,*APT] #af 
,TE*NOLOGY & ! ,MIX$ ,ECONOMY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,AP>T FROM ITS IRRATIONAL ASPECTS1 ! MIX$ ECONOMY CAN EXI/ A LONG AS AN 
9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY YIELDS A SUFFICI5T SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,PRODUCTION MU/ BE 
L>GE 5\< TO MA9TA9 ! NECESS>Y PR(IT ABILITY = ! /AGNAT+ OR 
RELATIVELY DECL9+ PRIVATE CAPITAL1 TO SECURE EXI/+ LIV+ /&>DS1 & 
TO ALL[ = A GR[+ QUANTITY ( NONPR(IT PRODUCTION4 ,S9CE ! NATIONAL 
DEBT CAN BE REFUND$1 IT IS ACTUALLY ONLY ! 9T]E/ ON IT :I* NE$ BE 
COV]$ BY EI!R TAXES OR NEW BORR[+S4 ,& S9CE ! RATE ( PRIVATE 
9VE/M5T DECREASES1 MORE FUNDS BECOME AVAILABLE = GOV]NM5T BORR[+S4 ,9 
! LONG RUN1 H[EV]1 & ) ! CONT9U\S1 FA/] GR[? ( ! 
0PUBLIC0 AS AGA9/ ! 0PRIVATE0 SECTOR ( ! 
ECONOMY1 PR(IT-PRODUCTION MU/ CONTRACT4 ,TO PREV5T ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 
GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION MU/ REMA9 A LIMIT$ P>T ( TOTAL SOCIAL 
PRODUCTION4 ,IF DEF9ITE LIMITS CANNOT BE KEPT1 ! M>KET SY/EM WILL 
EV5TUALLY BE SUP]C$$ BY A POLITICALLY-CONTROLL$ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION AS 
F> REMOV$ FROM ! MIX$ ECONOMY AS ! LATT] IS FROM LAISSEZ-FAIRE 
CAPITALISM4 

,ONCE NONPR(IT PRODUCTION BECOMES AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ P>T ( ! ECONOMY1 
A VICI\S CIRCLE BEG9S TO OP]ATE4 ,GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION IS BEGUN 
BECAUSE PRIVATE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IS DIM9I%+4 ,US+ ?IS ME?OD 
DIM9I%ES PRIVATE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION EV5 MORE2 SO NONPR(IT PRODUCTION IS 
9CREAS$4 ,! ADDITION1 9 ITS TURN1 DIM9I%ES PRIVATE CAPITAL EXPANSION 
FUR!R2 & SO ON4 ,SO LONG AS ! PRIVATE SECTOR DOM9ATES1 !RE IS NO WAY ( 
9DULG+ 9 NONPR(IT PRODUCTION EXCEPT AT ! EXP5SE ( PRIVATE 
CAPITAL'S PR(IT PRODUCTION4 ,! LIMITS ( PRIVATE CAPITAL PRODUCTION >E 
?US1 F9ALLY1 ! LIMITS ( GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION4 ,TO *ANGE ?IS 
SITUATION ?R\< F>!R GO+ /ATE 9T]V5TIONS REQUIRES ! EXI/5CE ( 
GOV]NM5TS ABLE & WILL+ TO DE/ROY ! SOCIAL DOM9ANCE ( PRIVATE CAPITAL 
& TO PROCE$ FROM GOV]NM5T CONTROL TO GOV]NM5T [N]%IP4 

,H[ MU* CAN A GOV]NM5T TAX & BORR[8 ,OBVI\SLY NOT ! :OLE ( ! 
NATIONAL PRODUCT4 ,P]HAPS FIFTY P] C5T8 ,?IS W\LD COME CLOSE TO W>-TIME 
CONDITIONS3 = 9/ANCE1 DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T PUR*AS$ 
R\<LY HALF ( ! NATIONAL PRODUCT4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 H[EV]1 ! RATE 
( 9VE/M5T WAS #b4#i P] C5T ( GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT - A RATE BEL[ 
?AT ( ! DEPRESSION YE>S1 ) ! SOLE EXCEPTION ( #a#i#c#b1 :5 ! RATE 
WAS #a4#e P] C5T4 ,MOREOV]1 TO 9DEF9ITELY CONT9UE A W> ECONOMY WILL DE/ROY 
! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,H[EV]1 UNTIL ! 5D ( #a#i#f#e1 ACTUAL WA/E-PRODUCTION 
9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 I4E41 ! MILIT>Y BUDGET1 COMPRIS$ R\<LY #a P] C5T 
( GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT1 :ILE TOTAL GOV]NM5T EXP5SES ACC\NT$ = AB\T 
ONE-F\R? ( GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT4 ,!RE WAS1 & AT ?IS WRIT+ /ILL IS1 
CONSID]ABLE LEEWAY BE=E ! CONDITIONS ( ! PEACETIME ECONOMY APPROA* 
?OSE ( ! W>TIME ECONOMY4 

,AL?\< PRIVATE CAPITAL CAN EXI/ & EV5 FL\RI% :5 GOV]NM5T 
SP5D+ IS HI< RELATIVE TO NATIONAL PRODUCT1 !RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 AN ABSOLUTE 
CEIL+ TO GOV]NM5T SP5D+1 PA/ :I* PO9T ! TAXATION :I* F9ANCES IT 
WILL R$UCE RA!R ?AN 9 CREASE SOCIAL PRODUCTION4 ,:AT ?IS CEIL+ IS1 OR 
:5 IT WILL BE REA*$1 IS NOT PR$ICTABLE4 ,:5 ! 9CREASE 9 
GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION IS 5\< TO PREV5T PRIVATE CAPITAL =MATION1 
ITS GA9 WILL BE NULLIFI$ BY ! LOSS ( ?AT PRODUCTION :I* PRIVATE CAPITAL 
W\LD HAVE UND]TAK5 = EXPANSION4 ,A FUR!R 9 CREASE 9 GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ 
PRODUCTION W\LD !N BE POSSIBLE ,ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( CONSUMPTION 9 ?AT 
T]M'S TRUE S5SE4 ,?IS PROCESS MAY BE UND]/OOD BY ANALOGY ) ! W> 
ECONOMY3 ! 9CREAS+ AM\NT ( WA/E PRODUCTION :I* OCCURS DUR+ W> IS 
MADE POSSIBLE BY RE/RICT+ CONSUMPTION & CUTT+ D[N NEW ,CAPITAL 
9VE/M5TS4 ,EV5TUALLY1 H[EV]1 WA/E PRODUCTION IS AT ! EXP5SE ( 
CONSUMPTION ONLY2 = ! PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS MU/ BE REPLAC$ & EXT5D$ IF 
WA/E PRODUCTION IS TO GR[4 

,AL?\< HI< TAXES DO NOT NECESS>ILY IMPLY ?AT PRIVATE 5T]PRISE IS 
BE+ REPLAC$ BY GOV]NM5T PRODUCTION1 SOME ,KEYNESIANS RECOGNIZE ?AT 
0A HI< RATE ( TAXATION IS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO SOCIALISM 444 ,IF A 
GOV]NM5T COLLECTS FIFTY P] C5T ( ! PR(ITS ( BUS9ESS1 9 TAXES1 & 
BECAUSE ( 'LOSS EFFECT1' ALSO C>RIES FIFTY P] C5T ( ! 
LOSSES1 IT IS JU/ AS IF ! GOV]NM5T [N$ FIFTY P] C5T ( ! BUS9ESS444 
,! HI< TAX RATES CAN MORE PROP]LY BE SAID TO BE SOCIALISM ?AN TO ?REAT5 
IT40.<#a.> ,IT IS = 
?IS REASON ?AT 0SOCIALI/ICALLY-ORI5T$0 ,KEYNESIANS DO NOT 
EXPECT ?AT ! ,KEYNESIAN 0REM$IES0 WILL BE FULLY APPLI$ BY 
CAPITALI/IC GOV]NM5TS1 BUT LOOK TO ! RISE ( SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5TS :I* 
COMB9E 0! ,KEYNESIAN ECONOMIC POLICIES ) ! TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ 
MEASURES ( PUBLIC [N]%IP & SOCIAL RE=M40.<#b.> 

,AS ! LIMITS ( PRIVATE PR(IT PRODUCTION >E ALSO ! LIMITS ( 
GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION1 ! LATT] WILL BECOME LESS EFFECTIVE AS IT 
9CREASES 9 SCALE4 ,A FL\RI%+ MIX$ ECONOMY CAN ?US ONLY BE CONSID]$ A 
TEMPOR>Y /ATE1 OR A TRANSITORY CONDITION BETWE54 ,LAISSEZ-FAIRE & /ATE 
CAPITALISM4 ,:]EAS ,KEYNES HIMSELF DID NOT 79 !ORY7 %Y AWAY FROM ! IDEA 
?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MIX$ ECONOMY MAY LEAD TO A COMPLETELY 7UNMIX$7 
/ATE-CONTROLL$ ECONOMY1 HIS B\RGEOIS DISCIPLES LOOK UPON ! MIX$ ECONOMY 
AS A P]MAN5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,BUT !IR ONLY ANSW] TO >IS+ DIFFICULTIES 
)9 ! MIX$ ECONOMY IS A REQUE/ = MORE EXT5SIVE /ATE 9T]V5TIONS1 
:I* MU/ EV5TUALLY ROB ! MIX$ ECONOMY ( ITS 
0P]MAN5CE40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 COMMODITIES MU/ HAVE BO? EX*ANGE- & USE-VALUE4 ,9 
CAPITALISM ! PRODUCTION ( USE-VALUES CEASES :5 & :]EV] !Y CANNOT 
FUNCTION AS EX*ANGE-VALUES4 ,9 ! MIX$ ECONOMY1 H[EV]1 MAT]IAL PRODUCTION 
7USE-VALUE PRODUCTION7 CONT9UES EV5 ?\< NO EX*ANGE-VALUE ATTA*ES TO IT4 
,! 9CREASE ( 0USE-VALUES0 9 L>GELY USELESS =MS ACCOMPANIES 
! RELATIVE DECREASE ( USE-VALUES CAPABLE ( S]V+ AS EX*ANGE-VALUES4 ,?IS 
IS A MODIFI$ REAPPE>ANCE ( ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 MAT]IAL- & 
VALUE-PRODUCTION ELUCIDAT$ BY ,M>X4 ,UND] LAISSEZ-FAIRE CONDITIONS1 ?IS 
DISCREPANCY CAME TO ! =E 9 ! CRISIS ( OV]PRODUCTION2 IT L$ TO 
PROLONG$ DEPRESSIONS1 :I* RE/OR$ ! CAPITALI/ICALLY-NECESS>Y 
RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAT]IAL- & VALUE-PRODUCTION4 ,BUT 9 ! MIX$ ECONOMY 
!RE IS NO RE/ORATION ( ?IS 0DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM0 ) ITS 
0PROP]0 RELATION%IP BETWE5 PR(ITABILITY & ACCUMULATION2 
9/EAD1 A GR[+ P>T ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION IS C>RI$ ON \TSIDE ! PR(IT 
SY/EM & TO ?AT T5T 9DICATES ! SY/EM'S DECL9E4 

,! PR(ITABILITY ( ! EXI/+ & RELATIVELY /AGNAT+ CAPITAL CAN 
NONE!LESS BE MA9TA9$ ?R\< AN ACCEL]AT$ 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY 
( LABOR1 ?AT IS1 ?R\< LABOR-DISPLAC+ & CAPITAL 9NOVATIONS4 ,! MORE 
GOV]NM5T-9DUC$ PRODUCTION GR[S1 ! MORE URG5T IS ! NE$ = GREAT] 
PRODUCTION TO MA9TA9 ! PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL4 ,YET ! /EADY 9CREASE 
PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY REPRODUCES ! NE$ = FUR!R VA/ 9CREASES 9 
PRODUCTIVITY ON AN EV]-N>R[+ BASE ( PRIVATE CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,EV5 IF 
CAPITAL-SAV+ 9NOVATIONS *ECK ! GR[+ DISCREPANCY BETWE5 ?AT CAPITAL 
9VE/$ 9 MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ?AT 9VE/$ 9 LABOR-P[]1 & 9 ?IS 
MANN] CURB ! FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT1 ! CONSI/5T DISPLACEM5T ( 
LABOR BY LABOR-SAV+ DEVICES WILL 5=CE ?IS T5D5TIAL FALL4 ,YET CAPITALISM 
CANNOT DO )\T ! /EADY DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR AS ! ONLY EFFECTIVE MEANS 
( COP+ ) ! 9T5SIFI$ PRESSURE ON ! RATE ( PR(IT BR\<T AB\T BY 
! 9CREAS+ MASS ( NON PR(ITABLE PRODUCTION4 ,:ILE ! 9CREASE ( 
PRODUCTIVITY ?R\< LABOR-DISPLACEM5TS IS A WAY \T = CAPITALISM1 IT IS A 
WAY :I* 5DS 9 A CUL-DE-SAC4 

,ANY P>TICUL> /ATE ( CAPITALISM IS TRANSITORY1 EV5 ?\< IT MAY PREVAIL 
= A CONSID]ABLE L5G? ( TIME4 ,IT IS ONLY BY CONSID]+ ! G5]AL LAWS 
( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT ITS GIV5 HI/ORICAL /AGES REVEAL !IR 
TRANSI5T NATURE4 ,! QUE/ION IS1 !N1 :E!R ! G5]AL LAWS ( CAPITALI/ 
DEVELOPM5T CAN BE SET ASIDE BY TE*NOLOGICAL & POLITICAL MEANS1 :I* ATT5D 
TO BO? ! PR(IT NE$S ( PRIVATE CAPITAL & ! 0G5]AL SOCIAL 
WELF>E0 BY ! SIMPLE EXP$I5T ( NONPR(IT PRODUCTION = ?IS IS 
EXACTLY :AT HAS HAPP5$4 ,TO SEE ?IS PROCESS AS A P]MAN5T & EV]-WID5+ 
SOCIAL PRACTICE IS TO ASSUME ?AT CAPITALISM CAN TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO ANO!R 
SY/EM 9 :I* - TO SPEAK 9 ,M>XIAN T]MS - IS NO LONG] 
EX*ANGE-VALUE BUT USE-VALUE :I* RULES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 DEF9ITE SOCIAL RELATIONS1 OR PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 
CORRESPOND TO DEF9ITE SOCIAL PRODUCTIVE =CES RELEAS$ BY !M & B\ND TO 
!IR EXI/5CE4 ,! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION%IP DET]M9ES ! UNFOLD+ ( 
TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T AS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,ONLY )9 ! FRAME 
( CAPITAL =MA ION DO SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY EXP& ! CAPACITIES ( SOCIAL 
PRODUCTION BY 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,CAPITAL IS CONGEAL$ 
SURPLUS-LABOR 9 ! =M ( SURPLUS-VALUE2 IT FE$S & EXP&S ON LIV+ 
LABOR4 ,9S(> AS TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T IS A FUNCTION ( CAPITAL =MATION1 
! CAPITAL ACCUMULAT$ IS ! MAT]IALIZATION ( UNPAID LABOR-TIME4 ,! 
R$UCTION ( LABOR-TIME IMPLIES ! R$UCTION ( UNPAID LABOR-TIME AS WELL4 ,TO 
BE SURE1 UNPAID LABOR-TIME CAN BE 9CREAS$ AT ! EXPANSE ( PAID LABOR TIME1 
EV5 :ILE TOTAL LABOR-TIME IS DECREAS$ ?R\< ! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY4 
,AS LESS LABOR-TIME IS NE$$ TO PRODUCE ! COMMODITY EQUIVAL5T ( ! 
WORK]S' 9COME1 MORE ( ! TOTAL LABOR-TIME CAN TAKE ON ! =M ( 
PRODUCTS APPROPRIAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S4 ,YET ! CONT9U\S R$UCTION ( 
LABOR-TIME ?R\< ! DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR]S MU/ EV5TUALLY R$UCE ! 
TOTAL UNPAID LABOR-TIME1 & :]E !RE IS NO LABOR1 !RE CAN BE NO 
SURPLUS-LABOR - &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 NO ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 

,:ATEV] ! EXT5T ( AUTOMATION & COMPUT]IZATION1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION 
NEI!R OP]ATE NOR REPRODUCE !MSELVES4 ,!IR [N]S1 ! CAPITALI/S1 ON ! 
IMPROBABLE ASSUMPTION ?AT !Y !MSELVES 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION W\LD !REBY 
CEASE TO BE CAPITALI/S1 ?AT IS1 BUY]S ( LABOR-P[] = PURPOSES ( 
EXPLOITATION4 ,ASSUM+ :AT IS MORE PROBABLE1 ?AT !Y SUCCE$ 9 CONT9U\SLY 
R$UC+ ! NUMB] ( PRODUCTIVE WORK]S1 !Y W\LD ALSO R$UCE ! UNPAID 
LABOR-TIME RELATIVE TO ! MASS ( ! ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL4 ,IT WILL !N BECOME 
9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT TO CONT9UE ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS1 :I* IS ONLY 
! ACCUMULATION ( UNPAID LABOR-TIME TRANS=M$ 9TO PR(IT-YIELD+ NEW 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS >E VALUE RELATIONS1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION >E NOT ?AT ONLY BUT >E ALSO CAPITAL VALUES1 & ?AT LABOR-P[] 
IS NOT ?AT ONLY BUT IS ! S\RCE ( VALUE & SURPLUS-VALUE4 ,TO CONSUMMATE 
! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS SURPLUS-VALUE MU/ BE SUFFICI5T TO 5SURE 
ITS 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION4 ,AS VALUE-RELATIONS >E LABOR-TIME RELATIONS1 IT 
%\LD BE CLE> ?AT A R$UCTION ( LABOR-TIME :I* W\LD DI/URB ! 
NECESS>Y RELATION%IP BETWE5 SURPLUS-VALUE & CAPITAL IS NOT COMPATIBLE ) 
CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE ! R$UCTION ( SOCIAL LABOR TIME 
BECOMES A DETRIM5T TO CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 ! R$UCTION ( LABOR-CO/S REMA9S 
A NECESS>Y REQUIREM5T = EA* S+LE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE OR CORPORATION4 
,!IR PR(ITABILITY 9CREASES AS !IR LABOR-CO/S DIM9I%4 ,IT IS = ?IS 
REASON ?AT ! DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR BY CAPITAL CANNOT BE HALT$ )9 ! 
COMPETITIVE CAPITAL =MATION PROCESS1 EV5 ?\< IT UND]M9ES ! V]Y 
/RUCTURE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,ALL SOCIAL PROGRESS IS BAS$ ON ! ABILITY TO PRODUCE MORE ) LESS LABOR4 
,CAPITALISM IS NO EXCEPTION4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ALWAYS DISPLACES LABOR1 
:I* IS ONLY ANO!R WAY TO SAY+ ! PRODUCTION 9CREASES ) ! 
9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,A RAPID RATE ( CAPITAL =MATION1 H[EV]1 
CAN 9CREASE ! ABSOLUTE NUMB] ( WORK]S :ILE DECREAS+ ?IS NUMB] 
RELATIVE TO ! GR[+ CAPITAL4 ,IT IS !N ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ( RELATIVE 
CAPITAL /AGNATION ?AT ADVANC+ TE*NOLOGY DIM9I%ES ! NUMB] ( WORK]S 
ABSOLUTELY4 

,AL?\< ,M>X EXP]I5C$ UNEMPLOYM5T AS A SOCIAL FACT1 HE HELD ?AT FULL 
EMPLOYM5T WAS AS POSSIBLE AS UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,! LEVEL ( EMPLOYM5T DEP5D$ ON 
! RATE ( CAPITAL =MATION4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! DISPLACEM5T ( HUMAN LABOR BY 
! MA*9E WAS :AT 9DU/RIALIZATION WAS ALL AB\T4 ,& ?IS SAME PROCESS1 
ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 TURN$ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR 9TO ! 
0PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL40 ,AL?\< ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 
REPRES5T A DEF9ITE SUM ( VALUES & CAN BE CAPITALI/ICALLY PRODUCTIVE ONLY 
?R\< ! 5L>GEM5T ( ?IS SUM ( VALUES1 IT IS ! QUANTITY & QUALITY 
( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 !IR PHYSICAL =M1 RA!R ?AN LABOR-TIME1 
:I* EXPRESSES ! GR[+ PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( SOCIAL LABOR4 ,BUT AS LONG AS 
EX*ANGE-VALUE IS ! GOAL ( PRODUCTION1 LABOR-TIME QUANTITIES REMA9 ! 
S\RCE & MEASURE ( CAPITALI/ WEAL?4 ,AL?\< ! 0V]Y DEVELOPM5T 
( ! MOD]N MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9DICATES TO :AT A L>GE DEGREE ! G5]AL 
KN[L$GE ( SOCIETY HAS BECOME A DIRECT PRODUCTIVE P[]1 :I* CON/ITUTES 
! LIFE ( SOCIETY & DET]M9ES ITS TRANS=MATION1 .<#c.> 0CAPITALISM'S P>TICUL> 
CONTRIBUTION TO ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS CONSI/S ( NO MORE ?AN 9 ITS USE ( 
ALL ! M$IA ( ! >TS & SCI5CES TO 9CREASE ! SURPLUS-LABOR1 BECAUSE 
ITS WEAL?1 9 VALUE =M1 IS NO?+ BUT ! APPROPRIATION ( SURPLUS-LABOR 
TIME40.<#d.> 

,W]E IT NOT = ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ! GR[? ( SOCIAL 
WEAL? W\LD BY A CONT9U\S R$UCTION ( DIRECT LABOR TIME1 & ! WEAL? ( 
SOCIETY W\LD BE 0MEASUR$ NOT BY LABOR TIME BUT BY FREE TIME4 
,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 0LABOR-TIME CEASES TO BE ! MEASURE ( WEAL?1 & 
EX*ANGE-VALUE CEASES TO BE ! MEASURE ( USE-VALUE1 AS SOON AS LABOR 9 ITS 
DIRECT =M CEASES TO BE ! S\RCE ( WEAL?40.<#e.> ,AL?\< 9 AN ANTAGONI/IC =M1 ! 
DIM9UTION ( LABOR TIME AS ! S\RCE & MEASURE ( VALUE ALREADY TAKES PLACE 
UND] CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS4 ,BUT H]E IT 9VOLVES ! R$UCTION ( 
SURPLUS-VALUE RELATIVE TO ! GR[+ MASS ( CAPITAL4 ,& H]E IT IS ! 
PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 NOT ! 0PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL10 :I* 
ACC\NTS = ! CAPITALI/IC PR(IT4 ,TO BE SURE1 PR(IT PRESUPPOSES ! 
EXI/5CE ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT PR(ITS CAN ONLY BE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PAID & 
UNPAID LABOR4 ,IF !Y %\LD 9 SOME MY/]I\S FA%ION D]IVE FROM ! 
0PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL10 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! LABOR :I* FIR/ 
SETS ?IS CAPITAL 9 MOTION1 !Y W\LD NOT BE PR(ITS 9 ! CAPITALI/IC 
S5SE1 = !Y W\LD NOT BE ! RESULT ( LABOR EXPLOITATION4 ,IT W\LD /ILL 
BE TRUE ?AT CAPITAL REPRES5TS TRANS=M$ PA/ SURPLUS-LABOR1 BUT IT W\LD NO 
LONG] BE DET]M9$ BY LIV+ LABOR4 ,ACTUALLY1 ( C\RSE1 CAPITAL PRESUPPOSES 
WAGE-LABOR JU/ AS WAGE-LABOR PRESUPPOSES CAPITAL2 !Y >E ! TWO NECESS>Y 
SIDES ( CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,:]E !RE IS NO CAPITAL 9VOLV$ 
9 PRODUCTION1 !RE IS NO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 & :]E CAPITAL IS NO LONG] 
DEP5D5T ON WAGE-LABOR1 CAPITALISM HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/4 

,A VA/ 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY MAKES IT POSSIBLE = PRIVATE & GOV]NM5T 
PRODUCTION TO GR[ SIDE BY SIDE4 ,BUT ! RESULT+ PROSP]ITY IS DECEPTIVE2 = 
! CR$IT ME*ANISM :I* FO/]S 9 CREAS$ PRODUCTION IS BAS$ ON FUTURE 
PR(ITS1 :I* MAY OR MAY NOT MAT]IALIZE4 ,?IS PSEUDO-PROSP]ITY ?US REQUIRES 
A CONT9U\S & ACCEL]AT+ 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY1 & ! NE$ ONLY BE 
COMES GREAT] AS 0PROSP]ITY0 CONT9UES4 ,LESS-PRODUCTIVE MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION MU/ CONT9UALLY BE REPLAC$ BY MORE-PRODUCTIVE ONES1 & A PORTION 
( REALIZABLE PR(ITS MU/ BE US$ AS ADDITIONAL CAPITAL = ?IS PURPOSE4 

,9 VIEW ( ! PRES5T TR5D ( AUTOMATION1 IT IS MORE G5]ALLY DISC]N$ 
?AT ! GR[+ DISCREPANCY BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL T5DS T[>D A PO9T ( 
DEVELOPM5T AT :I* FUR!R PROGRESSIVE CAPITAL EXPANSION ?R\< LABOR 
EXPLOITATION W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,?IS GR[+ CONVICTION IMPLIES AN 
UNCONSCI\S ACCEPTANCE ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( ACCUMULATION1 IF ONLY BECAUSE 
! IDEA IS DRESS$ 9 NON-,M>XIAN T]MS4 ,9/EAD ( D$UC+ ! EV5TUAL 
COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM FROM ! GR[+ 0PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR10 
:I* IS ONLY ANO!R EXPRESSION = ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ! 9V]T$ 
0,M>XI/S0 D$UCE IT FROM ! GR[+ 0PRODUCTIVITY ( 
CAPITAL0 & ITS T5D5CY TO DISPLACE LABOR4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 ! SY/EM 
( CAPITAL PRODUCTION ?R\< LABOR EXPLOITATION COMES TO AN 5D4 ,S9CE ! 
GR[+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR IMPLIES ! GR[+ PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL1 AN 
5D ( CAPITALISM BY WAY ( AUTOMATION EQUATES ) ! 5D ( CAPITALISM = 
LACK ( SURPLUS-VALUE4 

,:ATEV] ! !ORY1 H[EV]1 ! 5D ( CAPITALISM IS NOT AS YET 9 SI<T4 
,SURPLUS-VALUE IS /ILL PRODUC$ 9 SUFFICI5T MEASURE TO SECURE ! 
PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL )9 ! CONDITIONS ( A DECL9+ RATE ( CAPITAL 
EXPANSION2 & AUTOMATION1 CONSID]$ 9 RELATION TO WORLD-CAPITALISM1 IS AS 
YET NO MORE ?AN AN EXOTIC EXCEPTION TO A RA!R /AGNANT TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 
,M>X'S VIEW1 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T IS LIMIT$ BY ! CONDITIONS ( 
CAPITAL PRODUCTION2 ! FULL REALIZATION ( ITS POT5TIALITIES IS IMPOSSIBLE 
)\T ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,AT A C]TA9 PO9T 
9 ITS DEVELOPM5T CAPITAL BECOMES A H9DRANCE TO A FUR!R UNFOLD+ ( ! 
SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & *ANGES FROM A PROGRESSIVE TO A REGRESSIVE 
SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS IS N[ ALONE ABLE TO 
OV]?R[ ! B>RI] TO FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 ,BY 5D+ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
IT CLE>S ! WAY = ! SOCIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCEM5T :I* CAN 
EV5TUALLY ABOLI% UNWANT$ & DISAGREEABLE HUMAN LABOR4 ,9 ,M>X'S VIEW1 
CAPITALISM'S EXPLOITATIVE CLASS RELATIONS MADE IT AN ECONOMICALLY LIMIT$ 
SY/EM & AN OB/ACLE TO TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,ON ?IS LA/ ISSUE1 TOO1 ,M>X APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 WRONG BECAUSE ( ! 
SO-CALL$ SECOND 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ATOMIC P[] & 
AUTOMATION4 ,/RANGELY 5\<1 H[EV]1 ?IS NEW TRIUMPH OV] ,M>X'S 
GLOOMY PROGNO/ICATIONS IS R>ELY CELEBRAT$ AS A SOLUTION TO CURR5T SOCIAL 
PROBLEMS4 ,RA!R IT IS SE5 AS ! H>B+] ( NEW & P]HAPS 9SOLUBLE 
DIFFICULTIES4 ,SUSPICION ?AT !RE IS A POSSIBLE 9COMP>ABILITY BETWE5 ! 
NEW TE*NOLOGY & ! PREVAIL+ SOCIO-ECONOMIC RELATIONS RUNS ?R\< ! 
GR[+ LIT]ATURE ON AUTOMATION4 ,:ILE MO/ ( ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! 
CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAVE SEE BE5 OV]COME1 ! PROBLEM ( P]MAN5T & 
L>GE-SCALE UNEMPLOYM5T APPE>S TO BE ! LA/ & MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL 
CAPITALI/IC CONTRADICTIONS4 

,!RE IS NO DE>? ( DATA ON AUTOMATION4 ,ITS *ANG+ /ATI/ICS APPE> 
EV]Y:]E1 9 ! DAILY PRESS AS WELL AS 9 SCI5TIFIC PUBLICATIONS4 ,!SE 
/ATI/ICS SIMPLY 9DICATE 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY1 PRODUCTION1 & 
PR(ITABILITY ?R\< ! R$UCTION ( ! LABOR =CE4 ,! IMPACT ( 
AUTOMATION DIFF]S ) DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES4 ,IT IS P>TICUL>LY NOTICEABLE 9 
TEXTILES1 COAL M9+1 OIL1 /EEL1 *EMICALS1 RAILROADS1 & AUTOMOBILES1 BUT 
IT AFFECTS ALL L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION 9 9CREAS+ MEASURE AS WELL AS 
COMM]CIAL & ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES & TO SOME EXT5T EV5 AGRICULTURE4 
,IT DOES AWAY ) 0:ITE COLL>0 & 0BLUE COLL>0 
JOBS2 PRES5TLY MORE ( ! LATT] ?AN ( ! =M]1 ?\< ?IS MAY *ANGE 
9 TIME4 

,H[EV]1 AUTOMATION IS /ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY & ! EXI/+ NUMB] ( 
UNEMPLOY$ MAY NOT BE TRACEABLE TO ! LABOR DISPLACEM5TS IT CAUSES4 ,CLE>LY1 
WORK]S LOSE !IR JOBS DUE TO AUTOMATION2 BUT !IR 9ABILITY TO F9D O!R 
EMPLOYM5T MAY BE ! RESULT ( AT DECL9+ RATE ( CAPITAL =MATION4 ,AFT] 
ALL1 !RE W]E SIXTE5 MILLION UNEMPLOY$ 9 ,AM]ICA DUR+ ! ,GREAT 
,DEPRESSION4 ,DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR BY MA*9]Y HAS BE5 CONT9U\S & HAS NOT 
PREV5T$ A /EADY GR[? ( ! WORK =CE4 ,IT IS FE>$1 H[EV]1 ?AT 
AUTOMATION IS SO DIFF]5T 9 DEGREE FROM PREVI\S TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T AS 
TO AM\NT TO A DIFF]5CE 9 K9D4 ,! SOCIAL PROBLEM IT POSES IS ?\<T TO BE 
UNIQUE & 9SOLUBLE BY ANALOGY ) PA/ CONDITIONS4 

,EVALUAT+ ! IMPACT ( AUTOMATION UPON ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY1 ,DONALD ,N4 
,MI*AEL1 = EXAMPLE1 ATTEMPTS A PROGNOSIS ( ITS POSSIBLE SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES 
)9 ! NEXT TWO DECADES4.<#f.> ,HIS /UDY IS BAS$ ON A NUMB] ( ASSUMPTIONS1 ALL 
( :I* IMPLY ?AT TR5DS WILL REMA9 L>GELY :AT !Y >E N[ & :AT !Y 
HAVE BE5 DUR+ ! LA/ T5 YE>S4 ,MI*AEL EMPLOYS ! T]M 
0CYB]NATION0 TO ACC\NT SIMULTANE\SLY = 
0AUTOMATION0 & 0COMPUT]S10 :I* USUALLY GO TOGE!R 
9 ! APPLICATION ( CYB]NETICS TO PRODUCTION PROCESSES4 ,WE WILL LEAVE ASIDE 
ALL ! WONDR\S EXI/+ & POT5TIAL CAPABILITIES ( CYB]NATION1 & WILL 
M]ELY 9DICATE :AT ,MI*AEL1 AMONG O!RS1 CONSID]S TO BE ! ADVANTAGES ( 
CYB]NATION4 ,! ADVANTAGES = BO? BUS9ESS FIRMS & GOV]NM5TS >E PLA9LY 
TO 0BOO/ \TPUT & CUT CO/S10 LEAD+ TO SUCCESS 9 PRIVATE & 
NATIONAL COMPETITION4 ,! O!R ADVANTAGES ,MI*AEL M5TIONS1 SU* AS 
0R$UC+ ! MAGNITUDE ( MANAGEM5T'S HUMAN RELATIONS TASKS2 
GREAT] RATIONALIZATION ( MANAG]IAL ACTIVITIES2 FREE+ MANAGEM5T FROM PETTY 
DI/RACTIONS2 GREAT] FRE$OM 9 LOCAT+ FACILITIES10 & SO =?1 >E 
ALL ASPECTS (1 OR DIFF]5T EXPRESSIONS = ! *EAP5+ ( PRODUCTION4 
,EXPRESS$ 9 ,MI*AEL'S G5TEEL FA%ION3 0,IF ! CRIT]IA >E 
UND]/&+1 & PR(ITS1 !RE >E /RONG REASONS :Y GOV]NM5T & 
BUS9ESS %\LD WANT TO1 & 9DE$ W\LD HAVE TO1 EXP& CYB]NATION AS 
RAPIDLY AS !Y CAN40 .<#g.> 

,! ADVANTAGES ( CYB]NATION WILL1 H[EV]1 BE (FSET BY ! PROBLEM ( 
UNEMPLOYM5T1 :I* WILL EV5TUALLY AFFECT ALL OCCUPATIONS - ! 
UNSKILL$ MORE ?AN ! SKILL$1 CONSEQU5TLY ,NEGRO WORK]S MORE ?AN :ITE 
WORK]S4 ,! PRES5T RELOCATION FROM PRODUCTION TO S]VICE 9DU/RIES WILL COME 
TO AN 5D4 0,IF PEOPLE CO/ MORE ?AN MA*9ES - EI!R 9 MONEY OR 
BECAUSE ( ! MANAG]IAL EF=T 9VOLV$ - !RE WILL BE /RONG 
9C5TIVE TO REPLACE !M 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R 9 MO/ S]VICE ACTIVITIES 
:]E !Y P]=M R\T9E1 PR$EF9$ TASKS40 .<#h.> ,AS TE*NOLOGY ALL[S FEW] PEOPLE TO DO 
MORE WORK1 MANY ( ! 9T]M$I>Y MIDDLE-CLASS MANAGEM5T JOBS WILL ALSO 
DISAPPE>4 

,!RE >E1 ( C\RSE1 ANSW]S TO ! PROJECT$ DILEMMA1 SU* AS ! 
RETRA9+ & UPGRAD+ ( LABOR & ! %ORT5+ ( WORK+ H\RS = ! 
SAME PAY1 OR EV5 PRICE R$UCTIONS LEAD+ TO A L>G] CONSUM] DEM&4 ,BUT 
BECAUSE ALL WORK]S >E AFFECT$ BY CYB]NATION1 ,MI*AEL FEELS ?AT SU* 
PROPOSALS WILL NOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM4 ,HIS [N SUGGE/ION IS A L>GE PUBLIC 
WORKS PROGRAM1 = 0AL?\< ! PROPORTION ( WORK]S NE$$ = ANY 
P>TICUL> TASK WILL BE R$UC$ ?R\< ! USE ( CYB]NATION1 ! TOTAL 
NUMB] ( TASKS ?AT NE$ TO BE DONE C\LD EQUAL OR EXCE$ ! ABSOLUTE NUMB] 
( PEOPLE AVAILABLE TO DO !M40 .<#i.> ,HE ?9KS1 H[EV]1 ?AT SU* A POLICY W\LD RUN 
C\NT] TO ! CAPITALI/ SPIRIT4 ,IT MAY1 !RE=E1 BE SELF-DEFEAT+ = FREE 
5T]PRISE TO 5C\RAGE CYB]NATION4 

,:ILE ! CONSEQU5CES ( CYB]NATION MAY 5DANG] ! FREE 5T]PRISE 
SY/EM1 ! V]Y CONT9UANCE ( ?IS SY/EM COMPELS 9 CREAS$ AUTOMATION4 
,MI*AEL SEES ! DILEMMA3 ! \TLOOK IS UNFAVORABLE ) CYB]NATION 
IT IS JU/ AS BAD )\T IT4 

,GREAT] GOV]NM5T CONTROL & NATIONAL PLANN+ >E1 9 HIS VIEW1 ONLY 
P>TIAL SOLUTIONS4 ,IDEOLOGY & GOALS MU/ *ANGE1 & ! REQUIR$ 
C5TRALIZATION ( AU?ORITY 0W\LD SEEM TO IMPLY A GOV]N+ ELITE & A 
POPUL> ACCEPTANCE ( SU* AN ELITE40 ,IF NEWLY EVOLV+ BEHAVIORAL 
/&>DS DO NOT COMPLEM5T ! CYB]NAT$ FUTURE1 FEEL+S ( FRU/RATION & 
PO9TLESSNESS 0MAY WELL EVOKE A W> ( DESP]ATION - O/5SIBLY 
AGA9/ SOME EXT]NAL 5EMY BUT1 9 FACT1 A W> TO MAKE ! WORLD SAFE = 
HUMAN BE+S BY DE/ROY+ MO/ ( SOCIETY'S SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGICAL 
BASE40.<#a.> 
,OBVI\SLY1 H[EV]1 IT W\LD MORE PROBABLY BE A W> 9 :I* ! SOPHI/ICAT$ 
TE*NOLOGY W\LD S]VE TO DE/ROY MO/ ( MANK9D4 

,H[EV]1 BO? TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T & CAPITAL =MATION CORRESPOND TO 
UND]LY+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & MAY BE ALT]$ BY *ANG+ !SE 
RELATION%IPS4 ,:ILE AUTOMATION 5HANCES CAPITAL DEVELOPM5T IT IS ALSO LIMIT$ 
BY ! EXI/+ CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS4 ,?IS IS A FAMILI> PH5OM5ON3 
MONOPOLIZATION IS AN 9/RUM5T ( BO? CAPITAL EXPANSION & CAPITAL 
CONTRACTION2 ! DRIVE = PR(ITS R$UCES CAPITAL'S PR(ITABILITY4 ,ANY 
PROGNOSIS AB\T ! CYB]NATION PROCESS MU/1 FIR/ ( ALL1 RAISE ! QUE/ION 
AS TO H[ F> ?IS PROCESS CAN BE C>RI$ BY ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,:AT IS 
FEASIBLE TE*NICALLY MAY NOT BE SO ECONOMICALLY2 & :AT MAY BE FEASIBLE 
ECONOMICALLY MAY NOT BE SO SOCIALLY4 

,:]EAS ,MI*AEL APPROA*ES AUTOMATION FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( TE*NOLOGY1 
ECONOMI/S USUALLY APPROA* IT FROM ! ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW4 ,S4 ,KUZNETS1 = 
9/ANCE1 ?9KS IT NECESS>Y TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 POT5TIAL & ACTUAL 
TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE4 ,AL?\< ! 0CONCEPT ( POT5TIAL TE*NOLOGICAL 
*ANGE IS DIFFICULT TO DEF9E PRECISELY1 LET ALONE MEASURE10 HE WRITES1 
0IT IS EXTREMELY USEFUL1 = IT PO9TS TO ! FACT ?AT ( ! L>GE FL[ 
( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE (F]$1 AS IT W]E1 TO SOCIETY1 ONLY A P>T IS 
EMBODI$ 9 ! PRODUCTIVE /RUCTURE1 MA9LY BECAUSE ( LIMITATIONS ( CAPITAL 
& ( 5TREPR5EURIAL ABILITY40.<#a#a.> ,KUZNETS ?9KS1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! NEXT ?REE 
DECADES WILL WITNESS AN ACCEL]ATION ( ! RATE ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE1 
MA9LY BECAUSE ( A QUICK5+ 9 ! PACE ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,IT SEEMS 
C]TA91 HE SAYS1 0?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( NONMILIT>Y APPLICATIONS ( 
NUCLE> PHYSICS1 ( ELECTRONICS 9 AUTOMATION & COMMUNICATIONS WILL HAVE AN 
IMM5SE IMPACT UPON ! PRODUCTION SY/EM40.<#a#b.> ,ALL ?IS WILL GIVE MOM5TUM TO ! 
DEM& = CAPITAL FUNDS & ,KUZNETS ?9KS IT NOT UNLIKELY ?AT ! NEW 
TE*NOLOGY - AT ANY RATE 9ITIALLY - WILL REQUIRE AN AM\NT ( 
CAPITAL ?AT CAN BE BR\<T =? ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ! NATIONAL PRODUCT4 ,9 
O!R WORDS1 9/ALLATION ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGY MAY REQUIRE A L>G] P>T ( 
TOTAL PRODUCTION = NEW MAT]IAL CAPITAL EQUIPM5T & LEAVE A CORRESPOND+LY 
SMALL] P>T = IMM$IATE UTILIZATION & CONSUMPTION4 

,SO IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 9 ! PA/ UND] CONDITIONS ( CAPITAL =MATION4 ,& 
EV5 ?\< ! MAT]IAL REQUIREM5TS ( CAPITAL =MATION MAY BE MORE 
=MIDABLE = ! SECOND 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ?AN !Y W]E = ! FIR/1 
!Y MAY BE NEV]!LESS ATTA9ABLE4 ,! MORE SO AS ! NEW TE*NOLOGY MAY1 
EV5TUALLY1 DEM& A SMALL] AM\NT ( CAPITAL TO YIELD A GREAT] PRODUCT ?AN 
HAS BE5 TRUE = ! 0CONV5TIONAL0 TE*NOLOGY4 ,BUT NEW CAPITAL 9 
VE/M5TS MU/ BE F9ANC$4 ,! QUE/ION IS !N 0:E!R ! SAV+S 
PATT]NS 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR .<( ! ECONOMY.> SUGGE/S SAV+ PROPORTIONS 
?AT WILL MAT* ! PROSPECTIVE DEM& = CAPITAL40 ,! CONC]N IS ) 
! PRIVATE SECTOR ALONE1 = 0! GOV]NM5T SECTOR IS NOT LIKELY TO 
HAVE NET SAV+S 9 ! LONG T]M PROSPECT4 ,9DE$1 IT MAY BE =C$ TO DRAW 
UPON ! SAV+S ( ! PRIVATE SECTOR40.<#a#c.> ,BECAUSE ( AN ACTUAL DECL9E ( ! PRIVATE 
SECTOR'S SAV+S PROP5SITY1 ,KUZNETS ?9KS ?AT ! PREVI\SLY 
EXP]I5C$ 0PRESSURE ( ! DEM& = GOODS UPON ! SUPPLY ( SAV+S 
WILL P]SI/40 ,HE SUGGE/S1 CAUTI\SLY1 ?AT 0DUR+ ! #a#i#d#h-#a#i#e#g 
DECADE A COMB9ATION ( HI<-LEVEL DEM& = CONSUM]S' GOODS & 
CONT9U$ HI< LEVEL ( GOV]NM5T DRAFTS = CURR5T CONSUMPTION MI<T HAVE 
KEPT PRIVATE SAV+S & CAPITAL =MATION BEL[ ! PROPORTION REQUIR$ TO 
9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY SUFFICI5TLY TO (FSET 9FLATION>Y PRESSURES40 
,AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND1 & 9 VIEW ( AN EXPECT$ GR[? ( ! 
NONPRODUCTIVE POPULATION1 RIS+ GOV]NM5T EXP5DITURES1 & CONT9U$ HI< 
LEVELS ( CONSUMPTION1 ,KUZNETS FE>S ?AT ! SUPPLY ( VOLUNT>Y SAV+S MAY 
NOT HE ADEQUATE TO ! DEM&4 ,= ?IS REASON 9FLATION PRESSURES.<#a#d.> MAY WELL CONT9UE1 
) ! RESULT ?AT P>T ( ! SAV+S NE$$ = CAPITAL =MATION 
GOV]NM5T CONSUMPTION WILL BE EXTRACT$ ?R\< ?IS P>TICUL> 
ME*ANISM40.<#a#e.> 
,:ILE A LACK ( 9VE/M5T CAPITAL MAY HAMP] CYB]NATION1 ! SAME LACK IS 
ALSO ITS RAISON D'ETRE4 ,! EXPECT$ RISE ( PR(ITABILITY IS 
SUPPOS$ TO LEAD TO 9CREASES 9 PRODUCTION & EMPLOYM5T L>GE 5\< TO 
COMP5SATE = ! LABOR DISPLAC$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL IMPROVEM5TS4 ,?IS IS ! 
IDEA BEH9D ! >GUM5T ?AT ALL TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCEM5T1 SOON] OR LAT]1 
CREATES NEW & ADDITIONAL WORK OPPORTUNITIES4 ,IT IS USUALLY ILLU/RAT$ ) 
REF]5CE TO DEF9ITE 5T]PRISES & P>TICUL> SITUATIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,R4 
,CALD] PO9TS \T ?AT 09 ,FRANCE ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ ,R5AULT ,COMPANY 
WAS ABLE TO UND]TAKE1 AFT] ! W>1 ! MO/ 9T5SIVE AUTOMATION ( ANY 
AUTOMOBILE FACTORY 9 ,EUROPE10 9 CONSEQU5CE ( :I* 0?REE TIMES 
AS MANY WORK]S >E EMPLOY$ N[ AS !RE W]E BE=E ! 9TRODUCTION ( 
AUTOMATION40 ,CALD] ?9KS ?AT ?IS IS 0A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ! 
REP]CUSSIVE EFFECTS ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY40.<#a#f.> 

,= ! ,R5AULT ,COMPANY ?IS IS NO D\BT TRUE1 AT ANY RATE = ! TIME 
BE+4 ,& IT MAY WELL BE TRUE = MANY OR EV5 ALL 5T]PRISES1 9 ! 
EXP&+ ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN ECONOMY :I* HAS BE5 EXP]I5C+ ! SAME PROCESS ( 
GR[? ?AT - = A V>IETY ( REASONS - OCCURR$ 9 ,AM]ICA 
E>LI]4 ,:ILE ! RATE ( CAPITAL =MATION 9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S WAS HI<] 
9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ?AN 9 ,AM]ICA1 !RE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME ?AT ?IS WILL 
REMA9 SO4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! EFFECTS ( AUTOMATION WILL BE DIFF]5T UND] 
CONDITIONS ( RAPID CAPITAL EXPANSION ?AN UND] CONDITIONS ( CAPITAL 
/AGNATION4 ,! PRES5T ,AM]ICAN SITUATION MAY1 !RE=E1 BE JU/ AS MU* 
0AN EXAMPLE ( ! REP]CUSSIVE EFFECTS ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY0 AS 
,CALD]'S EXP]I5CE ) ! ,R5AULT ,COMPANY1 OR EV5 ) ! :OLE ( 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( A S+LE CAPITAL1 AN 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY BY WAY 
( AUTOMATION IS NO D\BT A GOOD ?+1 IF IT 5ABLES ?IS CAPITAL TO 5L>GE 
ITS M>KETS BY ELIM9AT+ LESS-EFFICI5T COMPETITORS4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL 
IS NOT AW>E1 & C\LD NOT BEW>E1 ( ! LOSS ( PR(IT ?R\< ! LOSS ( 
SOCIAL SURPLUS-LABOR2 ITS ONLY CONSID]ATIONS >E ITS PRODUCTION CO/S & ITS 
RETURN ON SALES4 ,NO MATT] :AT ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( AUTOMATION1 PRIVATE 
CAPITAL WILL ALWAYS TRY TO 9CREASE ITS PRODUCTIVITY TO GA9 EXTRA PR(ITS OR 
JU/ TO MA9TA9 A GIV5 PR(ITABILITY4 ,A DECL9+ RATE ( SAV+S WILL NOT 
/OP ! CYB]NATION PROCESS 9 CORPORATIONS ) SUFFICI5T RES]VES TO 
F9ANCE !IR TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS4 ,BECAUSE AUTOMATION SPE$S UP 
OBSOLESC5CE1 SMALL] BUS9ESSES1 UNABLE TO 9TRODUCE AUTOMATIC MA*9]Y 
QUICKLY 5\<1 WILL FALL BY ! WAYSIDE4 ,AUTOMATION ?US ACC5TUATES ! 
CONC5TRATION PROCESS 9H]5T 9 CAPITAL COMPETITION4 

,CAPITAL CONC5TRATION DEM&S1 & ALL[S =1 FUR!R EXT5SIONS ( 
AUTOMATION4 ,%ORT ( AN EV]-9CREAS+ RATE ( CAPITAL EXPANSION1 UNEMPLOYM5T 
IS B\ND TO GR[4 ,SU* AN ACCEL]AT$ RATE ( EXPANSION IS HI<LY IMPROBABLE2 
SO ?AT ! 9CREASE ( PR(ITABILITY :I* AUTOMATION BR+S MAY WELL BE 
NULLIFI$ BY ! SIMULTANE\S 9CREASE 9 GOV]NM5T EXP5DITURES NE$$ TO 
COPE ) CYB]NATION'S SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,TO BE SURE1 AUTOMATION W\LD 
ALSO *EAP5 ! PRODUCTS FALL+ TO ! GOV]NM5T & TO ?AT EXT5T EASE ! 
BURD5 ( PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,YET ?IS MAY BE (FSET BY AN EXT5SION ( GOV]NM5T 
DEM&S ON ! PRIVATE SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY - :I*1 BY ITSELF1 W\LD 
HA/5 RA!R ?AN H9D] ! AUTOMATION PROCESS4 

,NONE ( ?IS WILL HAPP5 IF ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! NE> FUTURE 
DISC\RAGE BO? ! GR[? ( AUTOMATION & ?AT ( ! 0PUBLIC 
SECTOR0 ( ! ECONOMY - 9 O!R WORDS1 IF SOCIETY1 BY & L>GE1 
0FREEZES0 EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,BUT ?IS REQUIRES A 
C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL OV] ! :OLE ( ! ECONOMY :I* ! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT 
POSSESS4 ,IF IT HAD ?IS CONTROL1 IT W\LD NO LONG] PRESIDE OV] A 
FREE-5T]PRISE ECONOMY4 ,ASIDE FROM ! 9T]NAL DIFFICULTIES ( A /ATION>Y 
/ATE1 ! NATION'S EXT]NAL RELATIONS PRECLUDE ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! 
ECONOMIC /ATUS QUO4 ,= AUTOMATION1 IT IS SAID1 MU/ OV]COME =EIGN WAGE 
ADVANTAGES BY 5HANC+ DOME/IC PRODUCTIVITY4 ,& CAPITALI/ NATIONS MU/ 
COMPETE NOT ONLY 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E BUT ALSO 9 ! MILIT>Y1 & WEAPONS 
PRODUCTION ALREADY DEP5DS TO A V]Y L>GE DEGREE ON AUTOMATION TE*NOLOGY4 

,H[EV]1 MANY 5T]PRISES ?AT W\LD LIKE TO MAY NOT BE ABLE TO DO SO 
)\T CEAS+ TO EXI/4 ,SUBSIDIES MAY BE EXT5D$ TO !SE BUS9ESSES SU* AS 
HAVE BE5 GRANT$ TO SECTIONS ( AGRICULTURE4 ,?IS IS NOT LESS LIKELY ?AN1 OR 
DIFF]5T 9 PR9CIPLE FROM1 SU/A9+ ! UNEMPLOY$ \T ( CURR5T 
PRODUCTION4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 P>T ( PRIVATE 5T]PRISE 79 ITS TE*NOLOGICALLY 
BACKW>D =M7 MAY BECOME A P>T ( ! 0PUBLIC SECTOR0 ( ! 
ECONOMY1 AS HAS LONG BE5 TRUE = SECTIONS ( BIG BUS9ESS4 ,UNLESS ! 
LATT]'S PRIVILEGES1 SU* AS GOV]NM5T CONTRACTS1 TAX EXEMPTIONS1 & 
EXTRAORD9>Y DEPRECIATION *>GES >E CUT BACK1 ! %R9K+ PR(ITABLE 
SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY WILL HAVE TO GIVE UP A /ILL L>G] %>E ( ITS 
PRODUCTION TO ! PUBLIC SECTOR4 ,?IS C\RSE W\LD REA* ITS 
0LOGICAL0 5D 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PR(ITABILITY ( PRIVATE 
5T]PRISE BY ! DEM&S ( GOV]NM5T4 

,! ACTUAL C\RSE ( EV5TS1 H[EV]1 DET]M9$ AS IT IS BY ! 9T]ACTION 
( DIV]SE & CONTR>Y 9T]E/S1 IS R>ELY1 IF EV]1 0LOGICAL40 
,IT MAY BE BO? LOGICALLY & ECONOMICALLY POSSIBLE TO HAVE A HI<LY CYB]NAT$ 
9DU/RY )1 SAY1 HALF ( ! WORK+ POPULATION UNEMPLOY$2 YET 9 PRACTICE 
?IS IS QUITE IMPROBABLE4 ,SOCIAL MOVEM5TS W\LD >ISE TO *ANGE ?IS 
SITUATION4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ACC5TUATION ( CAPITAL CONC5TRATION BY WAY ( 
AUTOMATION W\LD MO/ LIKELY BR+ POLITICAL =CES 9TO PLAY SEEK+ TO >RE/ 
?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,:5 !ORY CONFLICTS ) REAL NECESSITIES1 FETI%I/IC 
ATTITUDES T[>D ! PRODUCTION SY/EM & ITS TE*NOLOGY LOSE !IR SWAY1 & 
PEOPLE WILL TRY TO *ANGE ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE RA!R ?AN ACCOMMODATE 
!MSELVES TO IT 9DEF9ITELY4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! QUE/ION ( ! DEGREE ( 
CYB]NATION WILL BE RESOLV$ BY POLITICAL ACTIONS4 

,EV5 ON PURELY ECONOMIC GR\NDS1 CYB]NATION F9DS ITS LIMITS :]E IT 
BEG9S TO CONTRADICT ! PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL4 ,ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T W\LD 
BE A V]Y LONG PROCESS AT ANY RATE1 AS IT REQUIRES ! DISPLACEM5T ( MO/ 
EXI/+ PRODUCTION EQUIPM5T4 ,TO ?R[ \T ! MASS ( CAPITAL BAS$ ON ! 
OLD TE*NOLOGY IS TO ?R[ \T ! CONGEAL$ LABOR ( G5]ATIONS4 ,TO CREATE 
! CAPITAL ( A RADICALLY NEW TE*NOLOGY ALSO REQUIRES ! WORK ( 
G5]ATIONS4 ,CYB]NATION CAN ONLY BE APPLI$ 9 PIECEMEAL FA%ION REG>DLESS ( 
! NATURE ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT 9 CAPITALISM IT IS D\BLY H9D]$ BECAUSE IT CAN 
BE APPLI$ ONLY 9S(> AS IT SAFEGU>DS & PROMOTES ! GR[? ( ! 
EXI/+ CAPITAL4 

,TAK+ PA/ DEVELOPM5TS 9TO CONSID]ATION & JUDG+ PRES5T CONDITIONS 
REALI/ICALLY1 ! FUTURE ( CYB]NATION SEEMS NOT AT ALL PROMIS+ EXCEPT1 
P]HAPS1 = SELECT$ 9DU/RIES1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 ! PRODUCTION 
( >MAM5TS4 ,9DE$1 IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT 0!SE MIRACUL\S MA*9ES 9 
:I* CYB]NETICS C\LD DEVELOP ALL ITS RES\RCES SEEM TO BE USABLE ONLY AS 
5G9ES ( DEA?40.<#a#g.> 

,ONE ME?OD ( DEAL+ ) ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY PRODUC$ BY 
CYB]NATION W\LD BE TO CUT ! NUMB] ( H\RS ( WORK & PROVIDE PEOPLE ) 
MORE LEISURE TIME4 ,ALMO/ UNI=MLY1 H[EV]1 ?IS ME?OD IS QUE/ION$ OR 
TOTALLY REJECT$1 NOT BECAUSE IT CONTRADICTS ! CAPITALI/ ME*ANISM1 BUT 
BECAUSE SOCIETY HAS 0FAIL$ TO DEVELOP MEAN+FUL LEISURE40 ,BOR$OM 
IS CONSID]$ A V]Y S]I\S & EV5 DANG]\S PROBLEM BECAUSE 0IT /ILL 
REMA9S TRUE ?AT ! HAPPY MAN IS V]Y (T5 ! ONE :O HAS 9SUFFICI5T TIME 
TO WORRY AB\T :E!R HR HAPPY OR NOT40.<#a#h.> ,ALL SORTS ( CRIMES & DEL9QU5CIES >E 
ATTRIBUT$ TO 9CREAS$ LEISURE1 :I*1 !N1 MU/ BE 0ORGANIZ$0 
BY COMPET5T AU?ORITIES BE=E IT CAN BE GRANT$4 ,?IS SILLY & 9S9C]E 
TALK CAN BE DISMISS$ AT ONCE4 ,! LEISURE CLASS HAS ALWAYS F\ND ! LEISURE 
( ! L[] CLASSES OBNOXI\S & DANG]\S TO ITS [N LEISURE4 ,LOOK+ AT ! 
WOND]S ( ! FIR/ 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 ,DELACROIX MUS$ AB\T ! 
0POOR ABUS$ PEOPLE1 .<:O.> WILL NOT F9D HAPP9ESS 9 ! DISAPPE>ANCE 
( LABOR4 ,LOOK AT !SE IDL]S CONDEMN$ TO DRAG ! BURD5 ( !IR DAYS & 
NOT KN[+ :AT TO DO ) !IR TIME1 :I* ! MA*9ES CUT 9TO /ILL 
FUR!R4.<#a#i.> ,YET 
LEISURE IS PRECISELY :AT ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE NE$ MO/ & HAVE ! LEA/ 
( - LEISURE )\T WANTS1 ?AT IS2 = ! LEISURE ( ! />V+ IS 
NOT RE/1 BUT A REL5TLESS ACTIVITY AIM$ AT /AY+ ALIVE4 ,)\T GREAT] 
LEISURE !RE BE NO BETT]M5T ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 

,?IS :OLE QUE/ION CANNOT >ISE UND] PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS4 ,AID$ BY 
SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 ONE OR ANO!R LABOR+ GR\P MAY SUCCE$ 9 CUTT+ 
D[N ITS WORK+ TIME )\T DIM9I%+ ITS 9COME4 ,BUT ?IS IS AN EXCEPTION 
TO ! RULE4 ,= TO CUT D[N WORK+ H\RS G5]ALLY & MA9TA9 ! WAGES 
BILL W\LD DEFEAT ! CAPITALI/'S PURPOSE 9 9TRODUC+ TE*NOLOGICAL 
*ANGE & MAKE AUTOMATION A S5SELESS AFFAIR4 ,! PO9T ( AUTOMATION IS 
PRECISELY TO R$UCE WAGE CO/S RELATIVE TO OV]ALL CO/S ( ! 0FACTORS 
( PRODUCTION0 & TO REC\P ! HI<] CAPITAL CO/S BY GREAT] 
PRODUCTIVITY4 ,IT CAN BE >GU$1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT !RE IS NO LONG] A NE$ = 
EXT5SIVE CAPITAL =MATION & ?AT M]E REPLACEM5T & MOD]NIZATION ( ! 
EXI/+ PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS SUFFICES TO SATISFY ALL SOCIAL NE$S4 ,ANY 
9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY C\LD !N IMM$IATELY BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO HI<] 
WAGES1 %ORT] H\RS OR BO?4 ,:ILE ?IS MAY BE TRUE1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE )9 
! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 & ?OSE :O S]I\SLY PROPOSE ?IS SOLUTION MU/ BE 
PREP>$ TO *ANGE ! SY/EM4 

,! CAPITALI/ 0SOLUTION0 TO ! PROBLEM ( AUTOMATION IS TO BE 
F\ND NOT 9 HI<] WAGES & A %ORT] WORK WEEK = ! LABOR+ POPULATION 
BUT 9 HI<] PR(ITABILITY & A L>G] CAPITAL4 ,EA* 5TREPR5EUR1 OR 
CORPORATION1 EMPLOYS ! M9IMUM ( LABOR RELATIVE TO CAPITAL 9VE/M5T2 EA*1 
( C\RSE1 TRIES TO 9CREASE ?IS M9IMUM BY CORRESPOND+LY L>G] 
9VE/M5TS4 ,!Y >E 9T]E/$ - ECONOMICALLY SPEAK+ - NOT 9 A 
L>G] OR SMALL] LABOR =CE BUT 9 ?AT LABOR =CE :I* PROVES MO/ 
PR(ITABLE4 ,!Y >E NOT & CANNOT BE CONC]N$ ) ! NATIONAL LABOR =CE2 
! UNEMPLOY$ >E ! GOV]NM5T'S RESPONSIBILITY1 AL?\< IT CAN 
SU/A9 !M ONLY ) FUNDS EXTRACT$ FROM ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 

,BECAUSE PRODUCTION 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS A*IEV$ BY NUM]\S 
9DEP5D5TLY OP]AT+ & COMPET+ 5T]PRISES1 EA* FOLL[+ ! DICTATES 
( PR(ITABILITY1 !RE IS NO WAY = ! TOTAL LABOR =CE TO %>E ! 
AVAILABLE WORK4 ,!RE WILL BE OV]WORK = SOME1 UNEMPLOYM5T = O!RS4 ,! 
EMPLOY]S WILL NOT CUT WORK+ H\RS )\T CUTT+ WAGES2 & ! MORE 
=TUNATE WORK]S WILL 9SI/ ON WORK+ 5\< H\RS TO SUPPORT !IR 
CU/OM>Y /YLE ( LIFE4 ,9 PLACE ( %ORT] H\RS1 !RE WILL BE GR[+ 
UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,CAPITALISM MU/ ATT5D TO ITS VICTIMS WELL 5\< TO SECURE !IR 
QUIESC5CE2 BUT ! SY/EM WILL BE> ?IS LOSS ONLY IF ! 9CREAS+ 
PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR COMP5SATES = IT4 ,:5 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ITSELF 
GIVES RISE TO L>GE-SCALE & P]MAN5T UNEMPLOYM5T1 IT WILL NO LONG] B5EFIT 
CAPITALISM3 ! PR(ITS IT CREATES WILL BE LO/ AGA9 BY ! CO/ ( SU/A9+ 
! NONPRODUCTIVE POPULATION4 ,CAPITAL WILL HAVE CEAS$ TO FUNCTION AS 
CAPITAL4 

,?IS IS ! G5]AL T5D5CY ( RAPID TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T UND] 
CONDITIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,ACTUALLY1 BECAUSE SU* A DEVELOPM5T CANNOT 
BE FITT$ 9TO ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 IT WILL REMA9 A M]E 
T5D5CY4 ,IT WILL CON/ANTLY BE C\NT]M&$ BY ! SOCIAL REACTIONS IT 
RELEASES4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! T5D5CY ASSURES ! CONT9UATION ( SOCIAL CRISIS 
CONDITIONS4 ,CAPITAL PRODUCTION 9 ! MIX$ ECONOMY ?US FACES A D\BLE 
DILEMMA3 ITS FUTURE IS *ALL5G$ EQUALLY BY ! RAPID GR[? ( ITS PUBLIC 
SECTOR & BY ITS LABOR-DISPLAC+ TE*NOLOGY4 ,! MORE AUTOMATION !RE IS1 
! GREAT] IS ! NE$ TO DEAL ) ITS SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES BY AN 9CREASE ( 
PUBLIC EXP5DITURES4 ,! MORE ! GOV]NM5T SP5DS ! MORE URG5T BECOMES ! 
NE$ = MORE AUTOMATION 9 #aifd ! ,AM]ICAN ,CONGRESS SET UP A ,NATIONAL 
,COMMISSION ON ,TE*NOLOGY1 ,AUTOMATION1 & ,ECONOMIC ,PROGRESS TO DEAL ) ! 
9CREAS+ RATE ( TE*NICAL *ANGE & ITS CONSEQU5CES4 ,! ,COMMISSION F\ND 
! PROBLEM /ILL 0MANAGEABLE10 IF TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE WAS 
ACCOMPANI$ 0BY VIGOR\S FISCAL POLICIES0 FO/]+ ECONOMIC GR[? 
& GOV]NM5T EMPLOYM5T = ALL ?OSE UNABLE TO F9D JOBS4.<#b.> ,YET - SU* 
0VIGOR\S FISCAL POLICIES0 >E JU/ AS DETRIM5TAL TO ! 
PRIVATE-5T]PRISE SY/EM AS >E ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( AUTOMATION UND] 
CONDITIONS ( RELATIVE CAPITAL /AGNATION4 

#a4 ,A4 ,P4 ,L]N]1 ,EV]YBODY'S ,BUS9ESS1 P4 #a#b#e4 

#b4 ,J4 ,/RA*EY1 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,CAPITALISM1 P4 #b#i#d4 

#c4 ,GRUNDRISSE P4 #e#i#d4 

#d4 ,IBID41 P4 #e#i#e4 

#e4 ,IBID41 P4 #e#i#c4 

#f4 ,D4 ,N4 ,MI*AEL1 ,CYB]NATION3 ,! ,SIL5T ,CONQUE/1 ,SANTA ,B>B>A1 #a#i#f#b4 

#g4 ,IBID41 P4 #a#c4 

#h4 ,IBID P4 #a#f4 

#i4 ,IBID41 P4 #b#f4 

#a4 ,IBID41 P4 #d#f4 

#a#a4 ,S4 ,KUZNETS1 ,CAPITAL 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,ECONOMY1 P4 #d#d#b4 

#a#b4 ,IBID41 P4 #d#d#c4 

#a#c4 ,IBID41 P4 #d#e#c4 

#a#d4 ,IBID41 P4 #d#e#g4 

#a#e4 ,IBID41 P4 #d#f4 

#a#f4 ,R4 ,CALD]1 ,EUROPE'S ,NE$S & ,RES\RCES1 P4 #g#h#i4 

#a#g4 ,P4 DE ,LATIE1 ,?9K+ BY ,MA*9E1 ,BO/ON1 #a#i#e#g1 P4 #b#h#d4 

#a#h4 ,R4 ,!OBALD1 ,! ,*ALL5GE ( ,ABUNDANCE1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#b1 P4 #hf 

#a#i4 ,L4 ,DELACROIX1 ,! ,J\RNAL ( ,EUG5E ,DELACROIX1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#a1 P4 #e#a#b4 

#b4 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,JANU>Y #b#d1 #a#i#f#f4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #af -- ,ADD$4 

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