,P>T #d3 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 ,FIR/ ,J\RNEY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #a 

#ahiiahii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY KATIE :EEL]1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,BAKUN9 WAS AT ?AT TIME AT ,LOC>NO4 ,I DID NOT SEE HIM1 & N[ REGRET IT V]Y MU*1 BECAUSE HE WAS DEAD :5 ,I RETURN$ F\R YE>S LAT] TO ,SWITZ]L&4 ,IT WAS HE :O HAD HELP$ ! ,JURA FRI5DS TO CLE> UP !IR IDEAS & TO =MULATE !IR ASPIRATIONS2 HE :O HAD 9SPIR$ !M ) HIS P[]FUL1 BURN+1 IRRESI/IBLE REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM4 ,AS SOON AS HE SAW ?AT A SMALL NEWSPAP]1 :I* ,GUILLAUME BEGAN TO $IT 9 ! ,JURA HILLS 7AT ,LOCLE7 WAS S\ND+ A NEW NOTE ( 9DEP5D5T ?\<T 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 HE CAME TO ,LOCLE1 TALK$ = :OLE DAYS & :OLE NI<TS ALSO TO HIS NEW FRI5DS AB\T ! HI/ORICAL NECESSITY ( A NEW MOVE 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN>*Y2 HE WROTE = ?AT PAP] A S]IES ( PR(\ND & BRILLIANT >TICLES ON ! HI/ORICAL PROGRESS ( MANK9D T[>DS FRE$OM2 HE 9FUS$ 5?USIASM 9TO HIS NEW FRI5DS1 & HE CREAT$ ?AT C5T] ( PROPAG&A1 FROM :I* AN>*ISM SPREAD LAT] ON TO O!R P>TS ( ,EUROPE4 

,AFT] HE HAD MOV$ TO ,LOC>NO1 --- :5CE HE />T$ A SIMIL> MOVEM5T 9 ,ITALY1 &1 ?R\< HIS SYMPA!TIC & GIFT$ EMISS>Y1 ,FANELLI1 ALSO 9 ,SPA91 --- ! WORK ?AT HE HAD BEGUN 9 ! ,JURA HILLS WAS CONT9U$ 9DEP5D5TLY BY ! ,JURASSIANS !MSELVES4 ,! NAME ( 0,MI*EL0 (T5 RECURR$ 9 !IR CONV]SATIONS1 --- NOT1 H[EV]1 AS ?AT ( AN ABS5T *IEF :OSE OP9IONS W]E LAW1 BUT AS ?AT ( A P]SONAL FRI5D ( :OM EV]Y ONE SPOKE ) LOVE1 9 A SPIRIT ( COMRADE%IP4 ,:AT /RUCK ME MO/ WAS ?AT ,BAKUN9'S 9FLU5CE WAS FELT MU* LESS AS ! 9FLU5CE ( AN 9TELLECTUAL AU?ORITY ?AN AS ! 9FLU5CE ( A MORAL P]SONALITY4 ,9 CONV]SATIONS AB\T AN>*ISM1 OR AB\T ! ATTITUDE ( ! F$]ATION ,I NEV] HE>D IT SAID1 0,BAKUN9 ?9KS SO10 AS IF IT SETTL$ ! QUE/ION4 ,HIS WRIT+S & HIS SAY+S W]E NOT REG>D$ AS LAWS1 --- AS IS UN=TUNATELY (T5 ! CASE 9 POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,9 ALL SU* MATT]S1 9 :I* 9TELLECT IS ! SUPREME JUDGE1 EV]Y ONE 9 DISCUSSION US$ HIS [N >GUM5TS4 ,!IR G5]AL DRIFT & T5OR MI<T HAVE BE5 SUGGE/$ BY ,BAKUN91 OR ,BAKUN9 MI<T HAVE BORR[$ !M FROM HIS ,JURA FRI5DS2 AT ANY RATE1 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL ! >GUM5TS RETA9$ !IR [N 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT]4 ,I ONLY ONCE HE>D ,BAKUN9'S NAME 9VOK$ AS AN AU?ORITY 9 ITSELF1 & ?AT IMPRESS$ ME SO DEEPLY ?AT ,I EV5 N[ REMEMB] ! SPOT :]E ! CONV]SATION TOOK PLACE & ALL ! SURR\ND+S4 ,SOME Y\NG M5 W]E 9DULG+ 9 TALK ?AT WAS NOT V]Y RESPECTFUL T[>D ! O!R SEX1 :5 ONE ( ! WOM5 :O W]E PRES5T PUT A SUDD5 /OP TO IT BY EXCLAIM+3 0,PITY ?AT ,MI*EL IS NOT H]E3 HE W\LD PUT Y\ 9 Y\R PLACE60 ,! COLOSSAL FIGURE ( ! REVOLUTIONI/1 :O HAD GIV5 UP EV]Y?+ = ! SAKE ( ! REVOLUTION1 & LIV$ = IT ALONE1 BORR[+ FROM HIS CONCEPTION ( IT ! HI<E/ & ! PURE/ VIEWS ( LIFE1 CONT9U$ TO 9SPIRE !M4 

,I RETURN$ FROM ?IS J\RNEY ) DI/9CT SOCIOLOGICAL IDEAS :I* ,I HAVE RETA9$ S9CE1 DO+ MY BE/ TO DEVELOP !M 9 MORE & MORE DEF9ITE1 CONCRETE =MS4 

,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 ONE PO9T :I* ,I DID NOT ACCEPT )\T HAV+ GIV5 TO IT A GREAT DEAL ( ?9K+ & MANY H\RS ( MY NI<TS4 ,I CLE>LY SAW ?AT ! IMM5SE *ANGE :I* W\LD DELIV] EV]Y?+ ?AT IS NECESS>Y = LIFE & PRODUCTION 9TO ! H&S ( SOCIETY --- BE IT ! ,FOLK ,/ATE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS OR ! UNIONS ( FREELY ASSOCIAT$ GR\PS1 :I* ! AN>*I/S ADVOCATE --- W\LD IMPLY A REVOLUTION F> MORE PR(\ND ?AN ANY ( ! REVOLUTIONS :I* HI/ORY HAD ON RECORD4 ,MOREOV]1 9 SU* A REVOLUTION ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE AGA9/ !M1 NOT ! ROTT5 G5]ATION ( >I/OCRATS AGA9/ :OM ! ,FR5* PEASANTS & REPUBLICANS HAD TO FI<T 9 ! LA/ C5TURY1 --- & EV5 ?AT FI<T WAS A DESP]ATE ONE1 --- BUT ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 :I* >E F> MORE P[]FUL1 9TELLECTUALLY & PHYSICALLY1 & HAVE AT !IR S]VICE ALL ! POT5T MA*9]Y ( ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,H[EV]1 ,I SOON NOTIC$ ?AT NO REVOLUTION1 :E!R PEACEFUL OR VIOL5T1 HAD EV] TAK5 PLACE )\T ! NEW IDEALS HAV+ DEEPLY P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! V]Y CLASS :OSE ECONOMICAL & POLITICAL PRIVILEGES W]E TO BE ASSAIL$4 ,I HAD WITNESS$ ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ,I KNEW ?AT IF A CONSCI\SNESS ( ! 9JU/ICE ( !IR PRIVILEGES HAD NOT SPREAD WIDELY )9 ! S]F-[N]S' CLASS ITSELF 7AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! PREVI\S EVOLUTION & REVOLUTIONS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE71 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ AS EASILY AS IT WAS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 #a#h#f#a4 ,& ,I SAW ?AT ! IDEA ( EMANCIPAT+ ! WORK]S FROM ! PRES5T WAGE-SY/EM WAS MAK+ HEADWAY AMONG ! MIDDLE CLASSES !MSELVES4 ,! MO/ >D5T DEF5D]S ( ! PRES5T ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS HAD ALREADY AB&ON$ ! IDEA ( RI<T 9 DEF5D+ !IR PRES5T PRIVILEGES1 --- QUE/IONS AS TO ! OPPORTUN5ESS ( SU* A *ANGE HAV+ ALREADY TAK5 ITS PLACE4 ,!Y DID NOT D5Y ! DESIRABILITY ( SOME SU* *ANGE1 !Y ONLY ASK$ :E!R ! NEW ECONOMICAL ORGANIZATION ADVOCAT$ BY ! SOCIALI/S W\LD REALLY BE BETT] ?AN ! PRES5T ONE2 :E!R A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE A DOM9ANT VOICE W\LD BE ABLE TO MANAGE PRODUCTION BETT] ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S ACTUAT$ BY M]E CONSID]ATIONS ( SELF-9T]E/ MANAGE IT AT ! PRES5T TIME4 

,BESIDES1 ,I BEGAN GRADUALLY TO UND]/& ?AT REVOLUTIONS --- ?AT IS1 P]IODS ( ACCEL]AT$ RAPID EVOLUTION & RAPID *ANGES --- >E AS MU* 9 ! NATURE ( HUMAN SOCIETY AS ! SL[ EVOLUTION :I* 9CESSANTLY GOES ON N[ AMONG ! CIVILIZ$ RACES ( MANK9D4 ,& EA* TIME ?AT SU* A P]IOD ( ACCEL]AT$ EVOLUTION & RECON/RUCTION ON A GR& SCALE BEG9S1 CIVIL W> IS LIABLE TO BREAK \T ON A SMALL OR L>GE SCALE4 ,! QUE/ION IS1 !N1 NOT SO MU* H[ TO AVOID REVOLUTIONS1 AS H[ TO ATTA9 ! GREATE/ RESULTS ) ! MO/ LIMIT$ AM\NT ( CIVIL W>1 ! SMALLE/ NUMB] ( VICTIMS1 & A M9IMUM ( MUTUAL EMBITT]M5T4 ,= ?AT 5D !RE IS ONLY ONE MEANS2 NAMELY1 ?AT ! OPPRESS$ P>T ( SOCIETY %\LD OBTA9 ! CLE>E/ POSSIBLE CONCEPTION ( :AT !Y 9T5D TO A*IEVE1 & H[1 & ?AT !Y %\LD BE IMBU$ ) ! 5?USIASM :I* IS NECESS>Y = ?AT A*IEVEM5T2 9 ?AT CASE !Y WILL BE SURE TO ATTA* TO !IR CAUSE ! BE/ & ! FRE%E/ 9TELLECTUAL =CES ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 

,! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS WAS A T]RIBLE EXAMPLE ( AN \TBREAK ) 9SUFFICI5TLY DET]M9$ IDEALS4 ,:5 ! WORK]S BECAME1 9 ,M>*1 #a#h#g#a1 ! MA/]S ( ! GREAT CITY1 !Y DID NOT ATTACK ! PROP]TY RI<TS VE/$ 9 ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y TOOK !SE RI<TS UND] !IR PROTECTION4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNE COV]$ ! ,NATIONAL ,BANK ) !IR BODIES1 & NOT)/&+ ! CRISIS :I* HAD P>ALYZ$ 9DU/RY & ! CONSEQU5T ABS5CE ( E>N+S = A MASS ( WORK]S1 !Y PROTECT$ ! RI<TS ( ! [N]S ( ! FACTORIES1 ! TRADE E/ABLI%M5TS1 & ! DWELL+-H\SES AT ,P>IS ) !IR DECREES4 ,H[EV]1 :5 ! MOVEM5T WAS CRU%$1 NO ACC\NT WAS TAK5 BY ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( ! MODE/Y ( ! COMMUNALI/IC CLAIMS ( ! 9SURG5TS4 ,HAV+ LIV$ = A FEW MON?S 9 FE> ?AT ! WORK]S W\LD MAKE AN ASSAULT UPON !IR PROP]TY RI<TS1 ! RI* M5 ( ,FRANCE TOOK UPON !M JU/ ! SAME REV5GE AS IF !Y HAD MADE ! ASSAULT 9 REALITY4 ,NE>LY ?IRTY ?\S& ( !M W]E SLAU<T]$1 AS IS KN[N1 --- NOT 9 BATTLE1 BUT AFT] !Y HAD LO/ ! BATTLE4 ,IF !Y HAD TAK5 /EPS T[>DS ! SOCIALIZATION ( PROP]TY1 ! REV5GE C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 MORE T]RIBLE4 

,IF1 !N1 --- MY CONCLUSION WAS1 --- !RE >E P]IODS 9 HUMAN DEVELOPM5T :5 A CONFLICT IS UNAVOIDABLE1 & CIVIL W> BREAKS \T QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! WILL ( P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUALS1 --- LET1 AT LEA/1 !SE CONFLICTS TAKE PLACE1 NOT ON ! GR\ND ( VAGUE ASPIRATIONS1 BUT UPON DEF9ITE ISSUES2 NOT UPON SECOND>Y PO9TS1 ! 9SIGNIFICANCE ( :I* DOES NOT DIM9I% ! VIOL5CE ( ! CONFLICT1 BUT UPON BROAD IDEAS :I* 9SPIRE M5 BY ! GR&NESS ( ! HORIZON :I* !Y BR+ 9TO VIEW4 ,9 ?IS LA/ CASE ! CONFLICT ITSELF WILL DEP5D MU* LESS UPON ! EFFICACY ( FIRE>MS & GUNS ?AN UPON ! =CE ( ! CREATIVE G5IUS :I* WILL BE BR\<T 9TO ACTION 9 ! WORK ( RECON/RUCTION ( ,SOCIETY4 ,IT WILL DEP5D *IEFLY UPON ! CON/RUCTIVE =CES ( ,SOCIETY TAK+ = ! MOM5T A FREE C\RSE2 UPON ! 9SPIRATIONS BE+ ( A HI<] /&>D & SO W9N+ MORE SYMPA?Y EV5 FROM ?OSE :O1 AS A CLASS1 >E OPPOS$ TO ! *ANGE4 ,! CONFLICT1 BE+ ?US 5GAG$ ON L>G] ISSUES1 WILL PURIFY ! SOCIAL ATMOSPH]E ITSELF1 & ! NUMB]S ( VICTIMS ON BO? SIDES WILL C]TA9LY BE MU* SMALL] ?AN IF ! FI<T IS OV] MATT]S ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE 9 :I* ! L[] 9/9CTS ( M5 F9D A FREE PLAY4 

,) !SE IDEAS ,I RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA4 

7,S\RCE3 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/1 ,FIR/ ,$ITION1 ,H\<TON ,MIFFL9 ,COMPANY1 ,BO/ON & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#h#i#i47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahih 3 ,P>T #d3 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 ,FIR/ ,J\RNEY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,P>T #d3 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 ,FIR/ ,J\RNEY TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #a -- ,ADD$4 

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