,M>XISM & ! ,IDEA ( ,DICTATOR%IP 
,*APT] ,V,I,I ( 0,DITTATURA E ,RIVOLUZIONE0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUIGI ,FABBRI 

,TEXT 3 

,! IDEA ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ?AT IS1 ( ! DICTATORIAL DIRECTION ( REVOLUTION1 IS MADE AS D]IV+ FROM ,K>L ,M>X4 

,?AT ! CONCEPT ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP IS ! MO/ SUITABLE = ! M5TALITY =M$ ) ,M>XISM1 ?AT MAY BE TRUE2 BUT ?AT ,M>X ACTUALLY CONCEIV$ ! REVOLUTION AS GUID$ & DOM9AT$ BY AN ABSOLUTE DICTATORIAL P[]1 ?IS SEEMS TO US V]Y D\BTFUL4 ,K>L ,M>X WAS AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/1 NOT AN AN>*I/ ONE1 & !RE=E HE =ESAW A GOV]NM5TAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION1 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BECOME ! RUL+ CLASS & USE POLITICAL P[] TO EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE1 9T]V5+ DESPOTICALLY 9 ! RI<T ( PROP]TY & 9 ! B\RGEOIS RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT YET ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,IT DOESN'T EV5 SEEM ?AT ?IS WORD HAS BE5 SO (T5 US$ BY ,M>X1 NOR ?AT HE DID SO BY ATTA*+ A SPECIAL IMPORTANCE TO IT OR BY DEVELOP+ A CONCRETE & PRECISE IDEA 9 REG>DS4 ,HE SAW ! COM+ TO P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT AS ! TRIUMPH ( DEMOCRACY2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 A REPRES5TATIVE & NOT DICTATORIAL PROLET>IAN GOV]NM5T1 9EXORABLE & VIOL5T ONLY TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,5RICO ,LEONE IS ALSO ( \R OP9ION1 9 AN >TICLE WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ BE=E4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LEONE1 0! WORD DICTATOR%IP DIDN'T HAVE AN 9-DEP? MEAN+ UND] ! P5 ( ,M>X1 :O US$ IT TO SUMM>IZE ! TACTICS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WILL CL+ TO :5 IT HAS TAK5 HOLD ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,M>X 5ORM\SLY EXT5D$1 ?R\< A METAPHORICAL AMPLIFICATION1 ! EXACT & PROXIMATE MEAN+ ?AT ?IS WORD HAS 9 HI/ORY & POLITICAL SCI5CE 4444 ,M>X US$ ! WORD DICTATOR%IP 7& P]HAPS HE W\LD HAVE ELIM9AT$ IT )\T ! 9SI/5CE ( ,5GLES1 :O WAS AN ADMIR] ( ,ROBESPI]RE7 = ?AT S5SE ( SALUT>Y P$AGOGY ?AT WAS ATTRIBUT$ TO IT 444 ,! MORE 5LI<T5$ MOD]N POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS IS NOT WILL+ TO SACRIFICE ITSELF TO ?AT SORT ( POLITICAL FETI%ISM ?AT DECREES DICTATOR%IP AS SALUT>Y2 EV5 IF EX]CIS$ 9 ! NAME ( A CLASS1 IT IS A SUPPRESSION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL GU>ANTEES ( HUMAN P]SONALITY40.<#a.> 

,! IDEA ( ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 9 ORD] TO USE IT TO EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE BY MEANS ( LAWS & BY =CE ( AU?ORITY1 :E!R UND]/OOD 9 A DEMOCRATIC S5SE OR 9 A DICTATORIAL & ABSOLUTE ONE1 IS ONLY V]Y RELATIVELY ( ,M>X2 RA!R IT BELONGS TO ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S PRIOR OR CONTEMPOR>Y TO HIM1 ,L\IS ,BLANC OR ,BLANQUI1 & IT IS AN IDEA 9H]IT$1 ?R\< ! SECRET SOCIETIES ( BE=E #a#h#d#h1 FROM ! ,JACOB9 TRADITIONS ( ! FIR/ REVOLUTION1 FROM ,GRACCO ,BABEUF1 ,BUON>OTTI1 ETC4 

,M>X MADE HIS [N ! TACTICS ( ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 9 A MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN DICTATORIAL S5SE1 RELATIVELY LATELY1 MORE AS A DEVELOPM5T ( HIS SECT>IAN ACTION )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL & HIS CONTRA/ ) ! AN>*I/S1 ?AN AS AN APPLICATION ( HIS !ORIES4 ,! IDEA ( DICTATOR%IP CAN BE CONSID]$ MORE AS A D]IVATION 7,KAUTSKY W\LD SAY DEVIATION7 ( ,M>XISM1 ?AN AS A TRUE ,M>XI/ IDEA4 ,MOREOV]1 IF ONE /UDI$ ! CURR5TS ( SOCIALISM1 ONE W\LD SEE ?AT MU* ( :AT BE>S ! LABEL ( ,M>X IS NOT ,M>XI/ AT ALL1 & IT IS MU* EASI] TO F9D 9 IT ,MALON1 ,LASSALLE1 ,5GELS & MAYBE 444 ,VON ,S*AEFFLE6 

,:5 ,M>X1 RA!R ?AN =MULAT+ !ORIES1 OBS]V$ ! FACTS CLOSELY1 = EXAMPLE 9 HIS /UDY ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 HE REA*$ CONCLUSIONS NOT ONLY DIFF]5T BUT 9 ABSOLUTE OPPOSITION TO ! ,JACOB91 AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALIZ+ CONCEPTION ( DICTATOR%IP4 ,REG>D+ ! COMMUNAL T5D5CIES 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#h#g#a1 HE WROTE3 

0,! UNITY ( ! NATION WAS NOT TO BE BROK5 AT ALL1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! COMMUNAL CON/ITU5T2 IT HAD TO BECOME A REALITY ) ! ANNIHILATION ( ?AT /ATE P[] :I* PRET5D$ TO BE ! AU!NTIC REPRES5TATIVE ( ?IS UNITY1 BUT :I* WANT$ TO REMA9 9DEP5D5T & SUP]IOR BE=E ! NATION1 ON :OSE ORGANISM IT WAS NO?+ BUT A P>ASITIC EXCRESC5CE4 ,:ILE ! OPPRESSIVE ORGANISMS ( ! ANCI5T P[] ( GOV]NM5T W]E SUCCESSFULLY SEV]$1 ITS LEGITIMATE FUNCTIONS HAD TO BE )DRAWN FROM A P[] ?AT ASPIR$ TO OV]:ELM SOCIETY1 & HAD TO BE RETURN$ TO ! RESPONSIBLE S]VANTS ( SOCIETY 444 ,! COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION W\LD HAVE RETURN$ TO ! SOCIAL BODY ALL ! =CES ?AT UNTIL !N HAD BE5 CONSUM$ BY ! P>ASITIC ,/ATE ?AT FE$S ON SOCIETY & H9D]S ITS FREE MOVEM5T4 ,= ?IS FACT ALONE1 IT W\LD HAVE PUT ,FRANCE ON ! PA? ( REBIR? 444 ,! SIMPLE EXI/5CE ( ! ,COMMUNE BR\<T ) IT1 AS A NATURAL ?+ 9 ITSELF1 LOCAL AUTONOMY2 BUT N[ NO LONG] AS A C\NT]WEI<T TO /ATE P[]1 :I* HAD BECOME SUP]FLU\S40.<#b.> 

,EV]YONE UND]/&S ?AT ! EXALTATION ( LOCAL AUTONOMY & COMMUNALI/ CON/ITUTION1 AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE CONSID]$ SUP]FLU\S1 IS QUITE ! OPPOSITE ( ! APOLOGY ( DICTATOR%IP4 

,WE >E NOT ,M>XI/S4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE WRONG TO TAKE ,M>XISM AS A T]M ( DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM4 ,ONE C\LD !ORETICALLY1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 BE AN AN>*I/ & A ,M>XI/1 & VICE-V]SA BE AN ANTI-AN>*I/ SOCIALI/ & NOT A ,M>XI/4 ,( C\RSE1 BY ,M>XISM WE MEAN ! COMPLEX ( !ORIES DEVELOP$ BY ,M>X 9 HIS WORKS 7HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 CLASS /RUGGLE1 CAPITALI/ CONC5TRATION1 SURPLUS VALUE1 ETC471 & NOT ! PRACTICAL POLITICAL APPROA*ES ( ! SECOND P]IOD ( HIS ACTIVITY1 C>RI$ \T L>GELY TO COMBAT ! AN>*I/ CURR5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 FACT1 !ORETICALLY1 9 ! IDEAS ( ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ WRIT]S1 !RE HAS NOT ALWAYS BE5 AN ABSOLUTE 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 

,MANY HAVE REPRODUC$ ! PASSAGE 9 :I* ,M>X1 9 #a#h#g#b1 ACCEPT$ A SOCIALI/ DEF9ITION ( AN>*Y4.<#c.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,BAKUN9 REPEAT$LY CLAIM$ TO BE A FOLL[] ( ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E ( ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM2.<#d.> & SO ! FIR/ VULG>IZ]S ( ,M>XISM 9 ,ITALY W]E AN>*I/S4 ,IT WAS ! AN>*I/ ,C>LO ,CAFI]O :O MADE = ! ,ITALIANS ! FIR/ SUMM>Y ( ,CAPITAL1 :I* ,M>X PRAIS$2 IT WAS ! AN>*I/ ,PIETRO ,GORI :O HAD ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ( ,M>X & ,5GELS PUBLI%$1 ) A =W>D BY HIM1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,MILAN4 ,IT WAS ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 :O FIR/ TRANSLAT$ ! ,MANIFE/O 9TO ,RUSSIAN & HAD BEGUN ! TRANSLATION ( ,CAPITAL1 :I* DID NOT CONT9UE ONLY = REASONS BEYOND HIS CONTROL4 ,AS ,MALATE/A NOT$ 9 A POLEMIC 9 #a#h#i#g1 ALMO/ ALL AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE UNTIL >\ND #ahid WAS IMPREGNAT$ ) ,M>XISM4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE \R MOVEM5T & \R PROPAG&A 7AT LEA/ = ! MO/ P>T1 BECAUSE SOME T5D5CY ( ?IS K9D IS /ILL MANIFE/+ H]E & !RE7 LO/ ?IS *>ACT]2 :I* WAS RI<T 9 \R OP9ION1 = ! REASONS WE WILL TELL LAT]4 ,BUT :AT WE HAVE M5TION$ IS NO LESS VALID 9 %[+ H[ WRONG IT IS TO SPEAK ( ,M>XISM TO *>ACT]IZE AN ANTI!SIS ( AN>*ISM4 

,MOREOV]1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL P>TIES1 :I* >E P>TIES ( ACTION1 & >E DIVID$ BY ! PRECISE PURPOSE !Y WANT TO A*IEVE & ! ME?ODS !Y 9T5D TO USE1 CAN H>DLY BE *>ACT]IZ$ & BAPTIZ$ ) NAMES & REF]5CES TO SCI5TIFIC & SOCIOLOGICAL !ORIES ( A G5]AL *>ACT]1 ?AT >E DUE TO ! 9TUITIVE OR ANALYTICAL G5IUS ( ?IS OR ?AT S+LE P]SONALITY4 ,!RE >E ,M>XI/S1 OR !RE HAVE BE5 SOME1 AMONG AN>*I/S & REPUBLICANS1 AMONG SYNDICALI/S & RE=MI/S1 AMONG REVOLUTION>IES & LEGALIT>IANS4 ,ONE C\LD BE A ,M>XI/ -- ?AT IS1 TO CONSID] AS CORRECT ! !ORIES ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 ETC4 -- & AT ! SAME TIME BE CONS]VATIVE & REACTION>Y4 ,9DE$1 WE BELIEVE ?AT !Y EXI/4 ,= ?AT IT IS SUFFICI5T TO GET1 9 PRACTICE1 ON ONE SIDE ( ! B>RICADE 9/EAD ( ! O!R -- :ILE AGREE+ ?AT ! B>RICADE EXI/S1 ?AT !RE IS A CONFLICT ( 9T]E/ & ?AT IT IS FATAL TO COME TO BL[S SOON] OR LAT]4 

,! SCI5TIFIC OR SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION ( ?IS CONFLICT CAN BE USEFUL = SEE+ ?+S 9 !IR REALITY 7:5 ! EXPLANATION IS ACCURATE1 :I* WE BELIEVE IS NOT ALWAYS ! CASE ) ,M>XISM71 & IT CAN BE US$ AS A TOPIC = DISCUSSION2 BUT IT IS NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+1 NOR IS IT ESS5TIAL4 ,TO SEE ALL ?+S ?R\< A S+LE UNILAT]AL EXPLANATION1 AS IS DONE ) ,M>XISM1 & TO R$UCE TO ! M9IMUM ,M>XI/ D5OM9ATOR A :OLE CURR5T ( IDEAS & A COMPLEX MOVEM5T SU* AS SOCIALISM1 ALL ! ACTION ( A P>TY & EV5 ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT1 ALL ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ITSELF1 :I* BY ITS NATURE CANNOT FAIL TO BE MULTI=M & ECLECTIC1 ACCORD+ TO CIRCUM/ANCES & PLACES444 ?AT MEANS %R9K+ EV]Y?+1 LOOK+ ) 9V]T$ B9OCUL>S AT EV]Y?+3 SOCIALISM1 PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T & REVOLUTION4 

,WE REPEAT1 WE >E NOT ,M>XI/S1 AL?\< AN>*ISM AT ITS RISE1 NOT 9 PRACTICE BUT 9 !ORETICAL MOTIVATIONS1 WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY SO2 AL?\< WE RECOGNIZE1 ) ,BAKUN91 ?AT ,K>L ,M>X HAS CONTRIBUT$ P[]FULLY TO ! 5ORM\S PROGRESS ( SOCIALISM ?AT WE >E WITNESS+ TODAY4 ,WE >E NOT ,M>XI/S AL?\< MANY ( ,M>X'S IDEAS >E CORRECT1 EI!R BECAUSE SOME HAVE OV] TIME %[N !MSELVES AS SIMPLE HYPO!SES NOT CONFIRM$ BY REALITY 7CAPITALI/ CONC5TRATION & GR[+ MIS]Y7 OR AS 9SUFFICI5T EXPLANATIONS ( ECONOMIC PH5OM5A 7SURPLUS VALUE71 & BECAUSE EV5 ! ACCURATE IDEAS1 SU* AS ?OSE ON HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & CLASS /RUGGLE1 >E SO 9 A RELATIVE & CONT+5T S5SE1 & NOT 9 AN ABSOLUTE WAY1 = ALL TIMES & PLACES4 

,WE >E NOT ,M>XI/S -- & 9 ?IS S5SE WE HAVE NEV] BE5 SO1 NOT EV5 :5 ALL ! O!R !ORIES M5TION$ ABOVE W]E ACCEPT$ BY MANY ( US -- 9 PRACTICE1 ON ! DIRECTION TO BE GIV5 TO ! WORK]S'1 SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW IT IS USELESS = ! NEO-,M>XI/S TO LOOK 9 ! BOOKS ( ! MA/] = SOME PHRASE PROV+ ! OPPOSITE3 ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ! O!R E>LY ,M>XI/S >E RESPONSIBLE = ! ]RONE\S DIRECTION GIV5 TO ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 ) ! ADOPTION ( ! TACTICS ( CONQUE/ ( P[]1 :I* AFT] #ahh GAVE RISE TO ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 %AMEFULLY COLLAPS$ 9 #a#i#a#d4 

,IT IS USELESS = US TO BE H]E REMAK+ ! CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM1 & REPEAT+ :AT HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID BY ,T*]KES(F1 ,M]L9O1 ,MALATE/A1 ,CORNELISS5 & ,NIEUW5HUIS FROM ! AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW1 & ,GRAZIADEI1 ,CROCE1 ,SOREL1 ,B]N/E9 & ,DAVID FROM ! RE=MI/ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,IT IS NOT A DOCTR9AL TREATM5T :AT WE WANT TO DO1 BUT SIMPLY W>N SOCIALI/S & REVOLUTION>IES AGA9/ C]TA9 PRACTICAL APPROA*ES1 ORIG9AT$ FROM ,M>XISM1 :I* C\LD BE ! S\RCE ( T]RIBLE DISA/]S & IRREP>ABLE FAILURES ( ! FUTURE SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,BECAUSE1 IF IT IS TRUE ?AT ! DICTATORIAL CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION -- :I* WE BELIEVE TO BE WRONG & H>MFUL -- CAN H>DLY BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,M>X1 AS IF HE HAD EXPRESSLY =MULAT$ IT & ELEVAT$ IT TO A !ORY1 IT IS ALSO TRUE1 AS WE SAID 9 ! BEG9N+1 ?AT ,M>XISM CREATES ! M5TAL HABIT BE/ SUIT$ TO ACCOMMODATE ?AT CONCEPT4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ,M>XI/ APRIORISM CAN TRULY BECOME A DANG] TO ! REVOLUTION4 

,! MA9 DEFECT ( ,M>XISM1 EV5 9 :AT IS GOOD & VITAL AB\T IT1 IS BE+ ONE-SID$2 ?AT IS1 SEE+ ONLY SOME ASPECTS ( EA* PROBLEM1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT A S+LE CATEGORY ( FACTS & D$UC+ IT'S CONCLUSIONS FROM ?AT1 & !N APPLY+ !M1 ) ITS DIALECTICS1 TO ALL ! O!R FACTS1 TO ALL ! O!R QUE/IONS1 & F9ALLY TO ! PRACTICAL ORI5TATION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF4 

,WE ?9K ?AT ,M>X'S MA9 M]IT WAS ?AT ( ! TIRELESS WORK ( SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A & ORGANIZATION )9 ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ( HAV+ /RONGLY CONTRIBUT$ TO 9SPIRE 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ! CONSCI5CE ( ITSELF & ! S5SE ( ITS DIGNITY1 ( HAV+ BE5 AMONG ! FIR/1 & MORE ?AN ANYONE1 TO SEE & SUPPORT ! NE$ = 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ( WORK]S4 ,! CRY 0PROLET>IANS ( ALL C\NTRIES1 UNITE601 & ! ASS]TION ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( WORK]S MU/ BE ! WORK ( WORK]S !MSELVES1 HAVE MORE VALUE = ! SOCIALI/ CAUSE ?AN ! BOOK ,CAPITAL4 

,WE SPEAK1 ( C\RSE1 ( ! IDEAS CONTA9$ 9 ! TWO MOTTOS1 & NOT ( M]E WORDS ALONE4 ,!SE IDEAS1 9 ANO!R =M1 MAY HAVE BE5 EXPRESS$ BY O!RS BE=E ,M>X1 BUT NO ONE 9 HIS TIME NOR BE=E HIM HAD ATTA*$ SU* AN IMPORTANCE TO !M1 HAD ACCOMPANI$ !M ) SU* A PASSIONATE >GUM5TATION & HI/ORICAL DOCUM5TATION1 HAD !M SO EFFECTIVELY HAMM]$1 ) ASSIDU\S PROPAG&A1 9TO ! HEADS ( WORK]S & ( ?OSE CONC]N$ ) ! SOCIAL PROBLEM 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! SAME CAN BE SAID ( ! TWO ,M>XI/ CONCEPTS1 :I* COMPLEM5T EA* O!R1 ( CLASS /RUGGLE & HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,9 ! SO-CALL$ UTOPIAN SOCIALI/ WRIT]S1 BE=E ,M>X1 & 9 O!R ECONOMI/S1 EV5 NON-SOCIALI/ ONES1 MU* IS F\ND ( !SE CONCEPTS2 BUT ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD ! M]IT ( COORD9AT+ !M AS A SY/EM1 ( PRES5T+ !M 9 A SCI5TIFIC GUISE1 ( GIV+ !M A LOGICAL L9K1 & F9ALLY ( MAK+ !M A PROPAG&A SUBJECT1 A WEAPON ( /RUGGLE = ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,BUT FROM ?IS GOOD AN EVIL ALSO SPRANG1 DUE A LITTLE TO ,M>X & ESPECIALLY ,5GELS1 & MU* MORE DUE TO ! ,M>XI/S :O CAME LAT]2 AN EVIL ONCE UNNOTIC$ BY ALL1 BUT :I* LITTLE BY LITTLE HAS G5]AT$ MANY ]RORS )9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! EVIL CONSI/$ 9 ! ONE-SID$NESS ) :I* ?OSE CONCEPTS W]E SUPPORT$1 EI!R AS ! ONLY EXPLANATION ( ALL PA/ HI/ORY1 OR 7& H]E ! !ORETICAL ]ROR BECAME A TACTICAL ONE7 AS ! ONLY GUIDE & MOTIVE ( ! PRACTICAL MOVEM5T ( SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A & ACTION4 

,WE NOTE ?IS ) ALL ! MORE S]5E DISPASSIONAT5ESS1 S9CE IT IS AN ]ROR COMMON TO SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S UP TO TW5TY YE>S AGO1 & :I* MANY AN>*I/S HAVE NOT YET COMPLETELY AB&ON$1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O SPECIALIZE !IR WORK 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T OR FOLL[ A PR$OM9ANTLY SYNDICALI/ M5TAL DIRECTION4 

,:5 AN>*I/S ADMIT ?AT !Y TOO1 LIKE SOCIALI/S & SYNDICALI/S1 >E ON ! T]RA9 ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 !Y DO NOT MEAN TO UNCONDITIONALLY SUBSCRIBE TO ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ?AT GOES UND] !SE WORDS1 BUT SIMPLY TO JO9 A PRACTICAL MOVEM5T ?AT CORRESPONDS TO !IR 9T5TIONS3 ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK]S AGA9/ ! BOSSES TO FREE !MSELVES FROM WAGE SLAV]Y4 ,BE=E SOCIALISM HAS ORGANIZ$ ?IS /RUGGLE ( ONE CLASS AGA9/ ANO!R1 ATTEMPT+ TO UNITE ! WORK]S ABOVE ALL DIVISIONS ( GR\PS1 PR(ESSIONS1 CATEGORIES1 NATIONS & RACES1 !RE WAS NO CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT ONLY1 AS ,M]L9O SAYS1.<#e.> ! /RUGGLES BETWE5 DIFF]5T GR\PS ?AT M+L$ 9 ! FRAY1 DIS9TEGRAT+ & REASSEMBL+ MODIFI$4 

,! ]ROR ( ,M>XISM WAS TO HAVE SE5 A PREEXI/+ FACT1 CONT9U\S ?R\< TIMES1 & ASSUM+ A *>ACT] ( HI/ORICAL FATALITY1 :]E !RE WAS ONLY A CONCURR5CE ( MULTIPLE CONCOMITANT FACTS1 AMONG :I* ! ,M>XI/S SAW & NOTIC$ ONLY ?OSE :O B5EFIT$ !IR !SIS -- MOV$ MORE OR LESS UNCONSCI\SLY BY ! NOBLE REVOLUTION>Y DESIRE TO MAKE ! :OLE PROLET>IAT SOLID>Y AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BY WANT+ TO GIVE A SCI5TIFIC GUISE & BASIS TO CLASS /RUGGLE1 !Y 5D$ UP SEE+ 9 IT1 UND] DIFF]5T ASPECTS1 A K9D ( HI/ORICAL LAW1 ( :I* !Y BELIEV$ !MSELVES DISCOV]]S1 :ILE !Y HAD BE5 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 TOGE!R ) ALL O!R SOCIALI/S1 ITS CREATORS4 

,AS ,B5$ETTO ,CROCE WELL OBS]VES1.<#f.> = HI/ORY TO BE1 9 ! WAY AS ! ,M>XI/S SAY1 A CLASS /RUGGLE1 !RE MU/ BE CLASSES1 DI/9CT & 9 ANTAGONISM AMONG !MSELVES1 & !Y MU/ BE CONSCI\S ( ?IS ANTAGONISM4 ,TWO DI/9CT CLASSES1 9 ! /RICT S5SE ( ! WORD -- CAPITALI/S & PROLET>IANS -- EXI/ ONLY :]E 9DU/RIALISM HAS DEVELOP$1 ?AT IS1 NOT 9 ALL C\NTRIES & NOT EV5 9 ! MAJORITY ( !M4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,ITALY1 L>GE 9DU/RY DOM9ATES ONLY 9 A FEW & RE/RICT$ REGIONS4 ,MOREOV]1 AS ,CROCE & ,M]L9 OBS]VE1 SOMETIMES ! CLASSES HAVE NO ANTAGONI/IC 9T]E/S1 & V]Y (T5 !Y DON'T HAVE ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !M2 ?IS IS WELL KN[N BY ! SOCIALI/S :O TRY TO =GE SU* CONSCI\SNESS 9 MOD]N PROLET>IANS4 

,9DE$1 IT IS UP TO SOCIALISM TO MAKE ! PROLET>IAT AW>E ( ITS ANTAGONISM ) ! B\RGEOISIE2 & :]E SU* ANTAGONISM1 LIMIT$ TO C]TA9 CATEGORIES1 IS NOT !RE OR IS LITTLE NOTIC$1 IT MU/ BE CREAT$ BY >\S+ 9 ! WORK]S A S5SE ( DISSATISFACTION & A FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY ) ! LESS PRIVILEG$ CATEGORIES1 SO AS TO BREAK UP C]TA9 COMMONALITIES ( 9T]E/S ?AT PREV5T ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?AT IS TO SAY ?AT WE MU/ ALSO RELY ON ! IDEAL FACTOR1 & NOT BE CONT5T ) ! SOLE NATURAL CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S1 = SETT+ ! EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$ CLASSES AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASSES1 & = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,! TOO N>R[ CONCEPTION ?AT ,M>XI/S HAVE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 WORK]S & 9DU/RIALI/S CAN BE A DANG] 9 C\NTRIES LIKE \RS1 :]E L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY IS LIMIT$4 ,IT W\LD LEAVE \T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORBIT A HUGE AM\NT ( PEOPLE1 O!RWISE EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$1 ?AT IS1 ?OSE DISORGANIZ$ & UNORGANIZABLE MASSES ?AT ! ,G]MANS CALL LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 ALL ! H&ICRAFT /ILL EXI/+ 9 L[] & MIDDLE ,ITALY1 ALL ! PEASANTS NON-CATALOGABLE 9 ! LABOR =CE1 ! CR[D ( EMPLOYES ( ! L[] CATEGORIES1 ETC4 

,!SE CATEGORIES1 ESPECIALLY ?AT ( WORK]S 9 SMALL T[NS & FIELDS1 W\LD AT ! MO/ BE EXPLOIT$ AS A BL9D TOOL & W\LD 5D UP BE+ SACRIFIC$4 ,!RE W\LD BE 0NO MORE & NO LESS ?AN A NEW >I/OCRACY1 ?AT ( ! WORK]S ( FACTORIES & L>GE CITIES1 ) ! EXCLUSION ( ! MILLIONS :O MAKE UP ! RURAL PROLET>IAT & :O WILL BECOME PRECISELY ! SUBJECTS ( ! NEW GREAT SELF-/YL$ POPUL> ,/ATE40.<#g.> 

,! SAME ,BAKUN9 NOTES A LITTLE LAT] H[ EV5 = ! CITY WORK]S !MSELVES ! 0NEW DESPOTISM0 W\LD BE ILLUSORY1 S9CE !Y 0C\LD NOT EX]CISE P[] DIRECTLY BUT BY PROXY1 5TRU/+ IT TO A GR\P ( M5 ELECT$ BY !M TO REPRES5T & GOV]N !M1 :I* WILL C]TA9LY MAKE !M FALL BACK 9TO ALL ! LIES & S]VITUDES ( B\RGEOIS REPRES5TATIVE REGIME40.<#h.> ,BUT ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT IS ! MO/ 9CL9$ TO FALL 9TO ?IS ILLUSION ( DOM9ATION BY PROXY & TO ADAPT TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME1 BY ITS V]Y COMPOSITION1 BY ! SPIRIT ( SUBJECTION ACQUIR$ 9 ! L>GE FACTORIES1 :]E ! WORK] IS $UCAT$1 ALMO/ AS IF 9 ! B>RACKS1 TO =C$ & HI]>*ICAL DISCIPL9E2 :]E ! ME*ANICAL & AUTOMATIC WORK ITSELF DISP5SES ) ?9K+ = !MSELVES & MAKES !M F9D IT MORE COM=TABLE TO GET BACK 9 ! H&S ( ! LEAD]S & REPRES5TATIVES4 

,9 ADDITION TO ALL ?IS1 & TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT :AT WE HAVE SAID ABOVE1 CAN IT REALLY BE >GU$ ?AT ! 0PROLET>IAT0 IS EV]Y:]E ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION8 ,& EV5 :]E IT IS1 IT FACES A M9ORITY ?AT IS SIGNIFICANTLY L>GE & /RONG1 :I* IT CANNOT FAIL TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT1 & FROM :I* IT HAS 9DE$ AN 9T]E/ 9 GA9+ ! SYMPA?Y1 SUPPORT & HELP4 ,BY RELY+ ON CLASS 9T]E/ ALONE1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT ! EFFECTIVE MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE CAN BE C\NT$ ON = REVOLUTION4 

,IF ! REVOLUTION ONLY C\NT$ ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT & 9DU/RIALIZ$ RURAL AG5CIES2 OR IF ?AT PROLET>IAT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EXPLOIT$ ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE ( ! G5]ALITY ( ! MASSES1 BUT PRET5D$ TO BECOME ! ONLY COLLECTIVITY 9 *>GE ( WEAL?1 & 9 A C]TA9 WAY ! RUL+ CLASS ( TOMORR[1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD RUN ! D\BLE DANG] (1 ON ! ONE H&1 ?R[+ ! F\NDATIONS = A NEW CLASS DOM9ATION1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ( >\S+ SU* A NUMB] ( 5EMIES AGA9/ ITSELF1 EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O HAD AN 9T]E/ 9 ITS FL>E UP1 AS TO BE SUFFOCAT$ & DEFEAT$4 

,! SAME ONE-SID$NESS CAN BE OBS]V$ = ! !ORY ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,K>L ,M>X1 ! MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY W\LD BE ?IS3 ?AT ! MODE ( PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL LIFE G5]ALLY DOM9ATES ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL LIFE2 & ALSO1 ,F$]I* ,5GELS ADDS1 ( RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 MORAL1 ETC4 IDEAS ( EA* HI/ORICAL P]IOD4 ,9 ALL ?IS !RE IS AN UND5IABLE TRU?1 :I* O!RS BE=E ,M>X OR HIS CONTEMPOR>IES HAD AFFIRM$1 BUT :I* ,M>X HAD ! M]IT ( GIV+ GREAT] PROM95CE3 ?AT ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ECONOMIC FACTORS & !IR 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE ON HI/ORICAL EV5TS4 

,?IS TRU? S]VES1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 TO DEMON/RATE H[ 9 ORD] TO ELIM9ATE MO/ ( SOCIAL EVILS CAUS$ BY POV]TY1 IT IS ESS5TIAL TO TRANS=M ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 ?AT IS1 ! 5TIRE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY2 )\T :I* ALL ! EF=TS ON ! POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 MORAL1 ETC4 T]RA91 ALL EVANGELICAL PREA*+1 UTOPIAN EXP]IM5TS1 APPEALS TO /ATE 9T]V5TION1 V>I\S =MS ( WORK]S' LEGISLATION1 & SO ON1 >E CONDEMN$ TO RUN \T 9 VA9 OR ) COMPLETELY D]ISORY RESULTS4 

,!SE IDEAS ( ,M>X >E REFLECT$ 9 ! FAM\S 0,RECITALS0 ) :I* ! #a/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS DECL>$ AS CON/ITUT$ 9 #a#h#f#d1 & W]E DEVELOP$ 9 ITS 0,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS01 AS !Y HAD BE5 GIV5 9 ANO!R =M 9 ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O0 SIXTE5 YE>S E>LI]44 

,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 AS WE HAVE M5TION$1 %>$ HIS ADV]S>Y'S ?\<TS ON ?IS1 REPEAT$LY NOT+ ?AT 0! DISCOV]Y & DEMON/RATION ( ?IS TRU? IS ONE ( ! GREATE/ M]ITS ( ,K>L ,M>X40.<#i.> ,BUT IT WAS NOT CONCEAL$1 :ILE AGREE+ ) HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 ?AT 0?IS PR9CIPLE IS PR(\NDLY TRUE :5 IT IS CONSID]$ 9 ITS PROP] LI<T1 ?AT IS1 FROM A RELATIVE PO9T ( VIEW2 BUT SE5 & PUT 9 AN ABSOLUTE WAY1 AS ! ONLY F\NDATION & S\RCE BE=E ALL O!R PR9CIPLES1 IT BECOMES COMPLETELY FALSE40.<#a.> 

,9DE$1 ! TRU? CONTA9$ 9 ! MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY IS A TRU?1 NOT ! :OLE TRU?2 & ,M>XI/S 9/EAD FALL 9TO ! ]ROR ( SUBORD9AT+ ALL ! O!R FACTORS TO ! ECONOMIC FACTOR1 NOT ONLY ADMITT+ ! GREAT] IMPORTANCE ( ! LATT] 9 C]TA9 HI/ORICAL P]IODS 7SU* AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ( 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION71 BUT EV5 MAK+ IT ! SOLE 5G9E ( HI/ORY1 & SEE+ 9 ALL ! O!R SOCIAL FACTORS D]IVATIONS1 CONSEQU5CES1 FACTS 9 TURN DET]M9$ BY ! ECONOMIC FACT4 ,IT IS A HI/ORICAL ]ROR1 S9CE1 IF 9 EV]Y EV5T ! ECONOMIC FACTOR HAS ITS 9FLU5CE1 NOT ALL HI/ORICAL EV5TS >E DET]M9$ MA9LY BY ! ECONOMIC FACTOR OR BY IT ALONE2 9 SOME1 9DE$1 IT IS SUBORD9AT$ TO FACTORS ( ANO!R K9D4 

,BUT1 AP>T FROM HI/ORY ( ! PA/1 :I* W\LD BE TOO LONG TO DISCUSS H]E1 ! ,M>XI/ ]ROR CONSI/S 9 NOT TAK+ DUE ACC\NT ( ! O!R FACTORS ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 ALSO V]Y IMPORTANT1 EV5 IF TO A LESS] EXT5T 7NOT ALWAYS ?\<72 ONCE NEGLECT+ ?OSE FACTORS1 ?+S >E NO LONG] SE5 9 !IR REALITY1 BUT 9 A ONE-SID$ & !RE=E FALSE LI<T1 :I* CAN LEAD 9 PRACTICE TO EQUALLY FALSE /EPS4 ,IT IS 9 !SE FALSE /EPS1 TO :I* ,M>XI/ DOGMATISM CAN LEAD1 ?AT WE SEE A DANG] = ! REVOLUTION4 

,YES1 IT IS NOT BAD TO REMEMB] H[ ?IS EXCESSIVE SUBORD9ATION ( ALL QUE/IONS TO ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION1 PASS$ FROM !ORY TO PRACTICE1 :I* HAS BECOME A GUIDE TO ! CONDUCT ( ! SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 WAS ONE ( ! REASONS = ! DISA/R\S 5D ( IT1 TOGE!R ) ! O!R REASON ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 ,IF ! LATT] WAS ! MA9 CAUSE ( ! FAILURE ( SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 ! EXCESSIVE ECONOMISM1 ! GUIDANCE BY ! SOLE REASONS ( IMM$IATE ECONOMIC UTILITY = ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASSES1 WAS ONE ( ! /RONGE/ CAUSES ( ! DEPLORABLE COLLABORATION ( ALL TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA ) ! V>I\S GOV]NM5TS 9 ! CRIME ( W>4.<#a#a.> ,BUT LET US ALSO LEAVE ASIDE ! REC5T PA/1 & LOOK TO ! FUTURE4 ,:AT ]RORS CAN A CONCEPTION ( ! MOVEM5T1 BAS$ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! !ORY ( ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM1 LEAD TO8 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 NATURALLY1 TO A REPETITION ( ! MI/AKES ( ! PA/4 ,FUR!RMORE1 BY ACCU/OM+ ! SOCIALI/ MASSES & ! REVOLUTION>IES TO ! IDEA ?AT1 ONCE WAGE-LABOR IS ABOLI%$ & PROP]TY IS SOCIALIZ$1 ALL /RUGGLE IS OV] & 9JU/ICE & OPPRESSION D]IV+ FROM O!R CAUSES ?AT >E NOT ONLY ECONOMIC >E ALSO ELIM9AT$1 IT WILL HAPP5 ?AT !SE CAUSES >E LEFT /&+ & ! REVOLUTION TURNS \T 9COMPLETE1 UNPREP>$ TO SOLVE ALL O!R PROBLEMS ( ! COMPLEX SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,:ATEV] ,5GELS HAS SAID1 IT IS NOT AT ALL TRUE ?AT RELIGION1 ! FAMILY & ! /ATE1 = EXAMPLE1 >E 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL DISAPPE> OR TRANS=M !MSELVES AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ECONOMIC *ANGES4 ,! REVOLUTION1 ) DIFF]5T MEANS DEP5D+ ON ! NATURE ( ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS1 MU/ TAKE *>GE ( !M DIRECTLY1 SO ?AT !Y DO NOT BECOME OB/ACLES1 FOCUSES ( REACTION & P]HAPS A />T+ PO9T = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE DEMOLI%$ ) REVOLUTION4 

,?IS MU/ BE SAID ESPECIALLY = ! /ATE 9/ITUTE4 ,BUT ( ?IS -- ( ! FACT ?AT ! ,/ATE CON/ITUTES 9 ITSELF1 EV5 9DEP5D5TLY ( CAPITALISM PROP]LY SAID1 A PRIVILEG$ CA/E & A P]MAN5T CAUSE ( REACTION1 9JU/ICE1 MONOPOLIES & POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 5SLAVEM5T -- WE HAVE ALREADY SPOK51 & IT W\LD BE SUP]FLU\S TO REPEAT \RSELVES4 

,IT IS KN[N ?AT ,M>XISM IS A !ORY ?AT BASES ITS >GUM5TS ON DOCUM5T>Y1 SCI5TIFIC & /ATI/ICAL MAT]IAL1 ETC41 ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY REFLECT+ ! RISE & DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE 9DU/RY4 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ALMO/ ALWAYS LIV+ 9 ,5GL&1 HAD AN EYE ON A V]Y RI* & V]Y IMPORTANT /UDY MAT]IAL1 ALMO/ 9EXHAU/IBLE1 9 ! NATION ?AT WAS !N ! C5T] ( WORLD TRADE1 :]E 9DU/RIALISM WAS AT ! HEI<T ( ITS P[]4 ,F$]ICO ,5GELS WAS ALSO AN 9DU/RIALI/ HIMSELF4 ,:5 !Y HAD LIV$ \TSIDE ,5GL&1 ! C\NTRIES !Y KNEW W]E ?OSE :I* FOLL[$ MO/ CLOSELY ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE 9 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS3 ,RH5I% ,G]MANY1 ,BELGIUM & ,FRANCE4 

,NO WOND] !N ?AT1 FROM !IR SITUATION1 ! 5VIRONM5T1 ! /UDIES !Y W]E MO/ COM=TABLE DO+1 !Y W]E L$ TO SEE 9 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION ! APEX ( B\RGEOIS P[]1 AFT] :I* %\LD COME ITS COLLAPSE & 9 A C]TA9 WAY ! TRANSITION TO ! WORK]S' SOCIETY4 ,/UDY+ ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 ! MO/ =TUNATE PLACE = IT & 9 A P]IOD ( GR[?1 :5 IT SEEM$ ?AT ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 A FEW H&S NO LONG] HAD OB/ACLES AHEAD1 ONE UND]/&S H[ !Y C\LD >RIVE AT ! ]RONE\S CONCLUSION ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T WAS TO REA* SU* A PO9T ( EXAGG]ATION AS TO PROVOKE ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION & ! COLLAPSE ( CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION4 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HAS %[N US ?AT WE CAN HOPE = ! COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM EV5 IF ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? DOES NOT HAPP51 OR /OPS OR IS NOT YET COMPLETE4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 & AL?\< SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY HAS %[N ?AT PROP]TY DOES NOT FOLL[ CON/ANT LAWS & ?AT IF IT ACCUMULATES ON ! ONE H& IT SPLITS ON ! O!R1 ! /UDIES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E NEV]!LESS1 ON MANY O!R PROBLEMS1 A PRECI\S CONTRIBUTION TO ELABORATION ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS4 ,BUT 9 MAK+ USE ( IT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y1 :O WANTS NOT TO REMA9 9 ! AB/RACT HEAV5S ( !ORY BUT DESC5D TO PRACTICAL GR\ND1 MU/ TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! FACT ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS BAS$ !IR /UDIES ON A SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 V]Y LIMIT$ 9 TIME & SPACE1 & !RE=E !Y NECESS>ILY HAD TO COME = MANY ?+S TO UNILAT]AL CONCLUSIONS1 H5CE IMPRACTICAL = O!R TIMES & DIFF]5T 5VIRONM5TS4 ,:I*1 MOREOV]1 !Y !MSELVES W\LD RECOGNIZE SEV]AL TIMES LAT]1 :5 !Y HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO TE/ ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! PA/ 9 CONTACT ) NEW FACTS4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 MORE ?AN TO ,M>X1 MANY ]RORS >E DUE TO ,M>XI/S4 ,:O1 = EXAMPLE1 = YE>S & YE>S HAVE DEAF5$ US1 9 ! NAME ( !IR MA/]1 TALK+ TO US AB\T ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION & IMPLEM5TATION ( SOCIALISM1 BECAUSE 9 ?IS OR ?AT C\NTRY !RE WAS NOT YET A DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 BECAUSE !RE WAS NOT A PROLET>IAT 9 ! PRECISE S5SE ( ! WORD1 BECAUSE PRODUCTION WAS TOO RUDIM5T>Y1 9DU/RY UNDEVELOP$1 ! CAPITALI/ CYCLE NOT COMPLET$1 ETC4 ETC4 ,?IS IS ALSO REPEAT$ TODAY BY ! RI<T-W+ ,M>XI/S1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,M5%EVIKS1 :O WANT$ TO /OP ! REVOLUTION PRECISELY BECAUSE ,RUSSIA HAD NOT YET BECOME A CAPITALI/ C\NTRY4 ,?IS IS :AT ! ,ITALIAN RE=MI/S SAY -- AL?\< !Y DO NOT AT ALL REPUDIATE ! ,M>XISM ( :I* !Y W]E -- :5 !Y PO9T TO A DANG] 9 REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE 9 ,ITALY ! IRON & COAL NECESS>Y = 9DU/RIES >E LACK+4 

,9 REALITY1 9DU/RY HAS DEVELOP$1 =M+ ! TYPICAL CAPITALISM ?AT ! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE T>GETS1 ONLY 9 A SMALL NUMB] ( PRIVILEG$ C\NTRIES1 RI* 9 COAL & IRON M9ES & ) A D5SE & AGGLOM]AT$ POPULATION4 ,IT HAS >IS5 & IS GR[+ 9 O!R C\NTRIES AS WELL1 BUT 9 LESS ADVANTAGE\S CONDITIONS1 9 A SECOND>Y ORD]1 & NOT SO P[]FULLY AS TO ABSORB ALL ! O!R =CES & NOT TO ALL[ ! LIFE ( O!R LOCAL PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION1 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/4 ,NOR DO WE BELIEVE ?AT ?IS IS BAD FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IF ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( EV]Y C\NTRY W]E TO BE EXPECT$ TO BR+ AB\T ! REVOLUTION1 IT %\LD HAVE BE5 DONE = A LONG TIME 9 ,5GL&1 ,BELGIUM1 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 :]E 9/EAD IT SEEMS WE >E /ILL F> FROM IT1 & CONV]SELY IT %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E IT HAS TRIUMPH$1 & NOT TO TALK AB\T ,ITALY & ,SPA91 :]E ITS PRECURSOR SIGNS >E 9CREAS+LY SE54 

,BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S1 :OM WE WILL CALL LEFT-W+1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,ITALIAN MAXIMALI/S1 DO NOT DIS>M = ALL ?IS1 DO NOT DIM9I% !IR DOCTR9AL 9FATUATION1 = :I* BIG 9DU/RY %\LD BE ! MO/ ADVANC$ TYPE ( CIVILIZATION & MO/ COMPATIBLE ) SOCIALI/ CIVILIZATION4 

,!Y DO NOT SAY 7,I *ALL5GE671 LIKE !IR COMRADES ON ! RI<T1 ?AT ! REVOLUTION MU/ WAIT = ! COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 BUT 9 A C]TA9 WAY !Y WANT TO USE ! REVOLUTION TO DEVELOP IT 9T5SIVELY1 TRANS=M+ IT 9TO /ATE CAPITALISM1 ?AT IS1 GIV+ TO ! ,/ATE ! MANAGEM5T ( WEAL? & ALL GOV]NM5TAL P[]S1 SO ?AT BY HOOK OR BY CROOK IT MAKES ! C\NTRY 9 REVOLUTION AN 9DU/RIAL C\NTRY4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,ITALY & ABROAD APPEAL TO ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP2 ?AT IS1 SO ?AT ) AN IRON H& IT B5DS ! :OLE POPULATION TO ! /RICTE/ DISCIPL9E1 NECESS>Y TO >TIFICIALLY IMPLANT BIG 9DU/RY1 NO LONG] CAPITALI/IC1 & NEI!R PROLET>IAN1 BUT /ATE-[N$4 

,?IS AIM IS CLE>LY /AT$ 9 ,BUKH>9'S 0,COMMUNI/ ,PROGRAM02 :I* ! MAXIMALI/S ( EV]Y NUANCE 9 ,MILAN1 ,TUR9 & ,NAPLES TRANSLATE & COMM5T AS !IR [N PROGRAM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BUKH>91 ! BE/ & MO/ P]FECT WAY ( ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION IS TAU<T TO US BY L>GE CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY4 ,!RE=E1 ECONOMIC EQUALITY MU/ BE COMB9$ ) BIG 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< = ! CAPITALI/S TO DISAPPE>2 PRODUCTION NE$S TO BE PLAC$ ON A WIDE FOOT4 ,ALL 9CAPABLE SMALL COMPANIES MU/ P]I%4 ,ALL LABOR MU/ BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 L>GE FACTORIES1 L>GE WORK%OPS & L>GE F>MS4 ,ONE MU/ NOT IGNORE :AT ! O!R IS DO+1 & VICE-V]SA4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO HAVE A S+LE WORK PLAN1 :I* WILL BE BETT] IF IT IS SPREAD OV] A L>G] NUMB] ( PLACES4 ,! :OLE WORLD MU/ F9ALLY =M A GREAT LABOR COMPANY1 9 :I* ALL ( HUMANITY WORKS = ITSELF ) ! BE/ MA*9ES1 9 ! L>GE/ FACTORIES1 )\T TODAY'S BOSSES & CAPITALI/S1 BUT ACCORD+ TO A RIGOR\SLY PREP>$1 CALCULAT$ & MEASUR$ PLAN4.<#a#b.> 

,:AT A MON/R\S AB]RATION6 

,NOT ?AT WE AN>*I/S >E DISGU/$1 AS ,BUKH>9 BELIEVES1 BY BIG ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUTION OR DI/RIBUTION1 NOR ?AT HIS JOKE AB\T \R PREF]5CES = ! 0,CONF$]ATION ( ! TWO EXPLOIT$0 IS JU/IFI$ 7WE HAVE ALREADY DEALT ) ?AT NONS5SE74 ,:5 ! TYPE ( WORK OR S]VICE TO BE P]=M$ REQUIRES IT1 :5 IT IS POSSIBLE )\T GREAT] 9CONV5I5CE ?AN UTILITY1 DEP5D+ ON ! 5VIRONM5T & CIRCUM/ANCES1 WE TOO ADMIT L>GE FACTORIES1 L>GE WORK%OPS1 L>GE F>MS4 ,WE TOO ?9K ?AT PRODUCTION %\LD BE PLAC$ ON AS WIDE A FOOT AS POSSIBLE4 ,NOR DO WE HAVE ANY PHOBIA = BIG 9DU/RY ITSELF2 & :]E ITS EXP]I5CES & ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION CAN BE US$ = ! GOOD ( ALL1 IT W\LD BE FOOLI% NOT TO DO SO4 

,! AB]RATION CONSI/S 9 HOLD+ ?AT ONLY ! MODE ( PRODUCTION ( L>GE 9DU/RY IS EFFECTIVE1 & ?AT SMALL COMPANIES >E CONDEMN$ TO P]I% = AN ALLEG$ CRIME ( 9CAPACITY4 ,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT !RE >E K9DS ( WORK & PRODUCTION ?AT >E ACTUALLY DONE BETT] 9 L>GE WORK%OPS1 O!RS ?AT >E BETT] SUIT$ TO SMALL-SCALE MANUFACTUR+1 & /ILL O!RS ?AT >E DONE AS WELL 9 SMALL AS 9 L>GE4 ,EV5 = TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 ,KROPOTK9 OBS]VES1 ! CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RIES 9 L>GE WORK%OPS IS NOT ALWAYS USEFUL2 SOMETIMES IT IS AN OB/ACLE4 ,IF ! BIG WORK%OPS TODAY HAVE ! ADVANTAGE OV] ! SMALL ONES1 ?IS (T5 HAPP5S NOT = ECONOMY ( DRIV+ =CE OR = TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 BUT ONLY = ! GREAT] EASE ( DISPOSAL ( PRODUCTS.<#a#c.> -- AN ADVANTAGE ?AT 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD BE A*IEV$ SIMPLY BY C5TRALIZ+ ! PRODUCTS 9 SOCIAL W>EH\SES1 )\T NE$ TO FIR/ C5TRALIZE WORK & WORK]S 9 A WORK%OP-B>RACKS4 

,! SAME APPLIES TO F>MS4 ,C]TA9 SMALL PROP]TIES 9 ,M>*E1 ,UMBRIA OR ,ABRUZZO HAVE NO?+ TO 5VY1 9 T]MS ( 9T5SITY ( CULTIVATION & RI*NESS ( PRODUCTS1 TO ! L>GE F>MS ( \R COOP]ATIVE FRI5DS 9 ,ROMAGNA & ,LAZIO4 ,) ?IS WE WANT TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE1 NOT TO SUPPORT ! SMALL CULTURE 9 PREF]5CE TO ! L>GE ONE1 BUT TO %[ H[ RECKLESS C]TA9 APRIORISMS >E1 :I* DO NOT TAKE CIRCUM/ANCES 9TO ACC\NT & >E BAS$ ON ! OBS]VATION ( A S+LE S]IES ( FACTS -- AS HAPP5S ) ,M>XI/S4 ,IT WILL BE ! ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S1 WE ?9K1 :O WILL HAVE TO FREELY E/ABLI% !IR [N MODE & TYPE ( PRODUCTION1 ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPACITY & ! NE$S1 NOT A GOV]NM5T ?AT IMPOSES IT ON EV]YONE FROM ABOVE4 

,! AB]RATION REALLY REA*ES ! MON/R\S1 :5 ! TYPE ( L>GE 9DU/RY IS E/ABLI%$ AS M&ATORY = ALL1 EV5 = C\NTRIES ?AT >E LESS SUITABLE = IT1 )\T WORRY+ AB\T ! OPPORTUNITY & POSSIBILITY ( DO+ SO1 )\T DI/+UI%+ :]E & TO :AT EXT5T IT IS POSSIBLE4 ,!RE IS CONFID5T TALK ( A S+LE WORK PLAN = ALL1 ACCORD+ TO A RIGOR\SLY PREP>$1 CALCULAT$ & MEASUR$ PLAN4 ,! 5VIRONM5T1 ! T5D5CIES1 ! SPIRIT ( ! POPULATIONS DO NOT C\NT = ANY?+6 ,UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT ,PET] %\LD NOT IGNORE :AT ,PAUL DOES1 & VICE-V]SA -- AS IF 9 ORD] TO GET 9=M$1 HELP EA* O!R1 EX*ANGE IDEAS1 RAW MAT]IALS & PRODUCTS1 IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE O!R MEANS ?AN TO =CE US ALL TO DO ! SAME WAY -- ,BUKH>9 DREAMS ( SUBMITT+ NO LESS ?AN ! :OLE ( HUMANITY TO ?AT UNIQUE PLAN1 RIGOR\SLY PREP>$1 CALCULAT$ & MEASUR$6 

,WE W\LD LIKE TO REJOICE ?AT1 AFT] =TY YE>S1 ! SOCIALI/S HAVE RETURN$ TO COMMUNISM1 AFT] HAV+ = SO LONG LEFT TO ! AN>*I/S ALONE ! C>E ( PROPAGAT+ IT4 

,H[EV]1 IF ! SOCIALI/S TAKE IT FROM ,BUKH>91 IT WILL HAPP5 ?AT !Y HAVE ONLY *ANG$ !IR \T] LABEL4 ,9SIDE !RE WILL ALWAYS BE ! OLD ,G]MAN B>RACKS COLLECTIVI/ UTOPIA1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM ( BE=E #a#h#g1 CRITICIZ$ BY ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 IMPOSSIBLE TO A*IEVE4 ,:5 ,BUKH>9 SPEAKS TO US ( A /ATE P[]1 ( AN IRON P[]1 ( AN 5]GETIC GOV]NM5T1 \R ?\<TS TURN NOT ONLY TO ,L591 BUT ALSO TO ,NOSKE -- 9DE$ TO ,CZ>6 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE HAVE EV]Y REASON TO FE> ?AT ! GOV]NM5TAL VIOL5CE ( ! NEW ,/ATE WILL NOT ONLY BE UNLEA%$ AGA9/ ! REACTION>Y & B\RGEOIS =CES ?AT HAVE SURVIV$ -- :I* WE WILL C]TA9LY NOT REGRET -- BUT ALSO AGA9/ ! WORK]S RECALCITRANT TO ! 0S+LE WORK PLAN01 AGA9/ ! LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES DEVELOP$ 9 ! PROLET>IAT1 AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( AUTONOMY1 9DEP5D5CE & REVOLT ( ! OPPRESS$ TODAY :O DO NOT WANT1 EV5 = GOOD REASONS1 TO BE OPPRESS$ TOMORR[4 

,M>XI/ WRIT]S TAKE PLEASURE SOMETIMES 9 SPEAK+ ( AN>*ISM AS AN EXAGG]ATION ( B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM1 PRET5D+ TO IGNORE ! !ORETICALLY & HI/ORICALLY SOCIALI/ F\NDATION ( ! AN>*I/ IDEA4 ,) MU* GREAT] RI<T WE CAN SAY ?AT !IR MON/R\S CONCEPTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 IMPROP]LY CALL$ SOCIALISM1 IS ! MO/ EXASP]AT+ EXAGG]ATION ( B\RGEOIS /ATISM4 ,B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM1 )\T SOCIALISM1 5D$ UP KILL+ ! EGALIT>IAN SPIRIT ?AT ANIMAT$ ! REVOLUTION ( #a<i FROM ITS \TBREAK4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 /ATE SOCIALISM1 )\T FRE$OM1 WILL R5D] /]ILE ! FRUITS ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT BEGAN 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g4 

,!RE IS MOREOV] A S]I\S DANG] 9 ALL ?IS3 ?AT ! REVOLUTION WILL BE EXHAU/$ 9 T]RIBLE 9T]NAL /RUGGLES1 9 A VA9 EF=T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T TO SUBMIT EV]Y?+ & EV]YONE TO ITS DECREES1 & 9 A GR[+ DISCONT5T & REBELLION ( ! SUBJECTS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O FIR/ CONTRIBUT$ MO/ TO OV]?R[+ ! B\RGEOIS P[]S4 ,?IS IS F> FROM IMPOSSIBLE1 & ONE C\LD SAY IT IS 9EVITABLE1 9 C\NTRIES LIKE \RS1 9 :I* A REGIME ( 9DU/RIAL GOV]NM5T W\LD CLA% AGA9/ ! IMPATI5CE TO ANY COMPULSORY DISCIPL9E ?AT IS 9 ! *>ACT] ( ! POPULATIONS1 AGA9/ ! HABBIT ACQUIR$ UND] ! CURR5T REGIME ( SEE+ GOV]NM5T AS AN 5EMY1 & AGA9/ ! 9ABILITY TO ADAPT TO ! 9DU/RIAL REGIME = :I* WE LACK ! MA9 NATURAL CONDITIONS4 ,?IS LA/ DIFFICULTY C\LD BE OV]COME ) TIME1 LITTLE BY LITTLE2 BUT WANT+ TO /RIKE AGA9/ IT ) VIOL5CE1 ( A SUDD51 FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T1 W\LD MEAN USELESSLY >\S+ NEW 5EMIES AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION1 EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O W\LD BE 9T]E/$ 9 DEF5D+ IT4 

,ALL ?IS1 9/EAD ( B5EFIT+ PRODUCTION1 W\LD 9EVITABLY PREV5T ! ORD] NECESS>Y = ITS DEVELOPM5T2 & IT W\LD FAVOR ! GAME ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 PREV5T+ ! NEW REGIME FROM SOON REA*+ A DEF9ITIVE & /ABLE TRIM4 ,! REACTION1 DISGUIS+ ITSELF AS A P>TISAN ( SOMETIMES ONE SOMETIMES ! O!R SIDE 9 CONFLICT1 W\LD 5D UP HAV+ ! UPP] H& & UNMASK ITSELF :5 ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES HAD EXHAU/$ & CANCEL$ EA* O!R \T 9 /]ILE & C]TA9LY BLOODY RET*+S1 9 9FI<T+S BETWE5 FRE$OM & AU?ORITY4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD 5D LIKE ?AT ( #a#g#h#i-#i#c1 BY DEV\R+ ITSELF4 

,! ,SOCIALI/S ALWAYS HAVE TIME TO PREV5T SU* A DISA/] FROM BE+ PREP>$ = ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE DO NOT PRET5D BY ?IS1 AL?\< IT IS \R DESIRE1 ?AT !Y BECOME AN>*I/S & DEF9ITELY ACCEPT ! AN>*I/ CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM & REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT !Y 9SPIRE !IR TACTICS & REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS ) A GREAT] FEEL+ ( FRE$OM2 & ABOVE ALL !Y %\LD R5\NCE ! PRET5SE ( B5D+ BY =CE ! REVOLUTION TO AN APRIORI/IC & DOGMATIC S*EME1 :I* ( SCI5TIFIC HAS ONLY ! NAME >BITR>ILY GIV5 TO IT1 & :I* MAY P]HAPS BE CALL$ ,M>XI/1 BUT C]TA9LY ,K>L ,M>X HIMSELF W\LD REPUDIATE IF HE W]E /ILL ALIVE4 

,LET !M TAKE ! LIV+ WORD & NOT ! DEAD ONE ( !IR MA/]S4 ,LET !M REMEMB] ?AT ,K>L ,M>X -- :O WAS KE5 TO DECL>E ?AT HE WAS NOT A 0,M>XI/0 AT ALL -- SIXTE5 YE>S AFT] WRIT+ ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O0 ALREADY FELT ! NE$ TO ADVISE ! SOCIALI/S NOT TO TAKE IT TOO LIT]ALLY1 TO APPLY IT 09 EA* PLACE & TIME ACCORD+ TO ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( ! MOM5T40 ,LET US NOT BE UTOPIANS TO ! PO9T ( =GETT+ ?AT FROM #ahdh UP TO TODAY MORE ?AN SEV5TY YE>S HAVE PASS$6 

.<#a.> ,SEE ! >TICLE 0,LA ,DITTATURA0 .<0,! ,DICTATOR%IP0.> BY ,E4 ,LEONE1 9 ! NEWSPAP] ,IL ,LAVORATORE FROM ,TRIE/E1 #bb ,MAY #a#i#b4 

.<#b.> ,C4 ,M>X4 -- ,LA GU]RA CIVILE 9 ,FRANCIA4 .<,! CIVIL W> 9 ,FRANCE.> -- P4 #de & #d#f4 7,OP]E DI ,M>X1 ,5GELS E ,LASSALLE1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 N4 #d7 

.<#c.> 0,ALL SOCIALI/S MEAN ?IS BY AN>*Y3 ONCE ! AIM ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T IS A*IEV$1 ?AT IS1 ! ABOLITION ( LAWS1 ! P[] ( ! /ATE DISAPPE>S1 & GOV]NM5TAL FUNCTIONS >E TRANS=M$ 9TO SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS40 ,C4 ,M>X -- ,L'ALLEANZA DELLA ,DEMOCRAZIA SOCIALI/A1 ECC4 .<,! ,ALLIANCE ( SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY1 ETC4.> -- ,P4 #a#c4 7,OP]E DI ,M>X1 ,5GELS E ,LASSALLE1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 N4 #e74 

.<#d.> ,SEE ALSO A LETT] FROM ,BAKUN9 TO ,H]Z51 DAT$ ,OCTOB] #b#h1 #a#h#f#i1 9 :I* ,M>X'S 05ORM\S M]ITS0 >E BOA/$1 ESPECIALLY = HIS 9FLU5CE :I* PREV5T$ ! 9FILTRATION ( B\RGEOIS IDEAS & T5D5CIES 9TO SOCIALISM4 7,M4 ,BAKUN91 ,CORRESPONDANCE -- ,$IT4 ,P]R91 ,P>IS -- PAGES #b#h#h-#b#i#a74 

.<#e.> ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O1 ,PRO E CONTRO IL ,SOCIALISMO4 .<,= & AGA9/ ,SOCIALISM.>-- ,$IT4 ,TREVES1 ,MILANO4 -- ,P4 #b#h-#b#i4 

.<#f.> ,B5$ETTO ,CROCE1 ,MAT]IALISMO /ORICO $ ,ECONOMIA M>XI/ICA4 .<,HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & ,M>XI/ ,ECONOMICS.> ,$IT4 ,S&RON1 ,PAL]MO -- P4 #a#f4 

.<#g.> ,M4 ,BAKUN91 ,OEUVRES1 VOL4 ,I,V1 P4 #c#g#d4 

.<#h.> ,IDEM1 IDEM -- P4 #c#g#f4 

.<#i.> ,M4 ,BAKUN91 ,/ATE & ,AN>*Y 79 ,RUSSIAN7 P4 #b#b#c-#b#b#d4 -- ,LA ,!OLOGIE POLITIQUE DE ,MAZZ9I ET L',9T]NATIONALE1 ,NEU*ATEL1 P4 #fi & #g#h4 -- ,WE TAKE !SE QUOTES FROM ! WELL-KN[N LIBEL ( ,PLEKHANOV1 ,AN>*ISMO E ,SOCIALISMO 7,$IT4 ,CRITICA ,SOCIALE1 ,MILAN1 P4 #e#a74 

.<#a.> ,M4 ,BAKUN91 ,OEUVRES - VOL4 ,I,I,I1 P4 #a#a4 

.<#a#a.> ,OBJECTION WILL BE RAIS$ ) ! EXAMPLE ( ,ITALIAN SOCIALISM & ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS4 ,WE W\LD BE ABSOLUTELY RI<T = ! .<ITALIAN SOCIALI/.> ,P>TY1 BUT RELATIVELY = ! ,CONF$]AZIONE DEL ,LAVORO .<,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR.>1 = :I* !RE W\LD BE SEV]AL OBJECTIONS & EXCEPTIONS4 ,BUT ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ! ,ITALIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY SAV$ ITSELF FROM ! WRECK WAS PRECISELY ?AT IT WAS & IS F> LESS ,M>XI/ ?AN IT SEEMS & WANTS TO ?9K4 

.<#a#b.> ,N4 ,BUK>9 -- OP4 CIT41 PG4 #ac & #ad 

.<#a#c.> ,P4 ,KROPOTK9 - ,LA ,PICCOLA 9DU/RIA 9 ,+HILT]RA .<,! SMALL 9DU/RY 9 ,5GL&.> 7,SEE J\RNAL @<@<,IL ,P5SI]O@>@> ( ,ROMA4 -- ISSUE #a#i1 #a/ OCTOB] #a#i#f74 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #bba 3 ,M>XISM & ! ,IDEA ( ,DICTATOR%IP -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,M>XISM & ! ,IDEA ( ,DICTATOR%IP -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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