,M>XI/ ,!ORY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TACTICS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,\R ,DIFF]5CES 

,= SEV]AL YE>S PA/1 PR(\ND TACTICAL DISAGREEM5T HAS BE5 DEVELOP+ ON 
A SUCCESSION ( ISSUES AMONG ?OSE :O HAD PREVI\SLY %>$ COMMON GR\ND AS 
,M>XI/S & TOGE!R F\<T AGA9/ ,REVISIONISM 9 ! NAME ( ! RADICAL 
TACTIC ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT FIR/ CAME 9TO ! OP5 9 #a#i#a1 9 ! DEBATE 
BETWE5 ,KAUTSKY & ,LUXEMBURG OV] ! MASS /RIKE2 !N CAME ! DISS5SION 
OV] IMP]IALISM & ! QUE/ION ( DIS>MAM5T2 & F9ALLY1 ) ! CONFLICT 
OV] ! ELECTORAL DEAL MADE BY ! ,P>TY ,EXECUTIVE & ! ATTITUDE TO BE 
ADOPT$ T[>DS ! LIB]ALS1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUES ( P>LIAM5T>Y 
POLITICS BECAME ! SUBJECT ( DISPUTE4 

,ONE MAY REGRET ?IS FACT1 BUT NO P>TY LOYALTY CAN CONJURE IT AWAY2 WE CAN 
ONLY ?R[ LI<T UPON IT1 & ?IS IS :AT ! 9T]E/ ( ! P>TY 
DEM&S4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! CAUSES ( ! DISS5SION MU/ BE ID5TIFI$1 9 
ORD] TO %[ ?AT IT IS NATURAL & NECESS>Y2 & ON ! O!R1 ! CONT5T ( 
! TWO P]SPECTIVES1 !IR MO/ BASIC PR9CIPLES & !IR MO/ F>-REA*+ 
IMPLICATIONS1 MU/ BE EXTRACT$ FROM ! =MULATIONS ( ! TWO SIDES1 SO ?AT 
P>TY COMRADES CAN ORI5TATE !MSELVES & *OOSE BETWE5 !M2 ?IS IS ONLY 
POSSIBLE ?R\< !ORETICAL DISCUSSION4 

,! S\RCE ( ! REC5T TACTICAL DISAGREEM5TS IS CLE> TO SEE3 UND] ! 
9FLU5CE ( ! MOD]N =MS ( CAPITALISM1 NEW =MS ( ACTION HAVE DEVELOP$ 
9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 NAMELY MASS ACTION4 ,:5 !Y FIR/ MADE !IR 
APPE>ANCE1 !Y W]E WELCOM$ BY ALL ,M>XI/S & HAIL$ AS A SIGN ( 
REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T1 A PRODUCT ( \R REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS4 ,BUT AS ! 
PRACTICAL POT5TIAL ( MASS ACTION DEVELOP$1 IT BEGAN TO POSE NEW PROBLEMS2 ! 
QUE/ION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 HI!RTO AN UNATTA9ABLY DI/ANT ULTIMATE GOAL1 
N[ BECAME A LIVE ISSUE = ! MILITANT PROLET>IAT1 & ! TREM5D\S 
DIFFICULTIES 9VOLV$ BECAME CLE> TO EV]YONE1 ALMO/ AS A MATT] ( P]SONAL 
EXP]I5CE4 ,?IS GAVE RISE TO TWO TR5DS ( ?\<T3 ! ONE TOOK UP ! PROBLEM 
( REVOLUTION1 & BY ANALYZ+ ! EFFECTIV5ESS1 SIGNIFICANCE & POT5TIAL ( 
! NEW =MS ( ACTION1 S\<T TO GRASP H[ ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BE ABLE TO 
FULFILL ITS MISSION2 ! O!R1 AS IF %R9K+ BE=E ! MAGNITUDE ( ?IS 
PROSPECT1 GROP$ AMONG ! OLD]1 P>LIAM5T>Y =MS ( ACTION 9 SE>* ( 
T5D5CIES :I* W\LD = ! TIME BE+ MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO PO/PONE TACKL+ 
! TASK4 ,! NEW ME?ODS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAVE GIV5 RISE TO AN 
IDEOLOGICAL SPLIT AMONG ?OSE :O PREVI\SLY ADVOCAT$ RADICAL ,M>XI/ 
P>TY-TACTICS4 

,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES IT IS \R DUTY AS ,M>XI/S TO CL>IFY ! DIFF]5CES 
AS F> AS POSSIBLE BY MEANS ( !ORETICAL DISCUSSION4 ,?IS IS :Y1 9 \R 
>TICLE 0,MASS ACTION & REVOLUTION01 WE \TL9$ ! PROCESS ( 
REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T AS A REV]SAL ( ! RELATIONS ( CLASS P[] TO 
PROVIDE A BASIC /ATEM5T ( \R P]SPECTIVE1 & ATTEMPT$ TO CL>IFY ! 
DIFF]5CES BETWE5 \R VIEWS & ?OSE ( ,KAUTSKY 9 A CRITIQUE ( TWO >TICLES 
BY HIM4 ,9 HIS REPLY1 ,KAUTSKY %IFT$ ! ISSUE ON TO A DIFF]5T T]RA93 
9/EAD ( CONTE/+ ! VALIDITY ( !ORETICAL =MULATIONS1 HE ACCUS$ US ( 
WANT+ TO =CE NEW TACTICS UPON ! P>TY4 ,9 ! ,LEIPZIG] 
,VOLKSZEITUNG ( #i ,SEPTEMB]1 WE %[$ ?AT ?IS TURN$ ! :OLE PURPOSE 
( \R >GUM5T ON ITS HEAD4 

,WE HAD ATTEMPT$1 9S(> AS IT WAS POSSIBLE1 TO CL>IFY ! DI/9CTIONS 
BETWE5 ! ?REE T5D5CIES1 TWO RADICAL & ONE ,REVISIONI/1 :I* 
N[ CONFRONT EA* O!R 9 ! P>TY4 ,COMRADE ,KAUTSKY SEEMS TO HAVE MISS$ ! 
PO9T ( ?IS 5TIRE ANALYSIS1 S9CE HE REM>KS TE/ILY3 0,PANNEKOEK SEES 
MY ?9K+ AS PURE ,REVISIONISM40 

,:AT WE W]E >GU+ WAS ON ! CONTR>Y ?AT ,KAUTSKY'S POSITION IS NOT 
,REVISIONI/4 ,= ! V]Y REASON ?AT MANY COMRADES MISJUDG$ ,KAUTSKY BECAUSE 
!Y W]E PREOCCUPI$ ) ! RADICAL-,REVISIONI/ DI*OTOMY ( PREVI\S 
DEBATES1 & WOND]$ IF HE WAS GRADUALLY TURN+ ,REVISIONI/ -- = ?IS 
V]Y REASON IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SPEAK \T & GRASP ,KAUTSKY'S PRACTICE 9 
T]MS ( ! P>TICUL> NATURE ( HIS RADICAL POSITION4 ,:]EAS ,REVISIONISM 
SEEKS TO LIMIT \R ACTIVITY TO P>LIAM5T>Y & TRADE-UNION CAMPAIGNS1 TO ! 
A*IEVEM5T ( RE=MS & IMPROVEM5TS :I* WILL EVOLVE NATURALLY 9TO 
SOCIALISM -- A P]SPECTIVE :I* S]VES AS ! BASIS = RE=MI/ TACTICS 
AIM$ SOLELY AT %ORT-T]M GA9S -- RADICALISM /RESSES ! 9EVITABILITY 
( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE = ! CONQUE/ ( P[] ?AT LIES BE=E US1 & 
!RE=E DIRECTS ITS TACTICS T[>DS RAIS+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & 9CREAS+ 
! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS OV] ! NATURE ( ?IS REVOLUTION ?AT \R 
VIEWS DIV]GE4 ,AS F> AS ,KAUTSKY IS CONC]N$1 IT IS AN EV5T 9 ! FUTURE1 A 
POLITICAL APOCALYPSE1 & ALL WE HAVE TO DO MEAN:ILE IS PREP>E = ! F9AL 
%[-D[N BY GA!R+ \R /R5G? & ASSEMBL+ & DRILL+ \R TROOPS4 ,9 
\R VIEW1 REVOLUTION IS A PROCESS1 ! FIR/ /AGES ( :I* WE >E N[ 
EXP]I5C+1 = IT IS ONLY BY ! /RUGGLE = P[] ITSELF ?AT ! MASSES 
CAN BE ASSEMBL$1 DRILL$ & =M$ 9TO AN ORGANIZATION CAPABLE ( TAK+ 
P[]4 ,!SE DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS LEAD TO COMPLETELY DIFF]5T EVALUATIONS ( 
CURR5T PRACTICE2 & IT IS APP>5T ?AT ! ,REVISIONI/S' REJECTION ( 
ANY REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & ,KAUTSKY'S PO/PONEM5T ( IT TO ! 
9DEF9ITE FUTURE >E B\ND TO UNITE !M ON MANY ( ! CURR5T ISSUES OV] 
:I* !Y BO? OPPOSE US4 

,?IS IS NOT ( C\RSE TO SAY ?AT !SE CURR5TS =M DI/9CT1 CONSCI\S 
GR\PS 9 ! P>TY3 TO SOME EXT5T !Y >E NO MORE ?AN CONFLICT+ TR5DS ( 
?\<T4 ,NOR DOES IT MEAN A BLURR+ ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,KAUTSKIAN 
RADICALISM & ,REVISIONISM1 M]ELY A RAPPRO*EM5T :I* WILL NEV]!LESS 
BECOME MORE & MORE PRON\NC$ AS ! 9N] LOGIC ( DEVELOPM5T ASS]TS 
ITSELF1 = RADICALISM ?AT IS REAL & YET PASSIVE CANNOT BUT LOSE ITS MASS 
BASE4 ,NECESS>Y AS IT WAS TO KEEP TO TRADITIONAL ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE 9 ! 
P]IOD :5 ! MOVEM5T WAS FIR/ DEVELOP+1 ! TIME WAS B\ND TO COME :5 
! PROLET>IAT W\LD ASPIRE TO TRANS=M ITS HEI<T5$ AW>5ESS ( ITS [N 
POT5TIAL 9TO ! CONQUE/ ( DECISIVE NEW POSITIONS ( /R5G?4 ,! MASS 
ACTIONS 9 ! /RUGGLE = SUFFRAGE 9 ,PRUSSIA TE/IFY TO ?IS DET]M9ATION4 
,REVISIONISM WAS ITSELF AN EXPRESSION ( ?IS ASPIRATION TO A*IEVE POSITIVE 
RESULTS AS ! FRUIT ( GR[+ P[]2 & DESPITE ! DISAPPO9TM5TS & 
FAILURES IT HAS BR\<T1 IT [ES ITS 9FLU5CE PRIM>ILY TO ! NOTIONS ?AT 
RADICAL P>TY-TACTICS SIMPLY MEAN WAIT+ PASSIVELY )\T MAK+ DEF9ITE 
GA9S & ?AT ,M>XISM IS A DOCTR9E ( FATALISM4 ,! PROLET>IAT CANNOT RE/ 
FROM ! /RUGGLE = FRE% ADVANCES2 ?OSE :O >E NOT PREP>$ TO LEAD ?IS 
/RUGGLE ON A REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE WILL1 :ATEV] !IR 9T5TIONS1 BE 
9EXORABLY PU%$ FUR!R & FUR!R ALONG ! RE=MI/ PA? ( PURSU+ 
POSITIVE GA9S BY MEANS ( P>TICUL> P>LIAM5T>Y TACTICS & B>GA9S ) 
O!R P>TIES4 

#b4 ,CLASS & ,MASSES 

,WE >GU$ ?AT ,COMRADE ,KAUTSKY HAD LEFT HIS ,M>XI/ ANALYTICAL TOOLS AT HOME 
9 HIS ANALYSIS ( ACTION BY ! MASSES1 & ?AT ! 9ADEQUACY ( HIS ME?OD 
WAS APP>5T FROM ! FACT ?AT HE FAIL$ TO COME TO ANY DEF9ITE CONCLUSION4 
,KAUTSKY REPLIES3 0,NOT AT ALL4 ,I CAME TO ! V]Y DEF9ITE CONCLUSION ?AT 
! UNORGANIZ$ MASSES 9 QUE/ION W]E HI<LY UNPR$ICTABLE 9 
*>ACT]40 ,& HE REF]S TO ! %IFT+ S&S ( ! DES]T AS SIMIL>LY 
UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,) ALL DUE RESPECT TO ?IS ILLU/RATION1 WE MU/ NEV]!LESS 
/& BY \R >GUM5T4 ,IF1 9 ANALYZ+ A PH5OM5ON1 Y\ F9D ?AT IT TAKES ON 
V>I\S =MS & IS 5TIRELY UNPR$ICTABLE1 ?AT M]ELY PROVES ?AT Y\ 
HAVE NOT F\ND ! REAL BASIS DET]M9+ IT4 ,IF1 AFT] /UDY+ ! 
POSITION ( ! MOON1 = EXAMPLE1 SOMEONE 0CAME TO ! V]Y DEF9ITE 
CONCLUSION0 ?AT IT SOMETIMES APPE>S 9 ! NOR?-EA/1 SOMETIMES 9 ! 
S\? & SOMETIMES 9 ! WE/1 9 AN 5TIRELY >BITR>Y & UNPR$ICTABLE 
FA%ION1 !N EV]YONE W\LD RI<TLY SAY ?AT ?IS /UDY WAS FRUITLESS -- 
?\< IT MAY ( C\RSE BE ?AT ! =CE AT WORK CANNOT YET BE ID5TIFI$4 ,! 
9VE/IGATOR W\LD ONLY HAVE DES]V$ CRITICISM IF HE HAD COMPLETELY IGNOR$ ! 
ME?OD ( ANALYSIS :I*1 AS HE P]FECTLY WELL KNEW1 WAS ! ONLY ONE :I* 
C\LD PRODUCE RESULTS 9 ?AT FIELD4 

,?IS IS H[ ,KAUTSKY TREATS ACTION BY ! MASSES4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT ! MASSES 
HAVE ACT$ 9 DIFF]5T WAYS HI/ORICALLY1 SOMETIMES 9 A REACTION>Y S5SE1 
SOMETIMES 9 A REVOLUTION>Y S5SE1 SOMETIMES REMA9+ PASSIVE1 & COMES TO 
! CONCLUSION ?AT ONE CANNOT BUILD ON ?IS %IFT+1 UNPR$ICTABLE F\NDATION4 
,BUT :AT DOES ,M>XI/ !ORY TELL US8 ,?AT BEYOND ! LIMITS ( 9DIVIDUAL 
V>IATION1 -- ?AT IS :]E ! MASSES >E CONC]N$ -- ! ACTIONS ( 
M5 >E DET]M9$ BY !IR MAT]IAL SITUATION1 !IR 9T]E/S & ! 
P]SPECTIVES >IS+ FROM ! LATT] & ?AT !SE1 MAK+ ALL[ANCES = ! 
WEI<T ( TRADITION1 >E DIFF]5T = ! DIFF]5T CLASSES4 ,IF WE >E TO 
COMPREH5D ! BEHAVIOR ( ! MASSES1 !N1 WE MU/ MAKE CLE> DI/9CTIONS 
BETWE5 ! V>I\S CLASSES3 ! ACTIONS ( A LUMP5PROLET>IAN MASS1 A PEASANT 
MASS & A MOD]N PROLET>IAN MASS WILL BE 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4 ,( C\RSE ,KAUTSKY 
C\LD COME TO NO CONCLUSION BY ?R[+ !M ALL TOGE!R 9DISCRIM9ATELY2 ! 
CAUSE ( HIS FAILURE TO F9D A BASIS = PR$ICTION1 H[EV]1 LIES NOT 9 ! 
OBJECT ( HIS HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS1 BUT 9 ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! ME?ODS HE HAS 
US$4 

,KAUTSKY GIVES ANO!R REASON = DISREG>D+ ! CLASS *>ACT] ( ! 
MASSES ( TODAY3 AS A COMB9ATION ( V>I\S CLASSES1 !Y HAVE NO CLASS 
*>ACT]3 

0,ON P4 #de ( MY >TICLE1 ,I EXAM9$ :AT ELEM5TS MI<T 
POT5TIALLY BE 9VOLV$ 9 ACTION ( ?IS K9D 9 ,G]MANY TODAY4 ,MY F9D+ WAS 
?AT1 DISREG>D+ *ILDR5 & ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION1 ONE W\LD HAVE TO 
RECKON ) SOME ?IRTY MILLION PEOPLE1 ONLY AB\T A T5? ( :OM W\LD BE 
ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4 ,! RE/ W\LD BE MADE UP ( UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S1 = ! 
MO/ P>T /ILL 9FECT$ ) ! ?9K+ ( ! PEASANTRY1 ! 
PETTY-B\RGEOISIE & ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 TOGE!R ) A GOOD MANY MEMB]S 
( ! LATT] TWO /RATA !MSELVES4 

,EV5 AFT] ,PANNEKOEK'S REPROA*ES1 ,I /ILL DO NOT SEE 
H[ A UNIFI$ CLASS *>ACT] CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO SU* MOTLEY MASSES4 ,IT IS NOT 
?AT ,I 'LEFT MY ,M>XISM AT HOME'1 ,I NEV] POSSESS$ SU* 
'ANALYTIC TOOLS'4 ,COMRADE ,PANNEKOEK CLE>LY ?9KS ! ESS5CE ( 
,M>XISM CONSI/S 9 SEE+ A P>TICUL> CLASS1 NAMELY ! CLASS-CONSCI\S1 
9DU/RIAL WAGE-PROLET>IAT1 :]EV] MASSES >E 9VOLV$40 

,KAUTSKY IS NOT DO+ HIMSELF JU/ICE H]E4 ,9 ORD] TO LEGITIMATE A MOM5T>Y 
LAPSE1 HE G5]ALIZES IT1 & )\T JU/IFICATION4 ,HE CLAIMS ?AT HE HAS NEV] 
POSSESS$ ! ,M>XI/ 0ANALYTICAL TOOLS0 CAPABLE ( ID5TIFY+ ! 
CLASS *>ACT] ( !SE 0MOTLEY MASSES0 -- HE SAYS 
0UNIFI$01 -- BUT :AT IS AT ISSUE IS OBVI\SLY ! PR$OM9ANT 
CLASS *>ACT]1 ! *>ACT] ( ! CLASS ?AT MAKES UP ! MAJORITY & :OSE 
P]SPECTIVES & 9T]E/S >E DECISIVE1 AS IS ! CASE TODAY ) ! 
9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT HE IS DO+ HIMSELF WRONG2 = ?IS SAME MASS1 MADE 
ALL ! MORE MOTLEY BY ! ADDITION ( ! RURAL POPULATION1 >ISES 9 ! 
CONTEXT ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 ,& ALL ! WRIT]S ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC 
,P>TY SET \T FROM ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 B\RGEOISIE & 
PROLET>IAT =MS ! BASIC CONT5T ( ITS P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS1 ?AT ! 
P]SPECTIVES & 9T]E/S ( WAGE-LABOR GOV]N ALL ITS POLICIES & REPRES5T 
! P]SPECTIVES & 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE4 ,DOES ?AT :I* HOLDS 
GOOD = ! MASSES 9 ! FIELD ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS SUDD5LY CEASE TO 
APPLY AS SOON AS !Y TURN TO MASS ACTION8 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS *>ACT] COMES \T ALL ! MORE 
CLE>LY 9 MASS ACTION4 ,:]E P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS >E CONC]N$1 ! :OLE 
C\NTRY IS 9VOLV$1 EV5 ! MO/ ISOLAT$ VILLAGES & HAMLETS2 H[ D5SELY 
! POPULATION IS CONC5TRAT$ HAS NO BE>+4 ,BUT IT IS MA9LY ! MASSES 
PRESS$ TOGE!R 9 ! BIG CITIES :O 5GAGE 9 MASS ACTION2 & ACCORD+ TO 
! MO/ REC5T (FICIAL /ATI/ICS1 ! POPULATION ( ! #db MAJOR CITIES ( 
,G]MANY IS MADE UP ( #a#e4#h P] C5T SELF-EMPLOY$1 #i4#a P] C5T CL]ICAL 
EMPLOYES & #g#e4 P] C5T WORK]S1 DISREG>D+ ! #be P] C5T TO :OM NO 
PRECISE OCCUPATION CAN BE ATTRIBUT$4 ,IF WE ALSO NOTE ?AT 9 #aig #ae P] C5T 
( ! ,G]MAN LABOR-=CE WORK$ 9 SMALL CONC]NS1 #bi P] C5T 9 M$IUM-SCALE 
CONC]NS & #ef P] C5T 9 L>GE-SCALE & GIANT CONC]NS1 WE SEE H[ FIRMLY 
! *>ACT] ( ! WAGE-LABOR] EMPLOY$ 9 L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY IS /AMP$ 
UPON ! MASSES LIKELY TO P>TICIPATE 9 MASS ACTION4 ,IF ,KAUTSKY CAN ONLY SEE 
MOTLEY MASSES1 IT IS FIR/LY BECAUSE HE C\NTS ! WIVES ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S AS 
BELONG+ TO ! TW5TY-SEV5 MILLION NOT ORGANIZ$1 & SECONDLY BECAUSE HE 
D5IES ! PROLET>IAN CLASS *>ACT] ( ?OSE WORK]S :O >E NOT ORGANIZ$ OR 
:O HAVE /ILL NOT %RUGG$ (F B\RGEOIS TRADITIONS4 ,WE !RE=E RE-EMPHASIZE 
?AT :AT C\NTS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE ACTIONS1 9 :I* ! DEEPE/ 
9T]E/S & PASSIONS ( ! MASSES BREAK SURFACE1 IS NOT MEMB]%IP ( ! 
ORGANIZATION1 NOR A TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGY1 BUT TO AN EV]-9CREAS+ EXT5T ! 
REAL CLASS *>ACT] ( ! MASSES4 

,IT N[ BECOMES CLE> :AT RELATION%IP \R ME?ODS BE> EA* O!R4 ,KAUTSKY 
D5\NCES MY ME?OD AS 0OV]-SIMPLIFI$ ,M>XISM02 ,I AM ONCE AGA9 
ASS]T+ ?AT HIS IS NEI!R OV]-SIMPLIFI$ NOR OV]-SOPHI/ICAT$1 BUT NOT 
,M>XI/ AT ALL4 ,ANY SCI5CE SEEK+ TO 9VE/IGATE AN >EA ( REALITY MU/ />T 
BY ID5TIFY+ ! MA9 FACTORS & BASIC UND]LY+ =CES 9 !IR SIMPLE/ 
=M2 ?IS FIR/ SIMPLE IMAGE IS !N FILL$ \T1 IMPROV$ & MADE MORE COMPLEX 
AS FUR!R DETAILS1 SECOND>Y CAUSES & LESS DIRECT 9FLU5CES >E BR\<T 9 
TO CORRECT IT1 SO ?AT IT APPROXIMATES MORE & MORE CLOSELY TO REALITY4 ,LET US 
TAKE AS AN ILLU/RATION ,KAUTSKY'S ANALYSIS ( ! GREAT ,FR5* REVOLUTION4 
,H]E WE F9D AS A FIR/ APPROXIMATION ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE 
& ! FEUDAL CLASSES2 AN \TL9E ( !SE MA9 FACTORS1 ! G5]AL VALIDITY 
( :I* CANNOT BE DISPUT$1 C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS 0OV]-SIMPLIFI$ 
,M>XISM04 ,9 HIS PAMPHLET ( #a#h#h#i1 ,KAUTSKY ANALYZ$ ! SUB-DIVISIONS 
)9 ?OSE CLASSES1 & WAS ?US ABLE TO IMPROVE & DEEP5 ?IS FIR/ SIMPLE 
SKET* SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,! ,KAUTSKY ( #a#i#a#b1 H[EV]1 W\LD MA9TA9 ?AT !RE 
WAS NO K9D ( UNITY TO ! *>ACT] ( ! MOTLEY MASSES :I* MADE UP ! 
CONTEMPOR>Y ,?IRD ,E/ATE2 & ?AT IT W\LD BE PO9TLESS TO EXPECT DEF9ITE 
ACTIONS & RESULTS FROM IT4 ,?IS IS H[ MATT]S /& 9 ?IS CASE -- 
EXCEPT ?AT ! SITUATION IS MORE COMPLICAT$ BECAUSE ! FUTURE IS 9VOLV$1 
& ! CLASSES ( TODAY HAVE TO TRY & LOCATE ! =CES DET]M9+ IT4 ,AS A 
FIR/ APPROXIMATION AIM$ AT GA9+ AN 9ITIAL G5]AL P]SPECTIVE1 WE MU/ 
COME D[N TO ! BASIC FEATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 
B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT1 ! TWO PR9CIPAL CLASSES2 WE ATTEMPT$ TO \TL9E 
! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION AS A DEVELOPM5T ( ! P[]-RELATIONS BETWE5 !M4 
,WE >E1 ( C\RSE1 P]FECTLY WELL AW>E ?AT REALITY IS MU* MORE COMPLEX1 & 
?AT MANY PROBLEMS REMA9 TO BE RESOLV$ BE=E WE COMPREH5D IT3 WE MU/ TO 
SOME EXT5T AWAIT ! LESSONS ( PRACTICE 9 ORD] TO DO SO4 ,! B\RGEOISIE IS 
NO MORE UNIFI$ A CLASS ?AN ! PROLET>IAT2 TRADITION /ILL 9FLU5CES BO? ( 
!M2 & AMONG ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE !RE >E ALSO ! LUMP5PROLET>IANS1 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS1 & CL]ICAL EMPLOYES :OSE ACTIONS >E 9EVITABLY DET]M9$ 
BY !IR P>TICUL> CLASS SITUATIONS4 ,BUT S9CE !Y ONLY =M ADMIXTURES 
9SUFFICI5TLY IMPORTANT TO OBSCURE ! BASIC WAGE-PROLET>IAN *>ACT] ( ! 
MASSES1 ! ABOVE IS M]ELY A QUALIFICATION :I* DOES NOT REFUTE ! 9ITIAL 
\TL9E1 BUT RA!R ELABORATES IT4 ,! COLLABORATION ( V>I\S T5D5CIES 9 
! =M ( A DEBATE IS NECESS>Y TO MA/] & CL>IFY !SE ISSUES4 ,NE$ WE 
SAY ?AT WE W]E C\NT+ ON ! AU?OR ( ! ,CLASS ,CONFLICTS ( 
#a<i TO 9DICATE ! PROBLEMS & DIFFICULTIES /ILL TO BE RESOLV$ 9 
HIS CRITICISMS ( \R 9ITIAL SKET*8 ,BUT ! ,KAUTSKY ( #aiab DECL>ES IT BEYOND 
HIS COMPET5CE TO ASSI/ 9 ?IS1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/ION FAC+ ! 
MILITANT PROLET>IAT1 ?AT ( ID5TIFY+ ! =CES :I* WILL %APE ITS COM+ 
REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT HE DOES NOT KN[ H[ A 
0UNIFI$ CLASS *>ACT]0 CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO 0SU* MOTLEY 
MASSES0 AS ! PROLET>IAN MASSES ( TODAY4 

#c4 ,! ,ORGANIZATION 

,9 \R >TICLE 9 ! ,LEIPZIG] ,VOLKSZEITUNG1 WE MA9TA9$ ?AT 
,KAUTSKY HAD )\T JU/IFICATION TAK5 \R EMPHASIS ON ! ESS5TIAL IMPORTANCE 
( ! SPIRIT ( ORGANIZATION TO MEAN ?AT WE CONSID] ! ORGANIZATION ITSELF 
UNNECESS>Y4 ,:AT WE HAD SAID WAS ?AT IRRESPECTIVE ( ALL ASSAULTS UPON ! 
EXT]NAL =MS ( ASSOCIATION1 ! MASSES 9 :I* ?IS SPIRIT DWELLS WILL 
ALWAYS REGR\P !MSELVES 9 NEW ORGANIZATIONS2 & IF1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! VIEW 
HE EXPRESS$ AT ! ,DRESD5 P>TY CONGRESS 9 #a#i#c1 ,KAUTSKY N[ EXPECTS ! 
/ATE TO REFRA9 FROM ATTACK+ ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 ?IS OPTIMISM 
CAN ONLY BE BAS$ UPON ! SPIRIT ( ORGANIZATION :I* HE SO SCORNS4 

,! SPIRIT ( ORGANIZATION IS 9 FACT ! ACTIVE PR9CIPLE :I* ALONE 5D[S 
! FRAMEWORK ( ORGANIZATION ) LIFE & 5]GY4 ,BUT ?IS IMMORTAL S\L 
CANNOT FLOAT E!REALLY 9 ! K+DOM ( HEAV5 LIKE ?AT ( ,*RI/IAN 
!OLOGY2 IT CONT9UALLY RECREATES AN ORGANIZATIONAL =M = ITSELF1 BECAUSE IT 
BR+S TOGE!R ! M5 9 :OM IT LIVES = ! PURPOSE ( JO9T1 ORGANIZ$ 
ACTION4 ,?IS SPIRIT IS NOT SOME?+ AB/RACT OR IMAG9>Y BY CONTRA/ ) ! 
PREVAIL+ =M ( ASSOCIATION1 ! 0CONCRETE0 ORGANIZATION1 BUT IS 
JU/ AS CONCRETE & REAL AS ! LATT]4 ,IT B9DS ! 9DIVIDUAL 
P]SONS :I* MAKE UP ! ORGANIZATION MORE CLOSELY TOGE!R ?AN ANY RULES OR 
/ATUTES CAN DO1 SO ?AT !Y NO LONG] SCATT] AS DISP>ATE ATOMS :5 ! 
EXT]NAL BOND ( RULES & /ATUTES IS SEV]$4 ,IF ORGANIZATIONS >E ABLE TO 
DEVELOP & TAKE ACTION AS P[]FUL1 /ABLE1 UNIT$ BODIES1 IF NEI!R JO9+ 
BATTLE NOR BREAK+ (F ! 5GAGEM5T1 NEI!R /RUGGLE NOR DEFEAT CAN CRACK 
!IR SOLID>ITY1 IF ALL !IR MEMB]S SEE IT AS ! MO/ NATURAL ?+ 9 ! 
WORLD TO PUT ! COMMON 9T]E/ BE=E !IR [N 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/1 !Y DO 
NOT DO SO BECAUSE ( ! RI<TS & OBLIGATIONS 5TAIL$ 9 ! /ATUTES1 NOR 
BECAUSE ( ! MAGIC P[] ( ! ORGANIZATION'S FUNDS OR ITS DEMOCRATIC 
CON/ITUTION3 ! REASON = ALL ?IS LIES 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S S5SE ( 
ORGANIZATION1 ! PR(\ND TRANS=MATION ?AT ITS *>ACT] HAS UND]GONE4 ,:AT 
,KAUTSKY HAS TO SAY AB\T ! P[]S :I* ! ORGANIZATION HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL 
IS ALL V]Y WELL3 ! QUALITY ( ! >MS :I* ! PROLET>IAT =GES = 
ITSELF GIVES IT SELF-CONFID5CE & A S5SE ( ITS [N CAPABILITIES1 & !RE 
IS NO DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 US AS TO ! NE$ = ! WORK]S TO EQUIP !MSELVES 
AS WELL AS POSSIBLE ) P[]FUL C5TRALIZ$ ASSOCIATIONS ?AT HAVE ADEQUATE 
FUNDS AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,BUT ! VIRTUE ( ?IS MA*9]Y IS DEP5D5T 
UPON ! READ9ESS ( ! MEMB]S TO SACRIFICE !MSELVES1 UPON !IR DISCIPL9E 
)9 ! ORGANIZATION1 UPON !IR SOLID>ITY T[>DS !IR COMRADES1 9 %ORT1 
UPON ! FACT ?AT !Y HAVE BECOME COMPLETELY DIFF]5T P]SONS FROM ! OLD 
9DIVIDUALI/IC PETTY-B\RGEOIS & PEASANTS4 ,IF ,KAUTSKY SEES ?IS NEW 
*>ACT]1 ?IS SPIRIT ( ORGANIZATION1 AS A PRODUCT ( ORGANIZATION1 !N 9 
! FIR/ PLACE !RE NE$ BE NO CONFLICT BETWE5 ?IS VIEW & \R [N1 & 9 
! SECOND PLACE IT IS ONLY HALF CORRECT2 = ?IS TRANS=MATION ( HUMAN 
NATURE 9 ! PROLET>IAT IS PRIM>ILY ! EFFECT ( ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* 
! WORK]S LIVE1 TRA9$ AS !Y >E TO ACT COLLECTIVELY BY ! %>$ 
EXP]I5CE ( EXPLOITATION 9 ! SAME FACTORY1 & SECOND>ILY A PRODUCT ( 
CLASS /RUGGLE1 ?AT IS TO SAY MILITANT ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! 
ORGANIZATION2 IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO >GUE ?AT SU* ACTIVITIES AS ELECT+ 
COMMITTEES & C\NT+ SUBSCRIPTIONS MAKE MU* CONTRIBUTION 9 ?IS 
RESPECT4 

,IT IMM$IATELY BECOMES CLE> :AT CON/ITUTES ! ESS5CE ( PROLET>IAN 
ORGANIZATION IF WE CONSID] EXACTLY :AT DI/+UI%ES A TRADE UNION FROM A 
:I/ CLUB1 A SOCIETY = ! PREV5TION ( CRUELTY TO ANIMALS OR AN 
EMPLOY]S' ASSOCIATION4 ,KAUTSKY OBVI\SLY DOES NOT DO SO1 & SEES NO 
DIFF]5CE ( PR9CIPLE BETWE5 !M2 H5CE HE PUTS ! 0YELL[ 
ASSOCIATIONS01 :I* EMPLOY]S COMPEL !IR WORK]S TO JO91 ON A P> ) 
! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! MILITANT PROLET>IAT4 ,HE DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ! 
WORLD-TRANS=M+ SIGNIFICANCE ( ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION4 ,HE FEELS ABLE 
TO ACCUSE US ( DISDA9 = ! ORGANIZATION3 9 REALITY HE VALUES IT F> LESS 
?AN WE DO4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS FROM ALL O!RS 
IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOLID>ITY )9 !M AS ! BASIS ( !IR P[]1 ! 
TOTAL SUBORD9ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! COMMUNITY1 ! ESS5CE ( A NEW 
HUMANITY /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( =MATION4 ,! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION BR+S 
UNITY TO ! MASSES1 PREVI\SLY FRAGM5T$ & P[]LESS1 MOLD+ !M 9TO AN 
5TITY ) A CONSCI\S PURPOSE & ) P[] 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,IT LAYS ! 
F\NDATIONS ( A HUMANITY :I* GOV]NS ITSELF1 DECIDES ITS [N DE/9Y1 & AS 
! FIR/ /EP 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 ?R[S (F ALI5 OPPRESSION4 ,9 IT !RE GR[S 
UP ! ONLY AG5CY :I* CAN ABOLI% ! CLASS HEGEMONY ( EXPLOITATION2 ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION 9 ITSELF SIGNIFIES ! REPUDIATION 
( ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( CLASS RULE2 IT REPRES5TS ! SELF-CREAT$ ORD] ( ! 
PEOPLE1 & IT WILL FI<T REL5TLESSLY TO ?R[ BACK & PUT AN 5D TO ! 
BRUTAL 9T]V5TION & DESPOTIC ATTEMPTS AT REPRESSION :I* ! RUL+ 
M9ORITY UND]TAKES4 ,IT IS )9 ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION ?AT ! NEW 
HUMANITY GR[S1 A HUMANITY N[ DEVELOP+ 9TO A COH]5T 5TITY = ! FIR/ 
TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD2 PRODUCTION IS DEVELOP+ 9TO A UNIFI$ WORLD 
ECONOMY1 & ! S5SE ( BELONG+ TOGE!R IS CONCURR5TLY GR[+ BETWE5 
M51 ! FIRM SOLID>ITY & FRAT]NITY :I* B9D !M TOGE!R AS ONE ORGANISM 
RUL$ BY A S+LE WILL4 

,AS F> AS ,KAUTSKY IS CONC]N$1 ! ORGANIZATION CONSI/S ONLY 9 ! 
0REAL1 CONCRETE0 ASSOCIATION OR CLUB =M$ BY ! WORK]S = SOME 
PRACTICAL GOAL 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S & HELD TOGE!R ONLY BY ! EXT]NAL 
BONDS ( RULES & /ATUTES1 JU/ LIKE AN EMPLOY]S' ASSOCIATION OR A 
GROC]S' MUTUAL-AID SOCIETY4 ,IF ?IS EXT]NAL BOND IS BROK51 ! :OLE 
?+ FRAGM5TS 9TO SO MANY ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS & ! ORGANIZATION 
DISAPPE>S4 ,IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT A CONCEPTION ( ?IS K9D LEADS ,KAUTSKY TO 
PA9T ! EXT]NAL DANG]S ?REAT5+ ! ORGANIZATION 9 SU* SOMB] COLORS 
& W>N SO 5]GETICALLY AGA9/ 9JUDICI\S 0TRIALS ( /R5G?0 
:I* BR+ DEMORALIZATION1 MASS DES]TION & ! COLLAPSE ( ! ORGANIZATION 
9 !IR TRA94 ,AT ?IS LEVEL ( G5]ALIZATION !RE CAN BE NO OBJECTION TO HIS 
W>N+S3 NOBODY WANTS 9JUDICI\S TRIALS ( /R5G?4 ,NOR >E ! UN=TUNATE 
CONSEQU5CES ( A DEFEAT A FANTASY ON HIS P>T2 !Y CORRESPOND TO ! 
EXP]I5CE ( A Y\NG LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,:5 ! WORK]S FIR/ DISCOV] 
ORGANIZATION1 !Y EXPECT GREAT ?+S ( IT1 & 5T] 9TO BATTLE FULL ( 
5?USIASM2 BUT IF ! CONTE/ IS LO/1 !Y (T5 TURN !IR BACKS UPON ! 
ORGANIZATION 9 DESPOND5CY & DISC\RAGEM5T1 BECAUSE !Y REG>D IT ONLY FROM 
! DIRECT1 PRACTICAL P]SPECTIVE1 AS AN ASSOCIATION BR++ IMM$IATE 
B5EFITS1 & ! NEW SPIRIT HAS YET TO TAKE FIRM ROOT 9 !M4 ,BUT :AT A 
DIFF]5T PICTURE GREETS US 9 ! MATURE LABOR MOVEM5T ?AT IS SETT+ ITS 
/AMP EV] MORE DI/9CTLY UPON ! MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRIES6 ,AGA9 & AGA9 WE 
SEE ) :AT T5ACITY ! WORK]S /ICK TO !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 WE SEE H[ 
NEI!R DEFEAT NOR ! MO/ VICI\S T]RORISM FROM ! UPP] CLASSES CAN 9DUCE 
!M TO AB&ON ! ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y SEE 9 ! ORGANIZATION NOT M]ELY A 
SOCIETY =M$ = PURPOSES ( CONV5I5CE1 !Y FEEL RA!R ?AT IT IS !IR 
ONLY /R5G?1 !IR ONLY REC\RSE1 ?AT )\T ! ORGANIZATION !Y >E 
P[]LESS & DEF5SELESS1 & ?IS CONSCI\SNESS RULES !IR EV]Y ACTION AS 
DESPOTICALLY AS AN 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION4 

,?IS IS NOT YET TRUE ( ALL WORK]S1 ( C\RSE1 BUT IT IS ! DIRECTION 9 
:I* !Y >E DEVELOP+2 ?IS NEW *>ACT] IS GR[+ /RONG] & /RONG] 
9 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,& ! DANG]S PA9T$ SO BLACK BY ,KAUTSKY >E !RE=E 
BECOM+ ( 9CREAS+LY LITTLE MOM5T4 ,C]TA9LY ! /RUGGLE HAS ITS DANG]S1 
BUT IT IS NEV]!LESS ! ORGANIZATION'S ELEM5T1 ! ONLY 5VIRONM5T 9 
:I* IT CAN GR[ & DEVELOP 9T]NAL /R5G?4 ,WE KN[ ( NO /RATEGY ?AT CAN 
BR+ ONLY VICTORIES & NO DEFEATS2 H[EV] CAUTI\S WE MAY BE1 SETBACKS & 
DEFEATS CAN ONLY BE COMPLETELY AVOID$ BY QUITT+ ! FIELD )\T A FI<T1 
& ?IS W\LD 9 MO/ CASES BE WORSE ?AN A DEFEAT4 ,WE MU/ BE PREP>$ = \R 
ADVANCES TO BE ONLY TOO (T5 BR\<T TO A HALT BY DEFEAT1 ) NO WAY ( 
AVOID+ BATTLE4 ,:5 WELL-MEAN+ LEAD]S HOLD =? ON ! S]I\S 
CONSEQU5CES ( DEFEAT1 ! WORK]S >E !RE=E ABLE TO RETORT3 0,DO Y\ 
?9K ?AT WE1 = :OM ! ORGANIZATION HAS BECOME FLE% & BLOOD1 :O KN[ 
& FEEL ?AT ! ORGANIZATION IS MORE TO US ?AN \R V]Y LIVES -- = IT 
REPRES5TS ! LIFE & FUTURE ( \R CLASS -- ?AT SIMPLY BECAUSE ( A 
DEFEAT WE %ALL /RAI<TWAY LOSE CONFID5CE 9 ! ORGANIZATION & RUN (F8 
,C]TA9LY1 A :OLE SECTION ( ! MASSES :O FLOOD$ TO US 9 ATTACK & VICTORY 
WILL DRIFT AWAY AGA9 :5 WE SUFF] A REV]SE2 BUT ?IS ONLY MEANS ?AT WE CAN 
C\NT ON WID] SUPPORT = \R ACTIONS ?AN ! /EADILY GR[+ PHALANX ( \R 
UNFL9*+ FI<T+ BATTALIONS40 

,?IS CONTRA/ BETWE5 ,KAUTSKY'S VIEWS & \R [N ALSO MAKES IT CLE> 
H[ IT IS ?AT WE DIFF] SO %>PLY 9 \R EVALUATION ( ! ORGANIZATION EV5 
?\< WE %>E ! SAME !ORETICAL MATRIX4 ,IT IS SIMPLY ?AT \R 
P]SPECTIVES CORRESPOND TO DIFF]5T /AGES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
ORGANIZATION1 ,KAUTSKY'S TO ! ORGANIZATION 9 ITS FIR/ FL[]+1 
\RS TO A MORE MATURE LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS IS :Y HE CONSID]S ! 
EXT]NAL =M ( ORGANIZATION TO BE :AT IS ESS5TIAL & BELIEVES ?AT ! 
:OLE ORGANIZATION IS LO/ IF ?IS =M SUFF]S4 ,?IS IS :Y HE TAKES ! 
TRANS=MATION ( ! PROLET>IAN *>ACT] TO BE ! CONSEQU5CE ( 
ORGANIZATION1 RA!R ?AN ITS ESS5CE4 ,?IS IS :Y HE SEES ! MA9 
*>ACT]OLOGICAL EFFECT ( ORGANIZATION UPON ! WORK] 9 ! CONFID5CE & 
SELF-RE/RA9T BR\<T BY ! MAT]IAL RES\RCES ( ! COLLECTIVITY -- 9 
O!R WORDS1 ! FUNDS4 ,?IS IS :Y HE W>NS ?AT ! WORK]S WILL TURN !IR 
BACKS UPON ! ORGANIZATION 9 DEMORALIZATION IF IT SUFF]S A MAJOR DEFEAT4 ,ALL 
?IS CORRESPONDS TO ! CONCEPTION ONE W\LD D]IVE FROM OBS]V+ ! 
ORGANIZATION 9 ITS 9ITIAL /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! >GUM5TS ?AT HE PUTS 
AGA9/ US DO1 !RE=E1 HAVE A BASIS 9 REALITY2 BUT WE CLAIM A 
GREAT] JU/IFICATION = \R P]SPECTIVE 9 ?AT IT BELONGS TO ! NEW 
REALITY IRRESI/IBLY UNFOLD+ -- & LET US NOT =GET ?AT ,G]MANY HAS 
ONLY HAD P[]FUL PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS = A DECADE6 ,IT !RE=E REFLECTS 
! S5TIM5TS ( ! Y\NG G5]ATION ( WORK]S ?AT HAS EVOLV$ OV] ! LA/ 
T5 YE>S4 ,! OLD IDEAS /ILL APPLY1 ( C\RSE1 BUT TO A DECREAS+ EXT5T2 
,KAUTSKY'S CONCEPTIONS EXPRESS ! PRIMITIVE1 IMMATURE MOM5TS 9 ! 
ORGANIZATION1 /ILL A =CE TO BE RECKON$ )1 BUT AN 9HIBIT+1 RET>D+ 
ONE4 ,IT WILL BE REVEAL$ BY PRACTICE :AT RELATION%IP !SE DIFF]5T =CES 
BE> T[>DS EA* O!R1 9 ! DECISIONS & ACTS BY :I* ! PROLET>IAN 
MASSES %[ :AT !Y DEEM !MSELVES CAPABLE (4 

#d4 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,P[] 

,= A REFUTATION ( ,KAUTSKY'S EXTRAORD9>Y REM>KS ON ! ROLE ( ! 
/ATE & ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] & = DISCUSSION ( HIS T5D5CY TO 
SEE AN>*I/S EV]Y:]E1 WE MU/ REF] ! READ] TO ! ,LEIPZIG] 
,VOLKSZEITUNG ( #a ,SEPTEMB]4 ,H]E WE WILL ADD ONLY A FEW COMM5TS TO 
CL>IFY \R DIFF]5CES4 

,! QUE/ION AS TO H[ ! PROLET>IAT GA9S ! FUNDAM5TAL DEMOCRATIC 
RI<TS :I*1 ONCE ITS SOCIALI/ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS SUFFICI5TLY 
DEVELOP$1 5D[ IT ) POLITICAL HEGEMONY1 IS ! BASIC ISSUE UND]LY+ 
\R TACTICS4 ,WE TAKE ! VIEW ?AT !Y CAN ONLY BE WON FROM ! RUL+ 
CLASS 9 ! C\RSE ( 5GAGEM5TS 9 :I* ! LATT]'S :OLE MI<T TAKES 
! FIELD AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT & 9 :I*1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?IS :OLE MI<T 
IS OV]COME4 ,ANO!R CONCEPTION W\LD BE ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS SURR5D]S !SE 
RI<TS VOLUNT>ILY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( UNIV]SAL DEMOCRATIC OR E?ICAL IDEALS 
& )\T REC\RSE TO ! MEANS ( CO]CION AT ITS DISPOSAL -- ?IS W\LD 
BE ! PEACEFUL EVOLUTION T[>DS ! /ATE ( ! FUTURE 5VISAG$ BY ! 
,REVISIONI/S4 ,KAUTSKY REJECTS BO? !SE VIEWS3 :AT POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVE IS 
!RE8 ,WE 9F]R$ FROM HIS /ATEM5TS ?AT HE CONCEIV$ ! CONQUE/ ( P[] 
AS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 5EMY'S /R5G? ONCE & = ALL1 A S+LE ACT 
QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T FROM ALL ! PROLET>IAT'S PREVI\S ACTIVITY 9 
PREP>ATION = ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,S9CE ,KAUTSKY REJECTS ?IS READ+ & S9CE IT 
IS DESIRABLE ?AT HIS BASIC CONCEPTIONS REG>D+ TACTICS %\LD BE CLE>LY 
UND]/OOD1 WE WILL PROCE$ TO QUOTE ! MO/ IMPORTANT PASSAGES4 ,9 ,OCTOB] 
#a#i#a1 HE WROTE3 

0,9 A SITUATION LIKE ?AT OBTA9+ 9 ,G]MANY1 ,I CAN 
ONLY CONCEIVE A POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE AS A UNIQUE EV5T 9 :I* ! 5TIRE 
PROLET>IAT ?R\<\T ! NATION 5GAGES ) ALL ITS MI<T1 AS A 
LIFE-&-DEA? /RUGGLE1 ONE 9 :I* \R ADV]S>Y IS BEAT5 D[N OR ELSE ALL 
\R ORGANIZATIONS1 ALL \R /R5G? %ATT]$ OR AT LEA/ P>ALYZ$ = YE>S TO 
COME40 

,IT IS TO BE SUPPOS$ ?AT BY BEAT+ D[N \R ADV]S>Y1 ,KAUTSKY MEANS ! 
CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]2 O!RWISE ! UNIQUE ACT W\LD HAVE TO BE REPEAT$ 
A SECOND OR ?IRD TIME4 ,( C\RSE1 ! CAMPAIGN MI<T ALSO PROVE 9SUFFICI5TLY 
P[]FUL1 & 9 ?IS CASE IT W\LD HAVE FAIL$1 W\LD HAVE RESULT$ 9 S]I\S 
DEFEAT1 & W\LD !RE=E HAVE TO BE BEGUN OV] AGA94 ,BUT IF IT SUCCE$$1 
! F9AL GOAL W\LD HAVE BE5 ATTA9$4 ,N[1 H[EV]1 ,KAUTSKY IS D5Y+ ?AT 
HE EV] SAID ?AT ! MASS /RIKE C\LD BE AN EV5T CAPABLE ( BR++ D[N 
CAPITALISM AT A /ROKE4 ,H[1 !RE=E1 WE >E TO TAKE ! ABOVE QUOTATION ,I 
SIMPLY DO NOT UND]/&4 

,9 #a#i#a#a1 ,KAUTSKY WROTE 9 HIS >TICLE 0,ACTION BY ! MASSES0 ( 
! SPONTANE\S ACTIONS ( UNORGANIZ$ CR[DS3 

0,IF ! MASS ACTION SUCCE$S1 H[EV]1 IF IT IS SO 
DYNAMIC & SO TREM5D\SLY WIDESPREAD1 ! MASSES SO >\S$ & DET]M9$1 
! ATTACK SO SUDD5 & ! SITUATION 9 :I* IT CAT*ES \R ADV]S>Y SO 
UNFAVORABLE TO HIM ?AT ITS EFFECT IS IRRESI/IBLE1 !N ! MASSES WILL BE 
ABLE TO EXPLOIT ?IS VICTORY 9 A MANN] QUITE DIFF]5T FROM HI!RTO4 .<,!RE 
FOLL[S ! REF]5CE TO ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4.> ,:]E !SE 
ORGANIZATIONS HAVE TAK5 ROOT1 ! TIMES >E PA/ :5 ! PROLET>IAT'S 
VICTORIES 9 SPONTANE\S MASS ACTIONS SUCCE$$ ONLY 9 SNAT*+ ! *E/NUTS 
FROM ! FIRE = SOME P>TICUL> SECTION ( ITS OPPON5TS :I* HAPP5$ TO BE 
9 OPPOSITION4 ,H5CE=?1 IT WILL BE ABLE TO 5JOY !M ITSELF40 

,I CAN SEE NO O!R POSSIBLE 9T]PRETATION ( ?IS PASSAGE ?AN ?AT AS A 
RESULT ( A P[]FUL SPONTANE\S UPRIS+ ON ! P>T ( ! UNORGANIZ$ MASSES 
TRIGG]$ (F BY SOME P>TICUL>LY PROVOCATIVE EV5TS1 POLITICAL P[] N[ FALLS 
9TO ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 9/EAD ( 9TO ! H&S ( A 
B\RGEOIS CLIQUE AS HI!RTO4 ,H]E TOO ! POSSIBILITY IS 5VISAG$ ( ASSAULTS 
9ITIALLY FAIL+ & COLLAPS+ 9 DEFEAT BE=E ! ATTACK F9ALLY SUCCE$S4 
,! PROTAGONI/S 9 A POLITICAL REVOLUTION ( ?IS K9D & ! ME?ODS !Y 
W]E US+ W\LD PUT IT COMPLETELY \TSIDE ! FRAMEWORK ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 
( TODAY2 :ILE ! LATT] WAS C>RY+ ON ITS R\T9E ACTIVITY ( $UCATION & 
ORGANIZATION1 REVOLUTION W\LD BREAK OV] IT )\T ANY W>N+ 0AS IF 
FROM ANO!R WORLD0 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( MOM5T\S EV5TS4 ,?US1 WE CAN 
SEE NO O!R 9T]PRETATION ?AT ?AT PUT =W>D 9 \R >TICLE4 ,! CRUX ( IT 
IS NOT ?AT 9 ?IS VIEW REVOLUTION IS A S+LE %>P ACT2 EV5 IF ! 
CONQUE/ ( P[] CONSI/$ ( SEV]AL SU* ACTS 7MASS /RIKES & 
0/REET0 ACTIONS71 ! MA9 PO9T IS ! />K CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! 
CURR5T ACTIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! FUTURE REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/ ( 
P[]1 :I* BELONGS TO A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T ORD] ( ?+S4 ,KAUTSKY N[ 
EXPLICITLY CONFIRMS ?IS3 

0,9 ORD] TO AVOID ANY MISUND]/&+1 ,I %\LD LIKE 
TO PO9T \T ?AT MY POLEMIC ) ,COMRADE ,LUXEMBURG DEALT ) ! POLITICAL 
G5]AL /RIKE & MY >TICLE ON ',ACTION BY ! MASSES' 
) /REET RIOTS4 ,I SAID ( ! LATT] ?AT !Y C\LD 9 C]TA9 
CIRCUM/ANCES LEAD TO POLITICAL UPHEAVALS1 BUT W]E UNPR$ICTABLE BY NATURE & 
C\LD NOT BE 9/IGAT$ AT WILL4 ,I WAS NOT REF]R+ TO SIMPLE /REET 
DEMON/RATIONS 444 4 

,I WILL REPEAT ONCE AGA9 ?AT MY !ORY ( 'PASSIVE 
RADICALISM'1 ?AT IS TO SAY WAIT+ = ! APPROPRIATE OCCASION & MOOD 
AMONG ! MASSES1 NEI!R ( :I* CAN BE PR$ICT$ 9 ADVANCE OR HA/5$ ON BY 
DECISION ( ! ORGANIZATION1 RELAT$ ONLY TO /REET RIOTS & MASS /RIKES 
AIM$ AT SECUR+ A P>TICUL> POLITICAL DECISION -- & NOT TO /REET 
DEMON/RATIONS1 NOR TO PROTE/ /RIKES4 ,! LATT] CAN V]Y WELL BE CALL$ BY 
P>TY OR TRADE UNION FROM TIME TO TIME1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! MOOD ( ! MASSES 
\TSIDE ! ORGANIZATION1 BUT DO NOT NECESS>ILY 9VOLVE NEW TACTICS SO LONG AS 
!Y REMA9 M]E DEMON/RATIONS40 

,WE WILL NOT DWELL ON ! FACT ?AT A POLITICAL MASS /RIKE ONLY P]MISSIBLE 
AS A ONCE-&-=-ALL EV5T 9 #aia & !RE=E RUL$ \T ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y 
,PRUSSIAN SUFFRAGE CAMPAIGN N[ SUDD5LY APPE>S AMONG ! DAY-TO-DAY ACTIONS 
:I* CAN BE 9ITIAT$ AT ! DROP ( A HAT AS A 0PROTE/ /RIKE04 
,WE WILL M]ELY PO9T \T ?AT ,KAUTSKY IS H]E MAK+ A %>P DI/9CTION BETWE5 
DAY-TO-DAY ACTIONS1 :I* >E ONLY DEMON/RATIONS & CAN BE CALL$ AT WILL1 & 
! UN=ESEEABLE REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( ! FUTURE4 ,NEW RI<TS MAY 
OCCASIONALLY BE WON 9 ! DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLE2 !SE >E 9 NO S5SE /EPS 
T[>DS ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 O!RWISE ! RUL+ CLASS W\LD PUT UP 
RESI/ANCE TO !M :I* C\LD ONLY BE OV]COME BY POLITICAL /RIKES4 
,GOV]NM5TS FRI5DLY TO ! WORK]S MAY ALT]NATE ) GOV]NM5TS HO/ILE TO 
!M1 /REET DEMON/RATIONS & MASS /RIKES MAY PLAY SOME P>T 9 ! PROCESS1 
BUT = ALL ?AT1 NO?+ ESS5TIAL WILL *ANGE2 \R /RUGGLE REMA9S 0A 
POLITICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ GOV]NM5TS0 RE/RICT+ ITSELF TO 
0OPPOSITION0 & LEAV+ ! P[] ( ! /ATE & ITS M9I/RIES 
9TACT4 ,UNTIL ONE DAY1 :5 EXT]NAL EV5TS TRIGG] (F A MASSIVE POPUL> 
UPRIS+ ) /REET RIOTS & POLITICAL /RIKES ?AT PUTS AN 5D TO ?IS :OLE 
BUS9ESS4 

,IT IS ONLY POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 SU* A P]SPECTIVE BY RE/RICT+ ONE'S 
OBS]VATION TO EXT]NAL POLITICAL =MS & IGNOR+ ! POLITICAL REALITY 
BEH9D !M4 ,ANALYSIS ( ! BALANCE ( P[] BETWE5 ! CLASSES 9 CONFLICT AS 
ONE RISES & ! O!R DECL9ES IS ! ONLY KEY TO UND]/&+ REVOLUTION>Y 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS TRANSC5DS ! %>P DI/9CTION BETWE5 DAY-TO-DAY ACTION & 
REVOLUTION4 ,! V>I\S =MS ( ACTION M5TION$ BY ,KAUTSKY >E NOT POL> 
OPPOSITES1 BUT P>T ( A GRADUALLY DIFF]5TIAT$ RANGE1 WEAK & P[]FUL 
=MS ( ACTION )9 ! SAME CATEGORY4 ,FIR/LY1 9 T]MS ( H[ !Y 
DEVELOP3 EV5 /RAI<T=W>D DEMON/RATIONS CANNOT BE CALL$ AT WILL1 BUT 
>E ONLY POSSIBLE :5 /RONG FEEL+ HAS BE5 >\S$ BY EXT]NAL CAUSES1 SU* 
AS ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+ & ! DANG] ( W> TODAY OR ! CONDITIONS ( 
SUFFRAGE 9 ,PRUSSIA 9 #a#i#a4 ,! /RONG] ! FEEL+ >\S$1 ! MORE 
VIGOR\SLY ! PROTE/S CAN DEVELOP4 ,:AT ,KAUTSKY HAS TO SAY AB\T ! MO/ 
P[]FUL =M ( MASS /RIKE1 NAMELY ?AT WE %\LD 0GIVE IT ! MO/ 
5]GETIC SUPPORT & USE IT TO /R5G!N ! PROLET>IAT01 DOES NOT GO 
F> 5\< = CASES :]E ?IS SITUATION HAS ALREADY G5]AT$ A MASS MOVEM5T2 
:5 CONDITIONS P]MIT1 ! P>TY1 AS ! CONSCI\S BE>] ( ! EXPLOIT$ 
MASSES' DEEPE/ S5SIBILITIES1 MU/ 9/IGATE SU* ACTION AS IS 
NECESS>Y & TAKE OV] LEAD]%IP ( ! MOVEM5T -- 9 O!R WORDS1 
PLAY ! SAME ROLE 9 EV5TS ( MAJOR SIGNIFICANCE AS IT DOES TODAY ON A SMALL] 
SCALE4 ,! PRECIPITAT+ FACTORS CANNOT BE =ESE51 BUT IT IS WE :O ACT UPON 
!M4 ,SECONDLY1 9 T]MS ( ?OSE TAK+ P>T3 WE CANNOT RE/RICT \R 
PRES5T DEMON/RATIONS SOLELY TO P>TY MEMB]S2 AL?\< !SE AT FIR/ =M ! 
NUCLEUS1 O!RS WILL COME TO US 9 ! C\RSE ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,9 \R LA/ 
>TICLE WE %[$ ?AT ! CIRCLE ( ?OSE 9VOLV$ GR[S AS ! CAMPAIGN 
DEVELOPS1 UNTIL IT TAKES 9 ! BROAD MASSES ( ! PEOPLE2 !RE IS NEV] ANY 
QUE/ION ( UNRULY /REET RIOTS 9 ! OLD S5SE4 ,?IRDLY1 9 T]MS ( ! 
EFFECTS SU* ACTION HAS3 ! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY MEANS ( ! MO/ POT5T 
=MS ( ACTION BASICALLY AM\NTS TO LIQUIDAT+ ! P[]S ( CO]CION 
AVAILABLE TO ! 5EMY & BUILD+ UP \R [N /R5G?2 BUT EV5 TODAY'S 
PROTE/S1 \R SIMPLE /REET DEMON/RATIONS1 DISPLAY ?IS EFFECT ON A SMALL 
SCALE4 ,:5 ! POLICE HAD TO AB&ON !IR ATTEMPTS TO PREV5T DEMON/RATIONS 
9 %E] IMPOT5CE 9 #a#i#a1 ?AT WAS A FIR/ SIGN ( ! /ATE'S CO]CIVE 
P[]S BEG9N+ TO CRUMBLE AWAY2 & ! CONT5T ( REVOLUTION CONSI/S 9 ! 
TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( !SE P[]S4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ?AT 9/ANCE ( MASS ACTION 
CAN BE SE5 AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION4 

,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 \R RESPECTIVE VIEWS AS SET \T H]E MAY AT FIR/ SI<T 
APPE> TO BE PURELY !ORETICAL2 BUT IT NEV]!LESS HAS GREAT PRACTICAL 
SIGNIFICANCE ) RESPECT TO ! TACTICS WE ADOPT4 ,AS ,KAUTSKY SEES IT1 EA* TIME 
! OPPORTUNITY = VIGOR\S ACTION >ISES WE MU/ /OP & CONSID] :E!R IT 
MI<T NOT LEAD TO A 0TRIAL ( /R5G?01 AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE ! 
REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS1 BY MOBILIZ+ ! 5TIRE /R5G? ( \R ADV]S>Y AGA9/ 
US4 ,& BECAUSE IT IS ACCEPT$ ?AT WE >E TOO WEAK TO UND]TAKE ?IS1 IT WILL 
BE ONLY TOO EASY TO %R9K FROM ANY ACTION -- ?IS WAS ! BURD5 ( ! 
DEBATE ON ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT 9 #a#i#a4 ,?OSE :O 
REJECT ,KAUTSKY'S DI*OTOMY BETWE5 DAY-TO-DAY ACTION & REVOLUTION1 
H[EV]1 ASSESS EV]Y ACTION AS AN IMM$IATE ISSUE1 TO BE EVALUAT$ 9 T]MS ( 
! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS & ! MOOD ( ! MASSES1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 AS 
P>T ( A GREAT PURPOSE4 ,9 EA* CAMPAIGN ONE PRESSES AS F> AHEAD AS SEEMS 
POSSIBLE 9 ! CONDITIONS OBTA9+1 )\T ALL[+ ONESELF TO BE HAM/RUNG 
BY SPECI\S !ORETICAL CONSID]ATIONS PROJECT$ 9TO ! FUTURE2 = ! ISSUE 
IS NEV] ONE ( TOTAL REVOLUTION1 NOR ( A VICTORY ) SIGNIFICANCE ONLY = 
! PRES5T1 BUT ALWAYS ( A /EP FUR!R ALONG ! PA? ( REVOLUTION4 

#e4 ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,ACTIVITY & ,ACTION BY ! ,MASSES 

,MASS ACTION IS NO?+ NEW3 IT IS AS OLD AS P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY ITSELF4 
,EV]Y CLASS ?AT HAS MADE USE ( P>LIAM5T HAS ALSO ON OCCASION RESORT$ TO 
MASS ACTION2 = IT =MS A NECESS>Y COMPLEM5T OR -- BETT] /ILL -- 
A CORRECTIVE TO P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION4 ,S9CE1 9 DEVELOP$ P>LIAM5T>Y 
SY/EMS1 P>LIAM5T ITSELF 5ACTS LEGISLATION1 9CLUD+ ELECTORAL LEGISLATION1 
A CLASS OR CLIQUE :I* HAS ONCE GA9$ ! UPP] H& IS 9 A POSITION TO 
SECURE ITS RULE = ALL TIME1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ALL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT IF ITS 
HEGEMONY BECOMES 9COMPATIBLE ) A NEW /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T1 MASS ACTION1 
(T5 9 ! =M ( A REVOLUTION OR POPUL> UPRIS+1 9T]V5ES AS A 
CORRECTIVE 9FLU5CE1 SWEEPS ! RUL+ CLIQUE AWAY1 IMPOSES A NEW ELECTORAL LAW 
ON P>LIAM5T1 & ?US RECONCILES P>LIAM5T & SOCIETY ONCE AGA94 ,MASS 
ACTION CAN ALSO OCCUR :5 ! MASSES >E 9 P>TICUL>LY DIRE /RAITS1 TO IMPEL 
P>LIAM5T TO ALLEVIATE !IR MIS]Y4 ,FE> ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! 
MASSES' 9DIGNATION (T5 9DUCES ! CLASS HOLD+ P>LIAM5T>Y P[] TO 
MAKE CONCESSIONS :I* ! MASSES W\LD NOT O!RWISE HAVE OBTA9$4 ,:E!R OR 
NOT ! MASSES HAVE SPOKESM5 9 P>LIAM5T ON SU* OCCASIONS IS F> FROM 
IMMAT]IAL1 BUT IS NEV]!LESS ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE2 ! CRUCIAL DET]M9ANT 
=CE LIES \TSIDE4 

,WE HAVE N[ AGA9 5T]$ A P]IOD :5 ?IS CORRECTIVE 9FLU5CE UPON ! 
WORK+ ( P>LIAM5T IS MORE NECESS>Y ?AN EV]2 ! /RUGGLE = DEMOCRATIC 
SUFFRAGE ON ! ONE H& & ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+ & ! DANG] ( W> ON 
! O!R >E K9DL+ MASS ACTION4 ,KAUTSKY LIKES TO PO9T \T ?AT !RE IS 
NO?+ NEW 9 !SE =MS ( /RUGGLE2 HE EMPHASIZES ! SIMIL>ITY ) 
E>LI] ONES4 ,WE1 H[EV]1 /RESS ! NEW ELEM5TS :I* DI/+UI% !M FROM 
ALL ?AT HAS GONE BE=E4 ,! FACT ?AT ! SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT ( ,G]MANY HAS 
BEGUN TO USE !SE ME?ODS 5D[S !M ) 5TIRELY NEW SIGNIFICANCE & 
IMPLICATIONS1 & IT WAS PRECISELY TO CL>IFY+ !SE ?AT MY >TICLE WAS 
DEVOT$4 ,FIR/LY1 BECAUSE ! HI<LY ORGANIZ$1 CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT ( 
:I* ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT IS ! MO/ DEVELOP$ EXAMPLE HAS A COMPLETELY 
DIFF]5T CLASS *>ACT] FROM ?AT ( ! POPUL> MASSES HI!RTO1 & ITS 
ACTIONS >E !RE=E QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T4 ,SECONDLY1 BECAUSE ?IS 
PROLET>IAT IS DE/9$ TO 5ACT A F>-REA*+ REVOLUTION1 & ! ACTION :I* 
IT TAKES WILL !RE=E HAVE A PR(\NDLY SUBV]SIVE EFFECT ON ! :OLE ( 
SOCIETY1 ON ! P[] ( ! /ATE & ON ! MASSES1 EV5 :5 IT DOES NOT 
DIRECTLY S]VE AN ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN4 

,KAUTSKY IS !RE=E NOT JU/IFI$ 9 APPEAL+ TO ,5GL& AS A MODEL 
09 :I* WE CAN BE/ /UDY ! NATURE ( MOD]N MASS ACTION04 ,:AT 
WE >E CONC]N$ ) IS MASS POLITICAL ACTION AIM$ AT SECUR+ NEW RI<TS & 
?US GIV+ P>LIAM5T>Y EXPRESSION TO ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT3 9 ,5GL& 
IT WAS A CASE ( MASS ACTION BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 A MASSIVE /RIKE 9 
FUR!RANCE ( TRADE-UNION DEM&S1 :I* EXPRESS$ ! WEAKNESS ( ! OLD 
CONS]VATIVE TRADE-UNION ME?ODS BY SEEK+ ASSI/ANCE FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,:AT 
WE >E CONC]N$ ) IS A PROLET>IAT AS POLITICALLY MATURE1 AS DEEPLY 
9/ILL$ ) SOCIALISM AS IT IS H]E 9 ,G]MANY2 ! SOCIALI/ AW>5ESS & 
POLITICAL CL>ITY NECESS>Y = SU* ACTIONS W]E COMPLETELY LACK+ AMONG ! 
MASSES ON /RIKE 9 ,5GL&4 ,( C\RSE1 ! LATT] EV5TS ALSO DEMON/RATE ?AT 
! LABOR MOVEM5T CANNOT GET BY )\T MASS ACTION2 !Y TOO >E A 
CONSEQU5CE ( IMP]IALISM4 ,BUT DESPITE ! ADMIRABLE SOLID>ITY & 
DET]M9ATION MANIFE/$ 9 !M1 !Y HAD RA!R ! *>ACT] ( DESP]ATE 
\TBUR/S ?AN ! DELIB]ATE ACTIONS LEAD+ TO ! CONQUE/ ( P[] :I* 
ONLY A PROLET>IAT DEEPLY IMBU$ ) SOCIALISM CAN UND]TAKE4 

,AS WE PO9T$ \T 9 ! ,LEIPZIG] ,VOLKSZEITUNG1 P>LIAM5T>Y 
ACTIVITY & ACTION BY ! MASSES >E NOT 9COMPATIBLE ) EA* O!R2 MASS 
ACTION 9 ! /RUGGLE = SUFFRAGE 5D[S P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY ) A NEW1 
BROAD] BASIS4 ,& 9 \R FIR/ >TICLE WE >GU$ ?AT ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+ 
& ! DANG] ( W> UND] IMP]IALISM1 ! MOD]N =M ( CAPITALISM1 >E AT 
! ROOT ( MOD]N MASS ACTION4 ,COMRADE ,KAUTSKY 0FAILS TO SEE0 H[ 
?IS RESULTS 9 0! NECESSITY = NEW TACTICS0 -- ! 
NECESSITY = MASS ACTION1 9 O!R WORDS2 = MASS ACTION AIM$ AT 
0ALT]+ OR EXACT+ DECISIONS BY P>LIAM5T0 CAN NO MORE DO AWAY 
) ! BASIC EFFECTS ( CAPITALISM -- ! CAUSES ( ! RISE 9 ! CO/ 
( LIV+1 = EXAMPLE1 :I* LIE 9 BAD H>VE/S1 GOLD PRODUCTION & ! 
C>TEL SY/EM -- AGA9/ :I* P>LIAM5TS >E P[]LESS1 ?AN ANY O!R 
=M ( POLITICAL ACTION4 ,IT IS A PITY ?AT ! ,P>ISIANS DRIV5 TO REVOLT 9 
#ahdh BY ! CRISIS & ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+ DID NOT KN[ ?AT2 !Y W\LD 
C]TA9LY NOT HAVE MADE ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 ,P]HAPS ,COMRADE ,KAUTSKY W\LD 
SEE ?IS AS YET ANO!R DEMON/RATION ( ! 9COMPREH5SION ( ! MASSES1 
:OSE 9/9CT IS DEAF TO ! URG+S ( REASON4 ,BUT IF1 SPURR$ ON BY HUNG] 
& MIS]Y1 ! MASSES RISE UP TOGE!R & DEM& RELIEF DESPITE ! 
!ORETICIAN'S >GUM5TS ?AT NO =M ( POLITICAL ACTION CAN A*IEVE 
ANY?+ 9 ! FACE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL EVILS ( CAPITALISM1 !N IT IS ! 
MASSES' 9/9CTS ?AT >E 9 ! RI<T & ! !ORETICIAN'S 
SCI5CE ?AT IS 9 ! WRONG4 ,FIR/LY1 BECAUSE ! ACTION CAN SET ITSELF 
IMM$IATE GOALS ?AT >E NOT MEAN+LESS2 :5 SUBJECT$ TO P[]FUL PRESSURE1 
GOV]NM5TS & ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY CAN DO A GREAT DEAL TO ALLEVIATE MIS]Y1 EV5 
:5 ?IS HAS DEEP] CAUSES & CANNOT BE ALT]$ M]ELY BY P>LIAM5T>Y 
DECISION -- AS C\LD DUTIES & T>IFFS 9 ,G]MANY4 ,SECONDLY1 BECAUSE ! 
LA/+ EFFECT ( L>GE-SCALE MASS ACTION IS A MORE OR LESS %ATT]+ BL[ TO 
! HEGEMONY ( CAPITAL1 & H5CE ATTACKS ! ROOT ( ! EVIL4 

,KAUTSKY CON/ANTLY PROCE$S UPON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT SO LONG AS CAPITALISM 
HAS NOT BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO SOCIALISM1 IT MU/ BE ACCEPT$ AS A FIX$1 
UN*ANGEABLE FACT AGA9/ ! EFFECTS ( :I* IT IS PO9TLESS TO /RUGGLE4 
,DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 ! PROLET>IAT IS /ILL WEAK IT IS TRUE ?AT A 
P>TICUL> MANIFE/ATION ( CAPITALISM -- SU* AS W>1 ! RIS+ CO/ ( 
LIV+1 UNEMPLOYM5T -CANNOT BE DONE AWAY ) SO LONG AS ! RE/ ( ! SY/EM 
CONT9UES TO FUNCTION 9 ALL ITS P[]4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT TRUE = ! P]IOD ( 
CAPITALI/ DECL9E1 9 :I* ! N[ MI<TY PROLET>IAT1 ITSELF AN ELEM5TAL 
=CE ( CAPITALISM1 ?R[S ITS [N WILL & /R5G? 9TO ! BALANCE ( 
ELEM5TAL =CES4 ,IF ?IS VIEW ( ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM 
SEEMS 0V]Y OBSCURE & MY/]I\S0 TO ,COMRADE ,KAUTSKY -- :I* 
ONLY MEANS ?AT IT IS NEW TO HIM -- !N ?IS IS ONLY BECAUSE HE REG>DS 
CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM AS FIX$1 READY-MADE 5TITIES1 & FAILS TO GRASP ! 
TRANSITION FROM ONE TO ! O!R AS A DIALECTICAL PROCESS4 ,EA* ASSAULT BY ! 
PROLET>IAT UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL EFFECTS ( CAPITALISM MEANS A WEAK5+ ( ! 
P[] ( CAPITAL1 A /R5G!N+ ( \R [N P[] & A /EP FUR!R 9 ! 
PROCESS ( REVOLUTION4 

#f4 ,M>XISM & ! ,ROLE ( ! ,P>TY 

,9 CONCLUSION1 A FEW MORE WORDS ON !ORY4 ,!SE >E NECESS>Y BECAUSE 
,KAUTSKY H9TS FROM TIME TO TIME ?AT \R WORK TAKES LEAVE ( ! MAT]IALI/ 
CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 ! BASIS ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 ONE PLACE HE DESCRIBES \R 
CONCEPTION ( ! NATURE ( ORGANIZATION AS SPIRITUALISM ILL BEFITT+ A 
MAT]IALI/4 ,ON ANO!R OCCASION HE TAKES \R VIEW ?AT ! PROLET>IAT MU/ 
DEVELOP ITS P[] & FRE$OM 09 CON/ANT ATTACK & ADVANCE01 9 A 
CLASS /RUGGLE ESCALAT+ FROM ONE 5GAGEM5T TO ANO!R1 TO MEAN ?AT ! P>TY 
EXECUTIVE IS TO 09/IGATE0 ! REVOLUTION4 

,M>XISM EXPLA9S ALL ! HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL ACTIONS ( M5 9 T]MS ( 
!IR MAT]IAL RELATIONS1 & 9 P>TICUL> !IR ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,A 
RECURR5T B\RGEOIS MISCONCEPTION ACCUSES US ( IGNOR+ ! ROLE ( ! HUMAN 
M9D 9 ?IS1 & MAK+ MAN A DEAD 9/RUM5T1 A PUPPET ( ECONOMIC =CES4 ,WE 
9SI/ 9 TURN ?AT ,M>XISM DOES NOT ELIM9ATE ! M9D4 ,EV]Y?+ :I* 
MOTIVATES ! ACTIONS ( M5 DOES SO ?R\< ! M9D4 ,!IR ACTIONS >E 
DET]M9$ BY !IR WILL1 & BY ALL ! IDEALS1 PR9CIPLES & MOTIVES ?AT 
EXI/ 9 ! M9D4 ,BUT ,M>XISM MA9TA9S ?AT ! CONT5T ( ! HUMAN M9D IS 
NO?+ O!R ?AN A PRODUCT ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD 9 :I* MAN LIVES1 & ?AT 
ECONOMIC RELATIONS !RE=E ONLY DET]M9E HIS ACTIONS BY !IR EFFECTS UPON 
HIS M9D & 9FLU5CE UPON HIS WILL4 ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION ONLY SUCCE$S ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM BECAUSE ! ECONOMIC UPHEAVAL FIR/ TRANS=MS ! 
M9D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 5D[+ IT ) A NEW CONT5T & DIRECT+ ! WILL 
9 ?IS S5SE4 ,JU/ AS ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ACTIVITY IS ! EXPRESSION ( A NEW 
P]SPECTIVE & NEW DET]M9ATION 9/ILL+ !MSELVES 9 ! M9D ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 SO ORGANIZATION IS AN EXPRESSION & CONSEQU5CE ( A PR(\ND 
M5TAL TRANS=MATION 9 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS M5TAL TRANS=MATION IS ! T]M 
( M$IATION BY :I* ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T LEADS TO ! ACT ( SOCIAL 
REVOLUTION4 ,!RE CAN SURELY BE NO DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ,KAUTSKY & \RSELVES 
?AT ?IS IS ! ROLE :I* ,M>XISM ATTRIBUTES TO ! M9D4 

,& YET EV5 9 ?IS CONNECTION \R VIEWS DIFF]2 NOT 9 ! SPH]E ( 
AB/RACT1 !ORETICAL =MULATION1 BUT 9 \R PRACTICAL EMPHASIS4 ,IT IS ONLY 
:5 TAK5 TOGE!R ?AT ! TWO /ATEM5TS 0,! ACTIONS ( M5 >E 
5TIRELY DET]M9$ BY !IR MAT]IAL RELATIONS0 & 0,M5 MU/ MAKE 
!IR HI/ORY !MSELVES ?R\< !IR [N ACTIONS0 CON/ITUTE ! ,M>XI/ 
VIEW AS A :OLE4 ,! FIR/ RULES \T ! >BITR>Y NOTION ?AT A REVOLUTION CAN 
BE MADE AT WILL2 ! SECOND ELIM9ATES ! FATALISM ?AT W\LD HAVE US SIMPLY 
WAIT UNTIL ! REVOLUTION HAPP5S ( ITS [N ACCORD ?R\< SOME P]FECT 
FRUITION ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,:ILE BO? MAXIMS >E CORRECT 9 !ORETICAL T]MS1 
!Y NECESS>ILY RECEIVE DIFF]5T DEGREES ( EMPHASIS 9 ! C\RSE ( 
HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,:5 ! P>TY IS FIR/ FL\RI%+ & MU/ BE=E ALL 
ELSE ORGANIZE ! PROLET>IAT1 SEE+ ITS [N DEVELOPM5T AS ! PRIM>Y AIM ( 
ITS ACTIVITY1 ! TRU? EMBODI$ 9 ! FIR/ MAXIM GIVES IT ! PATI5CE = 
! SL[ PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION1 ! S5SE ?AT ! TIME ( PREMATURE PUTS*ES 
IS PA/ & ! CALM C]TA9TY ( EV5TUAL VICTORY4 ,M>XISM TAKES ON A 
PR$OM9ANTLY HI/ORICO-ECONOMIC *>ACT] 9 ?IS P]IOD2 IT IS ! !ORY ?AT 
ALL HI/ORY IS ECONOMICALLY DET]M9$1 & DRUMS 9TO US ! REALIZATION ?AT 
WE MU/ WAIT = CONDITIONS TO MATURE4 ,BUT ! MORE ! PROLET>IAT ORGANIZES 
ITSELF 9TO A MASS MOVEM5T CAPABLE ( =CEFUL 9T]V5TION 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 ! 
MORE IT IS B\ND TO DEVELOP A S5SE ( ! SECOND MAXIM4 ,! AW>5ESS N[ GR[S 
?AT ! PO9T IS NOT SIMPLY TO 9T]PRET ! WORLD1 BUT TO *ANGE IT4 ,M>XISM 
N[ BECOMES ! !ORY ( PROLET>IAN ACTION4 ,! QUE/IONS ( H[ 
PRECISELY ! PROLET>IAT'S SPIRIT & WILL DEVELOP UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( 
SOCIAL CONDITIONS & H[ ! V>I\S 9FLU5CES %APE IT N[ COME 9TO ! 
=EGR\ND2 9T]E/ 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL SIDE ( ,M>XISM & 9 ! NATURE ( 
! M9D N[ COMES TO LIFE4 ,TWO ,M>XI/S 9FLU5C$ BY !SE DIFF]5T /AGES 
WILL !RE=E EXPRESS !MSELVES DIFF]5TLY1 ! ONE PRIM>ILY EMPHASIZ+ ! 
DET]M9ATE NATURE ( ! M9D1 ! O!R ITS ACTIVE ROLE2 !Y WILL BO? LEAD 
!IR RESPECTIVE TRU?S 9TO BATTLE AGA9/ EA* O!R1 AL?\< !Y BO? PAY 
HOMAGE TO ! SAME ,M>XIAN !ORY4 

,FROM ! PRACTICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 H[EV]1 ?IS DISAGREEM5T TAKES ON ANO!R 
LI<T4 ,WE 5TIRELY AGREE ) ,KAUTSKY ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P CANNOT MAKE 
! REVOLUTION4 ,EQUALLY1 ,KAUTSKY WILL AGREE ) US ?AT ! PROLET>IAT MU/ 
MAKE ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT H[ DO MATT]S /& ) ! P>TY1 :I* IS A MIDDLE 
T]M1 ON ! ONE H& A L>GE GR\P :I* CONSCI\SLY DECIDES :AT ACTION IT 
WILL TAKE1 & ON ! O!R ! REPRES5TATIVE & LEAD] ( ! 5TIRE 
PROLET>IAT8 ,:AT IS ! FUNCTION ( ! P>TY8 

,) RESPECT TO REVOLUTION1 ,KAUTSKY PUTS IT AS FOLL[S 9 HIS EXPOSITION ( 
HIS TACTICS3 0,UTILIZATION ( ! POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE1 BUT ONLY 9 
OCCASIONAL1 EXTREME 9/ANCES :5 ! MASSES CAN NO LONG] BE 
RE/RA9$40 ,?US1 ! P>TY IS TO HOLD BACK ! MASSES = AS LONG AS 
!Y CAN BE HELD BACK2 SO LONG AS IT IS 9 ANY WAY POSSIBLE1 IT %\LD REG>D 
ITS FUNCTION AS TO KEEP ! MASSES PLACID1 TO RE/RA9 !M FROM TAK+ ACTION2 
ONLY :5 ?IS IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE1 :5 POPUL> 9DIGNATION IS ?REAT5+ TO 
BUR/ ALL CON/RA9T1 DOES IT OP5 ! FLOOD-GATES & IF POSSIBLE PUT ITSELF AT 
! HEAD ( ! MASSES4 ,! ROLES >E ?US DI/RIBUT$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ALL 
! 5]GY1 ALL ! 9ITIATIVE 9 :I* REVOLUTION HAS ITS ORIG9S MU/ COME 
FROM ! MASSES1 :ILE ! P>TY'S FUNCTION IS TO HOLD ?IS ACTIVITY BACK1 
9HIBIT IT1 CONTA9 IT = AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ! RELATION%IP CANNOT BE 
CONCEIV$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,C]TA9LY1 ALL ! 5]GY COMES FROM ! MASSES1 :OSE 
REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL IS >\S$ BY OPPRESSION1 MIS]Y & AN>*Y1 & :O BY 
!IR REVOLT MU/ !N ABOLI% ! HEGEMONY ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT ! P>TY HAS TAU<T 
!M ?AT DESP]ATE \TBUR/S ON ! P>T ( 9DIVIDUALS OR 9DIVIDUAL GR\PS 
>E PO9TLESS1 & ?AT SUCCESS CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ ?R\< COLLECTIVE1 UNIT$1 
ORGANIZ$ ACTION4 ,IT HAS DISCIPL9$ ! MASSES & RE/RA9$ !M FROM 
FRITT]+ AWAY !IR REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY FRUITLESSLY4 ,BUT ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 
IS ONLY ! ONE1 NEGATIVE SIDE ( ! P>TY'S FUNCTION2 IT MU/ 
SIMULTANE\SLY %[ 9 POSITIVE T]MS H[ !SE 5]GIES CAN BE SET TO WORK 9 A 
DIFF]5T1 PRODUCTIVE MANN]1 & LEAD ! WAY 9 DO+ SO4 ,! MASSES HAVE1 SO 
TO SPEAK1 MADE OV] P>T ( !IR 5]GY1 !IR REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSE1 TO ! 
ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVITY1 NOT SO ?AT IT %ALL BE DISSIPAT$1 BUT SO ?AT ! 
P>TY CAN PUT IT TO USE AS !IR COLLECTIVE WILL4 ,! 9ITIATIVE & 
POT5TIAL = SPONTANE\S ACTION :I* ! MASSES SURR5D] BY DO+ SO IS NOT 
9 FACT LO/1 BUT RE-APPE>S ELSE:]E & 9 ANO!R =M AS ! P>TY'S 
9ITIATIVE & POT5TIAL = SPONTANE\S ACTION2 A TRANS=MATION ( 5]GY 
TAKES PLACE1 AS IT W]E4 ,EV5 :5 ! FI]CE/ 9DIGNATION FL>ES UP AMONG ! 
MASSES -- OV] ! RIS+ CO/ ( LIV+1 = EXAMPLE -- !Y REMA9 
CALM1 = !Y RELY UPON ! P>TY CALL+ UPON !M TO ACT 9 SU* A WAY ?AT 
!IR 5]GY WILL BE UTILIZ$ 9 ! MO/ APPROPRIATE & MO/ SUCCESSFUL MANN] 
POSSIBLE4 

,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 MASSES & P>TY CANNOT !RE=E BE AS ,KAUTSKY HAS 
PRES5T$ IT4 ,IF ! P>TY SAW ITS FUNCTION AS RE/RA9+ ! MASSES FROM 
ACTION = AS LONG AS IT C\LD DO SO1 !N P>TY DISCIPL9E W\LD MEAN A LOSS TO 
! MASSES ( !IR 9ITIATIVE & POT5TIAL = SPONTANE\S ACTION1 A 
REAL LOSS1 & NOT A TRANS=MATION ( 5]GY4 ,! EXI/5CE ( ! 
P>TY W\LD !N R$UCE ! REVOLUTION>Y CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT RA!R 
?AN 9CREASE IT4 ,IT CANNOT SIMPLY SIT D[N & WAIT UNTIL ! MASSES RISE 
UP SPONTANE\SLY 9 SPITE ( HAV+ 5TRU/$ IT ) P>T ( !IR AUTONOMY2 
! DISCIPL9E & CONFID5CE 9 ! P>TY LEAD]%IP :I* KEEP ! MASSES CALM 
PLACE IT UND] AN OBLIGATION TO 9T]V5E ACTIVELY & ITSELF GIVE ! MASSES 
! CALL = ACTION AT ! RI<T MOM5T4 ,?US1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY >GU$1 ! 
P>TY ACTUALLY HAS A DUTY TO 9/IGATE REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 BECAUSE IT 
IS ! BE>] ( AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! MASSES' CAPACITY = ACTION2 BUT 
IT CANNOT DO SO AS & :5 IT PLEASES1 = IT HAS NOT ASSIMILAT$ ! 
5TIRE WILL ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT1 & CANNOT !RE=E ORD] IT AB\T LIKE 
A TROOP ( SOLDI]S4 ,IT MU/ WAIT = ! RI<T MOM5T3 NOT UNTIL ! MASSES 
WILL WAIT NO LONG] & >E RIS+ UP ( !IR [N ACCORD1 BUT UNTIL ! 
CONDITIONS >\SE SU* FEEL+ 9 ! MASSES ?AT L>GE-SCALE ACTION BY ! 
MASSES HAS A *ANCE ( SUCCESS4 ,?IS IS ! WAY 9 :I* ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E IS 
REALIZ$ ?AT AL?\< M5 >E DET]M9$ & IMPELL$ BY ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 
!Y MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! 9DIGNATION 
>\S$ 9 ! MASSES BY ! 9TOL]ABLE NATURE ( CAPITALISM MU/ NOT GO 
UNTAPP$ & H5CE BE LO/2 NOR MU/ IT BE FRITT]$ AWAY 9 UNORGANIZ$ 
\TBUR/S1 BUT MADE FIT = ORGANIZ$ USE 9 ACTION 9/IGAT$ BY ! P>TY ) 
! OBJECTIVE ( WEAK5+ ! HEGEMONY ( CAPITAL4 ,IT IS 9 !SE REVOLUTION>Y 
TACTICS ?AT ,M>XI/ !ORY WILL BECOME REALITY4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,M>XI/ ,!ORY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TACTICS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,M>XI/ ,!ORY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,TACTICS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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