,*APT] #c 
,MUTUAL ,AID ,AMONG ,SAVAGES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,B]IT ,WATK91,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION 

,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

#aib 

,*APT] #c3 ,M,U,T,U,A,L ,A,I,D ,A,M,O,N,G ,S,A,V,A,G,E,S 

,SUPPOS$ W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL4 -- ,TRIBAL ORIG9 ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 -- ,LATE APPE>ANCE ( ! SEP>ATE FAMILY4 -- ,BU%M5 & ,HOTT5TOTS4 -- ,AU/RALIANS1 ,PAPUAS4 -- ,ESKIMOS1 ,ALE\TES4 -- ,FEATURES ( SAVAGE LIFE DIFFICULT TO UND]/& = ! ,EUROPEAN4 -- ,! ,DAYAK'S CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE4 -- ,COMMON LAW4  

,! IMM5SE P>T PLAY$ BY MUTUAL AID & MUTUAL SUPPORT 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ANIMAL WORLD HAS BE5 BRIEFLY ANALYZ$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S4 ,WE HAVE N[ TO CA/ A GLANCE UPON ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! SAME AG5CIES 9 ! EVOLUTION ( MANK9D4 ,WE SAW H[ FEW >E ! ANIMAL SPECIES :I* LIVE AN ISOLAT$ LIFE1 & H[ NUMB]LESS >E ?OSE :I* LIVE 9 SOCIETIES1 EI!R = MUTUAL DEF5SE1 OR = HUNT+ & /OR+ UP FOOD1 OR = RE>+ !IR (FSPR+1 OR SIMPLY = 5JOY+ LIFE 9 COMMON4 ,WE ALSO SAW ?AT1 ?\< A GOOD DEAL ( W>F>E GOES ON BETWE5 DIFF]5T CLASSES ( ANIMALS1 OR DIFF]5T SPECIES1 OR EV5 DIFF]5T TRIBES ( ! SAME SPECIES1 PEACE & MUTUAL SUPPORT >E ! RULE )9 ! TRIBE OR ! SPECIES2 & ?AT ?OSE SPECIES :I* BE/ KN[ H[ TO COMB9E1 & TO AVOID COMPETITION1 HAVE ! BE/ *ANCES ( SURVIVAL & ( A FUR!R PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y PROSP]1 :ILE ! UNSOCIABLE SPECIES DECAY4 

  ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT IT W\LD BE QUITE CONTR>Y TO ALL ?AT WE KN[ ( NATURE IF M5 W]E AN EXCEPTION TO SO G5]AL A RULE3 IF A CREATURE SO DEF5SELESS AS MAN WAS AT HIS BEG9N+S %\LD HAVE F\ND HIS PROTECTION & HIS WAY TO PROGRESS1 NOT 9 MUTUAL SUPPORT1 LIKE O!R ANIMALS1 BUT 9 A RECKLESS COMPETITION = P]SONAL ADVANTAGES1 ) NO REG>D TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! SPECIES4 ,TO A M9D ACCU/OM$ TO ! IDEA ( UNITY 9 NATURE1 SU* A PROPOSITION APPE>S UTT]LY 9DEF5SIBLE4 ,& YET1 IMPROBABLE & UNPHILOSOPHICAL AS IT IS1 IT HAS NEV] F\ND A LACK ( SUPPORT]S4 ,!RE ALWAYS W]E WRIT]S :O TOOK A PESSIMI/IC VIEW ( MANK9D4 ,!Y KNEW IT1 MORE OR LESS SUP]FICIALLY1 ?R\< !IR [N LIMIT$ EXP]I5CE2 !Y KNEW ( HI/ORY :AT ! ANNALI/S1 ALWAYS WAT*FUL ( W>S1 CRUELTY1 & OPPRESSION1 TOLD ( IT1 & LITTLE MORE BESIDES2 & !Y CONCLUD$ ?AT MANK9D IS NO?+ BUT A LOOSE AGGREGATION ( BE+S1 ALWAYS READY TO FI<T ) EA* O!R1 & ONLY PREV5T$ FROM SO DO+ BY ! 9T]V5TION ( SOME AU?ORITY4 

  ,HOBBES TOOK ?AT POSITION2 & :ILE SOME ( HIS EI<TE5?-C5TURY FOLL[]S 5DEAVOR$ TO PROVE ?AT AT NO EPO* ( ITS EXI/5CE -- NOT EV5 9 ITS MO/ PRIMITIVE CONDITION -- MANK9D LIV$ 9 A /ATE ( P]PETUAL W>F>E2 ?AT M5 HAVE BE5 SOCIABLE EV5 9 0! /ATE ( NATURE10 & ?AT WANT ( KN[L$GE1 RA!R ?AN ! NATURAL BAD 9CL9ATIONS ( MAN1 BR\<T HUMANITY TO ALL ! HORRORS ( ITS E>LY HI/ORICAL LIFE1 -- HIS IDEA WAS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! SO-CALL$ 0/ATE ( NATURE0 WAS NO?+ BUT A P]MAN5T FI<T BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 ACCID5TALLY HUDDL$ TOGE!R BY ! M]E CAPRICE ( !IR BE/IAL EXI/5CE4 ,TRUE1 ?AT SCI5CE HAS MADE SOME PROGRESS S9CE ,HOBBES'S TIME1 & ?AT WE HAVE SAF] GR\ND TO /& UPON ?AN ! SPECULATIONS ( ,HOBBES OR ,R\SSEAU4 ,BUT ! ,HOBBESIAN PHILOSOPHY HAS PL5TY ( ADMIR]S /ILL2 & WE HAVE HAD ( LATE QUITE A S*OOL ( WRIT]S :O1 TAK+ POSSESSION ( ,D>W9'S T]M9OLOGY RA!R ?AN ( HIS LEAD+ IDEAS1 MADE ( IT AN >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( ,HOBBES'S VIEWS UPON PRIMITIVE MAN1 & EV5 SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ !M A SCI5TIFIC APPE>ANCE4 ,HUXLEY1 AS IS KN[N1 TOOK ! LEAD ( ?AT S*OOL1 & 9 A PAP] WRITT5 9 #ahhh HE REPRES5T$ PRIMITIVE M5 AS A SORT ( TIG]S OR LIONS1 DEPRIV$ ( ALL E?ICAL CONCEPTIONS1 FI<T+ \T ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE TO ITS BITT] 5D1 & LIV+ A LIFE ( 0CONT9UAL FREE FI<T02 TO QUOTE HIS [N WORDS -- 0BEYOND ! LIMIT$ &1 TEMPOR>Y RELATIONS ( ! FAMILY1 ! ,HOBBESIAN W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL WAS ! NORMAL /ATE ( EXI/5CE40#a 

,IT HAS BE5 REM>K$ MORE ?AN ONCE ?AT ! *IEF ]ROR ( ,HOBBES1 & ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY PHILOSOPH]S AS WELL1 WAS TO IMAG9E ?AT MANK9D BEGAN ITS LIFE 9 ! %APE ( SMALL /RAGGL+ FAMILIES1 SOME?+ LIKE ! 0LIMIT$ & TEMPOR>Y0 FAMILIES ( ! BIGG] C>NIVORES1 :ILE 9 REALITY IT IS N[ POSITIVELY KN[N ?AT SU* WAS NOT ! CASE4 ,( C\RSE1 WE HAVE NO DIRECT EVID5CE AS TO ! MODES ( LIFE ( ! FIR/ MAN-LIKE BE+S4 ,WE >E NOT YET SETTL$ EV5 AS TO ! TIME ( !IR FIR/ APPE>ANCE1 GEOLOGI/S BE+ 9CL9$ AT PRES5T TO SEE !IR TRACES 9 ! PLIOC5E1 OR EV5 ! MIOC5E1 DEPOSITS ( ! ,T]TI>Y P]IOD4 ,BUT WE HAVE ! 9DIRECT ME?OD :I* P]MITS US TO ?R[ SOME LI<T EV5 UPON ?AT REMOTE ANTIQUITY4 ,A MO/ C>EFUL 9VE/IGATION 9TO ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! L[E/ RACES HAS BE5 C>RI$ ON DUR+ ! LA/ =TY YE>S1 & IT HAS REVEAL$ AMONG ! PRES5T 9/ITUTIONS ( PRIMITIVE FOLK SOMETRACES ( /ILL OLD] 9/ITUTIONS :I* HAVE LONG DISAPPE>$1 BUT NEV]!LESS LEFT UNMI/AKABLE TRACES ( !IR PREVI\S EXI/5CE4 ,A :OLE SCI5CE DEVOT$ TO ! EMBRYOLOGY ( HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS HAS ?US DEVELOP$ 9 ! H&S ( ,BA*(51 ,MAC,L5NAN1 ,MORGAN1 ,$W9 ,TYLOR1 ,MA9E1 ,PO/1 ,KOVALEVSKY1 ,LUBBOCK1 & MANY O!RS4 ,& ?AT SCI5CE HAS E/ABLI%$ BEYOND ANY D\BT ?AT MANK9D DID NOT BEG9 ITS LIFE 9 ! %APE ( SMALL ISOLAT$ FAMILIES4 

  ,F> FROM BE+ A PRIMITIVE =M ( ORGANIZATION1 ! FAMILY IS A V]Y LATE PRODUCT ( HUMAN EVOLUTION4 ,AS F> AS WE CAN GO BACK 9 ! PALAEO-E?NOLOGY ( MANK9D1 WE F9D M5 LIV+ 9 SOCIETIES -- 9 TRIBES SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! HI<E/ MAMMALS2 & AN EXTREMELY SL[ & LONG EVOLUTION WAS REQUIR$ TO BR+ !SE SOCIETIES TO ! G5TILE1 OR CLAN ORGANIZATION1 :I*1 9 ITS TURN1 HAD TO UND]GO ANO!R1 ALSO V]Y LONG EVOLUTION1 BE=E ! FIR/ G]MS ( FAMILY1 POLYGAM\S OR MONOGAM\S1 C\LD APPE>4 ,SOCIETIES1 B&S1 OR TRIBES -- NOT FAMILIES -- W]E ?US ! PRIMITIVE =M ( ORGANIZATION ( MANK9D & ITS E>LIE/ ANCE/ORS4 ,?AT IS :AT E?NOLOGY HAS COME TO AFT] ITS PA9/AK+ RESE>*ES4 ,& 9 SO DO+ IT SIMPLY CAME TO :AT MI<T HAVE BE5 =ESE5 BY ! ZOOLOGI/4 ,NONE ( ! HI<] MAMMALS1 SAVE A FEW C>NIVORES & A FEW UND\BT$LY-DECAY+ SPECIES ( APES 7ORANG-\TANS & GORILLAS71 LIVE 9 SMALL FAMILIES1 ISOLAT$LY /RAGGL+ 9 ! WOODS4 ,ALL O!RS LIVE 9 SOCIETIES4 ,& ,D>W9 SO WELL UND]/OOD ?AT ISOLATELY-LIV+ APES NEV] C\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ 9TO MAN-LIKE BE+S1 ?AT HE WAS 9CL9$ TO CONSID] MAN AS DESC5D$ FROM SOME COMP>ATIVELY WEAK BUT SOCIAL SPECIES1 LIKE ! *IMPANZEE1 RA!R ?AN FROM SOME /RONG] BUT UNSOCIABLE SPECIES1 LIKE ! GORILLA4#b ,ZOOLOGY & PALEO-E?NOLOGY >E ?US AGRE$ 9 CONSID]+ ?AT ! B&1 NOT ! FAMILY1 WAS ! E>LIE/ =M ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! FIR/ HUMAN SOCIETIES SIMPLY W]E A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ?OSE SOCIETIES :I* CON/ITUTE ! V]Y ESS5CE ( LIFE ( ! HI<] ANIMALS4#c 

  ,IF WE N[ GO OV] TO POSITIVE EVID5CE1 WE SEE ?AT ! E>LIE/ TRACES ( MAN1 DAT+ FROM ! GLACIAL OR ! E>LY PO/-GLACIAL P]IOD1 AF=D UNMI/AKABLE PRO(S ( MAN HAV+ LIV$ EV5 !N 9 SOCIETIES4 ,ISOLAT$ F9DS ( /ONE IMPLEM5TS1 EV5 FROM ! OLD /ONE AGE1 >E V]Y R>E2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :]EV] ONE FL9T IMPLEM5T IS DISCOV]$ O!RS >E SURE TO BE F\ND1 9 MO/ CASES 9 V]Y L>GE QUANTITIES4 ,AT A TIME :5 M5 W]E DWELL+ 9 CAVES1 OR UND] OCCASIONALLY PROTRUD+ ROCKS1 9 COMPANY ) MAMMALS N[ EXT9CT1 & H>DLY SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ ! R\<E/ SORTS ( FL9T HAT*ETS1 !Y ALREADY KNEW ! ADVANTAGES ( LIFE 9 SOCIETIES4 ,9 ! VALLEYS ( ! TRIBUT>IES ( ! ,DORDOGNE1 ! SURFACE ( ! ROCKS IS 9 SOME PLACES 5TIRELY COV]$ ) CAVES :I* W]E 9HABIT$ BY PALAEOLI?IC M54#d ,SOMETIMES ! CAVE-DWELL+S >E SUP]POS$ 9 /ORIES1 & !Y C]TA9LY RECALL MU* MORE ! NE/+ COLONIES ( SWALL[S ?AN ! D5S ( C>NIVORES4 ,AS TO ! FL9T IMPLEM5TS DISCOV]$ 9 ?OSE CAVES1 TO USE ,LUBBOCK'S WORDS1 0ONE MAY SAY )\T EXAGG]ATION ?AT !Y >E NUMB]LESS40 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( O!R PALAEOLI?IC /ATIONS4 ,IT ALSO APPE>S FROM ,L>TET'S 9VE/IGATIONS ?AT ! 9HABITANTS ( ! ,AURIGNAC REGION 9 ! S\? ( ,FRANCE P>TOOK ( TRIBAL MEALS AT ! BURIAL ( !IR DEAD4 ,SO ?AT M5 LIV$ 9 SOCIETIES1 & HAD G]MS ( A TRIBAL WOR%IP1 EV5 AT ?AT EXTREMELY REMOTE EPO*4 

  ,! SAME IS /ILL BETT] PROV$ AS REG>DS ! LAT] P>T ( ! /ONE AGE4 ,TRACES ( NEOLI?IC MAN HAVE BE5 F\ND 9 NUMB]LESS QUANTITIES1 SO ?AT WE CAN RECON/ITUTE HIS MANN] ( LIFE TO A GREAT EXT5T4 ,:5 ! ICE-CAP 7:I* MU/ HAVE SPREAD FROM ! ,POL> REGIONS AS F> S\? AS MIDDLE ,FRANCE1 MIDDLE ,G]MANY1 & MIDDLE ,RUSSIA1 & COV]$ ,CANADA AS WELL AS A GOOD DEAL ( :AT IS N[ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES7 BEGAN TO MELT AWAY1 ! SURFACES FRE$ FROM ICE W]E COV]$1 FIR/1 ) SWAMPS & M>%ES1 & LAT] ON ) NUMB]LESS LAKES4#e ,LAKES FILL$ ALL DEPRESSIONS ( ! VALLEYS BE=E !IR WAT]S DUG \T ?OSE P]MAN5T *ANNELS :I*1 DUR+ A SUBSEQU5T EPO*1 BECAME \R RIV]S4 ,& :]EV] WE EXPLORE1 9 ,EUROPE1 ,ASIA1 OR ,AM]ICA1 ! %ORES ( ! LIT]ALLY NUMB]LESS LAKES ( ?AT P]IOD1 :OSE PROP] NAME W\LD BE ! ,LACU/R9E P]IOD1 WE F9D TRACES ( NEOLI?IC MAN4 ,!Y >E SO NUM]\S ?AT WE CAN ONLY WOND] AT ! RELATIVE D5SITY ( POPULATION AT ?AT TIME4 ,! 0/ATIONS0 ( NEOLI?IC MAN CLOSELY FOLL[ EA* O!R ON ! T]RACES :I* N[ M>K ! %ORES ( ! OLD LAKES4 ,& AT EA* ( ?OSE /ATIONS /ONE IMPLEM5TS APPE> 9 SU* NUMB]S1 ?AT NO D\BT IS POSSIBLE AS TO ! L5G? ( TIME DUR+ :I* !Y W]E 9HABIT$ BY RA!R NUM]\S TRIBES4 ,:OLE WORK%OPS ( FL9T IMPLEM5TS1 TE/IFY+ ( ! NUMB]S ( WORK]S :O US$ TO COME TOGE!R1 HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$ BY ! >*AEOLOGI/S4 

  ,TRACES ( A MORE ADVANC$ P]IOD1 ALREADY *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! USE ( SOME POTT]Y1 >E F\ND 9 ! %ELL-HEAPS ( ,D5M>K4 ,!Y APPE>1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 9 ! %APE ( HEAPS FROM FIVE TO T5 FEET ?ICK1 FROM #a TO #b FEET WIDE1 & #a1 FEET OR MORE 9 L5G?1 & !Y >E SO COMMON ALONG SOME P>TS ( ! SEA-COA/ ?AT = A LONG TIME !Y W]E CONSID]$ AS NATURAL GR[?S4 ,& YET !Y 0CONTA9 NO?+ BUT :AT HAS BE5 9 SOME WAY OR O!R SUBS]VI5T TO ! USE ( MAN10 & !Y >E SO D5SELY /UFF$ ) PRODUCTS ( HUMAN 9DU/RY ?AT1 DUR+ A TWO DAYS' /AY AT ,MILGA>D1 ,LUBBOCK DUG \T NO LESS ?AN #aia PIECES ( /ONE-IMPLEM5TS & F\R FRAGM5TS ( POTT]Y4#f ,! V]Y SIZE & EXT5SION ( ! %ELL HEAPS PROVE ?AT = G5]ATIONS & G5]ATIONS ! COA/S ( ,D5M>K W]E 9HABIT$ BY HUNDR$S ( SMALL TRIBES :I* C]TA9LY LIV$ AS PEACEFULLY TOGE!R AS ! ,FUEGIAN TRIBES1 :I* ALSO ACCUMULATE LIKE %ELLHEAPS1 >E LIV+ 9 \R [N TIMES4 

  ,AS TO ! LAKE-DWELL+S ( ,SWITZ]L&1 :I* REPRES5T A /ILL FUR!R ADVANCE 9 CIVILIZATION1 !Y YIELD /ILL BETT] EVID5CE ( LIFE & WORK 9 SOCIETIES4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT EV5 DUR+ ! /ONE AGE ! %ORES ( ! ,SWISS LAKES W]E DOTT$ ) A SUCCESSION ( VILLAGES1 EA* ( :I* CONSI/$ ( SEV]AL HUTS1 & WAS BUILT UPON A PLAT=M SUPPORT$ BY NUMB]LESS PILL>S 9 ! LAKE4 ,NO LESS ?AN TW5TY-F\R1 MO/LY /ONE AGE VILLAGES1 W]E DISCOV]$ ALONG ! %ORES ( ,LAKE ,LEMAN1 ?IRTY-TWO 9 ! ,LAKE ( ,CON/ANCE1 =TY-SIX 9 ! ,LAKE ( ,NEU*ATEL1 & SO ON2 & EA* ( !M TE/IFIES TO ! IMM5SE AM\NT ( LABOR :I* WAS SP5T 9 COMMON BY ! TRIBE1 NOT BY ! FAMILY4 ,IT HAS EV5 BE5 ASS]T$ ?AT ! LIFE ( ! LAKE-DWELL]S MU/ HAVE BE5 REM>KABLY FREE ( W>F>E4 ,& SO IT PROBABLY WAS1 ESPECIALLY IF WE REF] TO ! LIFE ( ?OSE PRIMITIVE FOLK :O LIVE UNTIL ! PRES5T TIME 9 SIMIL> VILLAGES BUILT UPON PILL>S ON ! SEA COA/S4 

  ,IT IS ?US SE51 EV5 FROM ! ABOVE RAPID H9TS1 ?AT \R KN[L$GE ( PRIMITIVE MAN IS NOT SO SCANTY AFT] ALL1 & ?AT1 SO F> AS IT GOES1 IT IS RA!R OPPOS$ ?AN FAVORABLE TO ! ,HOBBESIAN SPECULATIONS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT MAY BE SUPPLEM5T$1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 BY ! DIRECT OBS]VATION ( SU* PRIMITIVE TRIBES AS N[ /& ON ! SAME LEVEL ( CIVILIZATION AS ! 9HABITANTS ( ,EUROPE /OOD 9 PREHI/ORIC TIMES4 

  ,?AT !SE PRIMITIVE TRIBES :I* WE F9D N[ >E NOT DEG5]AT$ SPECIM5S ( MANK9D :O =M]LY KNEW A HI<] CIVILIZATION1 AS IT HAS OCCASIONALLY BE5 MA9TA9$1 HAS SUFFICI5TLY BE5 PROV$ BY ,$W9 ,TYLOR & ,LUBBOCK4 ,H[EV]1 TO ! >GUM5TS ALREADY OPPOS$ TO ! DEG5]ATION !ORY1 ! FOLL[+ MAY BE ADD$4 ,SAVE A FEW TRIBES CLU/]+ 9 ! LESS-ACCESSIBLE HI<L&S1 ! 0SAVAGES0 REPRES5T A GIRDLE :I* 5CIRCLES ! MORE OR LESS CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 & !Y OCCUPY ! EXTREMITIES ( \R CONT95TS1 MO/ ( :I* HAVE RETA9$ /ILL1 OR REC5TLY W]E BE>+1 AN E>LY PO/-GLACIAL *>ACT]4 ,SU* >E ! ,ESKIMOS & !IR CONG5]S 9 ,GRE5L&1 ,>CTIC ,AM]ICA1 & ,NOR!RN ,SIB]IA2 &1 9 ! ,S\!RN HEMISPH]E1 ! ,AU/RALIANS1 ! ,PAPUAS1 ! ,FUEGIANS1 &1 P>TLY1 ! ,BU%M52 :ILE )9 ! CIVILIZ$ >EA1 LIKE PRIMITIVE FOLK >E ONLY F\ND 9 ! ,HIMALAYAS1 ! HI<L&S ( ,AU/RALASIA1 & ! PLATEAUS ( ,BRAZIL4 ,N[ IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT ! GLACIAL AGE DID NOT COME TO AN 5D AT ONCE OV] ! :OLE SURFACE ( ! E>?4 ,IT /ILL CONT9UES 9 ,GRE5L&4 ,!RE=E1 AT A TIME :5 ! LITTORAL REGIONS ( ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN1 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 OR ! ,GULF ( ,MEXICO ALREADY 5JOY$ A W>M] CLIMATE1 & BECAME ! SEATS ( HI<] CIVILIZATIONS1 IMM5SE T]RITORIES 9 MIDDLE ,EUROPE1 ,SIB]IA1 & ,NOR!RN ,AM]ICA1 AS WELL AS 9 ,PATAGONIA1 ,S\!RN ,AFRICA1 & ,S\!RN ,AU/RALASIA1 REMA9$ 9 E>LY PO/GLACIAL CONDITIONS :I* R5D]$ !M 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS ( ! TORRID & SUB-TORRID ZONES4 ,!Y W]E AT ?AT TIME :AT ! T]RIBLE URMANS ( ,NOR?-,WE/ ,SIB]IA >E N[1 & !IR POPULATION1 9ACCESSIBLE TO & UNT\*$ BY CIVILIZATION1 RETA9$ ! *>ACT]S ( E>LY PO/-GLACIAL MAN4 ,LAT] ON1 :5 DESICCATION R5D]$ !SE T]RITORIES MORE SUITABLE = AGRICULTURE1 !Y W]E PEOPL$ ) MORE CIVILIZ$ IMMIGRANTS2 & :ILE P>T ( !IR PREVI\S 9HABITANTS W]E ASSIMILAT$ BY ! NEW SETTL]S1 ANO!R P>T MIGRAT$ FUR!R1 & SETTL$ :]E WE F9D !M4 ,! T]RITORIES !Y 9HABIT N[ >E /ILL1 OR REC5TLY W]E1 SUB-GLACIAL1 AS TO !IR PHYSICAL FEATURES2 !IR >TS & IMPLEM5TS >E ?OSE ( ! NEOLI?IC AGE2 &1 NOT)/&+ !IR RACIAL DIFF]5CES1 & ! DI/ANCES :I* SEP>ATE !M1 !IR MODES ( LIFE & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS BE> A /RIK+ LIK5ESS4 ,SO WE CANNOT BUT CONSID] !M AS FRAGM5TS ( ! E>LY PO/-GLACIAL POPULATION ( ! N[ CIVILIZ$ >EA4 

  ,! FIR/ ?+ :I* /RIKES US AS SOON AS WE BEG9 /UDY+ PRIMITIVE FOLK IS ! COMPLEXITY ( ! ORGANIZATION ( M>RIAGE RELATIONS UND] :I* !Y >E LIV+4 ,) MO/ ( !M ! FAMILY1 9 ! S5SE WE ATTRIBUTE TO IT1 IS H>DLY F\ND 9 ITS G]MS4 ,BUT !Y >E BY NO MEANS LOOSE AGGREGATIONS ( M5 & WOM5 COM+ 9 A DISORD]LY MANN] TOGE!R 9 CON=MITY ) !IR MOM5T>Y CAPRICES4 ,ALL ( !M >E UND] A C]TA9 ORGANIZATION1 :I* HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ BY ,MORGAN 9 ITS G5]AL ASPECTS AS ! 0G5TILE10 OR CLAN ORGANIZATION4#g  

  ,TO TELL ! MATT] AS BRIEFLY AS POSSIBLE1 !RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT MANK9D HAS PASS$ AT ITS BEG9N+S ?R\< A /AGE :I* MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS ?AT ( 0COMMUNAL M>RIAGE02 ?AT IS1 ! :OLE TRIBE HAD HUSB&S & WIVES 9 COMMON ) BUT LITTLE REG>D TO CONSANGU9ITY4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO C]TA9 ?AT SOME RE/RICTIONS TO ?AT FREE 9T]C\RSE W]E IMPOS$ AT A V]Y E>LY P]IOD4 ,9T]-M>RIAGE WAS SOON PROHIBIT$ BETWE5 ! SONS ( ONE MO!R & H] SI/]S1 GR&DAU<T]S1 & AUNTS4 ,LAT] ON IT WAS PROHIBIT$ BETWE5 ! SONS & DAU<T]S ( ! SAME MO!R1 & FUR!R LIMITATIONS DID NOT FAIL TO FOLL[4 ,! IDEA ( A G5S1 OR CLAN1 :I* EMBODI$ ALL PRESUM$ DESC5DANTS FROM ONE /OCK 7OR RA!R ALL ?OSE :O GA!R$ 9 ONE GR\P7 WAS EVOLV$1 & M>RIAGE )9 ! CLAN WAS 5TIRELY PROHIBIT$4 ,IT /ILL REMA9$ 0COMMUNAL10 BUT ! WIFE OR ! HUSB& HAD TO BE TAK5 FROM ANO!R CLAN4 ,& :5 A G5S BECAME TOO NUM]\S1 & SUBDIVID$ 9TO SEV]AL G5TES1 EA* ( !M WAS DIVID$ 9TO CLASSES 7USUALLY F\R71 & M>RIAGE WAS P]MITT$ ONLY BETWE5 C]TA9 WELL-DEF9$ CLASSES4 ,?AT IS ! /AGE :I* WE F9D N[ AMONG ! ,KAMIL>OI-SPEAK+ ,AU/RALIANS4 ,AS TO ! FAMILY1 ITS FIR/ G]MS APPE>$ AMID ! CLAN ORGANIZATION4 ,A WOMAN :O WAS CAPTUR$ 9 W> FROM SOME O!R CLAN1 & :O =M]LY W\LD HAVE BELONG$ TO ! :OLE G5S1 C\LD BE KEPT AT A LAT] P]IOD BY ! CAPTUR]1 UND] C]TA9 OBLIGATIONS T[>DS ! TRIBE4 ,%E MAY BE TAK5 BY HIM TO A SEP>ATE HUT1 AFT] %E HAD PAID A C]TA9 TRIBUTE TO ! CLAN1 & ?US CON/ITUTE )9 ! G5S A SEP>ATE FAMILY1 ! APPE>ANCE ( :I* EVID5TLY WAS OP5+ A QUITE NEW PHASE ( CIVILIZATION4#h 

  ,N[1 IF WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ?AT ?IS COMPLICAT$ ORGANIZATION DEVELOP$ AMONG M5 :O /OOD AT ! L[E/ KN[N DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T1 & ?AT IT MA9TA9$ ITSELF 9 SOCIETIES KN[+ NO K9D ( AU?ORITY BESIDES ! AU?ORITY ( PUBLIC OP9ION1 WE AT ONCE SEE H[ DEEPLY 9ROOT$ SOCIAL 9/9CTS MU/ HAVE BE5 9 HUMAN NATURE1 EV5 AT ITS L[E/ /AGES4 ,A SAVAGE :O IS CAPABLE ( LIV+ UND] SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 & ( FREELY SUBMITT+ TO RULES :I* CONT9UALLY CLA% ) HIS P]SONAL DESIRES1 C]TA9LY IS NOT A BEA/ DEVOID ( E?ICAL PR9CIPLES & KN[+ NO RE9 TO ITS PASSIONS4 ,BUT ! FACT BECOMES /ILL MORE /RIK+ IF WE CONSID] ! IMM5SE ANTIQUITY ( ! CLAN ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS N[ KN[N ?AT ! PRIMITIVE ,SEMITES1 ! ,GREEKS ( ,HOM]1 ! PREHI/ORIC ,ROMANS1 ! ,G]MANS ( ,TACITUS1 ! E>LY ,CELTS & ! E>LY ,SLAVONIANS1 ALL HAVE HAD !IR [N P]IOD ( CLAN ORGANIZATION1 CLOSELY ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( ! ,AU/RALIANS1 ! ,R$ ,9DIANS1 ! ,ESKIMOS1 & O!R 9HABITANTS ( ! 0SAVAGE GIRDLE40#i ,SO WE MU/ ADMIT ?AT EI!R ! EVOLUTION ( M>RIAGE LAWS W5T ON ON ! SAME L9ES AMONG ALL HUMAN RACES1 OR ! RUDIM5TS ( ! CLAN RULES W]E DEVELOP$ AMONG SOME COMMON ANCE/ORS ( ! ,SEMITES1 ! ,>YANS1 ! ,POLYNESIANS1 ETC41 BE=E !IR DIFF]5TIATION 9TO SEP>ATE RACES TOOK PLACE1 & ?AT !SE RULES W]E MA9TA9$1 UNTIL N[1 AMONG RACES LONG AGO SEP>AT$ FROM ! COMMON /OCK4 ,BO? ALT]NATIVES IMPLY1 H[EV]1 AN EQUALLY /RIK+ T5ACITY ( ! 9/ITUTION -- SU* A T5ACITY ?AT NO ASSAULTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL C\LD BREAK IT D[N ?R\< ! SCORES ( ?\S&S ( YE>S ?AT IT WAS 9 EXI/5CE4 ,! V]Y P]SI/5CE ( ! CLAN ORGANIZATION %[S H[ UTT]LY FALSE IT IS TO REPRES5T PRIMITIVE MANK9D AS A DISORD]LY AGGLOM]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 :O ONLY OBEY !IR 9DIVIDUAL PASSIONS1 & TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !IR P]SONAL =CE & CUNN+NESS AGA9/ ALL O!R REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SPECIES4 ,UNBRIDL$ 9DIVIDUALISM IS A MOD]N GR[?1 BUT IT IS NOT *>ACT]I/IC ( PRIMITIVE MANK9D4#a 

  ,GO+ N[ OV] TO ! EXI/+ SAVAGES1 WE MAY BEG9 ) ! ,BU%M51 :O /& AT A V]Y L[ LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T -- SO L[ 9DE$ ?AT !Y HAVE NO DWELL+S & SLEEP 9 HOLES DUG 9 ! SOIL1 OCCASIONALLY PROTECT$ BY SOME SCRE5S4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT :5 ,EUROPEANS SETTL$ 9 !IR T]RITORY & DE/ROY$ DE]1 ! ,BU%M5 BEGAN /EAL+ ! SETTL]S' CATTLE1 :]EUPON A W> ( EXT]M9ATION1 TOO HORRIBLE TO BE RELAT$ H]E1 WAS WAG$ AGA9/ !M4 ,FIVE HUNDR$ ,BU%M5 W]E SLAU<T]$ 9 #a#g#g#d1 ?REE ?\S& 9 #ahh & #ahi BY ! ,F>M]S' ,ALLIANCE1 & SO ON4 ,!Y W]E POISON$ LIKE RATS1 KILL$ BY HUNT]S LY+ 9 AMBU% BE=E ! C>CASS ( SOME ANIMAL1 KILL$ :]EV] MET )4#a#a ,SO ?AT \R KN[L$GE ( ! ,BU%M51 BE+ *IEFLY BORR[$ FROM ?OSE SAME PEOPLE :O EXT]M9AT$ !M1 IS NECESS>ILY LIMIT$4 ,BUT /ILL WE KN[ ?AT :5 ! ,EUROPEANS CAME1 ! ,BU%M5 LIV$ 9 SMALL TRIBES 7OR CLANS71 SOMETIMES F$]AT$ TOGE!R2 ?AT !Y US$ TO HUNT 9 COMMON1 & DIVID$ ! SPOIL )\T QU>REL+2 ?AT !Y NEV] AB&ON$ !IR W\ND$1 & DISPLAY$ /RONG AFFECTION TO !IR COMRADES4 ,LI*T5/E9 HAS A MO/ T\*+ /ORY AB\T A ,BU%MAN1 NE>LY DR[N$ 9 A RIV]1 :O WAS RESCU$ BY HIS COMPANIONS4 ,!Y TOOK (F !IR FURS TO COV] HIM1 & %IV]$ !MSELVES2 !Y DRI$ HIM1 RUBB$ HIM BE=E ! FIRE1 & SME>$ HIS BODY ) W>M GREASE TILL !Y BR\<T HIM BACK TO LIFE4 ,& :5 ! ,BU%M5 F\ND1 9 ,JOHAN VAN D] ,WALT1 A MAN :O TREAT$ !M WELL1 !Y EXPRESS$ !IR ?ANKFULNESS BY A MO/ T\*+ ATTA*M5T TO ?AT MAN4#a#b ,BUR*ELL & ,M(FAT BO? REPRES5T !M AS GOODHE>T$1 DIS9T]E/$1 TRUE TO !IR PROMISES1 & GRATEFUL1#a#c ALL QUALITIES :I* C\LD DEVELOP ONLY BY BE+ PRACTIC$ )9 ! TRIBE4 ,AS TO !IR LOVE TO *ILDR51 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO SAY ?AT :5 A ,EUROPEAN WI%$ TO SECURE A ,BU%MAN WOMAN AS A SLAVE1 HE /OLE H] *ILD3 ! MO!R WAS SURE TO COME 9TO SLAV]Y TO %>E ! FATE ( H] *ILD4#a#d 

  ,! SAME SOCIAL MANN]S *>ACT]IZE ! ,HOTT5TOTS1 :O >E BUT A LITTLE MORE DEVELOP$ ?AN ! ,BU%M54 ,LUBBOCK DESCRIBES !M AS 0! FIL?IE/ ANIMALS10 & FIL?Y !Y REALLY >E4 ,A FUR SUSP5D$ TO ! NECK & WORN TILL IT FALLS TO PIECES IS ALL !IR DRESS2 !IR HUTS >E A FEW /ICKS ASSEMBL$ TOGE!R & COV]$ ) MATS1 ) NO K9D ( FURNITURE )94 ,& ?\< !Y KEPT OX5 & %EEP1 & SEEM TO HAVE KN[N ! USE ( IRON BE=E !Y MADE ACQUA9TANCE ) ! ,EUROPEANS1 !Y /ILL OCCUPY ONE ( ! L[E/ DEGREES ( ! HUMAN SCALE4 ,& YET ?OSE :O KNEW !M HI<LY PRAIS$ !IR SOCIABILITY & READ9ESS TO AID EA* O!R4 ,IF ANY?+ IS GIV5 TO A ,HOTT5TOT1 HE AT ONCE DIVIDES IT AMONG ALL PRES5T -- A HABIT :I*1 AS IS KN[N1 SO MU* /RUCK ,D>W9 AMONG ! ,FUEGIANS4 ,HE CANNOT EAT ALONE1 &1 H[EV] HUNGRY1 HE CALLS ?OSE :O PASS BY TO %>E HIS FOOD4 ,& :5 ,KOLB5 EXPRESS$ HIS A/ONI%M5T !REAT1 HE RECEIV$ ! ANSW]4 0,?AT IS ,HOTT5TOT MANN]40 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ,HOTT5TOT MANN] ONLY3 IT IS AN ALL BUT UNIV]SAL HABIT AMONG ! 0SAVAGES40 ,KOLB51 :O KNEW ! ,HOTT5TOTS WELL & DID NOT PASS BY !IR DEFECTS 9 SIL5CE1 C\LD NOT PRAISE !IR TRIBAL MORALITY HI<LY 5\<4 

0,!IR WORD IS SACR$10 HE WROTE4 ,!Y KN[ 0NO?+ ( ! CORRUPTNESS & FAI?LESS >TS ( ,EUROPE40 0,!Y LIVE 9 GREAT TRANQUILITY & >E SELDOM AT W> ) !IR NEI<BORS40 ,!Y >E 0ALL K9DNESS & GOODWILL TO ONE ANO!R4444 ,ONE ( ! GREATE/ PLEASURES ( ! ,HOTT5TOTS C]TA9LY LIES 9 !IR GIFTS & GOOD (FICES TO ONE ANO!R40 0,! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,HOTT5TOTS1 !IR /RICTNESS & CEL]ITY 9 ! EX]CISE ( JU/ICE1 & !IR *A/ITY1 >E ?+S 9 :I* !Y EXCEL ALL OR MO/ NATIONS 9 ! WORLD40#a#e 

  ,TA*>T1 ,B>R[1 & ,MOODIE#a#f FULLY CONFIRM ,KOLB5'S TE/IMONY4 ,LET ME ONLY REM>K ?AT :5 ,KOLB5 WROTE ?AT 0!Y >E C]TA9LY ! MO/ FRI5DLY1 ! MO/ LIB]AL & ! MO/ B5EVOL5T PEOPLE TO ONE ANO!R ?AT EV] APPE>$ ON ! E>?0 7I4 #c#c#b71 HE WROTE A S5T5CE :I* HAS CONT9UALLY APPE>$ S9CE 9 ! DESCRIPTION ( SAVAGES4 ,:5 FIR/ MEET+ ) PRIMITIVE RACES1 ! ,EUROPEANS USUALLY MAKE A C>ICATURE ( !IR LIFE2 BUT :5 AN 9TELLIG5T MAN HAS /AY$ AMONG !M = A LONG] TIME1 HE G5]ALLY DESCRIBES !M AS ! 0K9DE/0 OR 0! G5TLE/0 RACE ON ! E>?4 ,!SE V]Y SAME WORDS HAVE BE5 APPLI$ TO ! ,O/YAKS1 ! ,SAMOY$ES1 ! ,ESKIMOS1 ! ,DAYAKS1 ! ,ALE\TES1 ! ,PAPUAS1 & SO ON1 BY ! HI<E/ AU?ORITIES4 ,I ALSO REMEMB] HAV+ READ !M APPLI$ TO ! ,TUNGUSES1 ! ,T*UKT*IS1 ! ,SI\X1 & SEV]AL O!RS4 ,! V]Y FREQU5CY ( ?AT HI< COMM5DATION ALREADY SPEAKS VOLUMES 9 ITSELF4 

  ,! NATIVES ( ,AU/RALIA DO NOT /& ON A HI<] LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T ?AN !IR ,S\? ,AFRICAN BRO!RS4 ,!IR HUTS >E ( ! SAME *>ACT]1 V]Y (T5 SIMPLE SCRE5S >E ! ONLY PROTECTION AGA9/ COLD W9DS4 ,9 !IR FOOD !Y >E MO/ 9DIFF]5T3 !Y DEV\R HORRIBLY PUTREFI$ CORPSES1 & CANNIBALISM IS RESORT$ TO 9 TIMES ( SC>CITY4 ,:5 FIR/ DISCOV]$ BY ,EUROPEANS1 !Y HAD NO IMPLEM5TS BUT 9 /ONE OR BONE1 & !SE W]E ( ! R\<E/ DESCRIPTION4 ,SOME TRIBES HAD EV5 NO CANOES1 & DID NOT KN[ B>T]-TRADE4 ,& YET1 :5 !IR MANN]S & CU/OMS W]E C>EFULLY /UDI$1 !Y PROV$ TO BE LIV+ UND] ?AT ELABORATE CLAN ORGANIZATION :I* ,I HAVE M5TION$ ON A PREC$+ PAGE4#a#g 

  ,! T]RITORY !Y 9HABIT IS USUALLY ALLOTT$ BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T G5TES OR CLANS2 BUT ! HUNT+ & FI%+ T]RITORIES ( EA* CLAN >E KEPT 9 COMMON1 & ! PRODUCE ( FI%+ & HUNT+ BELONGS TO ! :OLE CLAN2 SO ALSO ! FI%+ & HUNT+ IMPLEM5TS4#a#h ,! MEALS >E TAK5 9 COMMON4 ,LIKE MANY O!R SAVAGES1 !Y RESPECT C]TA9 REGULATIONS AS TO ! SEASONS :5 C]TA9 GUMS & GRASSES MAY BE COLLECT$4#a#i ,AS TO !IR MORALITY ALTOGE!R1 WE CANNOT DO BETT] ?AN TRANSCRIBE ! FOLL[+ ANSW]S GIV5 TO ! QUE/IONS ( ! ,P>IS ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY BY ,LUMHOLTZ1 A MISSION>Y :O SOJ\RN$ 9 ,NOR? ,QUE5SL&3#b -- 

0,! FEEL+ ( FRI5D%IP IS KN[N AMONG !M2 IT IS /RONG4 ,WEAK PEOPLE >E USUALLY SUPPORT$2 SICK PEOPLE >E V]Y WELL ATT5D$ TO2 !Y NEV] >E AB&ON$ OR KILL$4 ,!SE TRIBES >E CANNIBALS1 BUT !Y V]Y SELDOM EAT MEMB]S ( !IR [N TRIBE 7:5 IMMOLAT$ ON RELIGI\S PR9CIPLES1 ,I SUPPOSE72 !Y EAT /RANG]S ONLY4 ,! P>5TS LOVE !IR *ILDR51 PLAY ) !M1 & PET !M4 ,9FANTICIDE MEETS ) COMMON APPROVAL4 ,OLD PEOPLE >E V]Y WELL TREAT$1 NEV] PUT TO DEA?4 ,NO RELIGION1 NO IDOLS1 ONLY A FE> ( DEA?4 ,POLYGAM\S M>RIAGE1 QU>RELS >IS+ )9 ! TRIBE >E SETTL$ BY MEANS ( DUELS F\<T ) WOOD5 SWORDS & %IELDS4 ,NO SLAVES2 NO CULTURE ( ANY K9D2 NO POTT]Y2 NO DRESS1 SAVE AN APRON SOMETIMES WORN BY WOM54 ,! CLAN CONSI/S ( TWO HUNDR$ 9DIVIDUALS1 DIVID$ 9TO F\R CLASSES ( M5 & F\R ( WOM52 M>RIAGE BE+ ONLY P]MITT$ )9 ! USUAL CLASSES1 & NEV] )9 ! G5S40 

  ,= ! ,PAPUAS1 CLOSELY AK9 TO ! ABOVE1 WE HAVE ! TE/IMONY ( ,G4,L4 ,B9K1 :O /AY$ 9 ,NEW ,GU9EA1 *IEFLY 9 ,GEELW9K ,BAY1 FROM #ahga TO #a#h#h#c4 ,H]E IS ! ESS5CE ( HIS ANSW]S TO ! SAME QUE/ION]3#b#a -- 

0,!Y >E SOCIABLE & *E]FUL2 !Y LAU< V]Y MU*4 ,RA!R TIMID ?AN C\RAGE\S4 ,FRI5D%IP IS RELATIVELY /RONG AMONG P]SONS BELONG+ TO DIFF]5T TRIBES1 & /ILL /RONG] )9 ! TRIBE4 ,A FRI5D WILL (T5 PAY ! DEBT ( HIS FRI5D1 ! /IPULATION BE+ ?AT ! LATT] WILL REPAY IT )\T 9T]E/ TO ! *ILDR5 ( ! L5D]4 ,!Y TAKE C>E ( ! ILL & ! OLD2 OLD PEOPLE >E NEV] AB&ON$1 & 9 NO CASE >E !Y KILL$ -- UNLESS IT BE A SLAVE :O WAS ILL = A LONG TIME4 ,W> PRISON]S >E SOMETIMES EAT54 ,! *ILDR5 >E V]Y MU* PETT$ & LOV$4 ,OLD & FEEBLE W> PRISON]S >E KILL$1 ! O!RS >E SOLD AS SLAVES4 ,!Y HAVE NO RELIGION1 NO GODS1 NO IDOLS1 NO AU?ORITY ( ANY DESCRIPTION2 ! OLDE/ MAN 9 ! FAMILY IS ! JUDGE4 ,9 CASES ( ADULT]Y A F9E IS PAID1 & P>T ( IT GOES TO ! NEGORIA 7! COMMUNITY74 ,! SOIL IS KEPT 9 COMMON1 BUT ! CROP BELONGS TO ?OSE :O HAVE GR[N IT4 ,!Y HAVE POTT]Y1 & KN[ B>T]-TRADE -- ! CU/OM BE+ ?AT ! M]*ANT GIVES !M ! GOODS1 :]EUPON !Y RETURN TO !IR H\SES & BR+ ! NATIVE GOODS REQUIR$ BY ! M]*ANT2 IF ! LATT] CANNOT BE OBTA9$1 ! ,EUROPEAN GOODS >E RETURN$4#b#b ,!Y >E HEADHUNT]S1 & 9 SO DO+ !Y PROSECUTE BLOOD REV5GE4 ',SOMETIMES1' ,F9S* SAYS1 '! AFFAIR IS REF]R$ TO ! ,RAJAH ( ,NAMOTOTTE1 :O T]M9ATES IT BY IMPOS+ A F9E4'0  

  ,:5 WELL TREAT$1 ! ,PAPUAS >E V]Y K9D4 ,MIKLUKHO-,MACLAY L&$ ON ! EA/]N COA/ ( ,NEW ,GU9EA1 FOLL[$ BY ONE S+LE MAN1 /AY$ = TWO YE>S AMONG TRIBES REPORT$ TO BE CANNIBALS1 & LEFT !M ) REGRET2 HE RETURN$ AGA9 TO /AY ONE YE> MORE AMONG !M1 & NEV] HAD HE ANY CONFLICT TO COMPLA9 (4 ,TRUE ?AT HIS RULE WAS NEV] -- UND] NO PRETEXT :ATEV] -- TO SAY ANY?+ :I* WAS NOT TRU?1 NOR MAKE ANY PROMISE :I* HE C\LD NOT KEEP4 ,!SE POOR CREATURES1 :O EV5 DO NOT KN[ H[ TO OBTA9 FIRE1 & C>EFULLY MA9TA9 IT 9 !IR HUTS1 LIVE UND] !IR PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM1 )\T ANY *IEFS2 & )9 !IR VILLAGES !Y HAVE NO QU>RELS WOR? SPEAK+ (4 ,!Y WORK 9 COMMON1 JU/ 5\< TO GET ! FOOD ( ! DAY2 !Y RE> !IR *ILDR5 9 COMMON2 & 9 ! EV5+S !Y DRESS !MSELVES AS COQUETTI%LY AS !Y CAN1 & DANCE4 ,LIKE ALL SAVAGES1 !Y >E FOND ( DANC+4 ,EA* VILLAGE HAS ITS B>LA1 OR BALAI -- ! 0LONG H\SE10 0LONGUE MAISON10 OR 0GR&E MAISON0 -- = ! UNM>RI$ M51 = SOCIAL GA!R+S1 & = ! DISCUSSION ( COMMON AFFAIRS -- AGA9 A TRAIT :I* IS COMMON TO MO/ 9HABITANTS ( ! ,PACIFIC ,ISL&S1 ! ,ESKIMOS1 ! ,R$ ,9DIANS1 & SO ON4 ,:OLE GR\PS ( VILLAGES >E ON FRI5DLY T]MS1 & VISIT EA* O!R 5 BLOC4 

  ,UNHAPPILY1 FEUDS >E NOT UNCOMMON -- NOT 9 CONSEQU5CE ( 0,OV]/OCK+ ( ! >EA10 OR 0KE5 COMPETITION10 & LIKE 9V5TIONS ( A M]CANTILE C5TURY1 BUT *IEFLY 9 CONSEQU5CE ( SUP]/ITION4 ,AS SOON AS ANY ONE FALLS ILL1 HIS FRI5DS & RELATIVES COME TOGE!R1 & DELIB]ATELY DISCUSS :O MI<T BE ! CAUSE ( ! ILLNESS4 ,ALL POSSIBLE 5EMIES >E CONSID]$1 EV]Y ONE CONFESSES ( HIS [N PETTY QU>RELS1 & F9ALLY ! REAL CAUSE IS DISCOV]$4 ,AN 5EMY FROM ! NEXT VILLAGE HAS CALL$ IT D[N1 & A RAID UPON ?AT VILLAGE IS DECID$ UPON4 ,!RE=E1 FEUDS >E RA!R FREQU5T1 EV5 BETWE5 ! COA/ VILLAGES1 NOT TO SAY A WORD ( ! CANNIBAL M\NTA9E]S :O >E CONSID]$ AS REAL WIT*ES & 5EMIES1 ?\<1 ON A CLOS] ACQUA9TANCE1 !Y PROVE TO BE EXACTLY ! SAME SORT ( PEOPLE AS !IR NEI<BORS ON ! SEACOA/4#b#c 

  ,MANY /RIK+ PAGES C\LD BE WRITT5 AB\T ! H>MONY :I* PREVAILS 9 ! VILLAGES ( ! ,POLYNESIAN 9HABITANTS ( ! ,PACIFIC ,ISL&S4 ,BUT !Y BELONG TO A MORE ADVANC$ /AGE ( CIVILIZATION4 ,SO WE %ALL N[ TAKE \R ILLU/RATIONS FROM ! F> NOR?4 ,I MU/ M5TION1 H[EV]1 BE=E LEAV+ ! ,S\!RN ,HEMISPH]E1 ?AT EV5 ! ,FUEGIANS1 :OSE REPUTATION HAS BE5 SO BAD1 APPE> UND] A MU* BETT] LI<T S9CE !Y BEG9 TO BE BETT] KN[N4 ,A FEW ,FR5* MISSION>IES :O /AY AMONG !M 0KN[ ( NO ACT ( MALEVOL5CE TO COMPLA9 (40 ,9 !IR CLANS1 CONSI/+ ( FROM #ab TO #ae S\LS1 !Y PRACTICE ! SAME PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM AS ! ,PAPUAS2 !Y %>E EV]Y?+ 9 COMMON1 & TREAT !IR OLD PEOPLE V]Y WELL4 ,PEACE PREVAILS AMONG !SE TRIBES4#b#d ,) ! ,ESKIMOS & !IR NE>E/ CONG5]S1 ! ,?L9KETS1 ! ,KOLO%ES1 & ! ,ALE\TES1 WE F9D ONE ( ! NE>E/ ILLU/RATIONS ( :AT MAN MAY HAVE BE5 DUR+ ! GLACIAL AGE4 ,!IR IMPLEM5TS H>DLY DIFF] FROM ?OSE ( PALAEOLI?IC MAN1 & SOME ( !IR TRIBES DO NOT YET KN[ FI%+3 !Y SIMPLY SPE> ! FI% ) A K9D ( H>POON4#b#e ,!Y KN[ ! USE ( IRON1 BUT !Y RECEIVE IT FROM ! ,EUROPEANS1 OR F9D IT ON WRECK$ %IPS4 ,!IR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IS ( A V]Y PRIMITIVE K9D1 ?\< !Y ALREADY HAVE EM]G$ FROM ! /AGE ( 0COMMUNAL M>RIAGE10 EV5 UND] ! G5TILE RE/RICTIONS4 ,!Y LIVE 9 FAMILIES1 BUT ! FAMILY BONDS >E (T5 BROK52 HUSB&S & WIVES >E (T5 EX*ANG$4#b#f ,! FAMILIES1 H[EV]1 REMA9 UNIT$ 9 CLANS1 & H[ C\LD IT BE O!RWISE8 ,H[ C\LD !Y SU/A9 ! H>D /RUGGLE = LIFE UNLESS BY CLOSELY COMB9+ !IR =CES8 ,SO !Y DO1 & ! TRIBAL BONDS >E CLOSE/ :]E ! /RUGGLE = LIFE IS H>DE/1 NAMELY1 9 ,NOR?-,EA/ ,GRE5L&4 ,! 0LONG H\SE0 IS !IR USUAL DWELL+1 & SEV]AL FAMILIES LODGE 9 IT1 SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R BY SMALL P>TITIONS ( RAGG$ FURS1 ) A COMMON PASSAGE 9 ! FRONT4 ,SOMETIMES ! H\SE HAS ! %APE ( A CROSS1 & 9 SU* CASE A COMMON FIRE IS KEPT 9 ! C5T]4 ,! ,G]MAN ,EXP$ITION :I* SP5T A W9T] CLOSE BY ONE ( ?OSE 0LONG H\SES0 C\LD ASC]TA9 ?AT 0NO QU>REL DI/URB$ ! PEACE1 NO DISPUTE >OSE AB\T ! USE ( ?IS N>R[ SPACE0 ?R\<\T ! LONG W9T]4 0,SCOLD+1 OR EV5 UNK9D WORDS1 >E CONSID]$ AS A MISDEMEANOR1 IF NOT PRODUC$ UND] ! LEGAL =M ( PROCESS1 NAMELY1 ! NI?-SONG40#b#g ,CLOSE COHABITATION & CLOSE 9T]DEP5D5CE >E SUFFICI5T = MA9TA9+ C5TURY AFT] C5TURY ?AT DEEP RESPECT = ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY :I* IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ,ESKIMO LIFE4 ,EV5 9 ! L>G] COMMUNITIES ( ,ESKIMOS1 0PUBLIC OP9ION =M$ ! REAL JUDGM5T-SEAT1 ! G5]AL PUNI%M5T CONSI/+ 9 ! (F5D]S BE+ %AM$ 9 ! EYES ( ! PEOPLE40#b#h 

  ,ESKIMO LIFE IS BAS$ UPON COMMUNISM4 ,:AT IS OBTA9$ BY HUNT+ & FI%+ BELONGS TO ! CLAN4 ,BUT 9 SEV]AL TRIBES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,WE/1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,DANES1 PRIVATE PROP]TY P5ETRATES 9TO !IR 9/ITUTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 !Y HAVE AN ORIG9AL MEANS = OBVIAT+ ! 9CONV5I5CES >IS+ FROM A P]SONAL ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? :I* W\LD SOON DE/ROY !IR TRIBAL UNITY4 ,:5 A MAN HAS GR[N RI*1 HE CONVOKES ! FOLK ( HIS CLAN TO A GREAT FE/IVAL1 &1 AFT] MU* EAT+1 DI/RIBUTES AMONG !M ALL HIS =TUNE4 ,ON ! ,YUKON RIV]1 ,DALL SAW AN ,ALEONTE FAMILY DI/RIBUT+ 9 ?IS WAY T5 GUNS1 T5 FULL FUR DRESSES1 #b /R+S ( BEADS1 NUM]\S BLANKETS1 T5 WOLF FURS1 #b BEAV]S1 & #e ZIBEL9ES4 ,AFT] ?AT !Y TOOK (F !IR FE/IVAL DRESSES1 GAVE !M AWAY1 &1 PUTT+ ON OLD RAGG$ FURS1 ADDRESS$ A FEW WORDS TO !IR K9SFOLK1 SAY+ ?AT ?\< !Y >E N[ POOR] ?AN ANY ONE ( !M1 !Y HAVE WON !IR FRI5D%IP4#b#i ,LIKE DI/RIBUTIONS ( WEAL? APPE> TO BE A REGUL> HABIT ) ! ,ESKIMOS1 & TO TAKE PLACE AT A C]TA9 SEASON1 AFT] AN EXHIBITION ( ALL ?AT HAS BE5 OBTA9$ DUR+ ! YE>4#c ,9 MY OP9ION !SE DI/RIBUTIONS REVEAL A V]Y OLD 9/ITUTION1 CONTEMPORANE\S ) ! FIR/ APP>ITION ( P]SONAL WEAL?2 !Y MU/ HAVE BE5 A MEANS = REE/ABLI%+ EQUALITY AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! CLAN1 AFT] IT HAD BE5 DI/URB$ BY ! 5RI*M5T ( ! FEW4 ,! P]IODICAL R$I/RIBUTION ( L& & ! P]IODICAL AB&ONM5T ( ALL DEBTS :I* TOOK PLACE 9 HI/ORICAL TIMES ) SO MANY DIFF]5T RACES 7,SEMITES1 ,>YANS1 ETC471 MU/ HAVE BE5 A SURVIVAL ( ?AT OLD CU/OM4 ,& ! HABIT ( EI!R BURY+ ) ! DEAD1 OR DE/ROY+ UPON HIS GRAVE1 ALL ?AT BELONG$ TO HIM P]SONALLY -- A HABIT :I* WE F9D AMONG ALL PRIMITIVE RACES -- MU/ HAVE HAD ! SAME ORIG94 ,9 FACT1 :ILE EV]Y?+ ?AT BELONGS P]SONALLY TO ! DEAD IS BURNT OR BROK5 UPON HIS GRAVE1 NO?+ IS DE/ROY$ ( :AT BELONG$ TO HIM 9 COMMON ) ! TRIBE1 SU* AS BOATS1 OR ! COMMUNAL IMPLEM5TS ( FI%+4 ,! DE/RUCTION BE>S UPON P]SONAL PROP]TY ALONE4 ,AT A LAT] EPO* ?IS HABIT BECOMES A RELIGI\S C]EMONY4 ,IT RECEIVES A MY/ICAL 9T]PRETATION1 & IS IMPOS$ BY RELIGION1 :5 PUBLIC OP9ION ALONE PROVES 9CAPABLE ( 5=C+ ITS G5]AL OBS]VANCE4 ,&1 F9ALLY1 IT IS SUB/ITUT$ BY EI!R BURN+ SIMPLE MODELS ( ! DEAD MAN'S PROP]TY 7AS 9 ,*9A71 OR BY SIMPLY C>RY+ HIS PROP]TY TO ! GRAVE & TAK+ IT BACK TO HIS H\SE AFT] ! BURIAL C]EMONY IS OV] -- A HABIT :I* /ILL PREVAILS ) ! ,EUROPEANS AS REG>DS SWORDS1 CROSSES1 & O!R M>KS ( PUBLIC DI/9CTION4#c#a 

  ,! HI< /&>D ( ! TRIBAL MORALITY ( ! ,ESKIMOS HAS (T5 BE5 M5TION$ 9 G5]AL LIT]ATURE4 ,NEV]!LESS ! FOLL[+ REM>KS UPON ! MANN]S ( ! ,ALE\TES -- NE>LY AK9 TO ! ,ESKIMOS -- WILL BETT] ILLU/RATE SAVAGE MORALITY AS A :OLE4 ,!Y W]E WRITT51 AFT] A T5 YE>S' /AY AMONG ! ,ALE\TES1 BY A MO/ REM>KABLE MAN -- ! ,RUSSIAN MISSION>Y1 ,V5IAM9(F4 ,I SUM !M UP1 MO/LY 9 HIS [N WORDS3 -- 

,5DURABILITY 7HE WROTE7 IS !IR *IEF FEATURE4 ,IT IS SIMPLY COLOSSAL4 ,NOT ONLY DO !Y BA! EV]Y MORN+ 9 ! FROZ5 SEA1 & /& NAK$ ON ! BEA*1 9HAL+ ! ICY W9D1 BUT !IR 5DURABILITY1 EV5 :5 AT H>D WORK ON 9SUFFICI5T FOOD1 SURPASSES ALL ?AT CAN BE IMAG9$4 ,DUR+ A PROTRACT$ SC>CITY ( FOOD1 ! ,ALE\TE C>ES FIR/ = HIS *ILDR52 HE GIVES !M ALL HE HAS1 & HIMSELF FA/S4 ,!Y >E NOT 9CL9$ TO /EAL+2 ?AT WAS REM>K$ EV5 BY ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN IMMIGRANTS4 ,NOT ?AT !Y NEV] /EAL2 EV]Y ,ALE\TE W\LD CONFESS HAV+ SOMETIME /OL5 SOME?+1 BUT IT IS ALWAYS A TRIFLE2 ! :OLE IS SO *ILDI%4 ,! ATTA*M5T ( ! P>5TS TO !IR *ILDR5 IS T\*+1 ?\< IT IS NEV] EXPRESS$ 9 WORDS OR PETT+S4 ,! ,ALE\TE IS ) DIFFICULTY MOV$ TO MAKE A PROMISE1 BUT ONCE HE HAS MADE IT HE WILL KEEP IT :ATEV] MAY HAPP54 7,AN ,ALE\TE MADE ,V5IAM9(F A GIFT ( DRI$ FI%1 BUT IT WAS =GOTT5 ON ! BEA* 9 ! HURRY ( ! DEP>TURE4 ,HE TOOK IT HOME4 ,! NEXT OCCASION TO S5D IT TO ! MISSION>Y WAS 9 ,JANU>Y2 & 9 ,NOVEMB] & ,DECEMB] !RE WAS A GREAT SC>CITY ( FOOD 9 ! ,ALE\TE 5CAMPM5T4 ,BUT ! FI% WAS NEV] T\*$ BY ! />V+ PEOPLE1 & 9 ,JANU>Y IT WAS S5T TO ITS DE/9ATION47 ,!IR CODE ( MORALITY IS BO? V>I$ & SEV]E4 ,IT IS CONSID]$ %AMEFUL TO BE AFRAID ( UNAVOIDABLE DEA?2 TO ASK P>DON FROM AN 5EMY2 TO DIE )\T EV] HAV+ KILL$ AN 5EMY2 TO BE CONVICT$ ( /EAL+2 TO CAPSIZE A BOAT 9 ! H>BOR2 TO BE AFRAID ( GO+ TO SEA 9 /ORMY WEA!R1 TO BE ! FIR/ 9 A P>TY ON A LONG J\RNEY TO BECOME AN 9VALID 9 CASE ( SC>CITY ( FOOD2 TO %[ GRE$9ESS :5 SPOIL IS DIVID$1 9 :I* CASE EV]Y ONE GIVES HIS [N P>T TO ! GRE$Y MAN TO %AME HIM2 TO DIVULGE A PUBLIC SECRET TO HIS WIFE2 BE+ TWO P]SONS ON A HUNT+ EXP$ITION1 NOT TO (F] ! BE/ GAME TO ! P>TN]2 TO BOA/ ( HIS [N DE$S1 ESPECIALLY ( 9V5T$ ONES2 TO SCOLD ANY ONE 9 SCORN4 ,ALSO TO BEG2 TO PET HIS WIFE 9 O!R PEOPLE'S PRES5CE1 & TO DANCE ) H]2 TO B>GA9 P]SONALLY3 SELL+ MU/ ALWAYS BE MADE ?R\< A ?IRD P]SON1 :O SETTLES ! PRICE4 ,= A WOMAN IT IS A %AME NOT TO KN[ SEW+1 DANC+ & ALL K9DS ( WOMAN'S WORK2 TO PET H] HUSB& & *ILDR51 OR EV5 TO SPEAK TO H] HUSB& 9 ! PRES5CE ( A /RANG]4#c#b 

  ,SU* IS ,ALE\TE MORALITY1 :I* MI<T ALSO BE FUR!R ILLU/RAT$ BY !IR TALES & LEG5DS4 ,LET ME ALSO ADD ?AT :5 ,V5IAM9(F WROTE 79 #a#h#d7 ONE MURD] ONLY HAD BE5 COMMITT$ S9CE ! LA/ C5TURY 9 A POPULATION ( #f1 PEOPLE1 & ?AT AMONG #a1#h ,ALE\TES NOT ONE S+LE COMMON LAW (F5SE HAD BE5 KN[N = =TY YE>S4 ,?IS WILL NOT SEEM /RANGE IF WE REM>K ?AT SCOLD+1 SCORN+1 & ! USE ( R\< WORDS >E ABSOLUTELY UNKN[N 9 ,ALE\TE LIFE4 ,EV5 !IR *ILDR5 NEV] FI<T1 & NEV] ABUSE EA* O!R 9 WORDS4 ,ALL !Y MAY SAY IS1 0,Y\R MO!R DOES NOT KN[ SEW+10 OR 0,Y\R FA!R IS BL9D ( ONE EYE40#c#c 

  ,MANY FEATURES ( SAVAGE LIFE REMA91 H[EV]1 A PUZZLE TO ,EUROPEANS4 ,! HI< DEVELOPM5T ( TRIBAL SOLID>ITY & ! GOOD FEEL+S ) :I* PRIMITIVE FOLK >E ANIMAT$ T[>DS EA* O!R1 C\LD BE ILLU/RAT$ BY ANY AM\NT ( RELIABLE TE/IMONY4 ,& YET IT IS NOT ! LESS C]TA9 ?AT ?OSE SAME SAVAGES PRACTICE 9FANTICIDE2 ?AT 9 SOME CASES !Y AB&ON !IR OLD PEOPLE1 & ?AT !Y BL9DLY OBEY ! RULES ( BLOOD-REV5GE4 ,WE MU/ !N EXPLA9 ! COEXI/5CE ( FACTS :I*1 TO ! ,EUROPEAN M9D1 SEEM SO CONTRADICTORY AT ! FIR/ SI<T4 ,I HAVE JU/ M5TION$ H[ ! ,ALE\TE FA!R />VES = DAYS & WEEKS1 & GIVES EV]Y?+ EATABLE TO HIS *ILD2 & H[ ! ,BU%MAN MO!R BECOMES A SLAVE TO FOLL[ H] *ILD2 & ,I MI<T FILL PAGES ) ILLU/RATIONS ( ! REALLY T5D] RELATIONS EXI/+ AMONG ! SAVAGES & !IR *ILDR54 ,TRAVEL]S CONT9UALLY M5TION !M 9CID5TALLY4 ,H]E Y\ READ AB\T ! FOND LOVE ( A MO!R2 !RE Y\ SEE A FA!R WILDLY RUNN+ ?R\< ! =E/ & C>RY+ UPON HIS %\LD]S HIS *ILD BITT5 BY A SNAKE2 OR A MISSION>Y TELLS Y\ ! DESPAIR ( ! P>5TS AT ! LOSS ( A *ILD :OM HE HAD SAV$1 A FEW YE>S BE=E1 FROM BE+ IMMOLAT$ AT ITS BIR?4 ,Y\ LE>N ?AT ! 0SAVAGE0 MO!RS USUALLY NURSE !IR *ILDR5 TILL ! AGE ( F\R1 & ?AT1 9 ! ,NEW ,HEBRIDES1 ON ! LOSS ( A SPECIALLY BELOV$ *ILD1 ITS MO!R1 OR AUNT1 WILL KILL H]SELF TO TAKE C>E ( IT 9 ! O!R WORLD4#c#d ,& SO ON4 

  ,LIKE FACTS >E MET ) BY ! SCORE2 SO ?AT1 :5 WE SEE ?AT !SE SAME LOV+ P>5TS PRACTICE 9FANTICIDE1 WE >E B\ND TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! HABIT 7:ATEV] ITS ULT]IOR TRANS=MATIONS MAY BE7 TOOK ITS ORIG9 UND] ! %E] PRESSURE ( NECESSITY1 AS AN OBLIGATION T[>DS ! TRIBE1 & A MEANS = RE>+ ! ALREADY GR[+ *ILDR54 ,! SAVAGES1 AS A RULE1 DO NOT 0MULTIPLY )\T /9T10 AS SOME ,5GLI% WRIT]S PUT IT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y TAKE ALL K9DS ( MEASURES = DIM9I%+ ! BIR?-RATE4 ,A :OLE S]IES ( RE/RICTIONS1 :I* ,EUROPEANS C]TA9LY W\LD F9D EXTRAVAGANT1 >E IMPOS$ TO ?AT EFFECT1 & !Y >E /RICTLY OBEY$4 ,BUT NOT)/&+ ?AT1 PRIMITIVE FOLK CANNOT RE> ALL !IR *ILDR54 ,H[EV]1 IT HAS BE5 REM>K$ ?AT AS SOON AS !Y SUCCE$ 9 9CREAS+ !IR REGUL> MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 !Y AT ONCE BEG9 TO AB&ON ! PRACTICE ( 9FANTICIDE4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ! P>5TS OBEY ?AT OBLIGATION RELUCTANTLY1 & AS SOON AS !Y CAN AF=D IT !Y RESORT TO ALL K9DS ( COMPROMISES TO SAVE ! LIVES ( !IR NEW-BORN4 ,AS HAS BE5 SO WELL PO9T$ \T BY MY FRI5D ,ELIE ,RECLUS1#c#e !Y 9V5T ! LUCKY & UNLUCKY DAYS ( BIR?S1 & SP>E ! *ILDR5 BORN ON ! LUCKY DAYS2 !Y TRY TO PO/PONE ! S5T5CE = A FEW H\RS1 & !N SAY ?AT IF ! BABY HAS LIV$ ONE DAY IT MU/ LIVE ALL ITS NATURAL LIFE4#c#f ,!Y HE> ! CRIES ( ! LITTLE ONES COM+ FROM ! =E/1 & MA9TA9 ?AT1 IF HE>D1 !Y =EBODE A MIS=TUNE = ! TRIBE2 & AS !Y HAVE NO BABY-F>M+ NOR CRE*ES = GETT+ RID ( ! *ILDR51 EV]Y ONE ( !M RECOILS BE=E ! NECESSITY ( P]=M+ ! CRUEL S5T5CE2 !Y PREF] TO EXPOSE ! BABY 9 ! WOOD RA!R ?AN TO TAKE ITS LIFE BY VIOL5CE4 ,IGNORANCE1 NOT CRUELTY1 MA9TA9S 9FANTICIDE2 &1 9/EAD ( MORALIZ+ ! SAVAGES ) S]MONS1 ! MISSION>IES W\LD DO BETT] TO FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ,V5IAM9(F1 :O1 EV]Y YE> TILL HIS OLD AGE1 CROSS$ ! SEA ( ,OKHOTSK 9 A MIS]ABLE BOAT1 OR TRAVEL$ ON DOGS AMONG HIS ,T*UKT*IS1 SUPPLY+ !M ) BREAD & FI%+ IMPLEM5TS4 ,HE ?US HAD REALLY /OPP$ 9FANTICIDE4 

  ,! SAME IS TRUE AS REG>DS :AT SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]S DESCRIBE AS P>RICIDE4 ,WE JU/ N[ SAW ?AT ! HABIT ( AB&ON+ OLD PEOPLE IS NOT SO WIDELY SPREAD AS SOME WRIT]S HAVE MA9TA9$ IT TO BE4 ,IT HAS BE5 EXTREMELY EXAGG]AT$1 BUT IT IS OCCASIONALLY MET ) AMONG NE>LY ALL SAVAGES2 & 9 SU* CASES IT HAS ! SAME ORIG9 AS ! EXPOSURE ( *ILDR54 ,:5 A 0SAVAGE0 FEELS ?AT HE IS A BURD5 TO HIS TRIBE2 :5 EV]Y MORN+ HIS %>E ( FOOD IS TAK5 FROM ! M\?S ( ! *ILDR5 -- & ! LITTLE ONES >E NOT SO /OICAL AS !IR FA!RS3 !Y CRY :5 !Y >E HUNGRY2 :5 EV]Y DAY HE HAS TO BE C>RI$ ACROSS ! /ONY BEA*1 OR ! VIRG9 =E/1 ON ! %\LD]S ( Y\NG] PEOPLE -- !RE >E NO 9VALID C>RIAGES1 NOR DE/ITUTES TO :EEL !M 9 SAVAGE L&S -- HE BEG9S TO REPEAT :AT ! OLD ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS SAY UNTIL N[-A-DAY4 0,T*UJOI VEK ZAY$AYU1 ,PORA NA POKOI60 70,I LIVE O!R PEOPLE'S LIFE3 IT IS TIME TO RETIRE607 ,& HE RETIRES4 ,HE DOES :AT ! SOLDI] DOES 9 A SIMIL> CASE4 ,:5 ! SALVATION ( HIS DETA*M5T DEP5DS UPON ITS FUR!R ADVANCE1 & HE CAN MOVE NO MORE1 & KN[S ?AT HE MU/ DIE IF LEFT BEH9D1 ! SOLDI] IMPLORES HIS BE/ FRI5D TO R5D] HIM ! LA/ S]VICE BE=E LEAV+ ! 5CAMPM5T4 ,& ! FRI5D1 ) %IV]+ H&S1 DIS*>GES HIS GUN 9TO ! DY+ BODY4 ,SO ! SAVAGES DO4 ,! OLD MAN ASKS HIMSELF TO DIE2 HE HIMSELF 9SI/S UPON ?IS LA/ DUTY T[>DS ! COMMUNITY1 & OBTA9S ! CONS5T ( ! TRIBE2 HE DIGS \T HIS GRAVE2 HE 9VITES HIS K9SFOLK TO ! LA/ P>T+ MEAL4 ,HIS FA!R HAS DONE SO1 IT IS N[ HIS TURN2 & HE P>TS ) HIS K9SFOLK ) M>KS ( AFFECTION4 ,! SAVAGE SO MU* CONSID]S DEA? AS P>T ( HIS DUTIES T[>DS HIS COMMUNITY1 ?AT HE NOT ONLY REFUSES TO BE RESCU$ 7AS ,M(FAT HAS TOLD71 BUT :5 A WOMAN :O HAD TO BE IMMOLAT$ ON H] HUSB&'S GRAVE WAS RESCU$ BY MISSION>IES1 & WAS TAK5 TO AN ISL&1 %E ESCAP$ 9 ! NI<T1 CROSS$ A BROAD SEA->M1 SWIMM+ & REJO9$ H] TRIBE1 TO DIE ON ! GRAVE4#c#g ,IT HAS BECOME ) !M A MATT] ( RELIGION4 ,BUT ! SAVAGES1 AS A RULE1 >E SO RELUCTANT TO TAKE ANY ONE'S LIFE O!RWISE ?AN 9 FI<T1 ?AT NONE ( !M WILL TAKE UPON HIMSELF TO %$ HUMAN BLOOD1 & !Y RESORT TO ALL K9DS ( /RATAGEMS1 :I* HAVE BE5 SO FALSELY 9T]PRET$4 ,9 MO/ CASES1 !Y AB&ON ! OLD MAN 9 ! WOOD1 AFT] HAV+ GIV5 HIM MORE ?AN HIS %>E ( ! COMMON FOOD4 ,>CTIC EXP$ITIONS HAVE DONE ! SAME :5 !Y NO MORE C\LD C>RY !IR 9VALID COMRADES4 0,LIVE A FEW DAYS MORE6 ,MAY BE !RE WILL BE SOME UNEXPECT$ RESCUE60 

  ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN M5 ( SCI5CE1 :5 COM+ ACROSS !SE FACTS1 >E ABSOLUTELY UNABLE TO /& !M2 !Y CAN NOT RECONCILE !M ) A HI< DEVELOPM5T ( TRIBAL MORALITY1 & !Y PREF] TO CA/ A D\BT UPON ! EXACTITUDE ( ABSOLUTELY RELIABLE OBS]V]S1 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO EXPLA9 ! P>ALLEL EXI/5CE ( ! TWO SETS ( FACTS3 A HI< TRIBAL MORALITY TOGE!R ) ! AB&ONM5T ( ! P>5TS & 9FANTICIDE4 ,BUT IF !SE SAME ,EUROPEANS W]E TO TELL A SAVAGE ?AT PEOPLE1 EXTREMELY AMIABLE1 FOND ( !IR [N *ILDR51 & SO IMPRESSIONABLE ?AT !Y CRY :5 !Y SEE A MIS=TUNE SIMULAT$ ON ! /AGE1 >E LIV+ 9 ,EUROPE )9 A /ONE'S ?R[ FROM D5S 9 :I* *ILDR5 DIE FROM %E] WANT ( FOOD1 ! SAVAGE1 TOO1 W\LD NOT UND]/& !M4 ,I REMEMB] H[ VA9LY ,I TRI$ TO MAKE SOME ( MY ,TUNGUS FRI5DS UND]/& \R CIVILIZATION ( 9DIVIDUALISM3 !Y C\LD NOT1 & !Y RESORT$ TO ! MO/ FANTA/ICAL SUGGE/IONS4 ,! FACT IS ?AT A SAVAGE1 BR\<T UP 9 IDEAS ( A TRIBAL SOLID>ITY 9 EV]Y?+ = BAD & = GOOD1 IS AS 9CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ A 0MORAL0 ,EUROPEAN1 :O KN[S NO?+ ( ?AT SOLID>ITY1 AS ! AV]AGE ,EUROPEAN IS 9CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ ! SAVAGE4 ,BUT IF \R SCI5TI/ HAD LIV$ AMID A HALF-/>V+ TRIBE :I* DOES NOT POSSESS AMONG !M ALL ONE MAN'S FOOD = SO MU* AS A FEW DAYS TO COME1 HE PROBABLY MI<T HAVE UND]/OOD !IR MOTIVES4 ,SO ALSO ! SAVAGE1 IF HE HAD /AY$ AMONG US1 & RECEIV$ \R $UCATION1 MAY BE1 W\LD UND]/& \R ,EUROPEAN 9DIFF]5CE T[>DS \R NEI<BORS1 & \R ,ROYAL ,COMMISSIONS = ! PREV5TION ( 0BABYF>M+40 0,/ONE H\SES MAKE /ONY HE>TS10 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS SAY4 ,BUT HE \<T TO LIVE 9 A /ONE H\SE FIR/4 

  ,SIMIL> REM>KS MU/ BE MADE AS REG>DS CANNIBALISM4 ,TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ALL ! FACTS :I* W]E BR\<T TO LI<T DUR+ A REC5T CONTROV]SY ON ?IS SUBJECT AT ! ,P>IS ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 & MANY 9CID5TAL REM>KS SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ! 0SAVAGE0 LIT]ATURE1 WE >E B\ND TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ?AT PRACTICE WAS BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE BY %E] NECESSITY1 BUT ?AT IT WAS FUR!R DEVELOP$ BY SUP]/ITION & RELIGION 9TO ! PROPORTIONS IT ATTA9$ 9 ,FIJI OR 9 ,MEXICO4 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT UNTIL ?IS DAY MANY SAVAGES >E COMPELL$ TO DEV\R CORPSES 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ /ATE ( PUTREFACTION1 & ?AT 9 CASES ( ABSOLUTE SC>CITY SOME ( !M HAVE HAD TO DIS9T] & TO FE$ UPON HUMAN CORPSES1 EV5 DUR+ AN EPIDEMIC4 ,!SE >E ASC]TA9$ FACTS4 ,BUT IF WE N[ TRANSPORT \RSELVES TO ! CONDITIONS :I* MAN HAD TO FACE DUR+ ! GLACIAL P]IOD1 9 A DAMP & COLD CLIMATE1 ) BUT LITTLE VEGETABLE FOOD AT HIS DISPOSAL2 IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! T]RIBLE RAVAGES :I* SCURVY /ILL MAKES AMONG UND]F$ NATIVES1 & REMEMB] ?AT MEAT & FRE% BLOOD >E ! ONLY RE/ORATIVES :I* !Y KN[1 WE MU/ ADMIT ?AT MAN1 :O =M]LY WAS A GRANIVOR\S ANIMAL1 BECAME A FLE%-EAT] DUR+ ! GLACIAL P]IOD4 ,HE F\ND PL5TY ( DE] AT ?AT TIME1 BUT DE] (T5 MIGRATE 9 ! ,>CTIC REGIONS1 & SOMETIMES !Y 5TIRELY AB&ON A T]RITORY = A NUMB] ( YE>S4 ,9 SU* CASES HIS LA/ RES\RCES DISAPPE>$4 ,DUR+ LIKE H>D TRIALS1 CANNIBALISM HAS BE5 RESORT$ TO EV5 BY ,EUROPEANS1 & IT WAS RESORT$ TO BY ! SAVAGES4 ,UNTIL ! PRES5T TIME1 !Y OCCASIONALLY DEV\R ! CORPSES ( !IR [N DEAD3 !Y MU/ HAVE DEV\R$ !N ! CORPSES ( ?OSE :O HAD TO DIE4 ,OLD PEOPLE DI$1 CONV9C$ ?AT BY !IR DEA? !Y W]E R5D]+ A LA/ S]VICE TO ! TRIBE4 ,?IS IS :Y CANNIBALISM IS REPRES5T$ BY SOME SAVAGES AS ( DIV9E ORIG91 AS SOME?+ ?AT HAS BE5 ORD]$ BY A MESS5G] FROM ! SKY4 ,BUT LAT] ON IT LO/ ITS *>ACT] ( NECESSITY1 & SURVIV$ AS A SUP]/ITION4 ,5EMIES HAD TO BE EAT5 9 ORD] TO 9H]IT !IR C\RAGE2 &1 AT A /ILL LAT] EPO*1 ! 5EMY'S EYE OR HE>T WAS EAT5 = ! SAME PURPOSE2 :ILE AMONG O!R TRIBES1 ALREADY HAV+ A NUM]\S PRIE/HOOD & A DEVELOP$ MY?OLOGY1 EVIL GODS1 ?IR/Y = HUMAN BLOOD1 W]E 9V5T$1 & HUMAN SACRIFICES REQUIR$ BY ! PRIE/S TO APPEASE ! GODS4 ,9 ?IS RELIGI\S PHASE ( ITS EXI/5CE1 CANNIBALISM ATTA9$ ITS MO/ REVOLT+ *>ACT]S4 ,MEXICO IS A WELL-KN[N EXAMPLE2 & 9 ,FIJI1 :]E ! K+ C\LD EAT ANY ONE ( HIS SUBJECTS1 WE ALSO F9D A MI<TY CA/ ( PRIE/S1 A COMPLICAT$ !OLOGY1#c#h & A FULL DEVELOPM5T ( AUTOCRACY4 ,ORIG9AT$ BY NECESSITY1 CANNIBALISM BECAME1 AT A LAT] P]IOD1 A RELIGI\S 9/ITUTION1 & 9 ?IS =M IT SURVIV$ LONG AFT] IT HAD DISAPPE>$ FROM AMONG TRIBES :I* C]TA9LY PRACTIC$ IT 9 =M] TIMES1 BUT DID NOT ATTA9 ! !OCRATICAL /AGE ( EVOLUTION4 ,! SAME REM>K MU/ BE MADE AS REG>DS 9FANTICIDE & ! AB&ONM5T ( P>5TS4 ,9 SOME CASES !Y ALSO HAVE BE5 MA9TA9$ AS A SURVIVAL ( OLD5 TIMES1 AS A RELIGI\SLY-KEPT TRADITION ( ! PA/4 

  ,I WILL T]M9ATE MY REM>KS BY M5TION+ ANO!R CU/OM :I* ALSO IS A S\RCE ( MO/ ]RONE\S CONCLUSIONS4 ,I MEAN ! PRACTICE ( BLOOD-REV5GE4 ,ALL SAVAGES >E UND] ! IMPRESSION ?AT BLOOD %$ MU/ BE REV5G$ BY BLOOD4 ,IF ANY ONE HAS BE5 KILL$1 ! MURD]] MU/ DIE2 IF ANY ONE HAS BE5 W\ND$1 ! AGGRESSOR'S BLOOD MU/ BE %$4 ,!RE IS NO EXCEPTION TO ! RULE1 NOT EV5 = ANIMALS2 SO ! HUNT]'S BLOOD IS %$ ON HIS RETURN TO ! VILLAGE :5 HE HAS %$ ! BLOOD ( AN ANIMAL4 ,?AT IS ! SAVAGES' CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE -- A CONCEPTION :I* YET PREVAILS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE AS REG>DS MURD]4 ,N[1 :5 BO? ! (F5D] & ! (F5D$ BELONG TO ! SAME TRIBE1 ! TRIBE & ! (F5D$ P]SON SETTLE ! AFFAIR4#c#i ,BUT :5 ! (F5D] BELONGS TO ANO!R TRIBE1 & ?AT TRIBE1 = ONE REASON OR ANO!R1 REFUSES A COMP5SATION1 !N ! (F5D$ TRIBE DECIDES TO TAKE ! REV5GE ITSELF4 ,PRIMITIVE FOLK SO MU* CONSID] EV]Y ONE'S ACTS AS A TRIBAL AFFAIR1 DEP5D5T UPON TRIBAL APPROVAL1 ?AT !Y EASILY ?9K ! CLAN RESPONSIBLE = EV]Y ONE'S ACTS4 ,!RE=E1 ! DUE REV5GE MAY BE TAK5 UPON ANY MEMB] ( ! (F5D]'S CLAN OR RELATIVES4#d ,IT MAY (T5 HAPP51 H[EV]1 ?AT ! RETALIATION GOES FUR!R ?AN ! (F5SE4 ,9 TRY+ TO 9FLICT A W\ND1 !Y MAY KILL ! (F5D]1 OR W\ND HIM MORE ?AN !Y 9T5D$ TO DO1 & ?IS BECOMES A CAUSE = A NEW FEUD1 SO ?AT ! PRIMITIVE LEGISLATORS W]E C>EFUL 9 REQUIR+ ! RETALIATION TO BE LIMIT$ TO AN EYE = AN EYE1 A TOO? = A TOO?1 & BLOOD = BLOOD4#d#a 

  ,IT IS REM>KABLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ) MO/ PRIMITIVE FOLK LIKE FEUDS >E 9F9ITELY R>] ?AN MI<T BE EXPECT$2 ?\< ) SOME ( !M !Y MAY ATTA9 ABNORMAL PROPORTIONS1 ESPECIALLY ) M\NTA9E]S :O HAVE BE5 DRIV5 TO ! HI<L&S BY =EIGN 9VAD]S1 SU* AS ! M\NTA9E]S ( ,CAUCASIA1 & ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ,BORNEO -- ! ,DAYAKS4 ,) ! ,DAYAKS -- WE W]E TOLD LATELY -- ! FEUDS HAD GONE SO F> ?AT A Y\NG MAN C\LD NEI!R M>RY NOR BE PROCLAIM$ ( AGE BE=E HE HAD SECUR$ ! HEAD ( AN 5EMY4 ,?IS HORRID PRACTICE WAS FULLY DESCRIB$ 9 A MOD]N ,5GLI% WORK4#d#b ,IT APPE>S1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS AFFIRMATION WAS A GROSS EXAGG]ATION4 ,MOREOV]1 ,DAYAK 0HEAD-HUNT+0 TAKES QUITE ANO!R ASPECT :5 WE LE>N ?AT ! SUPPOS$ 0HEADHUNT]0 IS NOT ACTUAT$ AT ALL BY P]SONAL PASSION4 ,HE ACTS UND] :AT HE CONSID]S AS A MORAL OBLIGATION T[>DS HIS TRIBE1 JU/ AS ! ,EUROPEAN JUDGE :O1 9 OB$I5CE TO ! SAME1 EVID5TLY WRONG1 PR9CIPLE ( 0BLOOD = BLOOD10 H&S OV] ! CONDEMN$ MURD]] TO ! HANGMAN4 ,BO? ! ,DAYAK & ! JUDGE W\LD EV5 FEEL REMORSE IF SYMPA?Y MOV$ !M TO SP>E ! MURD]]4 ,?AT IS :Y ! ,DAYAKS1 AP>T FROM ! MURD]S !Y COMMIT :5 ACTUAT$ BY !IR CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE1 >E DEPICT$1 BY ALL ?OSE :O KN[ !M1 AS A MO/ SYMPA!TIC PEOPLE4 ,?US ,C>L ,BOCK1 ! SAME AU?OR :O HAS GIV5 SU* A T]RIBLE PICTURE ( HEAD-HUNT+1 WRITES3 

0,AS REG>DS MORALITY1 ,I AM B\ND TO ASSIGN TO ! ,DAYAKS A HI< PLACE 9 ! SCALE ( CIVILIZATION4444 ,ROBB]IES & !FT >E 5TIRELY UNKN[N AMONG !M4 ,!Y ALSO >E V]Y TRU?FUL4444 ,IF ,I DID NOT ALWAYS GET ! ':OLE TRU?1' ,I ALWAYS GOT1 AT LEA/1 NO?+ BUT ! TRU? FROM !M4 ,I WI% ,I C\LD SAY ! SAME ( ! ,MALAYS0 7PP4 #bi & #b#a74 

  ,BOCK'S TE/IMONY IS FULLY CORROBORAT$ BY ?AT ( ,IDA ,PFEIFF]4 0,I FULLY RECOGNIZ$10 %E WROTE1 0?AT ,I %\LD BE PLEAS$ LONG] TO TRAVEL AMONG !M4 ,I USUALLY F\ND !M HONE/1 GOOD1 & RES]V$444 MU* MORE SO ?AN ANY O!R NATION ,I KN[40#d#c ,/OLTZE US$ ALMO/ ! SAME LANGUAGE :5 SPEAK+ ( !M4 ,! ,DAYAKS USUALLY HAVE BUT ONE WIFE1 & TREAT H] WELL4 ,!Y >E V]Y SOCIABLE1 & EV]Y MORN+ ! :OLE CLAN GOES \T = FI%+1 HUNT+1 OR G>D5+1 9 L>GE P>TIES4 ,!IR VILLAGES CONSI/ ( BIG HUTS1 EA* ( :I* IS 9HABIT$ BY A DOZ5 FAMILIES1 & SOMETIMES BY SEV]AL HUNDR$ P]SONS1 PEACEFULLY LIV+ TOGE!R4 ,!Y %[ GREAT RESPECT = !IR WIVES1 & >E FOND ( !IR *ILDR52 & :5 ONE ( !M FALLS ILL1 ! WOM5 NURSE HIM 9 TURN4 ,AS A RULE !Y >E V]Y MOD]ATE 9 EAT+ & DR9K+4 ,SU* IS ! ,DAYAK 9 HIS REAL DAILY LIFE4 

  ,IT W\LD BE A T$I\S REPETITION IF MORE ILLU/RATIONS FROM SAVAGE LIFE W]E GIV54 ,:]EV] WE GO WE F9D ! SAME SOCIABLE MANN]S1 ! SAME SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY4 ,& :5 WE 5DEAVOR TO P5ETRATE 9TO ! D>KNESS ( PA/ AGES1 WE F9D ! SAME TRIBAL LIFE1 ! SAME ASSOCIATIONS ( M51 H[EV] PRIMITIVE1 = MUTUAL SUPPORT4 ,!RE=E1 ,D>W9 WAS QUITE RI<T :5 HE SAW 9 MAN'S SOCIAL QUALITIES ! *IEF FACTOR = HIS FUR!R EVOLUTION1 & ,D>W9'S VULG>IZ]S >E 5TIRELY WRONG :5 !Y MA9TA9 ! CONTR>Y4 

,! SMALL /R5G? & SPE$ ( MAN 7HE WROTE71 HIS WANT ( NATURAL WEAPONS1 ETC41 >E MORE ?AN C\NT]BALANC$1 FIR/LY1 BY HIS 9TELLECTUAL FACULTIES 7:I*1 HE REM>K$ ON ANO!R PAGE1 HAVE BE5 *IEFLY OR EV5 EXCLUSIVELY GA9$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! COMMUNITY71 & SECONDLY1 BY HIS SOCIAL QUALITIES1 :I* L$ HIM TO GIVE & RECEIVE AID FROM HIS FELL[ M54#d#d  

,9 ! LA/ C5TURY ! 0SAVAGE0 & HIS 0LIFE 9 ! /ATE ( NATURE0 W]E IDEALIZ$4 ,BUT N[ M5 ( SCI5CE HAVE GONE TO ! OPPOSITE EXTREME1 ESPECIALLY S9CE SOME ( !M1 ANXI\S TO PROVE ! ANIMAL ORIG9 ( MAN1 BUT NOT CONV]SANT ) ! SOCIAL ASPECTS ( ANIMAL LIFE1 BEGAN TO *>GE ! SAVAGE ) ALL IMAG9ABLE 0BE/IAL0 FEATURES4 ,IT IS EVID5T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS EXAGG]ATION IS EV5 MORE UNSCI5TIFIC ?AN ,R\SSEAU'S IDEALIZATION4 ,! SAVAGE IS NOT AN IDEAL ( VIRTUE1 NOR IS HE AN IDEAL ( 0SAVAG]Y40 ,BUT ! PRIMITIVE MAN HAS ONE QUALITY1 ELABORAT$ & MA9TA9$ BY ! V]Y NECESSITIES ( HIS H>D /RUGGLE = LIFE -- HE ID5TIFIES HIS [N EXI/5CE ) ?AT ( HIS TRIBE2 & )\T ?AT QUALITY MANK9D NEV] W\LD HAVE ATTA9$ ! LEVEL IT HAS ATTA9$ N[4 

  ,PRIMITIVE FOLK1 AS HAS BE5 ALREADY SAID1 SO MU* ID5TIFY !IR LIVES ) ?AT ( ! TRIBE1 ?AT EA* ( !IR ACTS1 H[EV] 9SIGNIFICANT1 IS CONSID]$ AS A TRIBAL AFFAIR4 ,!IR :OLE BEHAVIOR IS REGULAT$ BY AN 9F9ITE S]IES ( UNWRITT5 RULES ( PROPRIETY :I* >E ! FRUIT ( !IR COMMON EXP]I5CE AS TO :AT IS GOOD OR BAD -- ?AT IS1 B5EFICIAL OR H>MFUL = !IR [N TRIBE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! REASON+S UPON :I* !IR RULES ( PROPRIETY >E BAS$ SOMETIMES >E ABSURD 9 ! EXTREME4 ,MANY ( !M ORIG9ATE 9 SUP]/ITION2 & ALTOGE!R1 9 :ATEV] ! SAVAGE DOES1 HE SEES BUT ! IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES ( HIS ACTS2 HE CANNOT =ESEE !IR 9DIRECT & ULT]IOR CONSEQU5CES -- ?US SIMPLY EXAGG]AT+ A DEFECT ) :I* ,B5?AM REPROA*$ CIVILIZ$ LEGISLATORS4 ,BUT1 ABSURD OR NOT1 ! SAVAGE OBEYS ! PRESCRIPTIONS ( ! COMMON LAW1 H[EV] 9CONV5I5T !Y MAY BE4 ,HE OBEYS !M EV5 MORE BL9DLY ?AN ! CIVILIZ$ MAN OBEYS ! PRESCRIPTIONS ( ! WRITT5 LAW4 ,HIS COMMON LAW IS HIS RELIGION2 IT IS HIS V]Y HABIT ( LIV+4 ,! IDEA ( ! CLAN IS ALWAYS PRES5T TO HIS M9D1 & SELF-RE/RICTION & SELF-SACRIFICE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! CLAN >E ( DAILY OCCURR5CE4 ,IF ! SAVAGE HAS 9FR+$ ONE ( ! SMALL] TRIBAL RULES1 HE IS PROSECUT$ BY ! MOCK]IES ( ! WOM54 ,IF ! 9FR+EM5T IS GRAVE1 HE IS TORTUR$ DAY & NI<T BY ! FE> ( HAV+ CALL$ A CALAMITY UPON HIS TRIBE4 ,IF HE HAS W\ND$ BY ACCID5T ANY ONE ( HIS [N CLAN1 & ?US HAS COMMITT$ ! GREATE/ ( ALL CRIMES1 HE GR[S QUITE MIS]ABLE3 HE RUNS AWAY 9 ! WOODS1 & IS READY TO COMMIT SUICIDE1 UNLESS ! TRIBE ABSOLVES HIM BY 9FLICT+ UPON HIM A PHYSICAL PA9 & %$S SOME ( HIS [N BLOOD4#d#e ,)9 ! TRIBE EV]Y?+ IS %>$ 9 COMMON2 EV]Y MORSEL ( FOOD IS DIVID$ AMONG ALL PRES5T2 & IF ! SAVAGE IS ALONE 9 ! WOODS1 HE DOES NOT BEG9 EAT+ BE=E HE HAS L\DLY %\T$ ?RICE AN 9VITATION TO ANY ONE :O MAY HE> HIS VOICE TO %>E HIS MEAL4#d#f 

  ,9 %ORT1 )9 ! TRIBE ! RULE ( 0EA* = ALL0 IS SUPREME1 SO LONG AS ! SEP>ATE FAMILY HAS NOT YET BROK5 UP ! TRIBAL UNITY4 ,BUT ?AT RULE IS NOT EXT5D$ TO ! NEI<BOR+ CLANS1 OR TRIBES1 EV5 :5 !Y >E F$]AT$ = MUTUAL PROTECTION4 ,EA* TRIBE1 OR CLAN1 IS A SEP>ATE UNITY4 ,JU/ AS AMONG MAMMALS & BIRDS1 ! T]RITORY IS R\<LY ALLOTT$ AMONG SEP>ATE TRIBES1 &1 EXCEPT 9 TIMES ( W>1 ! B\ND>IES >E RESPECT$4 ,ON 5T]+ ! T]RITORY ( HIS NEI<BORS ONE MU/ %[ ?AT HE HAS NO BAD 9T5TIONS4 ,! L\D] ONE H]ALDS HIS COM+1 ! MORE CONFID5CE HE W9S2 & IF HE 5T]S A H\SE1 HE MU/ DEPOSIT HIS HAT*ET AT ! 5TRANCE4 ,BUT NO TRIBE IS B\ND TO %>E ITS FOOD ) ! O!RS3 IT MAY DO SO OR IT MAY NOT4 ,!RE=E ! LIFE ( ! SAVAGE IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO SETS ( ACTIONS1 & APPE>S UND] TWO DIFF]5T E?ICAL ASPECTS3 ! RELATIONS )9 ! TRIBE1 & ! RELATIONS ) ! \TSID]S2 & 7LIKE \R 9T]NATIONAL LAW7 ! 09T]-TRIBAL0 LAW WIDELY DIFF]S FROM ! COMMON LAW4 ,!RE=E1 :5 IT COMES TO A W> ! MO/ REVOLT+ CRUELTIES MAY BE CONSID]$ AS SO MANY CLAIMS UPON ! ADMIRATION ( ! TRIBE4 ,?IS D\BLE CONCEPTION ( MORALITY PASSES ?R\< ! :OLE EVOLUTION ( MANK9D1 & MA9TA9S ITSELF UNTIL N[4 ,WE ,EUROPEANS HAVE REALIZ$ SOME PROGRESS -- NOT IMM5SE1 AT ANY RATE -- 9 ]ADICAT+ ?AT D\BLE CONCEPTION ( E?ICS2 BUT IT ALSO MU/ BE SAID ?AT :ILE WE HAVE 9 SOME MEASURE EXT5D$ \R IDEAS ( SOLID>ITY -- 9 !ORY1 AT LEA/ -- OV] ! NATION1 & P>TLY OV] O!R NATIONS AS WELL1 WE HAVE LESS5$ ! BONDS ( SOLID>ITY )9 \R [N NATIONS1 & EV5 )9 \R [N FAMILIES4 

  ,! APPE>ANCE ( A SEP>ATE FAMILY AMID ! CLAN NECESS>ILY DI/URBS ! E/ABLI%$ UNITY4 ,A SEP>ATE FAMILY MEANS SEP>ATE PROP]TY & ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?4 ,WE SAW H[ ! ,ESKIMOS OBVIATE ITS 9CONV5I5CES2 & IT IS ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ /UDIES TO FOLL[ 9 ! C\RSE ( AGES ! DIFF]5T 9/ITUTIONS 7VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 GUILDS1 & SO ON7 BY MEANS ( :I* ! MASSES 5DEAVOR$ TO MA9TA9 ! TRIBAL UNITY1 NOT)/&+ ! AG5CIES :I* W]E AT WORK TO BREAK IT D[N4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! FIR/ RUDIM5TS ( KN[L$GE :I* APPE>$ AT AN EXTREMELY REMOTE EPO*1 :5 !Y CONF\ND$ !MSELVES ) WIT*CRAFT1 ALSO BECAME A P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL :I* C\LD BE US$ AGA9/ ! TRIBE4 ,!Y W]E C>EFULLY KEPT 9 SECRECY1 & TRANSMITT$ TO ! 9ITIAT$ ONLY1 9 ! SECRET SOCIETIES ( WIT*ES1 %AMANS1 & PRIE/S1 :I* WE F9D AMONG ALL SAVAGES4 ,BY ! SAME TIME1 W>S & 9VASIONS CREAT$ MILIT>Y AU?ORITY1 AS ALSO CA/ES ( W>RIORS1 :OSE ASSOCIATIONS OR CLUBS ACQUIR$ GREAT P[]S4 ,H[EV]1 AT NO P]IOD ( MAN'S LIFE W]E W>S ! NORMAL /ATE ( EXI/5CE4 ,:ILE W>RIORS EXT]M9AT$ EA* O!R1 & ! PRIE/S CELEBRAT$ !IR MASSACRES1 ! MASSES CONT9U$ TO LIVE !IR DAILY LIFE1 !Y PROSECUT$ !IR DAILY TOIL4 ,& IT IS ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ /UDIES TO FOLL[ ?AT LIFE ( ! MASSES2 TO /UDY ! MEANS BY :I* !Y MA9TA9$ !IR [N SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS BAS$ UPON !IR [N CONCEPTIONS ( EQUITY1 MUTUAL AID1 & MUTUAL SUPPORT -- ( COMMON LAW1 9 A WORD1 EV5 :5 !Y W]E SUBMITT$ TO ! MO/ F]OCI\S !OCRACY OR AUTOCRACY 9 ! ,/ATE4 

,NOTES 

#a ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h#h1 P4 #afe 

#b ,! ,DESC5T ( ,MAN1 5D ( *4 II4 PP4 #fc & #fd ( ! #bND $ITION4 

#c ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O FULLY 5DORSE ! ABOVE VIEWS AS REG>DS MAN NEV]!LESS 9TIMATE1 SOMETIMES1 ?AT ! APES LIVE 9 POLYGAM\S FAMILIES1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( 0A /RONG & JEAL\S MALE40 ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ F> ?AT ASS]TION IS BAS$ UPON CONCLUSIVE OBS]VATION4 ,BUT ! PASSAGE FROM ,BREHM'S ,LIFE ( ,ANIMALS1 :I* IS SOMETIMES REF]R$ TO1 CAN H>DLY BE TAK5 AS V]Y CONCLUSIVE4 ,IT OCCURS 9 HIS G5]AL DESCRIPTION ( MONKEYS2 BUT HIS MORE DETAIL$ DESCRIPTIONS ( SEP>ATE SPECIES EI!R CONTRADICT IT OR DO NOT CONFIRM IT4 ,EV5 AS REG>DS ! C]COPI!QUES1 ,BREHM IS AFFIRMATIVE 9 SAY+ ?AT !Y 0NE>LY ALWAYS LIVE 9 B&S1 & V]Y SELDOM 9 FAMILIES0 7,FR5* $ITION1 P4 #e#i74 ,AS TO O!R SPECIES1 ! V]Y NUMB]S ( !IR B&S1 ALWAYS CONTA9+ MANY MALES1 R5D] ! 0POLYGAM\S FAMILY0 MORE ?AN D\BTFUL FUR!R OBS]VATION IS EVID5TLY WANT$4 

#d ,LUBBOCK1 ,PREHI/ORIC ,TIMES1 FIF? $ITION1 #a#h#i4 

#e ,?AT EXT5SION ( ! ICE-CAP IS ADMITT$ BY MO/ ( ! GEOLOGI/S :O HAVE SPECIALLY /UDI$ ! GLACIAL AGE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY ALREADY HAS TAK5 ?IS VIEW AS REG>DS ,RUSSIA1 & MO/ ,G]MAN SPECIALI/S MA9TA9 IT AS REG>DS ,G]MANY4 ,! GLACIATION ( MO/ ( ! C5TRAL PLATEAU ( ,FRANCE WILL NOT FAIL TO BE RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,FR5* GEOLOGI/S1 :5 !Y PAY MORE ATT5TION TO ! GLACIAL DEPOSITS ALTOGE!R4 

#f ,PREHI/ORIC ,TIMES1 PP4 #bcb & #b#d#b4 

#g ,BA*(51 ,DAS ,MUTT]RE*T1 ,/UTTG>T1 #a#h#f#a2 ,LEWIS ,H4 ,MORGAN1 ,ANCI5T ,SOCIETY1 OR ,RESE>*ES 9 ! ,L9ES ( ,HUMAN ,PROGRESS FROM ,SAVAG]Y ?R\< ,B>B>ISM TO ,CIVILIZATION1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#h#g#g2 ,J4,F4 ,MAC,L5NAN1 ,/UDIES 9 ,ANCI5T ,HI/ORY1 #a/ S]IES1 NEW $ITION1 #a#h#h#f2 #bND S]IES1 #a#h#i#f2 ,L4 ,FISON & ,A4,W4 ,H[ITT1 ,KAMIL>OI & ,KURNAI1 ,MELB\RNE4 ,!SE F\R WRIT]S -- AS HAS BE5 V]Y TRULY REM>K$ BY ,GIRAUD ,TEULON1 -- />T+ FROM DIFF]5T FACTS & DIFF]5T G5]AL IDEAS1 & FOLL[+ DIFF]5T ME?ODS1 HAVE COME TO ! SAME CONCLUSION4 ,TO ,BA*(5 WE [E ! NOTION ( ! MAT]NAL FAMILY & ! MAT]NAL SUCCESSION2 TO ,MORGAN -- ! SY/EM ( K9%IP1 ,MALAYAN & ,TURANIAN1 & A HI<LY GIFT$ SKET* ( ! MA9 PHASES ( HUMAN EVOLUTION2 TO ,MAC,L5NAN -- ! LAW ( EXOG5Y2 & TO ,FISON & ,H[ITT -- ! CUADRO1 OR S*EME1 ( ! CONJUGAL SOCIETIES 9 ,AU/RALIA4 ,ALL F\R 5D 9 E/ABLI%+ ! SAME FACT ( ! TRIBAL ORIG9 ( ! FAMILY4 ,:5 ,BA*(5 FIR/ DREW ATT5TION TO ! MAT]NAL FAMILY1 9 HIS EPOC4MAK+ WORK1 & ,MORGAN DESCRIB$ ! CLAN-ORGANIZATION1 -- BO? CONCURR+ TO ! ALMO/ G5]AL EXT5SION ( !SE =MS & MA9TA9+ ?AT ! M>RIAGE LAWS LIE AT ! V]Y BASIS ( ! CONSECUTIVE /EPS ( HUMAN EVOLUTION1 !Y W]E ACCUS$ ( EXAGG]ATION4 ,H[EV]1 ! MO/ C>EFUL RESE>*ES PROSECUT$ S9CE1 BY A PHALANX ( /UD5TS ( ANCI5T LAW1 HAVE PROV$ ?AT ALL RACES ( MANK9D BE> TRACES ( HAV+ PASS$ ?R\< SIMIL> /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T ( M>RIAGE LAWS1 SU* AS WE N[ SEE 9 =CE AMONG C]TA9 SAVAGES4 ,SEE ! WORKS ( ,PO/1 ,D>GUN1 ,KOVALEVSKY1 ,LUBBOCK1 & !IR NUM]\S FOLL[]S3 ,LIPP]T1 ,MUCKE1 ETC4 

#h ,SEE ,APP5DIX ,V,I,I4 

#i ,= ! ,SEMITES & ! ,>YANS1 SEE ESPECIALLY ,PR(4 ,MAXIM ,KOVALEVSKY'S ,PRIMITIVE ,LAW 79 ,RUSSIAN71 ,MOSC[1 #ahhf & #a#h#h#g4 ,ALSO HIS ,LECTURES DELIV]$ AT ,/OCKHOLM 7,TABLEAU DES ORIG9ES ET DE L'EVOLUTION DE LA FAMILLE ET DE LA PROPRIETE1 ,/OCKHOLM1 #a#h#i71 :I* REPRES5TS AN ADMIRABLE REVIEW ( ! :OLE QUE/ION4 ,CF4 ALSO ,A4 ,PO/1 ,DIE ,GES*LE*TSG5OSS5S*AFT D] ,URZEIT1 ,OLD5BURG #a#h#g#e4 

#a ,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO 5T] H]E 9TO A DISCUSSION ( ! ORIG9 ( ! M>RIAGE RE/RICTIONS4 ,LET ME ONLY REM>K ?AT A DIVISION 9TO GR\PS1 SIMIL> TO ,MORGAN'S ,HAWAIAN1 EXI/S AMONG BIRDS2 ! Y\NG BROODS LIVE TOGE!R SEP>ATELY FROM !IR P>5TS4 ,A LIKE DIVISION MI<T PROBABLY BE TRAC$ AMONG SOME MAMMALS AS WELL4 ,AS TO ! PROHIBITION ( RELATIONS BETWE5 BRO!RS & SI/]S1 IT IS MORE LIKELY TO HAVE >IS51 NOT FROM SPECULATIONS AB\T ! BAD EFFECTS ( CONSANGU9ITY1 :I* SPECULATIONS REALLY DO NOT SEEM PROBABLE1 BUT TO AVOID ! TOO-EASY PRECOCITY ( LIKE M>RIAGES4 ,UND] CLOSE COHABITATION IT MU/ HAVE BECOME ( IMP]I\S NECESSITY4 ,I MU/ ALSO REM>K ?AT 9 DISCUSS+ ! ORIG9 ( NEW CU/OMS ALTOGE!R1 WE MU/ KEEP 9 M9D ?AT ! SAVAGES1 LIKE US1 HAVE !IR 0?9K]S0 & SAVANTS -- WIZ>DS1 DOCTORS1 PROPHETS1 ETC4 -- :OSE KN[L$GE & IDEAS >E 9 ADVANCE UPON ?OSE ( ! MASSES4 ,UNIT$ AS !Y >E 9 !IR SECRET UNIONS 7ANO!R ALMO/ UNIV]SAL FEATURE7 !Y >E C]TA9LY CAPABLE ( EX]CIS+ A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE1 & ( 5=C+ CU/OMS ! UTILITY ( :I* MAY NOT YET BE RECOGNIZ$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! TRIBE4 

#aa ,COL4 ,COLL9S1 9 ,PHILIPS' ,RESE>*ES 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#b#h4 ,QUOT$ BY ,WAITZ1 II4 #c#c#d4 

#ab ,LI*T5/E9'S ,REIS5 IM SUDLI*5 ,AFRIKA1 II4 ,PP4 #i#b1 #i#g4 ,B]L91 #a#h#a#a4 

#ac ,WAITZ1 ,AN?ROPOLOGIE D] ,NATURVOLK]1 II4 PP4 #cce SEQ4 ,SEE ALSO ,FRITS*'S ,DIE ,E+EBOR5 ,AFRIKA'S1 ,BRESLAU1 #a#h#g#b1 PP4 #*f SEQ42 & ,DREI ,JAHRE 9 ,SUD ,AFRIKA4 ,ALSO ,W4 ,BLECK1 ,A ,BRIEF ,ACC\NT ( ,BU%M5 ,FOLKLORE1 ,CAPET[N1 #a#h#g#e4 

#ad ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,GEOGRAPHIE ,UNIV]SELLE1 XIII4 #d#g#e4 

#ae ,P4 ,KOLB51 ,! ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ! ,CAPE ( ,GOOD ,HOPE1 TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,G]MAN BY ,MR4 ,M$LEY1 ,LONDON1 #a#g#c#a1 VOL4 I4 PP4 #e#i1 #g#a1 #c#c#c1 #c#c#f1 ETC4 

#af ,QUOT$ 9 ,WAITZ'S ,AN?ROPOLOGIE1 II4 #cce SEQ4 

#ag ,! NATIVES LIV+ 9 ! NOR? ( ,SIDNEY1 & SPEAK+ ! ,KAMIL>OI LANGUAGE1 >E BE/ KN[N UND] ?IS ASPECT1 ?R\< ! CAPITAL WORK ( ,LORIM] ,FISON & ,A4,W4 ,H[ITT1 ,KAMIL>OI & ,KURNAII1 ,MELB\RNE1 #a#h#h4 ,SEE ALSO ,A4,W4 ,H[ITT'S 0,FUR!R ,NOTE ON ! ,AU/RALIAN ,CLASS ,SY/EMS10 9 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE1 #a#h#h#i1 VOL4 XVIII4 P4 #c#a1 %[+ ! WIDE EXT5SION ( ! SAME ORGANIZATION 9 ,AU/RALIA4 

#ah ,! ,FOLKLORE1 ,MANN]S1 ETC41 ( ,AU/RALIAN ,ABORIG9ES1 ,ADELAIDE1 #a#h#g#i1 P4 #a#a4 

#ai ,GRAY'S ,J\RNALS ( ,TWO ,EXP$ITIONS ( ,DISCOV]Y 9 ,NOR?-,WE/ & ,WE/]N ,AU/RALIA1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#d#a1 VOL4 II4 PP4 #b#c#g1 #b#i#h4 

#b ,BULLET9 DE LA ,SOCIETE D',AN?ROPOLOGIE1 #a#h#h#h1 VOL4 XI4 P4 #f#e#b4 ,I ABRIDGE ! ANSW]S4 

#ba ,BULLET9 DE LA ,SOCIETE D',AN?ROPOLOGIE1 #a#h#h#h1 VOL4 XI4 P4 #c#h#f4 

#bb ,! SAME IS ! PRACTICE ) ! ,PAPUAS ( ,KAIMANI ,BAY1 :O HAVE A HI< REPUTATION ( HONE/Y4 0,IT NEV] HAPP5S ?AT ! ,PAPUA BE UNTRUE TO HIS PROMISE10 ,F9S* SAYS 9 ,NEUGU9EA UND SE9E ,BEWOHN]1 ,BREM51 #a#h#f#e1 P4 #h#b#i4 

#bc ,IZVE/IA ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY1 #a#h#h1 PP4 #afa SEQ4 ,FEW BOOKS ( TRAVEL GIVE A BETT] 9SI<T 9TO ! PETTY DETAILS ( ! DAILY LIFE ( SAVAGES ?AN !SE SCRAPS FROM ,MAKLAY'S NOTEBOOKS4 

#bd ,L4,F4 ,M>TIAL1 9 ,MISSION ,SCI5TIFIQUE AU ,CAP ,HORN1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#c1 VOL4 I4 PP4 #a#h#c-#b#a4 

#be ,CAPTA9 ,HOLM'S ,EXP$ITION TO ,EA/ ,GRE5L&4 

#bf ,9 ,AU/RALIA :OLE CLANS HAVE BE5 SE5 EX*ANG+ ALL !IR WIVES1 9 ORD] TO CONJURE A CALAMITY 7,PO/1 ,/UDI5 ZUR ,5TWICKLUNGSGES*I*TE DES ,FAMILI5RE*TS1 #a#h#i1 P4 #c#d#b74 ,MORE BRO!RHOOD IS !IR SPECIFIC AGA9/ CALAMITIES4 

#bg ,DR4 ,H4 ,R9K1 ,! ,ESKIMO ,TRIBES1 P4 #bf 7,M$DELELS] OM ,GRONL&1 VOL4 XI4 #a#h#h#g74 

#bh ,DR4 ,R9K1 LOC4 CIT4 P4 #b#d4 ,EUROPEANS1 GR[N 9 ! RESPECT ( ,ROMAN LAW1 >E SELDOM CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ ?AT =CE ( TRIBAL AU?ORITY4 0,9 FACT10 ,DR4 ,R9K WRITES1 0IT IS NOT ! EXCEPTION1 BUT ! RULE1 ?AT :ITE M5 :O HAVE /AY$ = T5 OR TW5TY YE>S AMONG ! ,ESKIMO1 RETURN )\T ANY REAL ADDITION TO !IR KN[L$GE ( ! TRADITIONAL IDEAS UPON :I* !IR SOCIAL /ATE IS BAS$4 ,! :ITE MAN1 :E!R A MISSION>Y OR A TRAD]1 IS FIRM 9 HIS DOGMATIC OP9ION ?AT ! MO/ VULG> ,EUROPEAN IS BETT] ?AN ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ NATIVE40 -- ,! ,ESKIMO ,TRIBES1 P4 #c#a4 

#bi ,DALL1 ,ALASKA & ITS ,RES\RCES1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,U4,S41 #a#h#g4 

#c ,DALL SAW IT 9 ,ALASKA1 ,JACOBS5 AT ,IGNITOK 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! ,B]+ ,/RAIT4 ,GILB]T ,SPROAT M5TIONS IT AMONG ! ,VANC\V] 9DIANS2 & ,DR4 ,R9K1 :O DESCRIBES ! P]IODICAL EXHIBITIONS JU/ M5TION$1 ADDS3 0,! PR9CIPAL USE ( ! ACCUMULATION ( P]SONAL WEAL? IS = P]IODICALLY DI/RIBUT+ IT40 ,HE ALSO M5TIONS 7LOC4 CIT4 P4 #c#a7 0! DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY = ! SAME PURPOSE1' 7( MA9TA9+ EQUALITY74 

#ca ,SEE ,APP5DIX ,V,I,I,I4 

#cb ,V5IAM9(F1 ,MEMOIRS RELATIVE TO ! ,DI/RICT ( ,UNALA%KA 7,RUSSIAN71 #c VOLS4 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #a#h#d4 ,EXTRACTS1 9 ,5GLI%1 FROM ! ABOVE >E GIV5 9 ,DALL'S ,ALASKA4 ,A LIKE DESCRIPTION ( ! ,AU/RALIANS' MORALITY IS GIV5 9 ,NATURE1 XLII4 P4 #f#c#i4 

#cc ,IT IS MO/ REM>KABLE ?AT SEV]AL WRIT]S 7,MIDD5DORFF1 ,S*R5K1 ,O4 ,F9S*7 DESCRIB$ ! ,O/YAKS & ,SAMOY$ES 9 ALMO/ ! SAME WORDS4 ,EV5 :5 DRUNK51 !IR QU>RELS >E 9SIGNIFICANT4 0,= A HUNDR$ YE>S ONE S+LE MURD] HAS BE5 COMMITT$ 9 ! TUNDRA20 0!IR *ILDR5 NEV] FI<T20 0ANY?+ MAY BE LEFT = YE>S 9 ! TUNDRA1 EV5 FOOD & G91 & NOBODY WILL T\* IT20 & SO ON4 ,GILB]T ,SPROAT 0NEV] WITNESS$ A FI<T BETWE5 TWO SOB] NATIVES0 ( ! ,AHT ,9DIANS ( ,VANC\V] ,ISL&4 0,QU>REL+ IS ALSO R>E AMONG !IR *ILDR540 7,R9K1 LOC4 CIT47 ,& SO ON4 

#cd ,GILL1 QUOT$ 9 ,G]L& & ,WAITZ'S ,AN?ROPOLOGIE1 V4 #f#d#a4 ,SEE ALSO PP4 #f#c#f-#f#d1 :]E MANY FACTS ( P>5TAL & FILIAL LOVE >E QUOT$4 

#ce ,PRIMITIVE ,FOLK1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#i#a4 

#cf ,G]L&1 LOC4 CIT4 V4 #f#c#f4 

#cg ,]SK9E1 QUOT$ 9 ,G]L& & ,WAITZ'S ,AN?ROPOLOGIE1 V4 #f#d4 

#* ,W4,T4 ,PRIT*>D1 ,POLYNESIAN ,REM9ISC5CES1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#f#f1 P4 #c#f#c4 

#ci ,IT IS REM>KABLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT 9 CASE ( A S5T5CE ( DEA?1 NOBODY WILL TAKE UPON HIMSELF TO BE ! EXECUTION]4 ,EV]Y ONE ?R[S HIS /ONE1 OR GIVES HIS BL[ ) ! HAT*ET1 C>EFULLY AVOID+ TO GIVE A MORTAL BL[4 ,AT A LAT] EPO*1 ! PRIE/ WILL /AB ! VICTIM ) A SACR$ KNIFE4 ,/ILL LAT]1 IT WILL BE ! K+1 UNTIL CIVILIZATION 9V5TS ! HIR$ HANGMAN4 ,SEE ,BA/IAN'S DEEP REM>KS UPON ?IS SUBJECT 9 ,D] ,M5S* 9 D] ,GES*I*TE1 III4 ,DIE ,BLUTRA*E1 PP4 #a-#c#f4 ,A REMA9D] ( ?IS TRIBAL HABIT1 ,I AM TOLD BY ,PR(ESSOR ,E4 ,NYS1 HAS SURVIV$ 9 MILIT>Y EXECUTIONS TILL \R [N TIMES4 ,9 ! MIDDLE PORTION ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IT WAS ! HABIT TO LOAD ! RIFLES ( ! TWELVE SOLDI]S CALL$ \T = %OOT+ ! CONDEMN$ VICTIM1 ) ELEV5 BALL-C>TRIDGES & ONE BLANK C>TRIDGE4 ,AS ! SOLDI]S NEV] KNEW :O ( !M HAD ! LATT]1 EA* ONE C\LD CONSOLE HIS DI/URB$ CONSCI5CE BY ?9K+ ?AT HE WAS NOT ONE ( ! MURD]]S4 

#d ,9 ,AFRICA1 & ELSE:]E TOO1 IT IS A WIDELY-SPREAD HABIT1 ?AT IF A !FT HAS BE5 COMMITT$1 ! NEXT CLAN HAS TO RE/ORE ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! /OL5 ?+1 & !N LOOK ITSELF = ! ?IEF4 ,A4 ,H4 ,PO/1 ,AFRIKANIS*E ,JURISPRUD5Z1 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#h#g1 VOL4 I4 P4 #g#g4 

#da ,SEE ,PR(4 ,M4 ,KOVALEVSKY'S ,MOD]N ,CU/OMS & ,ANCI5T ,LAW 7,RUSSIAN71 ,MOSC[1 #a#h#h#f1 VOL4 II41 :I* CONTA9S MANY IMPORTANT CONSID]ATIONS UPON ?IS SUBJECT4 

#db ,SEE ,C>L ,BOCK1 ,! ,HEAD ,HUNT]S ( ,BORNEO1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#h#a4 ,I AM TOLD1 H[EV]1 BY ,SIR ,HU< ,LAW1 :O WAS = A LONG TIME ,GOV]NOR ( ,BORNEO1 ?AT ! 0HEAD-HUNT+0 DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS BOOK IS GROSSLY EXAGG]AT$4 ,ALTOGE!R1 MY 9=MANT SPEAKS ( ! ,DAYAKS 9 EXACTLY ! SAME SYMPA!TIC T]MS AS ,IDA ,PFEIFF]4 ,LET ME ADD ?AT ,M>Y ,K+SLEY SPEAKS 9 H] BOOK ON ,WE/ ,AFRICA 9 ! SAME SYMPA!TIC T]MS ( ! ,FANS1 :O HAD BE5 REPRES5T$ =M]LY AS ! MO/ 0T]RIBLE CANNIBALS40 

#dc ,IDA ,PFEIFF]1 ,ME9E ZWEITE ,WELTRIEZE1 ,WI51 #a#h#e#f1 VOL4 I4 PP4 #aaf SEQ4 ,SEE ALSO ,MULL] & ,TEMM9*'S ,DUT* ,POSSESSIONS 9 ,>*IPELAGIC ,9DIA1 QUOT$ BY ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 9 ,GEOGRAPHIE ,UNIV]SELLE1 XIII4 

#dd ,DESC5T ( ,MAN1 SECOND $41 PP4 #f#c1 #f#d4 

#de ,SEE ,BA/IAN'S ,M5S* 9 D] ,GES*I*TE1 III4 P4 #g4 ,ALSO ,GRAY1 LOC4 CIT4 II4 P4 #b#c#h4 

#df ,MIKLUKHO-,MACLAY1 LOC4 CIT4 ,SAME HABIT ) ! ,HOTT5TOTS4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#a1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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