,P>T #f3 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #ag 

#ahiiahii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY JUREK D41,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE  ,I TOOK A LIVELY P>T 9 ?IS MOVEM5T1 & ) A FEW ,5GLI% 
COMRADES ,I />T$1 9 ADDITION TO ! ?REE SOCIALI/ PAP]S ALREADY 9 
EXI/5CE1 AN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ MON?LY1 0,FRE$OM10 :I* CONT9UES 
TO LIVE UP TO TILE PRES5T H\R4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,I RESUM$ MY WORK ON 
AN>*ISM :]E ,I HAD HAD TO 9T]RUPT IT AT ! TIME ( MY >RE/4 ,! 
CRITICAL P>T ( IT WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,ELISEE ,RECIUS1 DUR+ MY ,CLAIRVAUX 
IMPRISONM5T1 UND] ! TITLE1 0,P>OLES D'UN ,REVOLTE40 ,N[ ,I BEGAN TO 
WORK \T ! CON/RUCTIVE P>T ( AN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1SO F> 
AS IT C\LD BE =ECA/1-9 A S]IES ( >TICLES PUBLI%$ AT ,P>IS 9 0,LA ,REVOLTE40 0,\R BOY10 PROSECUT$ = ANTI-MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A1 HAD 
BE5 COMPELL$ TO *ANGE ITS TITLE-PAGE1 & N[ APPE>$ UND] A 
FEM99E NAME4 ,LAT] ON !SE >TICLES W]E PUBLI%$ 9 A MORE 
ELABORATE =M 9 A BOOK1 0,LA ,CONQUETE DU ,PA940 

,!SE RESE>*ES CAUS$ ME TO /UDY MORE ?OR\<LY C]TA9 PO9TS 
9 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS ( TO-DAY4 ,MO/ SOCIALI/S 
HAD HI!RTO SAID ?AT 9 \R PRES5T CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES WE ACTUALLY 
PRODUCE MU* MORE ?AN IS NECESS>Y = GU>ANTEE+ FULL WELL-BE+ TO 
ALL2 ?AT IT WAS ONLY ! DI/RIBUTION :I* WAS DEFECTIVE2 &1 IF A 
SOCIAL REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE1 ALL ?AT WAS REQUIR$ W\LD BE = EV]Y 
ONE TO RETURN TO HIS FACTORY OR WORK%OP1-SOCIETY TAK+ POSSESSION = 
ITSELF ( ! 0SURPLUS VALUE10 OR B5EFITS' :I* N[ W5T TO ! 
CAPITALI/4 ,I ?\<T1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT UND] ! PRES5T 
CONDITIONS ( PRIVATE [N]%IP PRODUCTION ITSELF HAD TAK5 A WRONG 
TURN1 & WAS 5TIRELY 9ADEQUATE EV5 AS REG>DS ! V]Y NECESS>IES 
( LIFE4 ,NONE ( !SE NECESS>IES >E PRODUC$ 9 GREAT] QUANTITIES 
?AN W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO SECURE WELL-BE+ = ALL2 & ! 
OV]-PRODUCTION1 SO (T5 SPOK5 (1 MEANS NO?+ BUT ?AT ! MASSES 
>E TOO POOR TO BUY EV5 :AT IS N[ CONSID]$ AS NECESS>Y = A 
DEC5T EXI/5CE4 ,BUT 9 ALL CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES ! PRODUCTION1 BO? 
AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL1 \<T TO & EASILY MI<T BE IMM5SELY 
9CREAS$1 SO AS TO SECURE A REIGN ( PL5TY = ALL4 ,?IS BR\<T ME TO 
CONSID] ! POSSIBILITIES ( MOD]N AGRICULTURE1 AS WELL AS ?OSE ( AN 
$UCATION :I* W\LD GIVE TO EV]Y ONE ! POSSIBILITY ( C>RY+ ON 
AT ! SAME TIME BO? 5JOYABLE MANUAL WORK & BRA9 WORK4 ,I DEVELOP$ 
!SE IDEAS 9 A S]IES ( >TICLES 9 ! 0,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY10 :I* 
>E N[ PUBLI%$ AS A BOOK UND] ! TITLE ( 0,FIELDS ,FACTORIES1 & 
,WORK%OPS40 

,ANO!R GREAT QUE/ION ALSO 5GROSS$ MY ATT5TION4 ,IT IS KN[N TO 
:AT CONCLUSIONS ,D>W9 S =MULA1 ! 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE10 HAD 
BE5 DEVELOP$ BY HIS FOLL[]S G5]ALLY1 EV5 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T ( 
!M1 SU* AS ,HUXLEY4 ,!RE IS NO 9FAMY 9 CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY1 OR 9 ! 
RELATIONS ( ! :ITES T[>DS ! SO-CALL$ L[] RACES1 OR ( ! 
/RONG T[>DS ! WEAK1 :I* W\LD NOT HAVE F\ND ITS EXCUSE 9 ?IS 
=MULA4 

,EV5 DUR+ MY /AY AT ,CLAIRVAUX ,I SAW ! NECESSITY ( COMPLETELY 
REVIS+ ! =MULA ITSELF & ITS APPLICATIONS TO HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,! 
ATTEMPTS :I* HAD BE5 MADE BY A FEW SOCIALI/S 9 ?IS DIRECTION DID 
NOT SATISFY ME1 BUT ,I F\ND 9 A LECTURE BY A ,RUSSIAN ZOOLOGI/1 
,PR(ESSOR ,KESSL] A TRUE EXPRESSION ( ! LAW ( /RUGGLE = LIFE4 0,MUTUAL AID10 HE SAID 9 ?AT LECTURE1 0IS AS MU* A LAW ( NATURE AS 
MUTUAL /RUGGLE2 BUT = ! PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION ( ! SPECIES ! 
=M] IS F>1 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! LATT]40 ,!SE FEW WORDS-CONFIRM$ 
UN=TUNATELY BY ONLY A C\PLE ( ILLU/RATIONS 7TO :I* 
,SYEV]TS(F1 ! ZOOLOGI/ ( :OM ,I HAVE SPOK5 9 AN E>LI] 
*APT]1 ADD$ ONE OR TWO MORE7-CONTA9$ = ME ! KEY ( ! :OLE 
PROBLEM4 ,:5 ,HUXLEY PUBLI%$ 9 #ahhh HIS ATROCI\S >TICLE1 0,! 
,/RUGGLE = ,EXI/5CE2 A ,PROGRAM10 ,I DECID$ TO PUT 9 A READABLE =M 
MY OBJECTIONS TO HIS WAY ( UND]/&+ ! /RUGGLE = LIFE1 AMONG 
ANIMALS AS WELL AS AMONG M51 ! MAT]IALS = :I* ,I HAD BE5 
ACCUMULAT+ = TWO YE>S4 ,I SPOKE ( IT TO MY FRI5DS4 ,H[EV]1 ,I 
F\ND ?AT ! 9T]PRETATION ( 0/RUGGLE = LIFE0 9 ! S5SE ( 
A W>-CRY ( 0,WOE TO ! ,WEAK10 RAIS$ TO ! HEI<T ( A COMM&M5T 
( NATURE REVEAL$ BY SCI5CE1 WAS SO DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY ?AT 
IT HAD BECOME ALMO/ A MATT] ( RELIGION4 ,TWO P]SONS ONLY SUPPORT$ 
ME 9 MY REVOLT AGA9/ ?IS MIS9T]PRETATION ( ! FACTS ( NATURE4 
,! $ITOR ( ! 0,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY10 ,MR4 ,JAMES ,KN[LES1 ) HIS 
ADMIRABLE P]SPICACITY1 AT ONCE SEIZ$ ! GI/ ( ! MATT]1 & ) 
A TRULY Y\?FUL 5]GY 5C\RAG$ ME TO TAKE IT 9 H&4 ,! O!R 
SUPPORT] WAS ! REGRETT$ ,H4 ,W4 ,BATES1 :OM ,D>W91 9 HIS 0,AUTOBIOGRAPHY10 DESCRIB$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T M5 HE EV] 
MET4 ,HE WAS SECRET>Y ( ! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY1 & ,I KNEW HIM2 SO ,I 
SPOKE TO HIM ( MY 9T5TION4 ,HE WAS DELI<T$ ) IT4 0,YES1 MO/ 
ASSUR$LY WRITE IT10 HE SAID4 0,?AT IS TRUE ,D>W9ISM4 ,IT IS A %AME TO 
?9K ( :AT !Y HAVE MADE ( ,D>W9'S IDEAS4 ,WRITE IT1 & :5 Y\ 
HAVE PUBLI%$ IT1 ,I WILL WRITE Y\ A LETT] ( COMM5DATION :I* Y\ 
MAY PUBLI%40 ,I C\LD NOT HAVE HAD BETT] 5C\RAGEM5T1 & ,I BEGAN ! 
WORK1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! 0,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY0 UND] ! TITLES 
( 0,MUTUAL ,AID AMONG ,ANIMALS10 0,AMONG ,SAVAGES10 0,AMONG ,B>B>IANS10 0,9 ! ,M$IAEVAL ,CITY10 & 0,AMONG ,\RSELVES40 ,UN=TUNATELY ,I 
NEGLECT$ TO SUBMIT TO ,BATES ! FIR/ TWO >TICLES ( ?IS S]IES1 
DEAL+ ) ANIMALS1 :I* W]E PUBLI%$ DUR+ HIS LIFETIME2 ,I HOP$ 
TO BE SOON READY ) ! SECOND P>T ( ! WORK1 0,MUTUAL ,AID AMONG 
,M520 BUT IT TOOK ME SEV]AL YE>S TO COMPLETE IT1 & 9 ! MEANTIME 
,BATES PASS$ FROM AMONG US4 

,! RESE>*ES :I* ,I HAD TO MAKE DUR+ !SE /UDIES1 9 ORD] TO 
ACQUA9T MYSELF ) ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! B>B>IAN P]IOD & ) 
?OSE ( ! M$IAEVA#a FREE CITIES1 L$ ME TO ANO!R IMPORTANT RESE>*3 
! P>T PLAY$ 9 HI/ORY BY ! /ATE DUR+ ITS LATE/ MANIFE/ATION 
9 ,EUROPE1 9 ! LA/ ?REE C5TURIES4 ,& ON ! O!R H&1 ! /UDY 
( ! MUTUAL SUPPORT 9/ITUTIONS AT DIFF]5T /AGES ( CIVILIZATION 
L$ ME TO EXAM9E ! EVOLUTIONI/ BASES ( ! S5SES ( JU/ICE & 
MORALITY 9 MAN4 

,)9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S ! GR[? ( SOCIALISM 9 ,5GL& HAS 
TAK5 ON A NEW ASPECT4 ,?OSE :O JUDGE ONLY BY ! NUMB]S ( SOCIALI/ 
& AN>*I/ MEET+S HELD 9 ! C\NTRY1 & ! AUDI5CES ATTRACT$ 
BY !SE MEET+S >E PRONE TO CONCLUDE ?AT SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A IS N[ 
ON ! DECL9E4 ,& ?OSE :O JUDGE ! PROGRESS ( IT BY ! NUMB]S ( 
VOTES ?AT >E GIV5 TO ?OSE :O CLAIM TO REPRES5T SOCIALISM 9 
,P>LIAM5T JUMP TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT !RE IS N[ H>DLY ANY SOCIALI/ 
WORK GO+ ON 9 ,5GL&4 ,BUT ! DEP? & ! P5ETRATION ( ! 
SOCIALI/ IDEAS CAN NO:]E BE JUDG$ BY ! NUMB]S ( VOTES GIV5 9 
FAVOR ( ?OSE :O BR+ MORE OR LESS SOCIALISM 9TO !IR ELECTORAL 
PROGRAMS4 ,ESPECIALLY IS ?IS ! CASE 9 ,5GL&4 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT ( 
! ?REE SY/EMS ( SOCIALISM :I* W]E =MULAT$ BY ,F\RI]1 
,SA9T-,SIMON1 & ,ROB]T ,[51 IT IS ! LA/-NAM$ :I* PREVAILS 9 
,5GL& & ,SCOTL&4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT IS NOT SO MU* BY ! NUMB] ( 
MEET+S OR ( SOCIALI/ VOTES ?AT ! 9T5SITY ( ! MOVEM5T MU/ 
BE JUDG$1 BUT BY ! 9FILTRATION ( ! SOCIALI/ PO9T ( VIEW 9TO 
! TRADE-UNIONI/1 ! COOP]ATIVE1 & ! SO-CALL$ MUNICIPAL 
SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS1 AS WELL AS ! G5]AL 9FILTRATION ( SOCIALI/ 
IDEAS ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,UND] ?IS ASPECT1 ! EXT5T TO :I* ! 
SOCIALI/ VIEWS HAVE P5ETRAT$ IS IMM5SE 9 COMP>ISON ) :AT IT 
WAS 9 #a#h#h#f2 & ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY ?AT IT IS SIMPLY COLOSSAL 9 
COMP>ISON ) :AT IT WAS 9 ! YE>S #a#h#g#f-#h#b4 ,& ,I MAY ALSO ADD 
?AT ! P]SEV]+ 5DEAVORS ( ! SMALL AN>*I/ GR\PS HAVE 
CONTRIBUT$1 TO AN EXT5T :I* MAKES US FEEL ?AT WE HAVE NOT WA/$ 
\R TIME1 TO SPREAD ! IDEAS ( NO-GOV]NM5T1 ( ! RI<TS ( ! 
9DIVIDUAL1 ( LOCAL ACTION & FREE AGREEM5T1 AS AGA9/ ?OSE ( 
/ATE SUPREMACY1 C5TRALIZATION1 & DISCIPL9E1 :I* W]E DOM9ANT 
TW5TY YE>S AGO4 

,ALL ,EUROPE IS N[ GO+ ?R\< A V]Y BAD PHASE ( ! DEVELOPM5T 
( ! MILIT>Y SPIRIT4 ,?IS WAS AN UNAVOIDABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! 
VICTORY OBTA9$ BY ! ,G]MAN MILIT>Y EMPIRE1 ) ITS UNIV]SAL 
MILIT>Y S]VICE SY/EM1 OV] ,FRANCE 9 #a#h#g#a1 & IT WAS ALREADY !N 
=ESE51 & =ETOLD BY MANY1 9 AN ESPECIALLY IMPRESSIVE =M BY 
,BAKUN94 ,BUT ! C\NT]-CURR5T ALREADY BEG9S TO MAKE ITSELF FELT 9 
MOD]N LIFE4 

,COMMUNI/ IDEAS1 DIVE/$ ( !IR MONA/IC =M1 HAVE P5ETRAT$ 9 
,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA TO AN IMM5SE EXT5T DUR+ ! TW5TY-SEV5 YE>S 9 
:I* ,I HAVE TAK5 AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & C\LD 
OBS]VE !IR GR[?4 ,:5 ,I ?9K ( ! VAGUE1 CONFUS$1 TIMID IDEAS 
:I* W]E EXPRESS$ BY ! WORK]S AT ! FIR/ CONGRESSES ( ! 
,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 OR :I* W]E CURR5T AT ,P>IS 
DUR+ ?O ,COMMUNE 9SURRECTION1 EV5 AMONG ! MO/ ?\<TFUL ( ! 
LEAD]S1 & COMP>E !M ) ?OSE :I* HAVE BE5 >RIV$ AT TO-DAY 
BY A VA/ NUMB] ( WORK]S1 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT !Y SEEM TO ME TO BELONG 
TO TWO 5TIRELY DIFF]5T WORLDS4 

,!RE IS NO P]IOD 9 HI/ORY-) ! EXCEPTION1 P]HAPS1 ( ! 
P]IOD ( ! 9SURRECTIONS 9 ! TWELF? & ?IRTE5? C5TURIES1 
:I* L$ TO ! BIR? ( ! M$IAEVAL ,COMMUNES-DUR+ :I* A SIMIL>LY 
DEEP *ANGE HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 ! CURR5T CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,& 
N[1 9 MY FIFTY-SEV5? YE>1 ,I AM EV5 MORE DEEPLY CONV9C$ ?AN ,I 
WAS TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO ?AT A *ANCE COMB9ATION ( ACCID5TAL 
CIRCUM/ANCES MAY BR+ AB\T 9 ,EUROPE A REVOLUTION AS WIDE-SPREAD AS 
?AT ( #a#h#d#h1 & F> MORE IMPORTANT2 NOT 9 ! S5SE ( M]E FI<T+ 
BETWE5 DIFF]5T P>TIES1 BUT 9 ! S5SE ( A PR(\ND & RAPID 
SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION2 & ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT :ATEV] *>ACT] SU* A 
MOVEM5T MAY TAKE 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 !RE WILL BE DISPLAY$ 
EV]Y:]E A F> DEEP] COMPREH5SION ( ! REQUIR$ *ANGES ?AN HAS 
EV] BE5 DISPLAY$ )9 ! LA/ SIX C5TURIES2 :ILE ! RESI/ANCE 
:I* ! MOVEM5T WILL MEET 9 ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES WILL H>DLY HAVE 
! *>ACT] ( OBTUSE OB/9ACY :I* MADE ! REVOLUTIONS ( TIMES 
PA/ SO VIOL5T4 

,TO OBTA9 ?IS GREAT RESULT IS WELL WOR? ! EF=TS :I* SO MANY 
?\S&S ( M5 & WOM5 ( ALL NATIONS & ALL CLASSES HAVE MADE 
)9 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 

7,S\RCE3 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/1 ,FIR/ ,$ITION1 ,H\<TON ,MIFFL9 ,COMPANY1 ,BO/ON & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#h#i#i47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahih 3 ,P>T #f3 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #ag -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,P>T #f3 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SECTION #ag -- ,ADD$4 

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