9CREAS+ MIS]Y BUT M]ELY ! MIS]Y ( WAGE-LABOR4 ,BUT !RE IS DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR & CONSEQU5TLY ! PRODUCTION ( MIS]Y1 BECAUSE 0LABOR P[] IS ONLY SALABLE SO F> AS IT PRES]VES ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 !IR CAPACITY AS CAPITAL1 REPRODUCES ITS [N CAPITAL1 & YIELDS 9 UNPAID LABOR A S\RCE ( ADDITIONAL CAPITAL40.<#a#b.> ,ALL O!R LABOR-P[]1 )\T EI!R USE-VALUE OR EX*ANGE-VALUE1 CEASES TO BE P>T ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ( SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,BUT EV5 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ?OSE :O WORK RECEIVE ! VALUE ( !IR LABOR- P[]1 ACCUMULATION F9DS ITS 0LOGICAL 5D0 9 ! FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT4 ,9 !ORY ! VALUE ( LABOR-P[] IS DET]M9$ BY ITS PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION CO/S4 ,BUT !SE LABOR-CO/S !MSELVES >E V>IABLE )9 DEF9ITE LIMITS4 ,! PRICE ( LABOR-P[] MAY BE HI<] OR L[] ?AN ITS VALUE4 ,) A L>GE SURPLUS POPULATION1 = 9/ANCE1 !RE MAY BE NO NE$ TO REPRODUCE ! :OLE ( ! WORK+ POPULATION & = SOME WORK]S AT LEA/ WAGES MAY BE L[]$ )\T CONSID]ATION = !IR REPRODUCTION NE$S4 ,UND] DIFF]5T CONDITIONS1 ! WAGES ( MANY WORK]S MAY EXCE$ ! VALUE ( !IR LABOR-P[]1 P>TICUL>LY :5 ! DEM& = LABOR EXHAU/S ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY4 ,WAGES MAY BE RAIS$ BY WAY ( WAGE /RUGGLES2 OR FLUCTUATIONS 9 WAGES DUE TO SUPPLY & DEM&1 MAY BE (FSET BY ! MONOPOLIZATION ( C]TA9 TYPES ( LABOR OR BY POLITICAL 9T]V5TIONS 9 ! LABOR M>KET4 ,UND] COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS1 H[EV]1 & CONSID]+ ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE1 0! G5]AL MOVEM5TS ( WAGES >E EXCLUSIVELY REGULAT$ BY ! EXPANSION & CONTRACTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL RES]VE >MY1 & !SE AGA9 CORRESPOND TO ! P]IODIC *ANGES ( ! 9DU/RIAL CYCLE40.<#a#c.> ,:ATEV] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 A RISE ( WAGES1 OR 0! DIM9UTION ( UNPAID LABOR1 CAN NEV] REA* ! PO9T AT :I* IT W\LD ?REAT5 ! SY/EM ITSELF444 ,ACCUMULATION IS ! 9DEP5D5T1 NOT ! DEP5D5T1 V>IABLE2 ! RATE ( WAGES1 ! DEP5D5T1 NOT ! 9DEP5D5T1 V>IABLE40.<#a#d.> ,! WAGES ( ! WORK+ POPULATION MAY NOT DECREASE1 OR MAY EV5 9CREASE1 9 ! C\RSE ( ACCUMULATION1 BUT ?IS WILL NOT 5D ! MIS]Y = ! EXP5DABLE P>T ( ! POPULATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ! ACTUAL VALUE ( LABOR-P[]1 MOREOV]1 IS NOT ID5TICAL ) ! PHYSICAL M9IMUM ( EXI/5CE2 0IT DIFF]S ACCORD+ TO CLIMATE & CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T2 IT DEP5DS NOT M]ELY UPON ! PHYSICAL BUT ALSO UPON ! HI/ORICALLY DEVELOP$ SOCIAL NE$S1 :I* BECOME SECOND NATURE4 ,BUT 9 EV]Y C\NTRY & AT A GIV5 P]IOD ! REGULAT+ AV]AGE WAGE IS A GIV5 MAGNITUDE40.<#a#e.> ,?IS AV]AGE WAGE1 NO MATT] :AT K9D ( LIV+ /&>D IT MAY IMPLY1 CON/ITUTES ! NECESS>Y LABOR1 OR ! VALUE ( LABOR-P[]4 ,! CAPITALI/S MAY SEE NO NE$1 OR MAY NOT F9D A WAY1 TO L[] IT4 ,& IF ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR IS HI< 5\< & YIELDS SUFFICI5T SURPLUS-VALUE TO SATISFY ! REQUIREM5TS ( ACCUMULATION1 IT DOES NOT MATT] :AT ! QUANTITY OR QUALITY ( ! COMMODITIES ?AT EXPRESS ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! VALUE ( LABOR-P[]1 OR CON/ITUTE ! SOCIAL AV]AGE WAGE-RATE4 ,IT IS ONLY ?AT SU* A SITUATION1 I4E41 ONE ( HI< PR(ITS & HI< WAGES1 REQUIRES A HI< PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR &1 !RE=E1 A HI< ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL & A RAPID RATE ( ACCUMULATION4 ,BUT JU/ AS WAGES REA* !IR HITICUL> CRISIS1 SO ,M>X EXPECT$ ?AT ! G5]AL TR5D ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 ?\< ACCOMPANI$ BY RIS+ WAGES1 WAS B\ND TO REA* A PO9T :]E ! AVAILABLE SURPLUS-VALUE W\LD NOT SUFFICE TO SU/A9 ! CU/OM>Y PR(ITS & FUR!R CAPITAL EXPANSION4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ACCUMULATION C\LD ONLY PROCE$ AT ! EXP5SE ( NECESS>Y LABOR1 ?R\< A R$UCTION ( WAGES BEL[ !IR HI/ORICALLY-E/ABLI%$ VALUE4 ,! CONT9U+ ACCUMULATION PROCESS W\LD !N BE QUITE LIT]ALLY AN 9CREAS+ MIS]Y ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,AT ?IS PO9T WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ,CAPITAL WAS WRITT5 A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 ,UND] ! SOCIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL CONDITIONS !N PREVAIL+ A PROJECTION ( CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T BAS$ ON ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE C\LD EASILY LEAD TO AN UND]E/IMATION ( ! RESILI5CE ( CAPITALISM ?R\< AN OV]E/IMATION ( ITS DIFFICULTIES4 ,! LOT ( ! WORK+ CLASS WAS AT ?AT TIME DEPLORABLE1 & UND] CONDITIONS ( CUT?ROAT COMPETITION ! EXTRAORD9>Y GRE$ = SURPLUS-VALUE ACCEL]AT$ CAPITAL EXPANSION FROM ONE CRISIS 9TO ANO!R1 ) ONLY A SL[ IMPROVEM5T 9 ! G5]AL SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,! FUTURE ( CAPITALISM DID NOT LOOK TOO BRIX DESIR$ ITS E>LY DEMISE4 ,AL?\< ,M>X'S !ORY DOES NOT REALLY REQUIRE ! RISE ( CONDITIONS SU* AS ?OSE DEPICT$ 9 HIS =E%ORT5$ VIEW ( DEVELOPM5T1 !RE IS NO PO9T 9 D5Y+ ?AT HE DID EXPECT ?AT ! ACTUAL ACCUMULATION PROCESS W\LD 9CREASE ! SOCIAL MIS]Y F> MORE RAPIDLY & EXT5SIVELY ?AN WAS ACTUALLY ! CASE4 ,H[EV]1 CAPITALISM'S ABILITY TO BETT] 9/EAD ( WORS5+ ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! L>GE BULK ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS W\LD HAVE =C$ ,M>X1 HAD HE EXP]I5C$ IT1 TO REVISE ONLY HIS TIME-CONDITION$ SUBJECTIVE E/IMATION ( ! CONCRETE ASPECTS ( CAPITAL EXPANSION1 NOT HIS G5]AL !ORY ( ACCUMULATION4 ,?IS !ORY IS NOT COMMITT$ TO A SPECIFI$ TIME-SPAN2 SO LONG AS CAPITAL MOVES ALONG AS PR$ICT$ BY ,M>X1 ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T CANNOT BE SET ASIDE4 ,M>X'S !ORY ( DEVELOPM5T (F]S V>I\S 0C\NT]-T5D5CIES0 :I* 9T]RUPT CAPITAL'S 0SELF-DE/RUCTIVE0 C\RSE AS DET]M9$ BY ITS 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! 0C\NT]-T5D5CIES0 SUB/ANTIATE ! G5]AL TR5D1 = !Y >E M]ELY REACTIONS TO IT4 ,!Y >E HI/ORICALLY CONDITION$1 AS IS ! :OLE ( CAPITALISM1 BUT !Y ( GREAT] CONSEQU5CE AT ONE TIME ?AN AT ANO!R4 ,!IR EFFECT UPON ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM CANNOT BE E/IMAT$ 9 ADVANCE2 !IR ACTUAL =CE CAN ONLY BE OBS]V$ & ADJUDG$ ) REF]5CE TO ! ACTUAL C\RSE ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,M>X M5TION$ ONLY A FEW SU* C\NT]T5D5CIES3 RAIS+ ! 9T5SITY ( EXPLOITATION1 DEPRESS+ WAGES BEL[ !IR VALUE1 *EAP5+ ! ELEM5TS ( CON/ANT CAPITAL1 RELATIVE OV]POPULATION1 9CREASE ( /OCK CAPITAL1 & =EIGN TRADE4 ,ALL !SE C\NT]-T5D5CIES FALL \TSIDE ! G5]AL LAW ( ACCUMULATION AS E/ABLI%$ = A CLOS$ SY/EM OP]AT+ /RICTLY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! VALUE PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ! SAME S5SE1 ! CAPITALI/ CRISIS IS A C\NT]T5D5CY1 OR = ?AT MATT] ANY CONCRETE PH5OM5ON :I* EI!R RAISES ! SURPLUS-VALUE = ! OP]AT+ CAPITALS OR R$UCES ! VALUE ( ! OP]AT+ CAPITALS RELATIVE TO ! AVAILABLE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,IT IS ?US NOT POSSIBLE TO APPRAISE ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ) RESPECT TO ITS DURABILITY OR FRAGILITY1 EXCEPT BY HAV+ REC\RSE TO ACTUAL OCCURR5CES & !IR SPECIFIC WEIKET UPON ! PRODUCTION & REALIZATION ( SURPLUS-VALUE1 & !RE) UPON ! TEMPO & VIABILITY ( CAPITAL EXPANSION MU/ BE GAUG$ NOT M]ELY BY ! SPREAD ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION BUT ALSO BY ! CAPITALI/IC 09T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR0 & ! EXPLOITATION ( EXTRA-CAPITALI/ T]RITORIES4 ,:ILE ,M>X SAW ! DE/RUCTIVE ASPECTS ( 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 :I* >RE/$ ! GR[+ DISCREPANCY BETWE5 PR(ITABILITY & ACCUMULATION1 HE C\LD NOT 5VISION ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL ON A SCALE SU* AS WAS A*IEV$ DUR+ ! TWO WORLD W>S4 ,NOR DID HE 5VISION ! POSSIBLE 5D ( CAPITALISM 9 AN ATOMIC HOLOCAU/4 ,M>X ALSO DID NOT CONC]N HIMSELF SUFFICI5TLY ) ! POSSIBLE 9T]NAL MODIFICATIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ /RUCTURE ?R\< P]SI/5T /ATE 9T]V5TIONS1 BECAUSE HE WAS 9T]E/$ 9 ! ABOLITION ( CAPITAL ITSELF1 & NOT 9 ITS MODIFICATION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HE WAS FULLY CONV9C$ ?AT NO RE=M ( CAPITALISM C\LD ALT] ITS ESS5TIAL CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION%IP OR ! VALUE *>ACT] ( ITS SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,ANY RE=M$ CAPITALISM WAS !RE=E B\ND TO SUFF] ! SAME FATE ?AT HE PR$ICT$ = ! 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