,APP5DIX 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,P',TILLE1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION 

,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

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,M4,C4 ,PIEP]S HAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,NATUURKUND+ ,TIJDS*RIFT VOOR ,NE$]L&S* ,9DIE1 #a#h#i#a1 ,DEEL ,L4 P4 #aih 7ANALYZ$ 9 ,NATURWISS5S*AFTLI*E ,RUNDS*AU1 #a#h#i#a1 VOL4 VI4 P4 #e#g#c71 9T]E/+ RESE>*ES 9TO ! MASS-FLI<TS ( BUTT]FLIES :I* OCCUR 9 ,DUT* ,EA/ ,9DIA1 SEEM+LY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( GREAT DRAFTS OCCASION$ BY ! WE/ MONSOON4 ,SU* MASS-FLI<TS USUALLY TAKE PLACE 9 ! FIR/ MON?S AFT] ! BEG9N+ ( ! MONSOON1 & IT IS USUALLY 9DIVIDUALS ( BO? SEXES ( ,CATOPSILIA 7,CALLIDRYAS7 CROCALE1 ,CR41 :I* JO9 9 IT1 BUT OCCASIONALLY ! SW>MS CONSI/ ( 9DIVIDUALS BELONG+ TO ?REE DIFF]5T SPECIES ( ! G5US ,EUPHOEA4 ,COPULATION SEEMS ALSO TO BE ! PURPOSE ( SU* FLI<TS4 ,?AT !SE FLI<TS >E NOT ! RESULT ( CONC]T$ ACTION BUT RA!R A CONSEQU5CE ( IMITATION1 OR ( A DESIRE ( FOLL[+ ALL O!RS1 IS1 ( C\RSE1 QUITE POSSIBLE4 

,BATES SAW1 ON ! ,AMAZON1 ! YELL[ & ! ORANGE ,CALLIDRYAS 0ASSEMBL+ 9 D5SELY PACK$ MASSES1 SOMETIMES TWO OR ?REE Y>DS 9 CIRCUMF]5CE1 !IR W+S ALL HELD 9 AN UPRI<T POSITION1 SO ?AT ! BEA* LOOK$ AS ?\< V>IEGAT$ ) B$S ( CROCUSES40 ,!IR MIGRAT+ COLUMNS1 CROSS+ ! RIV] FROM NOR? TO S\?1 0W]E UN9T]RUPT$1 FROM AN E>LY H\R 9 ! MORN+ TILL SUNSET0 7,NATURALI/ ON ! ,AMAZON1 P4 #a#c#a74 

,DRAGON-FLIES1 9 !IR LONG MIGRATIONS ACROSS ! ,PAMPAS1 COME TOGE!R 9 C\NTLESS NUMB]S1 & !IR IMM5SE SW>MS CONTA9 9DIVIDUALS BELONG+ TO DIFF]5T SPECIES 7,HUDSON1 ,NATURALI/ ON ! ,LA ,PLATA1 PP4 #ac SEQ474 ,! GRAS%OPP]S 7,ZONIOPODA T>SATA7 >E ALSO EM95TLY GREG>I\S 7,HUDSON1 L4C4 P4 #a#b#e74 

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,PI]RE ,HUB]'S ,LES F\RMIS 9DIG5ES 7,G5EVE1 #a#h#a71 ( :I* A *EAP $ITION WAS ISSU$ 9 #ahfa BY ,*]BULIEZ1 9 ! ,BIBLIO!QUE ,G5EVOISE1 & ( :I* TRANSLATIONS \<T TO BE CIRCULAT$ 9 *EAP $ITIONS 9 EV]Y LANGUAGE1 IS NOT ONLY ! BE/ WORK ON ! SUBJECT1 BUT ALSO A MODEL ( REALLY SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,D>W9 WAS QUITE RI<T 9 DESCRIB+ ,PI]RE ,HUB] AS AN EV5 GREAT] NATURALI/ ?AN HIS FA!R4 ,?IS BOOK \<T TO BE READ BY EV]Y Y\NG NATURALI/1 NOT ONLY = ! FACTS IT CONTA9S BUT AS A LESSON 9 ! ME?ODS ( RESE>*4 ,! RE>+ ( ANTS 9 >TIFICIAL GLASS NE/S1 & ! TE/ EXP]IM5TS MADE BY SUBSEQU5T EXPLOR]S1 9CLUD+ ,LUBBOCK1 WILL ALL BE F\ND 9 ,HUB]'S ADMIRABLE LITTLE WORK4 ,READ]S ( ! BOOKS ( ,=EL & ,LUBBOCK >E1 ( C\RSE1 AW>E ?AT BO? ! ,SWISS PR(ESSOR & ! ,BRITI% WRIT] BEGAN !IR WORK 9 A CRITICAL MOOD1 ) ! 9T5TION ( DISPROV+ ,HUB]'S ASS]TIONS CONC]N+ ! ADMIRABLE MUTUAL-AID 9/9CTS ( ! ANTS2 BUT ?AT AFT] A C>EFUL 9VE/IGATION !Y C\LD ONLY CONFIRM !M4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS UN=TUNATELY *>ACT]I/IC ( HUMAN NATURE GLADLY TO BELIEVE ANY AFFIRMATION CONC]N+ M5 BE+ ABLE TO *ANGE AT WILL ! ACTION ( ! =CES ( ,NATURE1 BUT TO REFUSE TO ADMIT WELL-PROV$ SCI5TIFIC FACTS T5D+ TO R$UCE ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 MAN & HIS ANIMAL BRO!RS4 

,MR4 ,SU!RL& 7,ORIG9 & ,GR[? ( ,MORAL ,9/9CT7 EVID5TLY BEGAN HIS BOOK ) ! 9T5TION ( PROV+ ?AT ALL MORAL FEEL+S HAVE ORIG9AT$ FROM P>5TAL C>E & FAMILIAL LOVE1 :I* BO? APPE>$ ONLY 9 W>MBLOOD$ ANIMALS2 CONSEQU5TLY HE TRIES TO M9IMIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( SYMPA?Y & COOP]ATION AMONG ANTS4 ,HE QUOTES ,BU*N]'S BOOK1 ,M9D 9 ,ANIMALS1 & KN[S ,LUBBOCK'S EXP]IM5TS4 ,AS TO ! WORKS ( ,HUB] & ,=EL1 HE DISMISSES !M 9 ! FOLL[+ S5T5CE2 0BUT !Y .<,BU*N]'S 9/ANCES ( SYMPA?Y AMONG ANTS.> >E ALL1 OR MO/LY ALL1 M>R$ BY A C]TA9 AIR ( S5TIM5TALISM444 :I* R5D]S !M BETT] SUIT$ = S*OOL BOOKS ?AN = CAUTI\S WORKS ( SCI5CE1 & ! SAME IS TO BE REM>K$ .<ITALICS >E M9E.> ( SOME ( ,HUB]'S & ,=EL'S BE/-KN[N ANECDOTES0 7VOL4 I4 P4 #b#i#h74 

,MR4 ,SU!RL& DOES NOT SPECIFY :I* 0ANECDOTES0 HE MEANS1 BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT HE C\LD NEV] HAVE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( P]US+ ! WORKS ( ,HUB] & ,=EL4 ,NATURALI/S :O KN[ !SE WORKS F9D NO 0ANECDOTES0 9 !M4 

,! REC5T WORK ( ,PR(ESSOR ,GOTTFRI$ ,ADL]Z ON ! ANTS 9 ,SW$5 7,MYRMECOLOGISKA ,/UDI]3 ,SV5SKA ,MYROR O* DES ,LEFNADS=HALL&51 9 ,BIHAN TILL ,SV5SKA ,A KADEMI5S ,H&L+>1 ,BD4 XI4 ,NO4 #a#h1 #a#h#h#f7 MAY BE M5TION$ 9 ?IS PLACE4 ,IT H>DLY NE$ BE SAID ?AT ALL ! OBS]VATIONS ( ,HUB] & ,=EL CONC]N+ ! MUTUAL-AID LIFE ( ANTS1 9CLUD+ ! ONE CONC]N+ ! %>+ ( FOOD1 FELT TO BE SO /RIK+ BY ?OSE :O PREVI\SLY HAD PAID NO ATT5TION TO ! SUBJECT1 >E FULLY CONFIRM$ BY ! ,SW$I% PR(ESSOR 7PP4 #a#c#f-#a#c#g74 

,PR(ESSOR ,G4 ,ADL]Z GIVES ALSO V]Y 9T]E/+ EXP]IM5TS TO PROVE :AT ,HUB] HAD ALREADY OBS]V$2 NAMELY1 ?AT ANTS FROM TWO DIFF]5T NE/S DO NOT ALWAYS ATTACK EA* O!R4 ,HE HAS MADE ONE ( HIS EXP]IM5TS ) ! ANT1 ,TAP9OMA ]RATICUM4 ,ANO!R WAS MADE ) ! COMMON ,RUFA ANT4 ,TAK+ A :OLE NE/ 9 A SACK1 HE EMPTI$ IT AT A DI/ANCE ( SIX FEET FROM ANO!R NE/4 ,!RE WAS NO BATTLE1 BUT ! ANTS ( ! SECOND NE/ BEGAN TO C>RY ! PUPAE ( ! =M]4 ,AS A RULE1 :5 ,PR(ESSOR ,ADL]Z BR\<T TOGE!R WORK]S ) !IR PUPAE1 BO? TAK5 FROM DIFF]5T NE/S1 !RE WAS NO BATTLE2 BUT IF ! WORK]S W]E )\T !IR PUPAE1 A BATTLE 5SU$ 7PP4 #a#h#e-#a#h#f74 

,HE ALSO COMPLETES ,=EL'S & ,MAC,COOK'S OBS]VATIONS AB\T ! 0NATIONS0 ( ANTS1 COMPOS$ ( MANY NE/S1 &1 TAK+ HIS [N E/IMATES1 :I* BR\<T HIM TO TAKE AN AV]AGE ( #c1 ,=MICA EXSECTA ANTS 9 EA* NE/1 HE CONCLUDES ?AT SU* 0NATIONS0 MAY REA* SCORES & EV5 HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( 9HABITANTS4 

,MAET]L9CK'S ADMIRABLY WRITT5 BOOK ON BEES1 AL?\< IT CONTA9S NO NEW OBS]VATIONS1 W\LD BE V]Y USEFUL1 IF IT W]E LESS M>R$ ) METAPHYSICAL 0WORDS40 

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,AUDUBON'S ,J\RNALS 7,AUDUBON & HIS ,J\RNALS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#h#i#h71 ESPECIALLY ?OSE RELAT+ TO HIS LIFE ON ! COA/S ( ,LABRADOR & ! ,/4 ,LAWR5CE RIV] 9 ! ?IRTIES1 CONTA9 EXCELL5T DESCRIPTIONS ( ! NE/+ ASSOCIATIONS ( AQUATIC BIRDS4 ,SPEAK+ ( 0,! ,ROCK10 ONE ( ! ,MAGDAL5E OR ,AMH]/ ,ISL&S1 HE WROTE3 -- 0,AT ELEV5 ,I C\LD DI/+UI% ITS TOP PLA9LY FROM ! DECK1 & ?\<T IT COV]$ ) SN[ TO ! DEP? ( SEV]AL FEET2 ?IS APPE>ANCE EXI/$ ON EV]Y PORTION ( ! FLAT1 PROJECT+ %ELVES4 0,BUT IT WAS NOT SN[3 IT WAS GANNETS1 ALL CALMLY SEAT$ ON !IR EGGS OR NEWLY-HAT*$ BROOD-!IR HEADS ALL TURN$ W9DW>DS1 ALMO/ T\*+ EA* O!R1 & 9 REGUL> L9ES4 ,! AIR ABOVE1 = A HUNDR$ Y>DS & = SOME DI/ANCE R\ND ! ROCK1 0WAS FILL$ ) GANNETS ON ! W+1 AS IF A HEAVY FALL ( SN[ WAS DIRECTLY ABOVE US40 ,KITTIWAKE GULLS & FOOLI% GUILLEMOTS BR$ ON ! SAME ROCK 7,J\RNALS1 VOL4 I4 PP4 #c#f-#c#f#c74 

,9 SI<T ( ,ANTICO/I ,ISL&1 ! SEA 0WAS LIT]ALLY COV]$ ) FOOLI% GUILLEMOTS & ) RAZORBILL$ AUKS 7,ALCA TORVA740 ,FUR!R ON1 ! AIR WAS FILL$ ) VELVET DUCKS4 ,ON ! ROCKS ( ! ,GULF1 ! H]R+ GULLS1 ! T]NS 7GREAT1 ,>CTIC1 & PROBABLY ,FO/]'S71 ! ,TR+A PUSILLA1 ! SEA-GULLS1 ! AUKS1 ! ,SCOT] DUCKS1 ! WILD GEESE 7,ANS] CANAD5SIS71 ! R$-BREA/$ M]GANS]1 ! CORMORANTS1 ETC41 W]E ALL BRE$+4 ,! SEA-GULLS W]E EXTREMELY ABUNDANT !RE2 0!Y >E = EV] H>ASS+ EV]Y O!R BIRD1 SUCK+ !IR EGGS & DEV\R+ !IR Y\NG20 0!Y TAKE H]E ! PLACE ( EAGLES & HAWKS40 

,ON ! ,MISS\RI1 ABOVE ,SA9T ,L\IS1 ,AUDUBON SAW1 9 #a#h#d#c1 VULTURES & EAGLES NE/+ 9 COLONIES4 ,?US HE M5TION$ 0LONG L9ES ( ELEVAT$ %ORE1 SURM\NT$ BY /UP5D\S ROCKS ( LIME/ONE1 ) MANY CURI\S HOLES 9 !M1 :]E WE SAW VULTURES & EAGLES 5T] T[>DS DUSK0 -- ?AT IS1 ,TURKEY BUZZ>DS 7,CA?>TES AURA7 & BALD EAGLES 7,HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS71 ,E4 ,C\ES REM>KS 9 A FOOTNOTE 7VOL4 I4 P4 #d#e#h74 

,ONE ( ! BE/ BRE$+-GR\NDS ALONG ! ,BRITI% %ORES >E ! ,F>NE ,ISL&S1 & ONE WILL F9D 9 ,*>LES ,DIXON'S WORK1 ,AMONG ! ,BIRDS 9 ,NOR!RN ,%IRES1 A LIVELY DESCRIPTION ( !SE GR\NDS1 :]E SCORES ( ?\S&S ( GULLS1 T]NS1 EID]-DUCKS1 CORMORANTS1 R+$ PLOV]S1 OY/]-CAT*]S1 GUILLEMOTS1 & PUFF9S COME TOGE!R EV]Y YE>4 0,ON APPROA*+ SOME ( ! ISL&S ! FIR/ IMPRESSION IS ?AT ?IS GULL 7! LESS] BLACK-BACK$ GULL7 MONOPOLIZES ! :OLE ( ! GR\ND1 AS IT OCCURS 9 SU* VA/ ABUNDANCE4 ,! AIR SEEMS FULL ( !M1 ! GR\ND & B>E ROCKS >E CR[D$2 & AS \R BOAT F9ALLY GRATES AGA9/ ! R\< BEA* & WE EAG]LY JUMP A%ORE ALL BECOMES NOISY EXCITEM5T -- A P]FECT BABEL ( PROTE/+ CRIES ?AT IS P]SI/5TLY KEPT UP UNTIL WE LEAVE ! PLACE0 7P4 #b#a#i74 

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,?AT ! SOCIABILITY ( ANIMALS WAS GREAT] :5 !Y W]E LESS HUNT$ BY MAN1 IS CONFIRM$ BY MANY FACTS %[+ ?AT ?OSE ANIMALS :O N[ LIVE ISOLAT$ 9 C\NTRIES 9HABIT$ BY MAN CONT9UE TO LIVE 9 H]DS 9 UN9HABIT$ REGIONS4 ,?US ON ! WAT]LESS PLATEAU DES]TS ( ,NOR!RN ,?IBET ,PRJEVALSKY F\ND BE>S LIV+ 9 SOCIETIES4 ,HE M5TIONS NUM]\S 0H]DS ( YAKS1 KHULANS1 ANTELOPES1 & EV5 BE>S40 ,! LATT]1 HE SAYS1 FE$ UPON ! EXTREMELY NUM]\S SMALL ROD5TS1 & >E SO NUM]\S ?AT1 0AS ! NATIVES ASSUR$ ME1 !Y HAVE F\ND A HUNDR$ OR A HUNDR$ & FIFTY ( !M ASLEEP 9 ! SAME CAVE0 7,YE>LY ,REPORT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY = #a#h#h#e1 P4 #a#a2 ,RUSSIAN74 ,H>ES 7,LEPUS ,LEHMANI7 LIVE 9 L>GE SOCIETIES 9 ! ,TRANSCASPIAN T]RITORY 7,N4 ,Z>UDNYI1 ,RE*]*ES ZOOLOGIQUES DANS LA CONTREE ,TRANSCASPI5NE1 9 ,BULL4 ,SOC4 ,NATUR4 ,MOSC\1 #a#h#h#i1 #d74 ,! SMALL ,CALI=NIAN FOXES1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,E4,S4 ,HOLD51 LIVE R\ND ! ,LICK OBS]VATORY 0ON A MIX$ DIET ( ,MANZANITA B]RIES & A/RONOM]S' *ICK5S0 7,NATURE1 ,NOV4 #e1 #a#h#i#a71 SEEM ALSO TO BE V]Y SOCIABLE4 

,SOME V]Y 9T]E/+ 9/ANCES ( ! LOVE ( SOCIETY AMONG ANIMALS HAVE LATELY BE5 GIV5 BY ,MR4 ,C4,J4 ,CORNI% 7,ANIMALS AT ,WORK & ,PLAY1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#i#f74 ,ALL ANIMALS1 HE TRULY REM>KS1 HATE SOLITUDE4 ,HE GIVES ALSO AN AMUS+ 9/ANCE ( ! HABIT ( ! PRAIRIE DOGS ( KEEP+ S5TRIES4 ,IT IS SO GREAT ?AT !Y ALWAYS KEEP A S5T9EL ON DUTY1 EV5 AT ! ,LONDON ,ZOOLOGICAL ,G>D51 & 9 ! ,P>IS ,J>D9 D',ACCLIMATATION 7P4 #d#f74 

,PR(ESSOR ,KESSL] WAS QUITE RI<T 9 PO9T+ \T ?AT ! Y\NG BROODS ( BIRDS1 KEEP+ TOGE!R 9 AUTUMN1 CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( FEEL+S ( SOCIABILITY4 ,MR4 ,CORNI% 7,ANIMALS AT ,WORK & ,PLAY7 HAS GIV5 SEV]AL EXAMPLES ( ! PLAYS ( Y\NG MAMMALS1 SU* AS1 = 9/ANCE1 LAMBS PLAY+ AT 0FOLL[ MY LEAD]10 OR AT 0,I'M ! K+ ( ! CA/LE10 & !IR LOVE ( /EEPLE*ASES2 ALSO ! FAWNS PLAY+ A K9D ( 0CROSS-T\*10 ! T\* BE+ GIV5 BY ! NOSE4 ,ALTOGE!R WE HAVE1 MOREOV]1 ! EXCELL5T WORK BY ,K>L ,GROSS1 ,! ,PLAY ( ,ANIMALS4 

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,HUDSON1 9 HIS ,NATURALI/ ON ! ,LA ,PLATA 7,*APT] ,I,I,I71 HAS A V]Y 9T]E/+ ACC\NT ( A SUDD5 9CREASE ( A SPECIES ( MICE & ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?AT SUDD5 0WAVE ( LIFE40 0,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#g#b-#g#c10 HE WRITES1 0WE HAD PL5TY ( SUN%9E1 ) FREQU5T %[]S1 SO ?AT ! HOT MON?S BR\<T NO DE>? ( WILD FL[]S1 AS 9 MO/ YE>S40 ,! SEASON WAS V]Y FAVORABLE = MICE1 & 0!SE PROLIFIC LITTLE CREATURES W]E SOON SO ABUNDANT ?AT ! DOGS & ! CATS SUBSI/$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON !M4 ,FOXES1 WEASELS & OPOSSUMS F>$ SUMPTU\SLY2 EV5 ! 9SECTIVOR\S >MADILLO TOOK TO MICE-HUNT+40 ,! F[LS BECAME QUITE RAPACI\S1 0:ILE ! SULFUR TYRANT-BIRDS 7,PITANGUS7 & ! ,GUIRA CUCKOOS PREY$ ON NO?+ BUT MICE40 ,9 ! AUTUMN1 C\NTLESS NUMB]S ( /ORKS & ( %ORT-E>$ [LS MADE !IR APPE>ANCE1 COM+ ALSO TO ASSI/ AT ! G5]AL FEA/4 ,NEXT CAME A W9T] ( CONT9U$ DR\<T2 ! DRY GRASS WAS EAT51 OR TURN$ TO DU/2 & ! MICE1 DEPRIV$ ( COV] & FOOD1 BEGAN TO DIE \T4 ,! CATS SNEAK$ BACK TO ! H\SES2 ! %ORT-E>$ [LS -- A W&]+ SPECIES -- LEFT2 :ILE ! LITTLE BURR[+ [LS BECAME SO R$UC$ AS SC>CELY TO BE ABLE TO FLY1 0& HUNG AB\T ! H\SES ALL DAY LONG ON ! LOOK-\T = SOME /RAY MORSEL ( FOOD4 0,9CR$IBLE NUMB]S ( %EEP & CATTLE P]I%$ ! SAME W9T]1 DUR+ A MON? ( COLD ?AT FOLL[$ ! DR\<T4 ,AS TO ! MICE1 ,HUDSON MAKES ! REM>K ?AT 0SC>CELY A H>D-PRESS$ REMNANT REMA9S AFT] ! GREAT REACTION1 TO CONT9UE ! SPECIES40 

,?IS ILLU/RATION HAS AN ADDITIONAL 9T]E/ 9 ITS %[+ H[1 ON FLAT PLA9S & PLATEAUS1 ! SUDD5 9CREASE ( A SPECIES IMM$IATELY ATTRACTS 5EMIES FROM O!R P>TS ( ! PLA9S1 & H[ SPECIES UNPROTECT$ BY !IR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION MU/ NECESS>ILY SUCCUMB BE=E !M4 

,ANO!R EXCELL5T ILLU/RATION 9 PO9T IS GIV5 BY ! SAME AU?OR FROM ! ,>G5T9E ,REPUBLIC4 ,! COYPU 7,MYIOPOTAMUS COYPU7 IS !RE A V]Y COMMON ROD5T -- A RAT 9 %APE1 BUT AS L>GE AS AN OTT]4 ,IT IS AQUATIC 9 ITS HABITS & V]Y SOCIABLE4 0,( AN EV5+10 ,HUDSON WRITES1 0!Y >E ALL \T SWIMM+ & PLAY+ 9 ! WAT]1 CONV]S+ TOGE!R 9 /RANGE TUNES1 :I* S\ND LIKE ! MOANS & CRIES ( W\ND$ & SUFF]+ M54 ,! COYPU1 :I* HAS A F9E FUR UND] ! LONG CO>SE HAIR1 WAS L>GELY EXPORT$ TO ,EUROPE2 BUT SOME SIXTY YE>S AGO ! ,DICTATOR ,ROSAS ISSU$ A DECREE PROHIBIT+ ! HUNT+ ( ?IS ANIMAL4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT ! ANIMALS 9CREAS$ & MULTIPLI$ EXCE$+LY1 &1 AB&ON+ !IR AQUATIC HABITS1 !Y BECAME T]RE/RIAL & MIGRATORY1 & SW>M$ EV]Y:]E 9 SE>* ( FOOD4 ,SUDD5LY A MY/]I\S MALADY FELL ON !M1 FROM :I* !Y QUICKLY P]I%$1 & BECAME ALMO/ EXT9CT0 7P4 #a#b74 

,EXT]M9ATION BY MAN ON ! ONE SIDE1 & CONTAGI\S DISEASES ON ! O!R SIDE1 >E ?US ! MA9 *ECKS :I* KEEP ! SPECIES D[N -- NOT COMPETITION = ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 :I* MAY NOT EXI/ AT ALL4 

,FACTS1 PROV+ ?AT REGIONS 5JOY+ A F> MORE CONG5IAL CLIMATE ?AN ,SIB]IA >E EQUALLY UND]POPULAT$1 C\LD BE PRODUC$ 9 NUMB]S4 ,BUT 9 ,BATES' WELL-KN[N WORK WE F9D ! SAME REM>K CONC]N+ EV5 ! %ORES ( ! ,AMAZON RIV]4 

0,!RE IS1 9 FACT10 ,BATES WROTE1 0A GREAT V>IETY ( MAMMALS1 BIRDS & REPTILES1 BUT !Y >E WIDELY SCATT]$ & ALL EXCESSIVELY %Y ( MAN4 ,! REGION IS SO EXT5SIVE & UNI=M 9 ! =E/-CLO?+ ( ITS SURFACE1 ?AT IT IS ONLY AT LONG 9T]VALS ?AT ANIMALS >E SE5 9 ABUNDANCE1 :]E SOME P>TICUL> SPOT IS F\ND :I* IS MORE ATTRACTIVE ?AN ! O!RS0 7,NATURALI/ ON ! ,AMAZON1 #f? $41 P4 #c#a74 

,?IS FACT IS ! MORE /RIK+ AS ! ,BRAZILIAN FAUNA1 :I* IS POOR 9 MAMMALS1 IS NOT POOR AT ALL 9 BIRDS1 & ! ,BRAZILIAN =E/S AF=D AMPLE FOOD = BIRDS1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM A QUOTATION1 ALREADY GIV5 ON A PREVI\S PAGE1 AB\T BIRDS' SOCIETIES4 ,& YET1 ! =E/S ( ,BRAZIL1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,ASIA & ,AFRICA1 >E NOT OV]POPULAT$1 BUT RA!R UND]-POPULAT$4 ,! SAME IS TRUE CONC]N+ ! PAMPAS ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 AB\T :I* ,W4,H4 ,HUDSON REM>KS ?AT IT IS REALLY A/ONI%+ ?AT ONLY ONE SMALL RUM9ANT %\LD BE F\ND ON ?IS IMM5SE GRASSY >EA1 SO ADMIRABLY SUIT$ TO H]BIVOR\S QUADRUP$S4 ,MILLIONS ( %EEP1 CATTLE & HORSES1 9TRODUC$ BY MAN1 GRAZE N[1 AS IS KN[N1 UPON A PORTION ( !SE PRAIRIES4 ,L&-BIRDS ON ! PAMPAS >E ALSO FEW 9 SPECIES & 9 NUMB]S4 

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,NUM]\S EXAMPLES ( SU* ADAPTATIONS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! WORKS ( ALL FIELD-NATURALI/S4 ,ONE ( !M1 V]Y 9T]E/+1 MAY BE GIV5 9 ! HAIRY >MADILLO1 ( :I* ,W4,H4 ,HUDSON SAYS1 ?AT 0IT HAS /RUCK A L9E = ITSELF1 & CONSEQU5TLY ?RIVES1 :ILE ITS CONG5]S >E FA/ DISAPPE>+4 ,ITS FOOD IS MO/ V>I$4 ,IT PREYS ON ALL K9DS ( 9SECTS1 DISCOV]+ WORMS & L>VAE SEV]AL 9*ES B5EA? ! SURFACE4 ,IT IS FOND ( EGGS & FL$GL+S2 IT FE$S ON C>RION AS READILY AS A VULTURE2 &1 FAIL+ ANIMAL FOOD1 IT SUBSI/S ON VEGETABLE DIET-CLOV]1 & EV5 GRA9S ( MAIZE4 ,!RE=E1 :5 O!R ANIMALS >E />V+1 ! HAIRY >MADILLO IS ALWAYS FAT & VIGOR\S0 7,NATURALI/ ON ! ,LA ,PLATA1 P4 #g#a74 

,! ADAPTIVITY ( ! LAPW+ MAKES IT A SPECIES ( :I* ! RANGE ( EXT5SION IS V]Y WIDE4 ,9 ,5GL&1 IT 0MAKES ITSELF AT HOME ON >ABLE L& AS READILY AS 9 WILD] >EAS40 ,*4 ,DIXON SAYS 9 HIS ,BIRDS ( ,NOR!RN ,%IRES 7P4 #f#g71 0,V>IETY ( FOOD IS /ILL MORE ! RULE ) ! BIRDS ( PREY40 ,?US1 = 9/ANCE1 WE LE>N FROM ! SAME AU?OR 7PP4 #f1 #f#e71 0?AT ! H5 H>RI] ( ! ,BRITI% MOORS FE$S NOT ONLY ON SMALL BIRDS1 BUT ALSO ON MOLES & MICE1 & ON FROGS1 LIZ>DS & 9SECTS1 :ILE MO/ ( ! SMALL] FALCONS SUBSI/ L>GELY ON 9SECTS40 

,! V]Y SUGGE/IVE *APT] :I* ,W4,H4 ,HUDSON GIVES TO ! FAMILY ( ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN TREECREEP]S1 OR WOODHEW]S1 IS ANO!R EXCELL5T ILLU/RATION ( ! WAYS 9 :I* L>GE PORTIONS ( ! ANIMAL POPULATION AVOID COMPETITION1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME !Y SUCCE$ 9 BECOM+ V]Y NUM]\S 9 A GIV5 REGION1 )\T BE+ POSSESS$ ( ANY ( ! WEAPONS USUALLY CONSID]$ AS ESS5TIAL 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4 ,! ABOVE FAMILY COV]S AN IMM5SE RANGE1 FROM ,S\? ,MEXICO TO ,PATAGONIA1 & NO FEW] ?AN #bi SPECIES1 REF]ABLE TO AB\T #df G5]A1 >E ALREADY KN[N FROM ?IS FAMILY1 ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( :I* IS ! GREAT DIV]SITY ( HABITS ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,NOT ONLY ! DIFF]5T G5]A & ! DIFF]5T SPECIES POSSESS HABITS PECULI>LY !IR [N1 BUT EV5 ! SAME SPECIES IS (T5 F\ND TO DIFF] 9 ITS MANN] ( LIFE 9 DIFF]5T LOCALITIES4 0,SOME SPECIES ( ,X5OPS & ,MAG>ORNIS1 LIKE WOODPECK]S1 CLIMB V]TICALLY ON TREE-TRUNKS 9 SE>* ( 9SECT PREY1 BUT ALSO1 LIKE TITS1 EXPLORE ! SMALL] TWIGS & FOLIAGE AT ! EXTREMITY ( ! BRAN*ES2 SO ?AT ! :OLE TREE1 FROM ! ROOT TO ITS TOPMO/ FOLIAGE1 IS HUNT$ OV] BY !M4 ,! ,SCL]URUS1 AL?\< AN 9HABITANT ( ! D>KE/ =E/1 & PROVID$ ) %>PLY-CURV$ CLAWS1 NEV] SEEKS ITS FOOD ON TREES1 BUT EXCLUSIVELY ON ! GR\ND1 AMONG ! DECAY+ FALL5 LEAVES2 BUT1 /RANGELY 5\<1 :5 AL>M$1 IT FLIES TO ! TRUNK ( ! NE>E/ TREE1 TO :I* IT CL+S 9 A V]TICAL POSITION1 &1 REMA9+ SIL5T & MOTIONLESS1 ESCAPES OBS]VATION BY MEANS ( ITS D>K PROTECTIVE COLOR40 ,& SO ON4 ,9 !IR NE/+ HABITS !Y ALSO V>Y IMM5SELY4 ,?US1 9 ONE S+LE G5US1 ?REE SPECIES BUILD AN OV5-%AP$ CLAY-NE/1 A F\R? BUILDS A NE/ ( /ICKS 9 ! TREES1 & A FIF? BURR[S 9 ! SIDE ( A BANK1 LIKE A K+FI%]4 

,N[1 ?IS EXTREMELY L>GE FAMILY1 ( :I* ,HUDSON SAYS ?AT 0EV]Y PORTION ( ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN CONT95T IS OCCUPI$ BY !M2 = !RE IS REALLY NO CLIMATE1 & NO K9D ( SOIL OR VEGETATION1 :I* DOES NOT POSSESS ITS APPROPRIATE SPECIES1 BELONGS0 -- TO USE HIS [N WORDS -- 0TO ! MO/ DEF5SELESS ( BIRDS40 ,LIKE ! DUCKS :I* W]E M5TION$ BY ,SYEV]TS(F 7SEE 9 ! TEXT71 !Y DISPLAY NO P[]FUL BEAK OR CLAWS2 0!Y >E TIMID1 UNRESI/+ CREATURES1 )\T /R5G? OR WEAPONS2 !IR MOVEM5TS >E LESS QUICK & VIGOR\S ?AN ?OSE ( O!R K9DS1 & !IR FLI<T IS EXCE$+LY FEEBLE40 ,BUT !Y POSSESS -- BO? ,HUDSON & ,AS>A OBS]VE -- 0! SOCIAL DISPOSITION 9 AN EM95T DEGREE10 AL?\< 0! SOCIAL HABIT IS KEPT D[N 9 !M BY ! CONDITIONS ( A LIFE :I* MAKES SOLITUDE NECESS>Y40 ,!Y CANNOT MAKE ?OSE L>GE BRE$+ ASSOCIATIONS :I* WE SEE 9 ! SEA-BIRDS1 BECAUSE !Y LIVE ON ! TREE-9SECTS1 & !Y MU/ C>EFULLY EXPLORE SEP>ATELY EV]Y TREE -- :I* !Y DO 9 A MO/ BUS9ESS-LIKE WAY2 BUT !Y CONT9UALLY CALL EA* O!R 9 ! WOODS1 0CONV]S+ ) ONE ANO!R OV] LONG DI/ANCES20 & !Y ASSOCIATE 9 ?OSE 0W&]+ B&S0 :I* >E WELL KN[N FROM ,BATES' PICTURESQUE DESCRIPTION1 :ILE ,HUDSON WAS L$ TO BELIEVE 0?AT EV]Y:]E 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA ! ,D5DROCOLAPTIDAE >E ! FIR/ 9 COMB9+ TO ACT 9 CONC]T1 & ?AT ! BIRDS ( O!R FAMILIES FOLL[ !IR M>* & ASSOCIATE ) !M1 KN[+ FROM EXP]I5CE ?AT A RI* H>VE/ MAY BE REAP$40 ,IT H>DLY NE$ BE ADD$ ?AT ,HUDSON PAYS !M ALSO A HI< COMPLIM5T CONC]N+ !IR 9TELLIG5CE4 ,SOCIABILITY & 9TELLIG5CE ALWAYS GO H& 9 H&4 

,V,I,I4 -- ,! ,O,R,I,G,9 ,( ,! ,F,A,M,I,L,Y4 

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,AT ! TIME :5 ,I WROTE ! *APT] 9S]T$ 9 ! TEXT1 A C]TA9 ACCORD SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ AMONG AN?ROPOLOGI/S CONC]N+ ! RELATIVELY LATE APPE>ANCE1 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( M51 ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 SU* AS WE KN[ IT AMONG ! ,HEBREWS1 OR 9 ,IMP]IAL ,ROME4 ,H[EV]1 WORKS HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ S9CE1 9 :I* ! IDEAS PROMULGAT$ BY ,BA*(5 & ,MAC,L5NAN1 SY/EMIZ$ ESPECIALLY BY ,MORGAN1 & FUR!R DEVELOP$ & CONFIRM$ BY ,PO/1 ,MAXIM ,KOVALEVSKY1 & ,LUBBOCK1 W]E CONTE/$ -- ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( SU* WORKS BE+ BY ! ,DANI% ,PR(ESSOR1 ,C4,N4 ,/>CKE 7,PRIMITIVE ,FAMILY1 #a#h#h#i71 & BY ! ,HELS+=S ,PR(ESSOR1 ,$W>D ,WE/]M>CK 7,! ,HI/ORY ( ,HUMAN ,M>RIAGE1 #a#h#i#a2 #bND $4 #a#h#i#d74 ,! SAME HAS HAPP5$ ) ?IS QUE/ION ( PRIMITIVE M>RIAGE 9/ITUTIONS AS IT HAPP5$ ) ! QUE/ION ( ! PRIMITIVE L&-[N]%IP 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:5 ! IDEAS ( ,MAUR] & ,NASSE ON ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY DEVELOP$ BY QUITE A S*OOL ( GIFT$ EXPLOR]S1 & ?OSE ( ALL MOD]N AN?ROPOLOGI/S UPON ! PRIMITIVELY COMMUNI/IC CON/ITUTION ( ! CLAN HAD NE>LY WON G5]AL ACCEPTANCE -- !Y CALL$ =? ! APPE>ANCE ( SU* WORKS AS ?OSE ( ,FU/EL DE ,C\LANGES 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,OX=D ,PR(ESSOR ,SEEBOHM 9 ,5GL&1 & SEV]AL O!RS1 9 :I* AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE -- ) MORE BRILLIANCY ?AN REAL DEP? ( 9VE/IGATION -- TO UND]M9E !SE IDEAS & TO CA/ A D\BT UPON ! CONCLUSIONS >RIV$ AT BY MOD]N RESE>* 7SEE ,PR(4 ,V9OGRADOV'S ,PREFACE TO HIS REM>KABLE WORK1 ,VILLA9AGE 9 ,5GL&74 ,SIMIL>LY1 :5 ! IDEAS AB\T ! NONEXI/5CE ( ! FAMILY AT ! E>LY TRIBAL /AGE ( MANK9D BEGAN TO BE ACCEPT$ BY MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S & /UD5TS ( ANCI5T LAW1 !Y NECESS>ILY CALL$ =? SU* WORKS AS ?OSE ( ,/>CKE & ,WE/]M>CK1 9 :I* MAN WAS REPRES5T$1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,HEBREW TRADITION1 AS HAV+ />T$ ) ! FAMILY1 EVID5TLY PATRI>*AL1 & NEV] HAV+ PASS$ ?R\< ! /AGES DESCRIB$ BY ,MAC,L5NAN1 ,BA*(51 OR ,MORGAN4 ,!SE WORKS1 ( :I* ! BRILLIANTLY-WRITT5 ,HI/ORY ( ,HUMAN ,M>RIAGE HAS ESPECIALLY BE5 WIDELY READ1 HAVE UND\BT$LY PRODUC$ A C]TA9 EFFECT3 ?OSE :O HAVE NOT HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( READ+ ! BULKY VOLUMES RELAT$ TO ! CONTROV]SY BECAME HESITAT+2 :ILE SOME AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! MATT]1 LIKE ! ,FR5* ,PR(ESSOR ,DURKHEIM1 TOOK A CONCILIATORY1 BUT SOME:AT UNDEF9$ ATTITUDE4 

,= ! SPECIAL PURPOSE ( A WORK ON ,MUTUAL ,AID1 ?IS CONTROV]SY MAY BE IRRELEVANT4 ,! FACT ?AT M5 HAVE LIV$ 9 TRIBES FROM ! E>LIE/ /AGES ( MANK9D1 IS NOT CONTE/$1 EV5 BY ?OSE :O FEEL %OCK$ AT ! IDEA ?AT MAN MAY HAVE PASS$ ?R\< A /AGE :5 ! FAMILY AS WE UND]/& IT DID NOT EXI/4 ,! SUBJECT1 H[EV]1 HAS ITS [N 9T]E/ & DES]VES TO BE M5TION$1 AL?\< IT MU/ BE REM>K$ ?AT A VOLUME W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO DO IT FULL JU/ICE4 

,:5 WE LABOR TO LIFT ! VEIL ?AT CONCEALS FROM US ANCI5T 9/ITUTIONS1 & ESPECIALLY SU* 9/ITUTIONS AS HAVE PREVAIL$ AT ! FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( BE+S ( ! HUMAN TYPE1 WE >E B\ND -- 9 ! NECESS>Y ABS5CE ( DIRECT TE/IMONY -- TO ACCOMPLI% A MO/ PA9/AK+ WORK ( TRAC+ BACKW>DS EV]Y 9/ITUTION1 C>EFULLY NOT+ EV5 ITS FA9TE/ TRACES 9 HABITS1 CU/OMS1 TRADITIONS1 SONGS1 FOLKLORE1 & SO ON2 & !N1 COMB9+ ! SEP>ATE RESULTS ( EA* ( !SE SEP>ATE /UDIES1 TO M5TALLY RECON/ITUTE ! SOCIETY :I* W\LD ANSW] TO ! CO-EXI/5CE ( ALL !SE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,ONE CAN CONSEQU5TLY UND]/& :AT A =MIDABLE >RAY ( FACTS1 & :AT A VA/ NUMB] ( M9UTE /UDIES ( P>TICUL> PO9TS IS REQUIR$ TO COME TO ANY SAFE CONCLUSION4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY :AT ONE F9DS 9 ! MONUM5TAL WORK ( ,BA*(5 & HIS FOLL[]S1 BUT FAILS TO F9D 9 ! WORKS ( ! O!R S*OOL4 ,! MASS ( FACTS RANSACK$ BY ,PR(4 ,WE/]M>CK IS UND\BT$LY GREAT 5\<1 & HIS WORK IS C]TA9LY V]Y VALUABLE AS A CRITICISM2 BUT IT H>DLY WILL 9DUCE ?OSE :O KN[ ! WORKS ( ,BA*(51 ,MORGAN1 ,MAC,L5NAN1 ,PO/1 ,KOVALEVSKY1 ETC41 9 ! ORIG9ALS1 & >E ACQUA9T$ ) ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY S*OOL1 TO *ANGE !IR OP9IONS & ACCEPT ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY !ORY4 

,?US ! >GUM5TS BORR[$ BY ,WE/]M>CK FROM ! FAMILI> HABITS ( ! PRIMATES HAVE NOT1 ,I D>E SAY1 ! VALUE :I* HE ATTRIBUTES TO !M4 ,\R KN[L$GE AB\T ! FAMILY RELATIONS AMONG ! SOCIABLE SPECIES ( MONKEYS ( \R [N DAYS IS EXTREMELY UNC]TA91 :ILE ! TWO UNSOCIABLE SPECIES ( ORANGUTAN & GORILLA MU/ BE RUL$ \T ( DISCUSSION1 BO? BE+ EVID5TLY1 AS ,I HAVE 9DICAT$ 9 ! TEXT1 DECAY+ SPECIES4 ,/ILL LESS DO WE KN[ AB\T ! RELATIONS :I* EXI/$ BETWE5 MALES & FEMALES AMONG ! PRIMATES T[>DS ! 5D ( ! ,T]TI>Y P]IOD4 ,! SPECIES :I* LIV$ !N >E PROBABLY ALL EXT9CT1 & WE HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ IDEA AS TO :I* ( !M WAS ! ANCE/RAL =M :I* ,MAN SPRUNG FROM4 ,ALL WE CAN SAY ) ANY APPROA* TO PROBABILITY IS1 ?AT V>I\S FAMILY & TRIBE RELATIONS MU/ HAVE EXI/$ 9 ! DIFF]5T APE SPECIES1 :I* W]E EXTREMELY NUM]\S AT ?AT TIME2 & ?AT GREAT *ANGES MU/ HAVE TAK5 PLACE S9CE 9 ! HABITS ( ! PRIMATES1 SIMIL>LY TO ! *ANGES ?AT TOOK PLACE1 EV5 )9 ! LA/ TWO C5TURIES1 9 ! HABITS ( MANY O!R MAMMAL SPECIES4 

,! DISCUSSION MU/ CONSEQU5TLY BE LIMIT$ 5TIRELY TO HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS2 & 9 ! M9UTE DISCUSSION ( EA* SEP>ATE TRACE ( EA* E>LY 9/ITUTION1 9 CONNECTION ) ALL ?AT WE KN[ AB\T EV]Y O!R 9/ITUTION ( ! SAME PEOPLE OR ! SAME TRIBE1 LIES ! MA9 =CE ( ! >GUM5T ( ! S*OOL :I* MA9TA9S ?AT ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY IS AN 9/ITUTION ( A RELATIVELY LATE ORIG94 

,!RE IS1 9 FACT1 QUITE A CYCLE ( 9/ITUTIONS AMONG PRIMITIVE M51 :I* BECOME FULLY COMPREH5SIBLE IF WE ACCEPT ! IDEAS ( ,BA*(5 & ,MORGAN1 BUT >E UTT]LY 9COMPREH5SIBLE O!RWISE4 ,SU* >E3 ! COMMUNI/IC LIFE ( ! CLAN1 SO LONG AS IT WAS NOT SPLIT UP 9TO SEP>ATE PAT]NAL FAMILIES2 ! LIFE 9 LONG H\SES1 & 9 CLASSES OCCUPY+ SEP>ATE LONG H\SES ACCORD+ TO ! AGE & /AGE ( 9ITIATION ( ! Y\? 7,M4 ,MACLAY1 ,H4 ,S*URZ72 ! RE/RICTIONS TO P]SONAL ACCUMULATION ( PROP]TY ( :I* SEV]AL ILLU/RATIONS >E GIV5 ABOVE1 9 ! TEXT2 ! FACT ?AT WOM5 TAK5 FROM ANO!R TRIBE BELONG$ TO ! :OLE TRIBE BE=E BECOM+ PRIVATE PROP]TY2 & MANY SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS ANALYZ$ BY ,LUBBOCK4 ,?IS WIDE CYCLE ( 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* FELL 9TO DECAY & F9ALLY DISAPPE>$ 9 ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY PHASE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 /& 9 P]FECT ACCORD ) ! 0TRIBAL M>RIAGE0 !ORY2 BUT !Y >E MO/LY LEFT UNNOTIC$ BY ! FOLL[]S ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY S*OOL4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY NOT ! PROP] WAY ( DISCUSS+ ! PROBLEM4 ,PRIMITIVE M5 HAVE NOT SEV]AL SUP]POS$ OR JUXTAPOS$ 9/ITUTIONS AS WE HAVE N[4 ,!Y HAVE BUT ONE 9/ITUTION1 ! CLAN1 :I* EMBODIES ALL ! MUTUAL RELATIONS ( ! MEMB]S ( ! CLAN4 ,M>RIAGE-RELATIONS & POSSESSION-RELATIONS >E CLAN-RELATIONS4 ,& ! LA/ ?AT WE MI<T EXPECT FROM ! DEF5D]S ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY !ORY W\LD BE TO %[ US H[ ! JU/ M5TION$ CYCLE ( 9/ITUTIONS 7:I* DISAPPE> LAT] ON7 C\LD HAVE EXI/$ 9 AN AGGLOM]ATION ( M5 LIV+ UND] A SY/EM CONTRADICTORY ( SU* 9/ITUTIONS -- ! SY/EM ( SEP>ATE FAMILIES GOV]N$ BY ! PAT] FAMILIAS4 

,AGA91 ONE CANNOT RECOGNIZE SCI5TIFIC VALUE 9 ! WAY 9 :I* C]TA9 S]I\S DIFFICULTIES >E SET ASIDE BY ! PROMOT]S ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY !ORY4 ,?US1 ,MORGAN HAS PROV$ BY A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( EVID5CE ?AT A /RICTLY-KEPT 0CLASSIFICATORY GR\P SY/EM0 EXI/S ) MANY PRIMITIVE TRIBES1 & ?AT ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME CATEGORY ADDRESS EA* O!R AS IF !Y W]E BRO!RS & SI/]S1 :ILE ! 9DIVIDUALS ( A Y\NG] CATEGORY WILL ADDRESS !IR MO!RS' SI/]S AS MO!RS1 & SO ON4 ,TO SAY ?AT ?IS MU/ BE A SIMPLE FACON DE P>L] -- A WAY ( EXPRESS+ RESPECT TO AGE -- IS C]TA9LY AN EASY ME?OD ( GETT+ RID ( ! DIFFICULTY ( EXPLA9+1 :Y ?IS SPECIAL MODE ( EXPRESS+ RESPECT1 & NOT SOME O!R1 HAS PREVAIL$ AMONG SO MANY PEOPLES ( DIFF]5T ORIG91 SO AS TO SURVIVE ) MANY ( !M UP TO ! PRES5T DAY8 ,ONE MAY SURELY ADMIT ?AT MA & PA >E ! SYLLABLES :I* >E EASIE/ TO PRON\NCE = A BABY1 BUT ! QUE/ION IS -- ,:Y ?IS P>T ( 0BABY LANGUAGE0 IS US$ BY FULL-GR[N PEOPLE1 & IS APPLI$ TO A C]TA9 /RICTLY-DEF9$ CATEGORY ( P]SONS8 ,:Y1 ) SO MANY TRIBES 9 :I* ! MO!R & H] SI/]S >E CALL$ MA1 ! FA!R IS DESIGNAT$ BY TIATIA 7SIMIL> TO DIADIA -- UNCLE71 DAD1 DA OR PA8 ,:Y ! APPELLATION ( MO!R GIV5 TO MAT]NAL AUNTS IS SUPPLANT$ LAT] ON BY A SEP>ATE NAME8 ,& SO ON4 ,BUT :5 WE LE>N ?AT ) MANY SAVAGES ! MO!R'S SI/] TAKES AS RESPONSIBLE A P>T 9 BR++ UP A *ILD AS ! MO!R ITSELF1 & ?AT1 IF DEA? TAKES AWAY A BELOV$ *ILD1 ! O!R 0MO!R0 7! MO!R'S SI/]7 WILL SACRIFICE H]SELF TO ACCOMPANY ! *ILD 9 ITS J\RNEY 9TO ! O!R WORLD -- WE SURELY SEE 9 !SE NAMES SOME?+ MU* MORE PR(\ND ?AN A M]E FACON DE P>L]1 OR A WAY ( TE/IFY+ RESPECT4 ,! MORE SO :5 WE LE>N ( ! EXI/5CE ( QUITE A CYCLE ( SURVIVALS 7,LUBBOCK1 ,KOVALEVSKY1 ,PO/ HAVE FULLY DISCUSS$ !M71 ALL PO9T+ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION4 ,( C\RSE IT MAY BE SAID ?AT K9%IP IS RECKON$ ON ! MAT]NAL SIDE 0BECAUSE ! *ILD REMA9S MORE ) ITS MO!R10 OR WE MAY EXPLA9 ! FACT ?AT A MAN'S *ILDR5 BY SEV]AL WIVES ( DIFF]5T TRIBES BELONG TO !IR MO!RS' CLANS 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! SAVAGES' IGNORANCE ( PHYSIOLOGY20 BUT !SE >E NOT >GUM5TS EV5 APPROXIMATELY ADEQUATE TO ! S]I\SNESS ( ! QUE/IONS 9VOLV$ -- ESPECIALLY :5 IT IS KN[N ?AT ! OBLIGATION ( BE>+ ! MO!R'S NAME IMPLIES BELONG+ TO ! MO!R'S CLAN 9 ALL RESPECTS3 ?AT IS1 9VOLVES A RI<T TO ALL ! BELONG+S ( ! MAT]NAL CLAN1 AS WELL AS ! RI<T ( BE+ PROTECT$ BY IT1 NEV] TO BE ASSAIL$ BY ANY ONE ( IT1 & ! DUTY ( REV5G+ (F5SES ON ITS BEHALF4 

,EV5 IF WE W]E TO ADMIT = A MOM5T ! SATISFACTORY NATURE ( SU* EXPLANATIONS1 WE %\LD SOON F9D \T ?AT A SEP>ATE EXPLANATION HAS TO BE GIV5 = EA* CATEGORY ( SU* FACTS -- & !Y >E V]Y NUM]\S4 ,TO M5TION BUT A FEW ( !M1 !RE IS3 ! DIVISION ( CLANS 9TO CLASSES1 AT A TIME :5 !RE IS NO DIVISION AS REG>DS PROP]TY OR SOCIAL CONDITION2 EXOGAMY & ALL ! CONSEQU5T CU/OMS 5UM]AT$ BY ,LUBBOCK2 ! BLOOD COV5ANT & A S]IES ( SIMIL> CU/OMS 9T5D$ TO TE/IFY ! UNITY ( DESC5T2 ! APPE>ANCE ( FAMILY GODS SUBSEQU5T TO ! EXI/5CE ( CLAN GODS2 ! EX*ANGE ( WIVES :I* EXI/S NOT ONLY ) ,ESKIMOS 9 TIMES ( CALAMITY1 BUT IS ALSO WIDELY SPREAD AMONG MANY O!R TRIBES ( A QUITE DIFF]5T ORIG92 ! LOOS5ESS ( NUPTIAL TIES ! L[] WE DESC5D 9 CIVILIZATION2 ! COMP\ND M>RIAGES -- SEV]AL M5 M>RY+ ONE WIFE :O BELONGS TO !M 9 TURNS2 ! ABOLITION ( ! M>RIAGE RE/RICTIONS DUR+ FE/IVALS1 OR ON EA* FIF?1 SIX?1 ETC41 DAY2 ! COHABITATION ( FAMILIES 9 0LONG H\SES02 ! OBLIGATION ( RE>+ ! ORPHAN FALL+1 EV5 AT A LATE P]IOD1 UPON ! MAT]NAL UNCLE2 ! CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( TRANSITORY =MS %[+ ! GRADUAL PASSAGE FROM MAT]NAL DESC5T TO PAT]NAL DESC5T2 ! LIMITATION ( ! NUMB] ( *ILDR5 BY ! CLAN -- NOT BY ! FAMILY -- & ! ABOLITION ( ?IS H>% CLAUSE 9 TIMES ( PL5TY2 FAMILY RE/RICTIONS COM+ AFT] ! CLAN RE/RICTIONS2 ! SACRIFICE ( ! OLD RELATIVES TO ! TRIBE2 ! TRIBAL LEX TALIONIS & MANY O!R HABITS & CU/OMS :I* BECOME A 0FAMILY MATT]0 ONLY :5 WE F9D ! FAMILY1 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! WORD1 F9ALLY CON/ITUT$2 ! NUPTIAL & PRE-NUPTIAL C]EMONIES ( :I* /RIK+ ILLU/RATIONS MAY BE F\ND 9 ! WORK ( ,SIR ,JOHN ,LUBBOCK1 & ( SEV]AL MOD]N ,RUSSIAN EXPLOR]S2 ! ABS5CE ( M>RIAGE SOLEMNITIES :]E ! L9E ( DESC5T IS MATRI>*AL1 & ! APPE>ANCE ( SU* SOLEMNITIES ) TRIBES FOLL[+ ! PAT]NAL L9E ( DESC5T -- ALL !SE & MANY O!RS#a %[+ ?AT1 AS ,DURCKHEIM REM>KS1 M>RIAGE PROP] 0IS ONLY TOL]AT$ & PREV5T$ BY ANTAGONI/ =CES20 ! DE/RUCTION AT ! DEA? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ( :AT BELONG$ TO HIM P]SONALLY2 & F9ALLY1 ALL ! =MIDABLE >RAY ( SURVIVALS1#b MY?S 7,BA*(5 & HIS MANY FOLL[]S71 FOLKLORE1 ETC41 ALL TELL+ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION4 

,( C\RSE1 ALL ?IS DOES NOT PROVE ?AT !RE WAS A P]IOD :5 WOMAN WAS REG>D$ AS SUP]IOR TO MAN1 OR WAS ! 0HEAD0 ( ! CLAN2 ?IS IS A QUITE DI/9CT MATT]1 & MY P]SONAL OP9ION IS ?AT NO SU* P]IOD HAS EV] EXI/$2 NOR DOES IT PROVE ?AT !RE WAS A TIME :5 NO TRIBAL RE/RICTIONS TO ! UNION ( SEXES EXI/$ -- ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 ABSOLUTELY CONTR>Y TO ALL KN[N EVID5CE4 ,BUT :5 ALL ! FACTS LATELY BR\<T TO LI<T >E CONSID]$ 9 !IR MUTUAL DEP5D5CY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT IF ISOLAT$ C\PLES1 ) !IR *ILDR51 HAVE POSSIBLY EXI/$ EV5 9 ! PRIMITIVE CLAN1 !SE 9CIPI5T FAMILIES W]E TOL]AT$ EXCEPTIONS ONLY1 NOT ! 9/ITUTION ( ! TIME4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,SEE ,M>RIAGE ,CU/OMS 9 MANY ,L&S1 BY ,H4,N4 ,HUT*9SON1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#i#g4 

#b4 ,MANY NEW & 9T]E/+ =MS ( !SE HAVE BE5 COLLECT$ BY ,WILHELM ,RUDECK1 ,GES*I*TE D] (F5TLI*5 ,SITTLI*KEIT 9 ,DEUTS*L&1 ANALYZ$ BY ,DURCKHEIM 9 ,ANNUAIRE ,SOCIOLOGIQUE1 II4 #c#a#b4 

,V,I,I,I -- ,D,E,/,R,U,C,T,I,O,N ,F ,P,R,I,V,A,T,E ,P,R,O,P,],T,Y ,O,N ,! ,G,R,A,V,E4 

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,9 A REM>KABLE WORK1 ,! ,RELIGI\S ,SY/EMS ( ,*9A1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#i#b-#i#g BY ,J4 ,M4 DE ,GROOT AT ,LEYD51 WE F9D ! CONFIRMATION ( ?IS IDEA4 ,!RE WAS 9 ,*9A 7AS ELSE:]E7 A TIME :5 ALL P]SONAL BELONG+S ( A DEAD P]SON W]E DE/ROY$ ON HIS TOMB -- HIS MOBILI>Y GOODS1 HIS *ATTELS1 HIS SLAVES1 & EV5 FRI5DS & VASSALS1 & ( C\RSE HIS WID[4 ,IT REQUIR$ A /RONG REACTION AGA9/ ?IS CU/OM ON BEHALF ( ! MORALI/S TO PUT AN 5D TO IT4 ,) ! GYPSIES 9 ,5GL& ! CU/OM ( DE/ROY+ ALL *ATTELS ON ! GRAVE HAS SURVIV$ UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,ALL ! P]SONAL PROP]TY ( ! GYPSY QUE5 :O DI$ A FEW YE>S AGO WAS DE/ROY$ ON H] GRAVE4 ,SEV]AL NEWSPAP]S M5TION$ IT AT ?AT TIME4 

,I,X -- ,! 0,U,N,D,I,V,I,D,$ ,F,A,M,I,L,Y40 

 7,TO P4 #a#b#d47 

,A NUMB] ( VALUABLE WORKS ON ! ,S\? ,SLAVONIAN ,ZADRUGA1 OR 0COMP\ND FAMILY10 COMP>$ TO O!R =MS ( FAMILY ORGANIZATION1 HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ S9CE ! ABOVE WAS WRITT52 NAMELY1 BY ,]NE/ ,MIL] 7,JAHRBU* D] ,9T]NATIONAL] ,V]E9UNG FUR V]GLEI*5DE ,RE*TSWISS5S*AFT UND ,VOLKSWIR?S*AFTSLEHRE .<,YE>BOOK ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION = ,COMP>ATIVE ,LAW & ,ECONOMICS.>1 #a#h#i#g71 & ,I4,E4 ,GESZ['S ,ZADRUGA 9 ,BULG>IA1 & ,ZADRUGA-,[N]%IP & ,WORK 9 ,BULG>IA 7BO? 9 ,BULG>IAN74 ,I MU/ ALSO M5TION ! WELL-KN[N /UDY ( ,BOGISIC 7,DE LA =ME DITE '9OKOSNA' DE LA FAMILLE RURALE *EZ LES ,S]BES ET LES ,CROATES .<,! SO-CALL$ '9OKOSNA' =M ( ! RURAL FAMILY AMONG ,S]BS & ,CROATS.>1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#d71 :I* HAS BE5 OMITT$ 9 ! TEXT4 

,X -- ,! ,O,R,I,G,9 ,( ,! ,G,U,I,L,D,S4 

 7,TO P4 #a#g#f7 

,! ORIG9 ( ! GUILDS HAS BE5 ! SUBJECT ( MANY CONTROV]SIES4 ,!RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT CRAFT-GUILDS1 OR 0COLLEGES0 ( >TISANS1 EXI/$ 9 ANCI5T ,ROME4 ,IT APPE>S1 9DE$1 FROM A PASSAGE 9 ,PLUT>* ?AT ,NUMA LEGISLAT$ AB\T !M4 0,HE DIVID$ ! PEOPLE10 WE >E TOLD1 09TO TRADES444 ORD]+ !M TO HAVE BRO!RHOODS1 FE/IVALS1 & MEET+S1 & 9DICAT+ ! WOR%IP !Y HAD TO ACCOMPLI% BE=E ! GODS1 ACCORD+ TO ! DIGNITY ( EA* TRADE40 ,IT IS ALMO/ C]TA91 H[EV]1 ?AT IT WAS NOT ! ,ROMAN K+ :O 9V5T$1 OR 9/ITUT$1 ! TRADE-COLLEGES -- !Y HAD ALREADY EXI/$ 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE2 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 HE SIMPLY SUBMITT$ !M TO ROYAL LEGISLATION1 JU/ AS ,PHILIPPE LE ,BEL1 FIFTE5 C5TURIES LAT]1 SUBMITT$ ! TRADES ( ,FRANCE1 MU* TO !IR DETRIM5T1 TO ROYAL SUP]VISION & LEGISLATION4 ,ONE ( ! SUCCESSORS ( ,NUMA1 ,S]VIUS ,TULLIUS1 ALSO IS SAID TO HAVE ISSU$ SOME LEGISLATION CONC]N+ ! COLLEGES4#a 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS QUITE NATURAL ?AT HI/ORIANS %\LD ASK !MSELVES :E!R ! GUILDS :I* TOOK SU* A DEVELOPM5T 9 ! TWELF?1 & EV5 ! T5? & ! ELEV5? C5TURIES1 W]E NOT REVIVALS ( ! OLD ,ROMAN 0COLLEGES0 -- ! MORE SO AS ! LATT]1 AS SE5 FROM ! ABOVE QUOTATION1 QUITE CORRESPOND$ TO ! M$IAEVAL GUILD4#b ,IT IS KN[N1 9DE$1 ?AT CORPORATIONS ( ! ,ROMAN TYPE EXI/$ 9 ,S\!RN ,GAUL D[N TO ! FIF? C5TURY4 ,BESIDES1 AN 9SCRIPTION F\ND DUR+ SOME EXCAVATIONS 9 ,P>IS %[S ?AT A CORPORATION ( ,LUTETIA NAUTAE EXI/$ UND] ,TIB]IUS2 & 9 ! *>T GIV5 TO ! ,P>IS 0WAT]-M]*ANTS0 9 #a#a#g1 !IR RI<TS >E SPOK5 ( AS EXI/+ AB ANTIQUO .<FROM ANCI5T.> 7SAME AU?OR1 P4 #e#a74 ,!RE W\LD HAVE BE51 !RE=E1 NO?+ EXTRAORD9>Y1 HAD CORPORATIONS BE5 MA9TA9$ 9 E>LY M$IEVAL ,FRANCE AFT] ! B>B>IAN 9VASIONS4 

,H[EV]1 EV5 IF AS MU* MU/ BE GRANT$1 !RE IS NO REASON TO MA9TA9 ?AT ! ,DUT* CORPORATIONS1 ! ,NORMAN GUILDS1 ! ,RUSSIAN >TELS1 ! ,GEORGIAN AMK>I1 & SO ON1 NECESS>ILY HAVE HAD ALSO A ,ROMAN1 OR EV5 A ,BYZANT9E ORIG94 ,( C\RSE1 ! 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 ! ,NORMANS & ! CAPITAL ( ! ,EA/-,ROMAN ,EMPIRE WAS V]Y ACTIVE1 & ! ,SLAVONIANS 7AS HAS BE5 PROV$ BY ,RUSSIAN HI/ORIANS1 & ESPECIALLY BY ,RAMBAUD7 TOOK A LIVELY P>T 9 ?AT 9T]C\RSE4 ,SO1 ! ,NORMANS & ! ,RUSSIANS MAY HAVE IMPORT$ ! ,ROMAN ORGANIZATION ( TRADE-CORPORATIONS 9TO !IR RESPECTIVE L&S4 ,BUT :5 WE SEE ?AT ! >TEL WAS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( ALL ! ,RUSSIANS1 AS E>LY AS ! T5? C5TURY1 & ?AT ?IS >TEL1 AL?\< NO SORT ( LEGISLATION HAS EV] REGULAT$ ITS LIFE TILL MOD]N TIMES1 HAS ! V]Y SAME FEATURES AS ! ,ROMAN COLLEGE & ! ,WE/]N GUILD1 WE >E /ILL MORE 9CL9$ TO CONSID] ! EA/]N GUILD AS HAV+ AN EV5 MORE ANCI5T ORIG9 ?AN ! ,ROMAN COLLEGE4 ,ROMANS KNEW WELL1 9DE$1 ?AT !IR SODALITIA & COLLEGIA W]E 0:AT ! ,GREEKS CALL$ HETAIRIAI0 7,M>T9-,SA9T-,LEON1 P4 #b71 & FROM :AT WE KN[ ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,EA/1 WE MAY CONCLUDE1 ) LITTLE PROBABILITY ( BE+ MI/AK51 ?AT ! GREAT NATIONS ( ! ,EA/1 AS WELL AS ,EGYPT1 ALSO HAVE HAD ! SAME GUILD ORGANIZATION4 ,! ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( ?IS ORGANIZATION REMA9 ! SAME :]EV] WE MAY F9D !M4 ,IT IS A UNION ( M5 C>RY+ ON ! SAME PR(ESSION OR TRADE4 ,?IS UNION1 LIKE ! PRIMITIVE CLAN1 HAS ITS [N GODS & ITS [N WOR%IP1 ALWAYS CONTA9+ SOME MY/]IES1 SPECIFIC TO EA* SEP>ATE UNION2 IT CONSID]S ALL ITS MEMB]S AS BRO!RS & SI/]S -- POSSIBLY 7AT ITS BEG9N+S7 ) ALL ! CONSEQU5CES :I* SU* A RELATION%IP IMPLI$ 9 ! G5S1 OR1 AT LEA/1 ) C]EMONIES ?AT 9DICAT$ OR SYMBOLIZ$ ! CLAN RELATIONS BETWE5 BRO!R & SI/]2 & F9ALLY1 ALL ! OBLIGATIONS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT :I* EXI/$ 9 ! CLAN1 EXI/ 9 ?IS UNION2 NAMELY1 ! EXCLUSION ( ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( A MURD] )9 ! BRO!RHOOD1 ! CLAN RESPONSIBILITY BE=E JU/ICE1 & ! OBLIGATION1 9 CASE ( A M9OR DISPUTE1 ( BR++ ! MATT] BE=E ! JUDGES1 OR RA!R ! >BIT]S1 ( ! GUILD BRO!RHOOD4 ,! GUILD -- ONE MAY SAY -- IS ?US MODEL$ UPON ! CLAN4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! SAME REM>KS :I* >E MADE 9 ! TEXT CONC]N+ ! ORIG9 ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 APPLY1 ,I AM 9CL9$ TO ?9K1 EQUALLY TO ! GUILD1 ! >TEL1 & ! CRAFT- OR NEI<BOR-BRO!RHOOD4 ,:5 ! BONDS :I* =M]LY CONNECT$ M5 9 !IR CLANS W]E LOOS5$ 9 CONSEQU5CE ( MIGRATIONS1 ! APPE>ANCE ( ! PAT]NAL FAMILY1 & A GR[+ DIV]SITY ( OCCUPATIONS -- A NEW T]RITORIAL BOND WAS WORK$ \T BY MANK9D 9 ! %APE ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY2 & ANO!R BOND -- AN OCCUPATION BOND -- WAS WORK$ \T 9 AN IMAG9>Y BRO!RHOOD -- ! IMAG9>Y CLAN1 :I* WAS REPRES5T$3 BETWE5 TWO M51 OR A FEW M51 BY ! 0MIXTURE-(-BLOOD BRO!RHOOD0 7! ,SLAVONIAN POBRATIM/VO71 & BETWE5 A GREAT] NUMB] ( M5 ( DIFF]5T ORIG91 I4E4 ORIG9AT$ FROM DIFF]5T CLANS1 9HABIT+ ! SAME VILLAGE OR T[N 7OR EV5 DIFF]5T VILLAGES OR T[NS7 -- ! PHRATRY1 ! HETAIRIAI1 ! AMK>I1 ! >TEL1 ! GUILD4#c 

,AS TO ! IDEA & ! =M ( SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 ITS ELEM5TS W]E ALREADY 9DICAT$ FROM ! SAVAGE P]IOD D[NW>D4 ,WE KN[ 9DE$ ?AT 9 ! CLANS ( ALL SAVAGES !RE >E SEP>ATE SECRET ORGANIZATIONS ( W>RIORS1 ( WIT*ES1 ( Y\NG M51 ETC4 -- CRAFT MY/]IES1 9 :I* KN[L$GE CONC]N+ HUNT+ OR W>F>E IS TRANSMITT$2 9 A WORD1 0CLUBS10 AS ,MIKLUKHO-,MACLAY DESCRIB$ !M4 ,!SE 0MY/]IES0 W]E1 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 ! PROTOTYPES ( ! FUTURE GUILDS4#d 

,) REG>D TO ! ABOVE-M5TION$ WORK BY ,E4 ,M>T9-,SA9T-,LEON1 LET ME ADD ?AT IT CONTA9S V]Y VALUABLE 9=MATION CONC]N+ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! TRADES 9 ,P>IS -- AS IT APPE>S FROM ! ,LIVRE DES METI]S ( ,BOILEAU -- & A GOOD SUMM>Y ( 9=MATION RELATIVE TO ! ,COMMUNES ( DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,FRANCE1 ) ALL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL 9DICATIONS4 ,IT MU/1 H[EV]1 BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ,P>IS WAS A 0,ROYAL CITY0 7LIKE ,MOSC[1 OR ,WE/M9/]71 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ! FREE M$IEVAL-CITY 9/ITUTIONS HAVE NEV] ATTA9$ !RE ! DEVELOPM5T :I* !Y HAVE ATTA9$ 9 FREE CITIES4 ,F> FROM REPRES5T+ 0! PICTURE ( A TYPICAL CORPORATION10 ! CORPORATIONS ( ,P>IS1 0BORN & DEVELOP$ UND] ! DIRECT TUTOR%IP ( ROYALTY10 = ?IS V]Y SAME CAUSE 7:I* ! AU?OR CONSID]S A CAUSE ( SUP]IORITY 1 :ILE IT WAS A CAUSE ( 9F]IORITY -- HE HIMSELF FULLY %[S 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( HIS WORK H[ ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! IMP]IAL P[] 9 ,ROME1 & ( ! ROYAL P[] 9 ,FRANCE1 DE/ROY$ & P>ALYZ$ ! LIFE ( ! CRAFT-GUILDS7 C\LD NEV] ATTA9 ! WOND]FUL GR[? & 9FLU5CE UPON ALL ! LIFE ( ! CITY :I* !Y DID ATTA9 9 ,NOR?-,EA/]N ,FRANCE1 AT ,LYONS1 ,MONTPELLI]1 ,NIMES1 ETC41 OR 9 ! FREE CITIES ( ,ITALY1 ,FL&]S1 ,G]MANY1 & SO ON4  

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,A ,S]VIO ,TULLIO POPULUS ROMANUS RELATUS 9 C5SUM1 DIGE/US 9 CLASSES1 CURIIS ATQUE COLLEGIIS DI/RIBUTUS 7,E4 ,M>T9-,SA9T ,LEON1 ,HI/OIRE DES CORPORATIONS DE METI]S DEPUIS LEURS ORIG9ES JUSQU'A LEUR SUPPRESSION 5 #a#g#i#a1 ETC41 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i#g4 

#b4 ,! ,ROMAN SODALITIA1 SO F> AS WE MAY JUDGE 7SAME AU?OR1 P4 #i71 CORRESPOND$ TO ! ,KABYLE C(S4 

#c4 ,IT IS /RIK+ TO SEE H[ DI/9CTLY ?IS V]Y IDEA IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! WELL-KN[N PASSAGE ( ,PLUT>* CONC]N+ ,NUMA'S LEGISLATION ( ! TRADE-COLLEGES3 -- 0,& ?R\< ?IS10 ,PLUT>* WROTE1 0HE WAS ! FIR/ TO BANI% FROM ! CITY ?IS SPIRIT :I* L$ PEOPLE TO SAY3 ',I AM A ,SAB9E1' OR ',I AM A ,ROMAN1' OR ',I AM A SUBJECT ( ,TATIUS1' & ANO!R3 ',I AM A SUBJECT ( ,ROMULUS'0 -- TO EXCLUDE1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! IDEA ( DIFF]5T DESC5T4 

#d4 ,! WORK ( ,H4 ,S*URTZ1 DEVOT$ TO ! 0AGE-CLASSES0 & ! SECRET M5'S UNIONS DUR+ ! B>B>IAN /ASES ( CIVILIZATION 7,ALT]SKLASS5 UND ,MANN]V]B&E3 E9E ,D>/ELLUNG D] ,GRUND=M5 D] ,GESELLS*AFT1 ,B]L91 #a#i#b71 :I* REA*ES ME :ILE ,I AM READ+ ! PRO(S ( !SE PAGES1 CONTA9S NUMB]S ( FACTS 9 SUPPORT ( ! ABOVE HYPO!SIS CONC]N+ ! ORIG9 ( GUILDS4 ,! >T ( BUILD+ A L>GE COMMUNAL H\SE1 SO AS NOT TO (F5D ! SPIRITS ( ! FALL5 TREES2 ! >T ( =G+ METALS1 SO AS TO CONCILIATE ! HO/ILE SPIRITS2 ! SECRETS ( HUNT+ & ( ! C]EMONIES & MASK-DANCES :I* R5D] IT SUCCESSFUL2 ! >T ( TEA*+ SAVAGE >TS TO BOYS2 ! SECRET WAYS ( W>D+ (F ! WIT*CRAFT ( 5EMIES &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! >T ( W>F>E2 ! MAK+ ( BOATS1 ( NETS = FI%+1 ( TRAPS = ANIMALS1 & ( SN>ES = BIRDS1 & F9ALLY ! WOM5'S >TS ( WEAV+ & DYE+ -- ALL !SE W]E 9 OLD5 TIMES AS MANY 0>TIFICES0 & 0CRAFTS10 :I* REQUIR$ SECRECY = BE+ EFFECTIVE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !Y W]E TRANSMITT$ FROM ! E>LIE/ TIMES1 9 SECRET SOCIETIES1 OR 0MY/]IES10 TO ?OSE ONLY :O HAD UND]GONE A PA9FUL 9ITIATION4 ,H4 ,S*URTZ %[S N[ ?AT SAVAGE LIFE IS HONEYCOMB$ ) SECRET SOCIETIES & 0CLUBS0 7( W>RIORS1 ( HUNT]S71 :I* HAVE AS ANCI5T AN ORIG9 AS ! M>RIAGE 0CLASSES0 9 ! CLANS1 & CONTA9 ALREADY ALL ! ELEM5TS ( ! FUTURE GUILD3 SECRECY1 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! FAMILY & SOMETIMES ! CLAN1 COMMON WOR%IP ( SPECIAL GODS1 COMMON MEALS1 JURISDICTION )9 ! SOCIETY & BRO!RHOOD4 ,! =GE & ! BOAT-H\SE >E1 9 FACT1 USUAL DEP5D5CIES ( ! M5'S CLUBS2 & ! 0LONG H\SES0 OR 0PALAV]S0 >E BUILT BY SPECIAL CRAFTSM5 :O KN[ H[ TO CONJURE ! SPIRITS ( ! FALL5 TREES4 

,X,I -- ,! ,M,>,K,E,T ,& ,! ,M,$,I,A,E,V,A,L ,C,I,T,Y4 

 7,TO P4 #a#i7 

,9 A WORK ON ! M$IAEVAL CITY 7,M>KT UND ,/ADT 9 IHREM RE*TLI*5 ,V]HALTNIS1 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#i#f71 ,RIETS*EL HAS DEVELOP$ ! IDEA ?AT ! ORIG9 ( ! ,G]MAN M$IEVAL COMMUNES MU/ BE S\<T 9 ! M>KET4 ,! LOCAL M>KET1 PLAC$ UND] ! PROTECTION ( A BI%OP1 A MONA/]Y OR A PR9CE1 GA!R$ R\ND IT A POPULATION ( TRADESM5 & >TISANS1 BUT NO AGRICULTURAL POPULATION4 ,! SECTIONS 9TO :I* ! T[NS W]E USUALLY DIVID$1 RADIAT+ FROM ! M>KET-PLACE & PEOPL$ EA* ) >TISANS ( SPECIAL TRADES1 >E A PRO( ( ?AT3 !Y =M$ USUALLY ! ,OLD ,T[N1 :ILE ! ,NEW ,T[N US$ TO BE A RURAL VILLAGE BELONG+ TO ! PR9CE OR ! K+4 ,! TWO W]E GOV]N$ BY DIFF]5T LAWS4 

,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ! M>KET HAS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! E>LY DEVELOPM5T ( ALL M$IEVAL CITIES1 CONTRIBUT+ TO 9CREASE ! WEAL? ( ! CITIZ5S1 & GIV+ !M IDEAS ( 9DEP5D5CE2 BUT1 AS HAS BE5 REM>K$ BY ,C>L ,HEGEL -- ! WELL-KN[N AU?OR ( A V]Y GOOD G5]AL WORK ON ,G]MAN M$IEVAL CITIES 7,DIE ,5T/EHUNG DES DEUTS*5 ,/ADTEWES5S1 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#i#h71 ! T[N-LAW IS NOT A M>KET-LAW1 & ,HEGEL'S CONCLUSION IS 79 FUR!R SUPPORT TO ! VIEWS TAK5 9 ?IS BOOK7 ?AT ! M$IEVAL CITY HAS HAD A D\BLE ORIG94 ,!RE W]E 9 IT 0TWO POPULATIONS PLAC$ BY ! SIDE ( EA* O!R3 ONE RURAL1 & ! O!R PURELY URBAN20 ! RURAL POPULATION1 :I* =M]LY LIV$ UND] ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,ALM5DE1 OR VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! CITY4 

,) REG>D TO ! ,M]*ANT ,GUILDS1 ! WORK ( ,H]MAN VAN D5 ,L9D5 7,LES ,GILDES M>*&ES DANS LES ,PAYS-,BAS AU ,MOY5 ,AGE1 ,G&1 #a#h#i#f1 9 ,RECUEIL DE TRAVAUX PUBLIES P> LA ,FACULTE DE ,PHILOSOPHIE ET ,LETTRES7 DES]VES A SPECIAL M5TION4 ,! AU?OR FOLL[S ! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( !IR POLITICAL =CE & ! AU?ORITY :I* !Y GRADUALLY ACQUIR$ UPON ! 9DU/RIAL POPULATION1 ESPECIALLY ON ! DRAP]S1 & DESCRIBES ! LEAGUE CONCLUD$ BY ! >TISANS TO OPPOSE !IR GR[+ P[]4 ,! IDEA1 :I* IS DEVELOP$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 CONC]N+ ! APPE>ANCE ( ! M]*ANT GUILD AT A LAT] P]IOD :I* MO/LY CORRESPOND$ TO A P]IOD ( DECL9E ( ! CITY LIB]TIES1 SEEMS ?US TO F9D CONFIRMATION 9 ,H4 VAN D5 ,L9D5'S RESE>*ES4 

,X,I,I -- ,M,U,T,U,A,L-,A,I,D ,>,R,A,N,G,E,M,5,T,S ,9 ,! ,V,I,L,L,A,G,E,S ,( ,N,E,!,R,L,&,S ,A,T ,! ,P,R,E,S,5,T ,D,A,Y4 

 7,TO P4 #b#e7 

,! ,REPORT ( ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,COMMISSION ( ,NE!RL&S CONTA9S MANY ILLU/RATIONS RELATIVE TO ?IS SUBJECT1 & MY FRI5D1 ,M4 ,CORNELISS51 WAS K9D 5\< TO PICK \T = ME ! CORRESPOND+ PASSAGES FROM !SE BULKY VOLUMES 7,UITKOM/5 VAN HET ,OND]ZOEK NA> D5 ,TOE/& VAN D5 ,L&B\W 9 ,N$]L& .<,RESULTS ( ! ,RESE>* 9TO ! ,/ATE ( ,AGRICULTURE 9 ! ,NE!RL&S.>1 #b VOLS4 #a#h#i74 

,! HABIT ( HAV+ ONE ?RA%+-MA*9E1 :I* MAKES ! R\ND ( MANY F>MS1 HIR+ IT 9 TURN1 IS V]Y WIDELY SPREAD1 AS IT IS BY ?IS TIME 9 NE>LY EV]Y O!R C\NTRY4 ,BUT ONE F9DS H]E & !RE A COMMUNE :I* KEEPS ONE ?RA%+-MA*9E = ! COMMUNITY 7VOL4 ,I4 XVIII4 P4 #c#a74 

,! F>M]S :O HAVE NOT ! NECESS>Y NUMB]S ( HORSES = ! PL[ BORR[ ! HORSES FROM !IR NEI<BORS4 ,! HABIT ( KEEP+ ONE COMMUNAL OX1 OR ONE COMMUNAL /ALLION1 IS V]Y COMMON4 

,:5 ! VILLAGE HAS TO RAISE ! GR\ND 79 ! L[ DI/RICTS7 9 ORD] TO BUILD A COMMUNAL S*OOL1 OR = ONE ( ! PEASANTS 9 ORD] TO BUILD A NEW H\SE1 A B$E IS USUALLY CONVOK$4 ,! SAME IS DONE = ?OSE F>M]S :O HAVE TO MOVE4 ,! B$E IS ALTOGE!R A WIDELY-SPREAD CU/OM1 & NO ONE1 RI* OR POOR1 WILL FAIL TO COME ) HIS HORSE & C>T4 

,! R5T+ 9 COMMON1 BY SEV]AL AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 ( A MEAD[1 = KEEP+ !IR C[S1 IS F\ND 9 SEV]AL P>TS ( ! L&2 IT IS ALSO FREQU5T ?AT ! F>M]1 :O HAS PL[ & HORSES1 PL[S ! L& = HIS HIR$ LABOR]S 7VOL4 ,I4 XXII4 P4 #a#h1 ETC474 

,AS TO ! F>M]S' UNIONS = BUY+ SE$1 EXPORT+ VEGETABLES TO ,5GL& & SO ON1 !Y BECOME UNIV]SAL4 ,! SAME IS SE5 9 ,BELGIUM4 ,9 #a#h#i#f1 SEV5 YE>S AFT] PEASANTS' GUILDS HAD BE5 />T$1 FIR/ 9 ! ,FLEMI% P>T ( ! C\NTRY1 & F\R YE>S ONLY AFT] !Y W]E 9TRODUC$ 9 ! ,WALLOON PORTION ( ,BELGIUM1 !RE W]E ALREADY #bg SU* GUILDS1 ) A MEMB]%IP ( #a1 7,ANNUAIRE DE LA ,SCI5CE ,AGRONOMIQUE .<,YE>BOOK ( ,AGRONOMIC ,SCI5CE.>1 VOL4 ,I4 7#b71 #a#h#i#f1 PP4 #adh & #a#d#i74 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,APP5DIX -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#a1 #bbb 3 ,APP5DIX -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/