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,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

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,POPUL> REVOLTS AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,/ATE-P]IOD4 -- ,MUTUAL ,AID 9/ITUTIONS ( ! PRES5T TIME4 -- ,! VILLAGE COMMUNITY2 ITS /RUGGLES = RESI/+ ITS ABOLITION BY ! ,/ATE4 -- ,HABITS D]IV$ FROM ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY LIFE1 RETA9$ 9 \R MOD]N VILLAGES4 -- ,SWITZ]L&1 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,RUSSIA4 

,! MUTUAL-AID T5D5CY 9 MAN HAS SO REMOTE AN ORIG91 & IS SO DEEPLY 9T]WOV5 ) ALL ! PA/ EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN RACE1 ?AT IT HAS BE5 MA9TA9$ BY MANK9D UP TO ! PRES5T TIME1 NOT)/&+ ALL VICISSITUDES ( HI/ORY4 ,IT WAS *IEFLY EVOLV$ DUR+ P]IODS ( PEACE & PROSP]ITY2 BUT :5 EV5 ! GREATE/ CALAMITIES BEFELL M5 -- :5 :OLE C\NTRIES W]E LAID WA/E BY W>S1 & :OLE POPULATIONS W]E DECIMAT$ BY MIS]Y1 OR GROAN$ UND] ! YOKE ( TYRANNY -- ! SAME T5D5CY CONT9U$ TO LIVE 9 ! VILLAGES & AMONG ! POOR] CLASSES 9 ! T[NS2 IT /ILL KEPT !M TOGE!R1 & 9 ! LONG RUN IT REACT$ EV5 UPON ?OSE RUL+1 FI<T+1 & DEVA/AT+ M9ORITIES :I* DISMISS$ IT AS S5TIM5TAL NONS5SE4 ,& :5EV] MANK9D HAD TO WORK \T A NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ADAPT$ TO A NEW PHASE ( DEVELOPM5T1 ITS CON/RUCTIVE G5IUS ALWAYS DREW ! ELEM5TS & ! 9SPIRATION = ! NEW DEP>TURE FROM ?AT SAME EV]-LIV+ T5D5CY4 ,NEW ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 9 SO F> AS !Y W]E A CREATION ( ! MASSES1 NEW E?ICAL SY/EMS1 & NEW RELIGIONS1 ALL HAVE ORIG9AT$ FROM ! SAME S\RCE1 & ! E?ICAL PROGRESS ( \R RACE1 VIEW$ 9 ITS BROAD L9ES1 APPE>S AS A GRADUAL EXT5SION ( ! MUTUAL-AID PR9CIPLES FROM ! TRIBE TO ALWAYS L>G] & L>G] AGGLOM]ATIONS1 SO AS TO F9ALLY EMBRACE ONE DAY ! :OLE ( MANK9D1 )\T RESPECT TO ITS DIV]SE CRE$S1 LANGUAGES1 & RACES4 

,AFT] HAV+ PASS$ ?R\< ! SAVAGE TRIBE1 & NEXT ?R\< ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ! ,EUROPEANS CAME TO WORK \T 9 M$IEVAL TIMES A NEW =M ( ORGANIZATION1 :I* HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( ALL[+ GREAT LATITUDE = 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 :ILE IT L>GELY RESPOND$ AT ! SAME TIME TO MAN'S NE$ ( MUTUAL SUPPORT4 ,A F$]ATION ( VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 COV]$ BY A NETWORK ( GUILDS & FRAT]NITIES1 WAS CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE 9 ! M$IEVAL CITIES4 ,! IMM5SE RESULTS A*IEV$ UND] ?IS NEW =M ( UNION -- 9 WELL-BE+ = ALL1 9 9DU/RIES1 >T1 SCI5CE1 & COMM]CE -- W]E DISCUSS$ AT SOME L5G? 9 TWO PREC$+ *APT]S1 & AN ATTEMPT WAS ALSO MADE TO %[ :Y1 T[>DS ! 5D ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 ! M$IEVAL REPUBLICS -- SURR\ND$ BY DOMA9S ( HO/ILE FEUDAL LORDS1 UNABLE TO FREE ! PEASANTS FROM S]VITUDE1 & GRADUALLY CORRUPT$ BY IDEAS ( ,ROMAN ,CAES>ISM -- W]E DOOM$ TO BECOME A PREY TO ! GR[+ MILIT>Y ,/ATES4 

,H[EV]1 BE=E SUBMITT+ = ?REE C5TURIES TO COME1 TO ! ALL-ABSORB+ AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE1 ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE MADE A =MIDABLE ATTEMPT AT RECON/RUCT+ SOCIETY ON ! OLD BASIS ( MUTUAL AID & SUPPORT4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N BY ?IS TIME ?AT ! GREAT MOVEM5T ( ! RE=M WAS NOT A M]E REVOLT AGA9/ ! ABUSES ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,IT HAD ITS CON/RUCTIVE IDEAL AS WELL1 & ?AT IDEAL WAS LIFE 9 FREE1 BRO!RLY COMMUNITIES4 ,?OSE ( ! E>LY WRIT+S & S]MONS ( ! P]IOD :I* F\ND MO/ RESPONSE ) ! MASSES W]E IMBU$ ) IDEAS ( ! ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL BRO!RHOOD ( MANK9D4 ,! 0,TWELVE ,>TICLES0 & SIMIL> PR(ESSIONS ( FAI?1 :I* W]E CIRCULAT$ AMONG ! ,G]MAN & ,SWISS PEASANTS & >TISANS1 MA9TA9$ NOT ONLY EV]Y ONE'S RI<T TO 9T]PRET ! ,BIBLE ACCORD+ TO HIS [N UND]/&+1 BUT ALSO 9CLUD$ ! DEM& ( COMMUNAL L&S BE+ RE/OR$ TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES & FEUDAL S]VITUDES BE+ ABOLI%$1 & !Y ALWAYS ALLUD$ TO ! 0TRUE0 FAI? -- A FAI? ( BRO!RHOOD4 ,AT ! SAME TIME SCORES ( ?\S&S ( M5 & WOM5 JO9$ ! COMMUNI/ FRAT]NITIES ( ,MORAVIA1 GIV+ !M ALL !IR =TUNE & LIV+ 9 NUM]\S & PROSP]\S SETTLEM5TS CON/RUCT$ UPON ! PR9CIPLES ( COMMUNISM4#a ,ONLY :OLESALE MASSACRES BY ! ?\S& C\LD PUT A /OP TO ?IS WIDELY-SPREAD POPUL> MOVEM5T1 & IT WAS BY ! SWORD1 ! FIRE1 & ! RACK ?AT ! Y\NG ,/ATES SECUR$ !IR FIR/ & DECISIVE VICTORY OV] ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4#b 

,= ! NEXT ?REE C5TURIES ! ,/ATES1 BO? ON ! ,CONT95T & 9 !SE ISL&S1 SY/EMATICALLY WE$$ \T ALL 9/ITUTIONS 9 :I* ! MUTUAL-AID T5D5CY HAD =M]LY F\ND ITS EXPRESSION4 ,! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES W]E B]EFT ( !IR FOLKMOTES1 !IR C\RTS & 9DEP5D5T ADM9I/RATION2 !IR L&S W]E CONFISCAT$4 ,! GUILDS W]E SPOLIAT$ ( !IR POSSESSIONS & LIB]TIES1 & PLAC$ UND] ! CONTROL1 ! FANCY1 & ! BRIB]Y ( ! ,/ATE'S (FICIAL4 ,! CITIES W]E DIVE/$ ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY1 & ! V]Y SPR+S ( !IR 9N] LIFE -- ! FOLKMOTE1 ! ELECT$ JU/ICES & ADM9I/RATION1 ! SOV]EIGN P>I% & ! SOV]EIGN GUILD -- W]E ANNIHILAT$2 ! ,/ATE'S FUNCTION>Y TOOK POSSESSION ( EV]Y L9K ( :AT =M]LY WAS AN ORGANIC :OLE4 ,UND] ?AT FATAL POLICY & ! W>S IT 5G5D]$1 :OLE REGIONS1 ONCE POPUL\S & WEAL?Y1 W]E LAID B>E2 RI* CITIES BECAME 9SIGNIFICANT BOR\<S2 ! V]Y ROADS :I* CONNECT$ !M ) O!R CITIES BECAME IMPRACTICABLE4 ,9DU/RY1 >T1 & KN[L$GE FELL 9TO DECAY4 ,POLITICAL $UCATION1 SCI5CE1 & LAW W]E R5D]$ SUBS]VI5T TO ! IDEA ( ,/ATE C5TRALIZATION4 ,IT WAS TAU<T 9 ! UNIV]SITIES & FROM ! PULPIT ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS 9 :I* M5 =M]LY US$ TO EMBODY !IR NE$S ( MUTUAL SUPPORT C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$ 9 A PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ ,/ATE2 ?AT ! ,/ATE ALONE C\LD REPRES5T ! BONDS ( UNION BETWE5 ITS SUBJECTS2 ?AT F$]ALISM & 0P>TICUL>ISM0 W]E ! 5EMIES ( PROGRESS1 & ! ,/ATE WAS ! ONLY PROP] 9ITIATOR ( FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY ! K+S ON ! ,CONT95T1 ! ,P>LIAM5T 9 !SE ISLES1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y ,CONV5TION 9 ,FRANCE1 AL?\< !Y W]E AT W> ) EA* O!R1 AGRE$ 9 ASS]T+ ?AT NO SEP>ATE UNIONS BETWE5 CITIZ5S MU/ EXI/ )9 ! ,/ATE2 ?AT H>D LABOR & DEA? W]E ! ONLY SUITABLE PUNI%M5TS TO WORK]S :O D>$ TO 5T] 9TO 0COALITIONS40 0,NO /ATE )9 ! ,/ATE60 ,! ,/ATE ALONE1 & ! ,/ATE'S ,*UR*1 MU/ TAKE C>E ( MATT]S ( G5]AL 9T]E/1 :ILE ! SUBJECTS MU/ REPRES5T LOOSE AGGREGATIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 CONNECT$ BY NO P>TICUL> BONDS1 B\ND TO APPEAL TO ! ,GOV]NM5T EA* TIME ?AT !Y FEEL A COMMON NE$4 ,UP TO ! MIDDLE ( ?IS C5TURY ?IS WAS ! !ORY & PRACTICE 9 ,EUROPE4 ,EV5 COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES W]E LOOK$ AT ) SUSPICION4 ,AS TO ! WORK]S1 !IR UNIONS W]E TREAT$ AS UNLAWFUL ALMO/ )9 \R [N LIFETIME 9 ?IS C\NTRY & )9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S ON ! ,CONT95T4 ,! :OLE SY/EM ( \R ,/ATE $UCATION WAS SU* ?AT UP TO ! PRES5T TIME1 EV5 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 A NOTABLE PORTION ( SOCIETY W\LD TREAT AS A REVOLUTION>Y MEASURE ! CONCESSION ( SU* RI<TS AS EV]Y ONE1 FREEMAN OR S]F1 EX]CIS$ FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO 9 ! VILLAGE FOLKMOTE1 ! GUILD1 ! P>I%1 & ! CITY4 

,! ABSORPTION ( ALL SOCIAL FUNCTIONS BY ! ,/ATE NECESS>ILY FAVOR$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN UNBRIDL$1 N>R[-M9D$ 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,9 PROPORTION AS ! OBLIGATIONS T[>DS ! ,/ATE GREW 9 NUMB]S ! CITIZ5S W]E EVID5TLY RELIEV$ FROM !IR OBLIGATIONS T[>DS EA* O!R4 ,9 ! GUILD -- & 9 M$IEVAL TIMES EV]Y MAN BELONG$ TO SOME GUILD OR FRAT]NITY TWO 0BRO!RS0 W]E B\ND TO WAT* 9 TURNS A BRO!R :O HAD FALL5 ILL2 IT W\LD BE SUFFICI5T N[ TO GIVE ONE'S NEI<BOR ! ADDRESS ( ! NEXT PAUP]S' HOSPITAL4 ,9 B>B>IAN SOCIETY1 TO ASSI/ AT A FI<T BETWE5 TWO M51 >IS5 FROM A QU>REL1 & NOT TO PREV5T IT FROM TAK+ A FATAL ISSUE1 MEANT TO BE ONESELF TREAT$ AS A MURD]]2 BUT UND] ! !ORY ( ! ALL-PROTECT+ ,/ATE ! BY/&] NE$ NOT 9TRUDE3 IT IS ! POLICEMAN'S BUS9ESS TO 9T]F]E1 OR NOT4 ,& :ILE 9 A SAVAGE L&1 AMONG ! ,HOTT5TOTS1 IT W\LD BE SC&AL\S TO EAT )\T HAV+ L\DLY CALL$ \T ?RICE :E!R !RE IS NOT SOMEBODY WANT+ TO %>E ! FOOD1 ALL ?AT A RESPECTABLE CITIZ5 HAS TO DO N[ IS TO PAY ! POOR TAX & TO LET ! />V+ />VE4 ,! RESULT IS1 ?AT ! !ORY :I* MA9TA9S ?AT M5 CAN1 & MU/1 SEEK !IR [N HAPP9ESS 9 A DISREG>D ( O!R PEOPLE'S WANTS IS N[ TRIUMPHANT ALL R\ND 9 LAW1 9 SCI5CE1 9 RELIGION4 ,IT IS ! RELIGION ( ! DAY1 & TO D\BT ( ITS EFFICACY IS TO BE A DANG]\S ,UTOPIAN4 ,SCI5CE L\DLY PROCLAIMS ?AT ! /RUGGLE ( EA* AGA9/ ALL IS ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLE ( NATURE1 & ( HUMAN SOCIETIES AS WELL4 ,TO ?AT /RUGGLE BIOLOGY ASCRIBES ! PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION ( ! ANIMAL WORLD4 ,HI/ORY TAKES ! SAME L9E ( >GUM5T2 & POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 9 !IR NAIVE IGNORANCE1 TRACE ALL PROGRESS ( MOD]N 9DU/RY & MA*9]Y TO ! 0WOND]FUL0 EFFECTS ( ! SAME PR9CIPLE4 ,! V]Y RELIGION ( ! PULPIT IS A RELIGION ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 SLI<TLY MITIGAT$ BY MORE OR LESS *>ITABLE RELATIONS TO ONE'S NEI<BORS1 *IEFLY ON ,SUNDAYS4 0,PRACTICAL0 M5 & !ORI/S1 M5 ( SCI5CE & RELIGI\S PREA*]S1 LAWY]S & POLITICIANS1 ALL AGREE UPON ONE ?+ -- ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM MAY BE MORE OR LESS S(T5$ 9 ITS H>%E/ EFFECTS BY *>ITY1 BUT ?AT IT IS ! ONLY SECURE BASIS = ! MA9T5ANCE ( SOCIETY & ITS ULT]IOR PROGRESS4 

,IT SEEMS1 !RE=E1 HOPELESS TO LOOK = MUTUAL-AID 9/ITUTIONS & PRACTICES 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,:AT C\LD REMA9 ( !M8 ,& YET1 AS SOON AS WE TRY TO ASC]TA9 H[ ! MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S LIVE1 & BEG9 TO /UDY !IR EV]YDAY RELATIONS1 WE >E /RUCK ) ! IMM5SE P>T :I* ! MUTUAL-AID & MUTUAL-SUPPORT PR9CIPLES PLAY EV5 N[-A-DAYS 9 HUMAN LIFE4 ,AL?\< ! DE/RUCTION ( MUTUAL-AID 9/ITUTIONS HAS BE5 GO+ ON 9 PRACTICE & !ORY1 = FULL ?REE OR F\R HUNDR$ YE>S1 HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( M5 CONT9UE TO LIVE UND] SU* 9/ITUTIONS2 !Y PI\SLY MA9TA9 !M & 5DEAVOR TO RECON/ITUTE !M :]E !Y HAVE CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,9 \R MUTUAL RELATIONS EV]Y ONE ( US HAS HIS MOM5TS ( REVOLT AGA9/ ! FA%IONABLE 9DIVIDUALI/IC CRE$ ( ! DAY1 & ACTIONS 9 :I* M5 >E GUID$ BY !IR MUTUAL AID 9CL9ATIONS CON/ITUTE SO GREAT A P>T ( \R DAILY 9T]C\RSE ?AT IF A /OP TO SU* ACTIONS C\LD BE PUT ALL FUR!R E?ICAL PROGRESS W\LD BE /OPP$ AT ONCE4 ,HUMAN SOCIETY ITSELF C\LD NOT BE MA9TA9$ = EV5 SO MU* AS ! LIFETIME ( ONE S+LE G5]ATION4 ,!SE FACTS1 MO/LY NEGLECT$ BY SOCIOLOGI/S & YET ( ! FIR/ IMPORTANCE = ! LIFE & FUR!R ELEVATION ( MANK9D1 WE >E N[ GO+ TO ANALYZE1 BEG9N+ ) ! /&+ 9/ITUTIONS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT1 & PASS+ NEXT TO ?OSE ACTS ( MUTUAL AID :I* HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 P]SONAL OR SOCIAL SYMPA?IES4 

,:5 WE CA/ A BROAD GLANCE ON ! PRES5T CON/ITUTION ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY WE >E /RUCK AT ONCE ) ! FACT ?AT1 AL?\< SO MU* HAS BE5 DONE TO GET RID ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ?IS =M ( UNION CONT9UES TO EXI/ TO ! EXT5T WE %ALL PRES5TLY SEE1 & ?AT MANY ATTEMPTS >E N[ MADE EI!R TO RECON/ITUTE IT 9 SOME %APE OR ANO!R OR TO F9D SOME SUB/ITUTE = IT4 ,! CURR5T !ORY AS REG>DS ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY IS1 ?AT 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE IT HAS DI$ \T BY A NATURAL DEA?1 BECAUSE ! COMMUNAL POSSESSION ( ! SOIL WAS F\ND 9CONSI/5T ) ! MOD]N REQUIREM5TS ( AGRICULTURE4 ,BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT NO:]E DID ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY DISAPPE> ( ITS [N ACCORD2 EV]Y:]E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT TOOK ! RUL+ CLASSES SEV]AL C5TURIES ( P]SI/5T BUT NOT ALWAYS SUCCESSFUL EF=TS TO ABOLI% IT & TO CONFISCATE ! COMMUNAL L&S4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES BEGAN TO BE DEPRIV$ ( !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 & !IR L&S BEGAN TO BE PLUND]$1 AS E>LY AS ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS ONLY 9 ! NEXT C5TURY1 :5 ! MASS ( ! PEASANTS WAS BR\<T1 BY EXACTIONS & W>S1 TO ! /ATE ( SUBJECTION & MIS]Y :I* IS VIVIDLY DEPICT$ BY ALL HI/ORIANS1 ?AT ! PLUND]+ ( !IR L&S BECAME EASY & ATTA9$ SC&AL\S PROPORTIONS4 0,EV]Y ONE HAS TAK5 ( !M ACCORD+ TO HIS P[]S444 IMAG9>Y DEBTS HAVE BE5 CLAIM$1 9 ORD] TO SEIZE UPON !IR L&S20 SO WE READ 9 AN $ICT PROMULGAT$ BY ,L\IS ! ,F\RTE5? 9 #a#f#f#g4#c ,( C\RSE ! ,/ATE'S REM$Y = SU* EVILS WAS TO R5D] ! COMMUNES /ILL MORE SUBS]VI5T TO ! ,/ATE1 & TO PLUND] !M ITSELF4 ,9 FACT1 TWO YE>S LAT] ALL MONEY REV5UE ( ! COMMUNES WAS CONFISCAT$ BY ! ,K+4 ,AS TO ! APPROPRIATION ( COMMUNAL L&S1 IT GREW WORSE & WORSE1 & 9 ! NEXT C5TURY ! NOBLES & ! CL]GY HAD ALREADY TAK5 POSSESSION ( IMM5SE TRACTS ( L& -- ONE-HALF ( ! CULTIVAT$ >EA1 ACCORD+ TO C]TA9 E/IMATES -- MO/LY TO LET IT GO \T ( CULTURE4#d ,BUT ! PEASANTS /ILL MA9TA9$ !IR COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & UNTIL ! YE> #a<g ! VILLAGE FOLKMOTES1 COMPOS$ ( ALL H\SEHOLD]S1 US$ TO COME TOGE!R 9 ! %AD[ ( ! BELL-T[] OR A TREE1 TO ALLOT & RE-ALLOT :AT !Y HAD RETA9$ ( !IR FIELDS1 TO ASSESS ! TAXES1 & TO ELECT !IR EXECUTIVE1 JU/ AS ! ,RUSSIAN MIR DOES AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,?IS IS :AT ,BABEAU'S RESE>*ES HAVE PROV$ TO DEMON/RATION4#e 

,! ,GOV]NM5T F\ND1 H[EV]1 ! FOLKMOTES 0TOO NOISY10 TOO DISOB$I5T1 & 9 #a#g#h#g1 ELECT$ C\NCILS1 COMPOS$ ( A MAYOR & ?REE TO SIX SYNDICS1 *OS5 FROM AMONG ! WEAL?I] PEASANTS1 W]E 9TRODUC$ 9/EAD4 ,TWO YE>S LAT] ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ASSEMBLE E ,CON/ITUANTE1 :I* WAS ON ?IS PO9T AT ONE ) ! OLD REGIME1 FULLY CONFIRM$ ?IS LAW 7ON ! #a#d? ( ,DECEMB]1 #a#g#h#i71 & ! B\RGEOIS DU VILLAGE HAD N[ !IR TURN = ! PLUND] ( COMMUNAL L&S1 :I* CONT9U$ ALL ?R\< ! ,REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,ONLY ON ! #a#f? ( ,AUGU/1 #a#g#i#b1 ! ,CONV5TION1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! PEASANTS' 9SURRECTIONS1 DECID$ TO RETURN ! 5CLOS$ L&S TO ! COMMUNES2#f BUT IT ORD]$ AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !Y %\LD BE DIVID$ 9 EQUAL P>TS AMONG ! WEAL?I] PEASANTS ONLY -- A MEASURE :I* PROVOK$ NEW 9SURRECTIONS & WAS ABROGAT$ NEXT YE>1 9 #a#g#i#c1 :5 ! ORD] CAME TO DIVIDE ! COMMUNAL L&S AMONG4 ,ALL COMMON]S1 RI* & POOR ALIKE1 0ACTIVE0 & 09ACTIVE40 

,!SE TWO LAWS1 H[EV]1 RAN SO MU* AGA9/ ! CONCEPTIONS ( ! PEASANTS ?AT !Y W]E NOT OBEY$1 & :]EV] ! PEASANTS HAD RETAK5 POSSESSION ( P>T ( !IR L&S !Y KEPT !M UNDIVID$4 ,BUT !N CAME ! LONG YE>S ( W>S1 & ! COMMUNAL L&S W]E SIMPLY CONFISCAT$ BY ! ,/ATE 79 #a#g#i#d7 AS A MORTGAGE = ,/ATE LOANS1 PUT UP = SALE1 & PLUND]$ AS SU*2 !N RETURN$ AGA9 TO ! COMMUNES & CONFISCAT$ AGA9 79 #a#h#a#c72 & ONLY 9 #ahaf :AT REMA9$ ( !M1 I4E4 AB\T #a#e11 ACRES ( ! LEA/ PRODUCTIVE L&1 WAS RE/OR$ TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4#g ,/ILL ?IS WAS NOT YET ! 5D ( ! TR\BLES ( ! COMMUNES4 ,EV]Y NEW REGIME SAW 9 ! COMMUNAL L&S A MEANS = GRATIFY+ ITS SUPPORT]S1 & ?REE LAWS 7! FIR/ 9 #ahcg & ! LA/ UND] ,NAPOLEON ! ,?IRD7 W]E PASS$ TO 9DUCE ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES TO DIVIDE !IR E/ATES4 ,?REE TIMES !SE LAWS HAD TO BE REPEAL$1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! OPPOSITION !Y MET ) 9 ! VILLAGES2 BUT SOME?+ WAS SNAPP$ UP EA* TIME1 & ,NAPOLEON ! ,?IRD1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( 5C\RAG+ P]FECT$ ME?ODS ( AGRICULTURE1 GRANT$ L>GE E/ATES \T ( ! COMMUNAL L&S TO SOME ( HIS FAVORITES4 

,AS TO ! AUTONOMY ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 :AT C\LD BE RETA9$ ( IT AFT] SO MANY BL[S8 ,! MAYOR & ! SYNDICS W]E SIMPLY LOOK$ UPON AS UNPAID FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,/ATE MA*9]Y4 ,EV5 N[1 UND] ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 V]Y LITTLE CAN BE DONE 9 A VILLAGE COMMUNITY )\T ! HUGE ,/ATE MA*9]Y1 UP TO ! PREFET & ! M9I/RIES1 BE+ SET 9 MOTION4 ,IT IS H>DLY CR$IBLE1 & YET IT IS TRUE1 ?AT :51 = 9/ANCE1 A PEASANT 9T5DS TO PAY 9 MONEY HIS %>E 9 ! REPAIR ( A COMMUNAL ROAD1 9/EAD ( HIMSELF BREAK+ ! NECESS>Y AM\NT ( /ONES1 NO FEW] ?AN TWELVE DIFF]5T FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,/ATE MU/ GIVE !IR APPROVAL1 & AN AGGREGATE ( FIFTY-TWO DIFF]5T ACTS MU/ BE P]=M$ BY !M1 & EX*ANG$ BETWE5 !M1 BE=E ! PEASANT IS P]MITT$ TO PAY ?AT MONEY TO ! COMMUNAL C\NCIL4 ,ALL ! REMA9D] BE>S ! SAME *>ACT]4#h 

,:AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,FRANCE TOOK PLACE EV]Y:]E 9 ,WE/]N & ,MIDDLE ,EUROPE4 ,EV5 ! *IEF DATES ( ! GREAT ASSAULTS UPON ! PEASANT L&S >E ! SAME4 ,= ,5GL& ! ONLY DIFF]5CE IS ?AT ! SPOLIATION WAS ACCOMPLI%$ BY SEP>ATE ACTS RA!R ?AN BY G5]AL SWEEP+ MEASURES -- ) LESS HA/E BUT MORE ?OR\<LY ?AN 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! SEIZURE ( ! COMMUNAL L&S BY ! LORDS ALSO BEGAN 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION ( #a* -- AS SE5 FROM ,ROSSUS'S ,HI/ORIA & FROM A /ATUTE ( ,H5RY ! ,SEV5?1 9 :I* !SE SEIZURES >E SPOK5 ( UND] ! HEAD+ ( 05ORMITEES & MYS*EFES AS BE HURTFULL444 TO ! COMMON WELE40#i ,LAT] ON ! ,GREAT ,9QUE/1 UND] ,H5RY ! ,EI<?1 WAS BEGUN1 AS IS KN[N1 9 ORD] TO PUT A /OP TO ! 5CLOSURE ( COMMUNAL L&S1 BUT IT 5D$ 9 A SANCTION ( :AT HAD BE5 DONE4#a ,! COMMUNAL L&S CONT9U$ TO BE PREY$ UPON1 & ! PEASANTS W]E DRIV5 FROM ! L&4 ,BUT IT WAS ESPECIALLY S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ?AT1 9 ,5GL& AS EV]Y:]E ELSE1 IT BECAME P>T ( A SY/EMATIC POLICY TO SIMPLY WE$ \T ALL TRACES ( COMMUNAL [N]%IP2 & ! WOND] IS NOT ?AT IT HAS DISAPPE>$1 BUT ?AT IT C\LD BE MA9TA9$1 EV5 9 ,5GL&1 SO AS TO BE 0G5]ALLY PREVAL5T SO LATE AS ! GR&FA!RS ( ?IS G5]ATION40#a#a ,! V]Y OBJECT ( ! ,5CLOSURE ,ACTS1 AS %[N BY ,MR4 ,SEEBOHM1 WAS TO REMOVE ?IS SY/EM1#a#b & IT WAS SO WELL REMOV$ BY ! NE>LY F\R ?\S& ,ACTS PASS$ BETWE5 #agf & #ahdd ?AT ONLY FA9T TRACES ( IT REMA9 N[4 ,! L& ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES WAS TAK5 BY ! LORDS1 & ! APPROPRIATION WAS SANCTION$ BY ,P>LIAM5T 9 EA* SEP>ATE CASE4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,AU/RIA1 9 ,BELGIUM ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY WAS ALSO DE/ROY$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,9/ANCES ( COMMON]S !MSELVES DIVID+ !IR L&S W]E R>E1#a#c :ILE EV]Y:]E ! ,/ATES CO]C$ !M TO 5=CE ! DIVISION1 OR SIMPLY FAVOR$ ! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( !IR L&S4 ,! LA/ BL[ TO COMMUNAL [N]%IP 9 ,MIDDLE ,EUROPE ALSO DATES FROM ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,9 ,AU/RIA %E] =CE WAS US$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T1 9 #a#g#f#h1 TO COMPEL ! COMMUNES TO DIVIDE !IR L&S -- A SPECIAL COMMISSION BE+ NOM9AT$ TWO YE>S LAT] = ?AT PURPOSE4 ,9 ,PRUSSIA ,FR$]ICK ! ,SECOND1 9 SEV]AL ( HIS ORD9ANCES 79 #a#g#e#b1 #a#g#f#c1 #a#g#f#e1 & #a#g#f#i71 RECOMM5D$ TO ! ,JU/IZCOLLEGI5 TO 5=CE ! DIVISION4 ,9 ,SILESIA A SPECIAL RESOLUTION WAS ISSU$ TO S]VE ?AT AIM 9 #a#g#g#a4 ,! SAME TOOK PLACE 9 ,BELGIUM1 &1 AS ! COMMUNES DID NOT OBEY1 A LAW WAS ISSU$ 9 #ahdg EMP[]+ ! ,GOV]NM5T TO BUY COMMUNAL MEAD[S 9 ORD] TO SELL !M 9 RETAIL1 & TO MAKE A =C$ SALE ( ! COMMUNAL L& :5 !RE WAS A W\LD-BE BUY] = IT4#a#d 

,9 %ORT1 TO SPEAK ( ! NATURAL DEA? ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES 9 VIRTUE ( ECONOMICAL LAWS IS AS GRIM A JOKE AS TO SPEAK ( ! NATURAL DEA? ( SOLDI]S SLAU<T]$ ON A BATTLEFIELD4 ,! FACT WAS SIMPLY ?IS3 ,! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES HAD LIV$ = OV] A ?\S& YE>S2 & :]E & :5 ! PEASANTS W]E NOT RU9$ BY W>S & EXACTIONS !Y /EADILY IMPROV$ !IR ME?ODS ( CULTURE4 ,BUT AS ! VALUE ( L& WAS 9CREAS+1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! GR[? ( 9DU/RIES1 & ! NOBILITY HAD ACQUIR$1 UND] ! ,/ATE ORGANIZATION1 A P[] :I* IT NEV] HAD HAD UND] ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 IT TOOK POSSESSION ( ! BE/ P>TS ( ! COMMUNAL L&S1 & DID ITS BE/ TO DE/ROY ! COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,H[EV]1 ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY 9/ITUTIONS SO WELL RESPOND TO ! NE$S & CONCEPTIONS ( ! TILL]S ( ! SOIL ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ALL1 ,EUROPE IS UP TO ?IS DATE COV]$ ) LIV+ SURVIVALS ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 & ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY LIFE IS P]MEAT$ ) CU/OMS & HABITS DAT+ FROM ! COMMUNITY P]IOD4 ,EV5 9 ,5GL&1 NOT)/&+ ALL ! DRA/IC MEASURES TAK5 AGA9/ ! OLD ORD] ( ?+S1 IT PREVAIL$ AS LATE AS ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,MR4 ,GOMME -- ONE ( ! V]Y FEW ,5GLI% S*OL>S :O HAVE PAID ATT5TION TO ! SUBJECT -- %[S 9 HIS WORK ?AT MANY TRACES ( ! COMMUNAL POSSESSION ( ! SOIL >E F\ND 9 ,SCOTL&1 0RUNRIG0 T5ANCY HAV+ BE5 MA9TA9$ 9 ,=F>%IRE UP TO #a#h#a#c1 :ILE 9 C]TA9 VILLAGES ( ,9V]NESS ! CU/OM WAS1 UP TO #a#h#a1 TO PL[ ! L& = ! :OLE COMMUNITY1 )\T LEAV+ ANY B\ND>IES1 & TO ALLOT IT AFT] ! PL[+ WAS DONE4 ,9 ,KILMORIE ! ALLOTM5T & RE-ALLOTM5T ( ! FIELDS WAS 9 FULL VIGOR 0TILL ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S10 & ! ,CR(T]S' ,COMMISSION F\ND IT /ILL 9 VIGOR 9 C]TA9 ISL&S4#a#e ,9 ,IREL& ! SY/EM PREVAIL$ UP TO ! GREAT FAM9E2 & AS TO ,5GL&1 ,M>%ALL'S WORKS1 :I* PASS$ UNNOTIC$ UNTIL ,NASSE & ,SIR ,H5RY ,MA9E DREW ATT5TION TO !M1 LEAVE NO D\BT AS TO ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY SY/EM HAV+ BE5 WIDELY SPREAD1 9 NE>LY ALL ,5GLI% C\NTIES1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4#a#f ,NO MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S AGO ,SIR ,H5RY ,MA9E WAS 0GREATLY SURPRIS$ AT ! NUMB] ( 9/ANCES ( ABNORMAL PROP]TY RI<TS1 NECESS>ILY IMPLY+ ! =M] EXI/5CE ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP & JO9T CULTIVATION10 :I* A COMP>ATIVELY BRIEF 9QUIRY BR\<T UND] HIS NOTICE4#a#g ,&1 COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS HAV+ P]SI/$ SO LATE AS ?AT1 A GREAT NUMB] ( MUTUAL-AID HABITS & CU/OMS W\LD UND\BT$LY BE DISCOV]$ 9 ,5GLI% VILLAGES IF ! WRIT]S ( ?IS C\NTRY ONLY PAID ATT5TION TO VILLAGE LIFE4#a#h 

,AS TO ! ,CONT95T1 WE F9D ! COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS FULLY ALIVE 9 MANY P>TS ( ,FRANCE1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ! ,SC&9AVIAN L&S1 & ,SPA91 TO SAY NO?+ ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE2 ! VILLAGE LIFE 9 !SE C\NTRIES IS P]MEAT$ ) COMMUNAL HABITS & CU/OMS2 & ALMO/ EV]Y YE> ! ,CONT95TAL LIT]ATURE IS 5RI*$ BY S]I\S WORKS DEAL+ ) ?IS & CONNECT$ SUBJECTS4 ,I MU/1 !RE=E1 LIMIT MY ILLU/RATIONS TO ! MO/ TYPICAL 9/ANCES4 ,SWITZ]L& IS UND\BT$LY ONE ( !M4 ,NOT ONLY ! FIVE REPUBLICS ( ,URI1 ,S*WYTZ1 ,APP5ZELL1 ,GL>US1 & ,UNT]WALD5 HOLD !IR L&S AS UNDIVID$ E/ATES1 & >E GOV]N$ BY !IR POPUL> FOLKMOTES1 BUT 9 ALL O!R CANTONS TOO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES REMA9 9 POSSESSION ( A WIDE SELF-GOV]NM5T1 & [N L>GE P>TS ( ! ,F$]AL T]RITORY4#a#i ,TWO-?IRDS ( ALL ! ,ALP9E MEAD[S & TWO-?IRDS ( ALL ! =E/S ( ,SWITZ]L& >E UNTIL N[ COMMUNAL L&2 & A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( FIELDS1 OR*>DS1 V9EY>DS1 PEAT BOGS1 QU>RIES1 & SO ON1 >E [N$ 9 COMMON4 ,9 ! ,VAUD1 :]E ALL ! H\SEHOLD]S CONT9UE TO TAKE P>T 9 ! DELIB]ATIONS ( !IR ELECT$ COMMUNAL C\NCILS1 ! COMMUNAL SPIRIT IS ESPECIALLY ALIVE4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! W9T] ALL ! Y\NG M5 ( EA* VILLAGE GO TO /AY A FEW DAYS 9 ! WOODS1 TO FELL TIMB] & TO BR+ IT D[N ! /EEP SLOPES TOBOGGAN+ WAY1 ! TIMB] & ! FUEL WOOD BE+ DIVID$ AMONG ALL H\SEHOLDS OR SOLD = !IR B5EFIT4 ,!SE EXCURSIONS >E REAL FETES ( MANLY LABOR4 ,ON ! BANKS ( ,LAKE ,LEMAN P>T ( ! WORK REQUIR$ TO KEEP UP ! T]RACES ( ! V9EY>DS IS /ILL DONE 9 COMMON2 & 9 ! SPR+1 :5 ! !RMOMET] ?REAT5S TO FALL BEL[ Z]O BE=E SUNRISE1 ! WAT*MAN WAKES UP ALL H\SEHOLD]S1 :O LI<T FIRES ( /RAW & DUNG & PROTECT !IR V9E-TREES FROM ! FRO/ BY AN >TIFICIAL CL\D4 ,9 NE>LY ALL CANTONS ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES POSSESS SO-CALL$ ,BURG]NUTZ5 -- ?AT IS1 !Y HOLD 9 COMMON A NUMB] ( C[S1 9 ORD] TO SUPPLY EA* FAMILY ) BUTT]2 OR !Y KEEP COMMUNAL FIELDS OR V9EY>DS1 ( :I* ! PRODUCE IS DIVID$ BETWE5 ! BUR<]S1 OR !Y R5T !IR L& = ! B5EFIT ( ! COMMUNITY4#b 

,IT MAY BE TAK5 AS A RULE ?AT :]E ! COMMUNES HAVE RETA9$ A WIDE SPH]E ( FUNCTIONS1 SO AS TO BE LIV+ P>TS ( ! NATIONAL ORGANISM1 & :]E !Y HAVE NOT BE5 R$UC$ TO %E] MIS]Y1 !Y NEV] FAIL TO TAKE GOOD C>E ( !IR L&S4 ,ACCORD+LY ! COMMUNAL E/ATES 9 ,SWITZ]L& /RIK+LY CONTRA/ ) ! MIS]ABLE /ATE ( 0COMMONS0 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,! COMMUNAL =E/S 9 ! ,VAUD & ! ,VALAIS >E ADMIRABLY MANAG$1 9 CON=MITY ) ! RULES ( MOD]N =E/RY4 ,ELSE:]E ! 0/RIPS0 ( COMMUNAL FIELDS1 :I* *ANGE [N]S UND] ! SY/EM ( RE-ALLOTM5T1 >E V]Y WELL MANUR$1 ESPECIALLY AS !RE IS NO LACK ( MEAD[S & CATTLE4 ,! HI< LEVEL MEAD[S >E WELL KEPT AS A RULE1 & ! RURAL ROADS >E EXCELL5T4#b#a ,& :5 WE ADMIRE ! ,SWISS *ALET1 ! M\NTA9 ROAD1 ! PEASANTS' CATTLE1 ! T]RACES ( V9EY>DS1 OR ! S*OOL-H\SE 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 WE MU/ KEEP 9 M9D ?AT )\T ! TIMB] = ! *ALET BE+ TAK5 FROM ! COMMUNAL WOODS & ! /ONE FROM ! COMMUNAL QU>RIES1 )\T ! C[S BE+ KEPT ON ! COMMUNAL MEAD[S1 & ! ROADS BE+ MADE & ! S*OOL-H\SES BUILT BY COMMUNAL WORK1 !RE W\LD BE LITTLE TO ADMIRE4 

,IT H>DLY NE$ BE SAID ?AT A GREAT NUMB] ( MUTUAL-AID HABITS & CU/OMS CONT9UE TO P]SI/ 9 ! ,SWISS VILLAGES4 ,! EV5+ GA!R+S = %ELL+ WALNUTS1 :I* TAKE PLACE 9 TURNS 9 EA* H\SEHOLD2 ! EV5+ P>TIES = SEW+ ! D[RY ( ! GIRL :O IS GO+ TO M>RY2 ! CALL+ ( 0AIDS0 = BUILD+ ! H\SES & TAK+ 9 ! CROPS1 AS WELL AS = ALL SORTS ( WORK :I* MAY BE REQUIR$ BY ONE ( ! COMMON]S2 ! CU/OM ( EX*ANG+ *ILDR5 FROM ONE CANTON TO ! O!R1 9 ORD] TO MAKE !M LE>N TWO LANGUAGES1 ,FR5* & ,G]MAN2 & SO ON -- ALL !SE >E QUITE HABITUAL2#b#b :ILE1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 DIV]SE MOD]N REQUIREM5TS >E MET 9 ! SAME SPIRIT4 ,?US 9 ,GL>US MO/ ( ! ,ALP9E MEAD[S HAVE BE5 SOLD DUR+ A TIME ( CALAMITY2 BUT ! COMMUNES /ILL CONT9UE TO BUY FIELD L&1 & AFT] ! NEWLY-B\<T FIELDS HAVE BE5 LEFT 9 ! POSSESSION ( SEP>ATE COMMON]S = T51 TW5TY1 OR ?IRTY YE>S1 AS ! CASE MI<T BE1 !Y RETURN TO ! COMMON /OCK1 :I* IS RE-ALLOTT$ ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ALL4 ,A GREAT NUMB] ( SMALL ASSOCIATIONS >E =M$ TO PRODUCE SOME ( ! NECESS>IES = LIFE -- BREAD1 *EESE1 & W9E -- BY COMMON WORK1 BE IT ONLY ON A LIMIT$ SCALE2 & AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATION ALTOGE!R SPREADS 9 ,SWITZ]L& ) ! GREATE/ EASE4 ,ASSOCIATIONS =M$ BETWE5 T5 TO ?IRTY PEASANTS1 :O BUY MEAD[S & FIELDS 9 COMMON1 & CULTIVATE !M AS CO-[N]S1 >E ( COMMON OCCURR5CE2 :ILE DAIRY ASSOCIATIONS = ! SALE ( MILK1 BUTT]1 & *EESE >E ORGANIZ$ EV]Y:]E4 ,9 FACT1 ,SWITZ]L& WAS ! BIR?PLACE ( ?AT =M ( COOP]ATION4 ,IT (F]S1 MOREOV]1 AN IMM5SE FIELD = ! /UDY ( ALL SORTS ( SMALL & L>GE SOCIETIES1 =M$ = ! SATISFACTION ( ALL SORTS ( MOD]N WANTS4 ,9 C]TA9 P>TS ( ,SWITZ]L& ONE F9DS 9 ALMO/ EV]Y VILLAGE A NUMB] ( ASSOCIATIONS -- = PROTECTION FROM FIRE1 = BOAT+1 = MA9TA9+ ! QUAYS ON ! %ORES ( A LAKE1 = ! SUPPLY ( WAT]1 & SO ON2 & ! C\NTRY IS COV]$ ) SOCIETIES ( >*]S1 %>P%OOT]S1 TOPOGRAPH]S1 FOOTPA? EXPLOR]S1 & ! LIKE1 ORIG9AT$ FROM MOD]N MILIT>ISM4 

,SWITZ]L& IS1 H[EV]1 BY NO MEANS AN EXCEPTION 9 ,EUROPE1 BECAUSE ! SAME 9/ITUTIONS & HABITS >E F\ND 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,FRANCE1 ( ,ITALY1 ( ,G]MANY1 ( ,D5M>K1 & SO ON4 ,WE HAVE JU/ SE5 :AT HAS BE5 DONE BY ! RUL]S ( ,FRANCE 9 ORD] TO DE/ROY ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY & TO GET HOLD ( ITS L&S2 BUT NOT)/&+ ALL ?AT ONE-T5? P>T ( ! :OLE T]RITORY AVAILABLE = CULTURE1 I4E4 #a#c1#e1 ACRES1 9CLUD+ ONE-HALF ( ALL ! NATURAL MEAD[S & NE>LY A FIF? P>T ( ALL ! =E/S ( ! C\NTRY1 REMA9 9 COMMUNAL POSSESSION4 ,! WOODS SUPPLY ! COMMUN]S ) FUEL1 & ! TIMB] WOOD IS CUT1 MO/LY BY COMMUNAL WORK1 ) ALL DESIRABLE REGUL>ITY2 ! GRAZ+ L&S >E FREE = ! COMMON]S' CATTLE2 & :AT REMA9S ( COMMUNAL FIELDS IS ALLOTT$ & RE-ALLOTT$ 9 C]TA9 P>TS ,>D5NES -- 9 ! USUAL ( ,FRANCE -- NAMELY1 9 ! WAY4#b#c 

,!SE ADDITIONAL S\RCES ( SUPPLY1 :I* AID ! POOR] PEASANTS TO PASS ?R\< A YE> ( BAD CROPS )\T P>T+ ) !IR SMALL PLOTS ( L& & )\T RUNN+ 9TO IRR$EEMABLE DEBTS1 HAVE C]TA9LY !IR IMPORTANCE = BO? ! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S & ! NE>LY ?REE MILLIONS ( SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETORS4 ,IT IS EV5 D\BTFUL :E!R SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETOR%IP C\LD BE MA9TA9$ )\T !SE ADDITIONAL RES\RCES4 ,BUT ! E?ICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! COMMUNAL POSSESSIONS1 SMALL AS !Y >E1 IS /ILL GREAT] ?AN !IR ECONOMICAL VALUE4 ,!Y MA9TA9 9 VILLAGE LIFE A NUCLEUS ( CU/OMS & HABITS ( MUTUAL AID :I* UND\BT$LY ACTS AS A MI<TY *ECK UPON ! DEVELOPM5T ( RECKLESS 9DIVIDUALISM & GRE$9ESS1 :I* SMALL L&-[N]%IP IS ONLY TOO PRONE TO DEVELOP4 ,MUTUAL AID 9 ALL POSSIBLE CIRCUM/ANCES ( VILLAGE LIFE IS P>T ( ! R\T9E LIFE 9 ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,EV]Y:]E WE MEET1 UND] DIFF]5T NAMES1 ) ! *>ROI1 I4E4 ! FREE AID ( ! NEI<BORS = TAK+ 9 A CROP1 = V9TAGE1 OR = BUILD+ A H\SE2 EV]Y:]E WE F9D ! SAME EV5+ GA!R+S AS HAVE JU/ BE5 M5TION$ 9 ,SWITZ]L&2 & EV]Y:]E ! COMMON]S ASSOCIATE = ALL SORTS ( WORK4 ,SU* HABITS >E M5TION$ BY NE>LY ALL ?OSE :O HAVE WRITT5 UPON ,FR5* VILLAGE LIFE4 ,BUT IT WILL P]HAPS BE BETT] TO GIVE 9 ?IS PLACE SOME AB/RACTS FROM LETT]S :I* ,I HAVE JU/ RECEIV$ FROM A FRI5D ( M9E :OM ,I HAVE ASK$ TO COMMUNICATE TO ME HIS OBS]VATIONS ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,!Y COME FROM AN AG$ MAN :O = YE>S HAS BE5 ! MAYOR ( HIS COMMUNE 9 ,S\? ,FRANCE 79 ,>IEGE72 ! FACTS HE M5TIONS >E KN[N TO HIM FROM LONG YE>S ( P]SONAL OBS]VATION1 & !Y HAVE ! ADVANTAGE ( COM+ FROM ONE NEI<BORHOOD 9/EAD ( BE+ SKIMM$ FROM A L>GE >EA4 ,SOME ( !M MAY SEEM TRIFL+1 BUT AS A :OLE !Y DEPICT QUITE A LITTLE WORLD ( VILLAGE LIFE4 

0,9 SEV]AL COMMUNES 9 \R NEI<BORHOOD10 MY FRI5D WRITES1 0! OLD CU/OM ( L'EMPR\NT IS 9 VIGOR4 ,:5 MANY H&S >E REQUIR$ 9 A METAIRIE = RAPIDLY MAK+ SOME WORK -- DIG \T POTATOES OR M[ ! GRASS -- ! Y\? ( ! NEI<BORHOOD IS CONVOK$2 Y\NG M5 & GIRLS COME 9 NUMB]S1 MAKE IT GAILY & = NO?+2 & 9 ! EV5+1 AFT] A GAY MEAL1 !Y DANCE4 

0,9 ! SAME COMMUNES1 :5 A GIRL IS GO+ TO M>RY1 ! GIRLS ( ! NEI<BORHOOD COME TO AID 9 SEW+ ! D[RY4 ,9 SEV]AL COMMUNES ! WOM5 /ILL CONT9UE TO SP9 A GOOD DEAL4 ,:5 ! W9D+ (F HAS TO BE DONE 9 A FAMILY IT IS DONE 9 ONE EV5+ -- ALL FRI5DS BE+ CONVOK$ = ?AT WORK4 ,9 MANY COMMUNES ( ! ,>IEGE & O!R P>TS ( ! S\?-WE/ ! %ELL+ ( ! ,9DIAN CORN-%EAVES IS ALSO DONE BY ALL ! NEI<BORS4 ,!Y >E TREAT$ ) *E/NUTS & W9E1 & ! Y\NG PEOPLE DANCE AFT] ! WORK HAS BE5 DONE4 ,! SAME CU/OM IS PRACTIC$ = MAK+ NUT OIL & CRU%+ HEMP4 ,9 ! COMMUNE ( ,L4 ! SAME IS DONE = BR++ 9 ! CORN CROPS4 ,!SE DAYS ( H>D WORK BECOME FETE DAYS1 AS ! [N] /AKES HIS HONOR ON S]V+ A GOOD MEAL4 ,NO REMUN]ATION IS GIV52 ALL DO IT = EA* O!R4#b#d 

0,9 ! COMMUNE ( ,S4 ! COMMON GRAZ+-L& IS EV]Y YE> 9CREAS$1 SO ?AT NE>LY ! :OLE ( ! L& ( ! COMMUNE IS N[ KEPT 9 COMMON4 ,! %EPH]DS >E ELECT$ BY ALL [N]S ( ! CATTLE1 9CLUD+ WOM54 ,! BULLS >E COMMUNAL4 

0,9 ! COMMUNE ( ,M4 ! =TY TO FIFTY SMALL %EEP FLOCKS ( ! COMMON]S >E BR\<T TOGE!R & DIVID$ 9TO ?REE OR F\R FLOCKS BE=E BE+ S5T TO ! HI<] MEAD[S4 ,EA* [N] GOES = A WEEK TO S]VE AS %EPH]D4 

0,9 ! HAMLET ( ,C4 A ?RE%+ MA*9E HAS BE5 B\<T 9 COMMON BY SEV]AL H\SEHOLDS2 ! FIFTE5 TO TW5TY P]SONS REQUIR$ TO S]VE ! MA*9E BE+ SUPPLI$ BY ALL ! FAMILIES4 ,?REE O!R ?RE%+ MA*9ES HAVE BE5 B\<T & >E R5T$ \T BY !IR [N]S1 BUT ! WORK IS P]=M$ BY \TSIDE HELP]S1 9VIT$ 9 ! USUAL WAY4 

0,9 \R COMMUNE ( ,R4 WE HAD TO RAISE ! WALL ( ! CEMET]Y4 ,HALF ( ! MONEY :I* WAS REQUIR$ = BUY+ LIME & = ! WAGES ( ! SKILL$ WORK]S WAS SUPPLI$ BY ! C\NTY C\NCIL1 & ! O!R HALF BY SUBSCRIPTION4 ,AS TO ! WORK ( C>RY+ S& & WAT]1 MAK+ MORT>1 & S]V+ ! MASONS1 IT WAS DONE 5TIRELY BY VOLUNTE]S .<JU/ AS 9 ! ,KABYLE DJEMMAA.>4 ,! RURAL ROADS W]E REPAIR$ 9 ! SAME WAY1 BY VOLUNTE] DAYS ( WORK GIV5 BY ! COMMON]S4 ,O!R COMMUNES HAVE BUILT 9 ! SAME WAY !IR F\NTA9S4 ,! W9E-PRESS & O!R SMALL] APPLIANCES >E FREQU5TLY KEPT BY ! COMMUNE40 

,TWO RESID5TS ( ! SAME NEI<BORHOOD1 QUE/ION$ BY MY FRI5D1 ADD ! FOLL[+3 -- 

0,AT ,O4 A FEW YE>S AGO !RE WAS NO MILL4 ,! COMMUNE HAS BUILT ONE1 LEVY+ A TAX UPON ! COMMON]S4 ,AS TO ! MILL]1 !Y DECID$1 9 ORD] TO AVOID FRAUDS & P>TIALITY1 ?AT HE %\LD BE PAID TWO FRANCS = EA* BREAD-EAT]1 & ! CORN BE GR\ND FREE4 

0,AT ,/4 ,G4 FEW PEASANTS >E 9SUR$ AGA9/ FIRE4 ,:5 A CONFLAGRATION HAS TAK5 PLACE -- SO IT WAS LATELY -- ALL GIVE SOME?+ TO ! FAMILY :I* HAS SUFF]$ FROM IT -- A *ALDRON1 A B$-CLO?1 A *AIR1 & SO ON -- & A MODE/ H\SEHOLD IS ?US RECON/ITUT$4 ,ALL ! NEI<BORS AID TO BUILD ! H\SE1 & 9 ! MEANTIME ! FAMILY IS LODG$ FREE BY ! NEI<BORS40 

,SU* HABITS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT -- ( :I* MANY MORE EXAMPLES C\LD BE GIV5 -- UND\BT$LY ACC\NT = ! EAS9ESS ) :I* ! ,FR5* PEASANTS ASSOCIATE = US+1 9 TURN1 ! PL[ ) ITS TEAM ( HORSES1 ! W9E-PRESS1 & ! ?RE%+ MA*9E1 :5 !Y >E KEPT 9 ! VILLAGE BY ONE ( !M ONLY1 AS WELL AS = ! P]=MANCE ( ALL SORTS ( RURAL WORK 9 COMMON4 ,CANALS W]E MA9TA9$1 =E/S W]E CLE>$1 TREES W]E PLANT$1 & M>%ES W]E DRA9$ BY ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL2 & ! SAME CONT9UES /ILL4 ,QUITE LATELY1 9 ,LA ,BORNE ( ,LOZ]E B>R5 HILLS W]E TURN$ 9TO RI* G>D5S BY COMMUNAL WORK4 0,! SOIL WAS BR\<T ON M5'S BACKS2 T]RACES W]E MADE & PLANT$ ) *E/NUT TREES1 PEA* TREES1 & OR*>DS1 & WAT] WAS BR\<T = IRRIGATION 9 CANALS TWO OR ?REE MILES LONG40 ,JU/ N[ !Y HAVE DUG A NEW CANAL1 ELEV5 MILES 9 L5G?4#b#e 

,TO ! SAME SPIRIT IS ALSO DUE ! REM>KABLE SUCCESS LATELY OBTA9$ BY ! SYNDICATS AGRICOLES1 OR PEASANTS' & F>M]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL #ahhd ?AT ASSOCIATIONS ( MORE ?AN N9ETE5 P]SONS W]E P]MITT$ 9 ,FRANCE1 & ,I NE$ NOT SAY ?AT :5 ?IS 0DANG]\S EXP]IM5T0 WAS V5TUR$ UPON -- SO IT WAS /YL$ 9 ! ,*AMB]S -- ALL DUE 0PRECAUTIONS0 :I* FUNCTION>IES CAN 9V5T W]E TAK54 ,NOT)/&+ ALL ?AT1 ,FRANCE BEG9S TO BE COV]$ ) SYNDICATES4 ,AT ! \TSET !Y W]E ONLY =M$ = BUY+ MANURES & SE$S1 FALSIFICATION HAV+ ATTA9$ COLOSSAL PROPORTIONS 9 !SE TWO BRAN*ES2#b#f BUT GRADUALLY !Y EXT5D$ !IR FUNCTIONS 9 V>I\S DIRECTIONS1 9CLUD+ ! SALE ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE & P]MAN5T IMPROVEM5TS ( ! L&4 ,9 ,S\? ,FRANCE ! RAVAGES ( ! PHYLLOX]A HAVE CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE A GREAT NUMB] ( W9E-GR[]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,T5 TO ?IRTY GR[]S =M A SYNDICATE1 BUY A /EAM-5G9E = PUMP+ WAT]1 & MAKE ! NECESS>Y >RANGEM5TS = 9UNDAT+ !IR V9EY>DS 9 TURN4#b#g ,NEW ASSOCIATIONS = PROTECT+ ! L& FROM 9UNDATIONS1 = IRRIGATION PURPOSES1 & = MA9TA9+ CANALS >E CONT9UALLY =M$1 & ! UNANIMITY ( ALL PEASANTS ( A NEI<BORHOOD1 :I* IS REQUIR$ BY LAW1 IS NO OB/ACLE4 ,ELSE:]E WE HAVE ! FRUITI]ES1 OR DAIRY ASSOCIATIONS1 9 SOME ( :I* ALL BUTT] & *EESE IS DIVID$ 9 EQUAL P>TS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! YIELD ( EA* C[4 ,9 ! ,>IEGE WE F9D AN ASSOCIATION ( EI<T SEP>ATE COMMUNES = ! COMMON CULTURE ( !IR L&S1 :I* !Y HAVE PUT TOGE!R2 SYNDICATES = FREE M$ICAL AID HAVE BE5 =M$ 9 #agb COMMUNES \T ( #ccg 9 ! SAME DEP>TM5T2 ASSOCIATIONS ( CONSUM]S >ISE 9 CONNECTION ) ! SYNDICATES2 & SO ON4#b#h 0,QUITE A REVOLUTION IS GO+ ON 9 \R VILLAGES10 ,ALFR$ ,BAUDRILL>T WRITES1 0?R\< !SE ASSOCIATIONS1 :I* TAKE 9 EA* REGION !IR [N SPECIAL *>ACT]S4 

0,V]Y MU* ! SAME MU/ BE SAID ( ,G]MANY4 ,:]EV] ! PEASANTS C\LD RESI/ ! PLUND] ( !IR L&S1 !Y HAVE RETA9$ !M 9 COMMUNAL [N]%IP1 :I* L>GELY PREVAILS 9 ,WURTTEMB]G1 ,BAD51 ,HOH5ZOLL]N1 & 9 ! ,HESSIAN PROV9CE ( ,/>K5B]G4#b#i ,! COMMUNAL =E/S >E KEPT1 AS A RULE1 9 AN EXCELL5T /ATE1 & 9 ?\S&S ( COMMUNES TIMB] & FUEL WOOD >E DIVID$ EV]Y YE> AMONG ALL 9HABITANTS2 EV5 ! OLD CU/OM ( ! ,LE%OLZTAG IS WIDELY SPREAD3 AT ! R++ ( ! VILLAGE BELL ALL GO TO ! =E/ TO TAKE AS MU* FUEL WOOD AS !Y CAN C>RY4#c ,9 ,WE/PHALIA ONE F9DS COMMUNES 9 :I* ALL ! L& IS CULTIVAT$ AS ONE COMMON E/ATE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ALL REQUIREM5TS ( MOD]N AGRONOMY4 ,AS TO ! OLD COMMUNAL CU/OMS & HABITS1 !Y >E 9 VIGOR 9 MO/ P>TS ( ,G]MANY4 ,! CALL+ 9 ( AIDS1 :I* >E REAL FETES ( LABOR1 IS KN[N TO BE QUITE HABITUAL 9 ,WE/PHALIA1 ,HESSE1 & ,NASSAU4 ,9 WELL-TIMB]$ REGIONS ! TIMB] = A NEW H\SE IS USUALLY TAK5 FROM ! COMMUNAL =E/1 & ALL ! NEI<BORS JO9 9 BUILD+ ! H\SE4 ,EV5 9 ! SUBURBS ( ,FRANK=T IT IS A REGUL> CU/OM AMONG ! G>D5]S ?AT 9 CASE ( ONE ( !M BE+ ILL ALL COME ON ,SUNDAY TO CULTIVATE HIS G>D54#c#a 

,9 ,G]MANY1 AS 9 ,FRANCE1 AS SOON AS ! RUL]S ( ! PEOPLE REPEAL$ !IR LAWS AGA9/ ! PEASANT ASSOCIATIONS -- ?AT WAS ONLY 9 #a#h#h#d-#a#h#h#h -- !SE UNIONS BEGAN TO DEVELOP ) A WOND]FUL RAPIDITY1 NOT)/&+ ALL LEGAL OB/ACLES :I* W]E PUT 9 !IR WAY#c#b4 0,IT IS A FACT10 ,BU*5B]G] SAYS1 0?AT 9 ?\S&S ( VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 9 :I* NO SORT ( *EMICAL MANURE OR RATIONAL FODD] WAS EV] KN[N1 BO? HAVE BECOME ( EV]YDAY USE1 TO A QUITE UN=ESE5 EXT5T1 [+ TO !SE ASSOCIATIONS0 7VOL4 II4 P4 #e#g74 ,ALL SORTS ( LABOR-SAV+ IMPLEM5TS & AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 & BETT] BRE$S ( CATTLE1 >E B\<T ?R\< ! ASSOCIATIONS1 & V>I\S >RANGEM5TS = IMPROV+ ! QUALITY ( ! PRODUCE BEG9 TO BE 9TRODUC$4 ,UNIONS = ! SALE ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE >E ALSO =M$1 AS WELL AS = P]MAN5T IMPROVEM5TS ( ! L&4#c#c 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( SOCIAL ECONOMICS ALL !SE EF=TS ( ! PEASANTS C]TA9LY >E ( LITTLE IMPORTANCE4 ,!Y CANNOT SUB/ANTIALLY1 & /ILL LESS P]MAN5TLY1 ALLEVIATE ! MIS]Y TO :I* ! TILL]S ( ! SOIL >E DOOM$ ALL OV] ,EUROPE4 ,BUT FROM ! E?ICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 :I* WE >E N[ CONSID]+1 !IR IMPORTANCE CANNOT BE OV]RAT$4 ,!Y PROVE ?AT EV5 UND] ! SY/EM ( RECKLESS 9DIVIDUALISM :I* N[ PREVAILS ! AGRICULTURAL MASSES PI\SLY MA9TA9 !IR MUTUAL-SUPPORT 9H]ITANCE2 & AS SOON AS ! ,/ATES RELAX ! IRON LAWS BY MEANS ( :I* !Y HAVE BROK5 ALL BONDS BETWE5 M51 !SE BONDS >E AT ONCE RECON/ITUT$1 NOT)/&+ ! DIFFICULTIES1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMICAL1 & SOCIAL1 :I* >E MANY1 & 9 SU* =MS AS BE/ ANSW] TO ! MOD]N REQUIREM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y 9DICATE 9 :I* DIRECTION & 9 :I* =M FUR!R PROGRESS MU/ BE EXPECT$4 

,I MI<T EASILY MULTIPLY SU* ILLU/RATIONS1 TAK+ !M FROM ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 ,D5M>K1 & SO ON1 & PO9T+ \T SOME 9T]E/+ FEATURES :I* >E PROP] TO EA* ( !SE C\NTRIES4#c#d ,! ,SLAVONIAN POPULATIONS ( ,AU/RIA & ! ,BALKAN P59SULA1 AMONG :OM ! 0COMP\ND FAMILY10 OR 0UNDIVID$ H\SEHOLD10 IS F\ND 9 EXI/5CE1 \<T ALSO TO BE M5TION$4#c#e ,BUT ,I HA/5 TO PASS ON TO ,RUSSIA1 :]E ! SAME MUTUAL-SUPPORT T5D5CY TAKES C]TA9 NEW & UN=ESE5 =MS4 ,MOREOV]1 9 DEAL+ ) ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY 9 ,RUSSIA WE HAVE ! ADVANTAGE3 ( POSSESS+ AN IMM5SE MASS ( MAT]IALS1 COLLECT$ DUR+ ! COLOSSAL H\SE-TO-H\SE 9QUE/ :I* WAS LATELY MADE BY SEV]AL ZEM/VOS 7C\NTY C\NCILS71 & :I* EMBRACES A POPULATION ( NE>LY #b11 PEASANTS 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4#c#f 

,TWO IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS MAY BE DRAWN FROM ! BULK ( EVID5CE COLLECT$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN 9QUE/S4 ,9 ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIA1 :]E FULLY ONE-?IRD ( ! PEASANTS HAVE BE5 BR\<T TO UTT] RU9 7BY HEAVY TAXATION1 SMALL ALLOTM5TS ( UNPRODUCTIVE L&1 RACK R5TS1 & V]Y SEV]E TAX-COLLECT+ AFT] TOTAL FAILURES ( CROPS71 !RE WAS1 DUR+ ! FIR/ FIVE-&-TW5TY YE>S AFT] ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS1 A DECID$ T5D5CY T[>DS ! CON/ITUTION ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY 9 L& )9 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4 ,MANY IMPOV]I%$ 0HORSELESS0 PEASANTS AB&ON$ !IR ALLOTM5TS1 & ?IS L& (T5 BECAME ! PROP]TY ( ?OSE RI*] PEASANTS1 :O BORR[ ADDITIONAL 9COMES FROM TRADE1 OR ( \TSIDE TRAD]S1 :O BUY L& *IEFLY = EXACT+ RACK R5TS FROM ! PEASANTS4 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE ADD$ ?AT A FLAW 9 ! L& R$EMPTION LAW ( #ahfa (F]$ GREAT FACILITIES = BUY+ PEASANTS' L&S AT A V]Y SMALL EXP5SE1#c#g & ?AT ! ,/ATE (FICIALS MO/LY US$ !IR WEI<TY 9FLU5CE 9 FAVOR ( 9DIVIDUAL AS AGA9/ COMMUNAL [N]%IP4 ,H[EV]1 = ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S A /RONG W9D ( OPPOSITION TO ! 9DIVIDUAL APPROPRIATION ( ! L& BL[S AGA9 ?R\< ! ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIAN VILLAGES1 & /R5U\S EF=TS >E BE+ MADE BY ! BULK ( ?OSE PEASANTS :O /& BETWE5 ! RI* & ! V]Y POOR TO UPHOLD ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 ,AS TO ! F]TILE /EPPES ( ! ,S\?1 :I* >E N[ ! MO/ POPUL\S & ! RI*E/ P>T ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA1 !Y W]E MO/LY COLONIZ$1 DUR+ ! PRES5T C5TURY1 UND] ! SY/EM ( 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP OR OCCUPATION1 SANCTION$ 9 ?AT =M BY ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT S9CE IMPROV$ ME?ODS ( AGRICULTURE ) ! AID ( MA*9]Y HAVE BE5 9TRODUC$ 9 ! REGION1 ! PEASANT [N]S HAVE GRADUALLY BEGUN !MSELVES TO TRANS=M !IR 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP 9TO COMMUNAL POSSESSION1 & ONE F9DS N[1 9 ?AT GRAN>Y ( ,RUSSIA1 A V]Y GREAT NUMB] ( SPONTANE\SLY =M$ VILLAGE COMMUNITIES ( REC5T ORIG94#c#h 

,! ,CRIMEA & ! P>T ( ! MA9L& :I* LIES TO ! NOR? ( IT 7! PROV9CE ( ,TAURIDA71 = :I* WE HAVE DETAIL$ DATA1 (F] AN EXCELL5T ILLU/RATION ( ?AT MOVEM5T4 ,?IS T]RITORY BEGAN TO BE COLONIZ$1 AFT] ITS ANNEXATION 9 #a#g#h#c1 BY ,GREAT1 ,LITTLE1 & ,:ITE ,RUSSIANS -- ,COSSACKS1 FREEM51 & RUNAWAY S]FS -- :O CAME 9DIVIDUALLY OR 9 SMALL GR\PS FROM ALL CORN]S ( ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y TOOK FIR/ TO CATTLE-BRE$+1 & :5 !Y BEGAN LAT] ON TO TILL ! SOIL1 EA* ONE TILL$ AS MU* AS HE C\LD AF=D TO4 ,BUT :5 -- IMMIGRATION CONT9U+1 & P]FECT$ PL[S BE+ 9TRODUC$ -- L& /OOD 9 GREAT DEM&1 BITT] DISPUTES >OSE AMONG ! SETTL]S4 ,!Y LA/$ = YE>S1 UNTIL !SE M51 PREVI\SLY TI$ BY NO MUTUAL BONDS1 GRADUALLY CAME TO ! IDEA ?AT AN 5D MU/ BE PUT TO DISPUTES BY 9TRODUC+ VILLAGE-COMMUNITY [N]%IP4 ,!Y PASS$ DECISIONS TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! L& :I* !Y [N$ 9DIVIDUALLY %\LD H5CE=W>D BE !IR COMMON PROP]TY1 & !Y BEGAN TO ALLOT & TO RE-ALLOT IT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! USUAL VILLAGE-COMMUNITY RULES4 ,! MOVEM5T GRADUALLY TOOK A GREAT EXT5SION1 & ON A SMALL T]RITORY1 ! ,TAURIDA /ATI/ICIANS F\ND #afa VILLAGES 9 :I* COMMUNAL [N]%IP HAD BE5 9TRODUC$ BY ! PEASANT PROPRIETORS !MSELVES1 *IEFLY 9 ! YE>S #a#h#e#e-#a#h#h#e1 9 LIEU ( 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP4 ,QUITE A V>IETY ( VILLAGE-COMMUNITY TYPES HAS BE5 FREELY WORK$ \T 9 ?IS WAY BY ! SETTL]S4#c#i ,:AT ADDS TO ! 9T]E/ ( ?IS TRANS=MATION IS ?AT IT TOOK PLACE1 NOT ONLY AMONG ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIANS1 :O >E US$ TO VILLAGE-COMMUNITY LIFE1 BUT ALSO AMONG ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS1 :O HAVE LONG S9CE =GOTT5 IT UND] ,POLI% RULE1 AMONG ,GREEKS & ,BULG>IANS1 & EV5 AMONG ,G]MANS1 :O HAVE LONG S9CE WORK$ \T 9 !IR PROSP]\S & HALF-9DU/RIAL ,VOLGA COLONIES !IR [N TYPE ( VILLAGE COMMUNITY4#d ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! ,MUSSULMAN ,T>T>S ( ,TAURIDA HOLD !IR L& UND] ! ,MUSSULMAN CU/OM>Y LAW1 :I* IS LIMIT$ P]SONAL OCCUPATION2 BUT EV5 ) !M ! ,EUROPEAN VILLAGE COMMUNITY HAS BE5 9TRODUC$ 9 A FEW CASES4 ,AS TO O!R NATIONALITIES 9 ,TAURIDA1 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP HAS BE5 ABOLI%$ 9 SIX ,E/HONIAN1 TWO ,GREEK1 TWO ,BULG>IAN1 ONE ,CZE*1 & ONE ,G]MAN VILLAGE4 ,?IS MOVEM5T IS *>ACT]I/IC = ! :OLE ( ! F]TILE /EPPE REGION ( ! S\?4 ,BUT SEP>ATE 9/ANCES ( IT >E ALSO F\ND 9 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA4 ,?US 9 A NUMB] ( VILLAGES ( ! PROV9CE ( ,*]NIGOV ! PEASANTS W]E =M]LY 9DIVIDUAL [N]S ( !IR PLOTS2 !Y HAD SEP>ATE LEGAL DOCUM5TS = !IR PLOTS & US$ TO R5T & TO SELL !IR L& AT WILL4 ,BUT 9 ! FIFTIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY A MOVEM5T BEGAN AMONG !M 9 FAVOR ( COMMUNAL POSSESSION1 ! *IEF >GUM5T BE+ ! GR[+ NUMB] ( PAUP] FAMILIES4 ,! 9ITIATIVE ( ! RE=M WAS TAK5 9 ONE VILLAGE1 & ! O!RS FOLL[$ SUIT1 ! LA/ CASE ON RECORD DAT+ FROM #a#h#h#b4 ,( C\RSE !RE W]E /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! POOR1 :O USUALLY CLAIM = COMMUNAL POSSESSION1 & ! RI*1 :O USUALLY PREF] 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP2 & ! /RUGGLES (T5 LA/$ = YE>S4 ,9 C]TA9 PLACES ! UNANIMITY REQUIR$ !N BY ! LAW BE+ IMPOSSIBLE TO OBTA91 ! VILLAGE DIVID$ 9TO TWO VILLAGES1 ONE UND] 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP & ! O!R UND] COMMUNAL POSSESSION2 & SO !Y REMA9$ UNTIL ! TWO COALESC$ 9TO ONE COMMUNITY1 OR ELSE !Y REMA9$ DIVID$ /ILL4 ,AS TO ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIA1 ITS A FACT ?AT 9 MANY VILLAGES :I* W]E DRIFT+ T[>DS 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP !RE BEGAN S9CE #ahh A MASS MOVEM5T 9 FAVOR ( REE/ABLI%+ ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 ,EV5 PEASANT PROPRIETORS :O HAD LIV$ = YE>S UND] ! 9DIVIDUALI/ SY/EM RETURN$ 5 MASSE TO ! COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?US1 !RE IS A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( EX-S]FS :O HAVE RECEIV$ ONE-F\R? P>T ONLY ( ! REGULATION ALLOTM5TS1 BUT !Y HAVE RECEIV$ !M FREE ( R$EMPTION & 9 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP4 ,!RE WAS 9 #ahi A WIDE-SPREAD MOVEM5T AMONG !M 79 ,KURSK1 ,RYAZAN1 ,TAMBOV1 ,OREL1 ETC47 T[>DS PUTT+ !IR ALLOTM5TS TOGE!R & 9TRODUC+ ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 ,! 0FREE AGRICULTURI/S0 7VOLNYIE KHLEBOPA%TSY71 :O W]E LIB]AT$ FROM S]FDOM UND] ! LAW ( #a#h#c1 & HAD B\<T !IR ALLOTM5TS -- EA* FAMILY SEP>ATELY -- >E N[ NE>LY ALL UND] ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY SY/EM1 :I* !Y HAVE 9TRODUC$ !MSELVES4 ,ALL !SE MOVEM5TS >E ( REC5T ORIG91 & NON-,RUSSIANS TOO JO9 !M4 ,?US ! ,BULG>ES 9 ! DI/RICT ( ,TIRASPOL1 AFT] HAV+ REMA9$ = SIXTY YE>S UND] ! P]SONAL-PROP]TY SY/EM1 9TRODUC$ ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY 9 ! YE>S #a#h#g#f-#a#h#h#b4 ,! ,G]MAN ,M5NONITES ( ,B]DYANSK F\<T 9 #ahi = 9TRODUC+ ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 & ! SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETORS 7,KLE9WIR?S*AFTLI*E7 AMONG ! ,G]MAN ,BAPTI/S W]E AGITAT+ 9 !IR VILLAGES 9 ! SAME DIRECTION4 ,ONE 9/ANCE MORE3 ,9 ! PROV9CE ( ,SAM>A ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T CREAT$ 9 ! =TIES1 BY WAY ( EXP]IM5T1 #ac VILLAGES ON ! SY/EM ( 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP4 ,EA* H\SEHOLD RECEIV$ A SPL5DID PROP]TY ( #ae ACRES4 ,9 #a#h#i1 \T ( ! #ac VILLAGES ! PEASANTS 9 #gb HAD ALREADY NOTIFI$ ! DESIRE ( 9TRODUC+ ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 ,I TAKE ALL !SE FACTS FROM ! EXCELL5T WORK ( ,V4,V41 :O SIMPLY GIVES1 9 A CLASSIFI$ =M1 ! FACTS RECORD$ 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ H\SE-TO-H\SE 9QUE/4 

,?IS MOVEM5T 9 FAVOR ( COMMUNAL POSSESSION RUNS BADLY AGA9/ ! CURR5T ECONOMICAL !ORIES1 ACCORD+ TO :I* 9T5SIVE CULTURE IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 ,BUT ! MO/ *>ITABLE ?+ ?AT CAN BE SAID ( !SE !ORIES IS ?AT !Y HAVE NEV] BE5 SUBMITT$ TO ! TE/ ( EXP]IM5T3 !Y BELONG TO ! DOMA9 ( POLITICAL METAPHYSICS4 ,! FACTS :I* WE HAVE BE=E US %[1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT :]EV] ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 [+ TO A CONCURR5CE ( FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 >E LESS MIS]ABLE ?AN !Y >E ON ! AV]AGE1 & :]EV] !Y F9D M5 ( KN[L$GE & 9ITIATIVE AMONG !IR NEI<BORS1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY BECOMES ! V]Y MEANS = 9TRODUC+ V>I\S IMPROVEM5TS 9 AGRICULTURE & VILLAGE LIFE ALTOGE!R4 ,H]E1 AS ELSE:]E1 MUTUAL AID IS A BETT] LEAD] TO PROGRESS ?AN ! W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM ! FOLL[+ FACTS4 

,UND] ,NI*OLAS ! ,FIR/'S RULE MANY ,CR[N (FICIALS & S]F-[N]S US$ TO COMPEL ! PEASANTS TO 9TRODUCE ! COMMUNAL CULTURE ( SMALL PLOTS ( ! VILLAGE L&S1 9 ORD] TO REFILL ! COMMUNAL /OREH\SES AFT] LOANS ( GRA9 HAD BE5 GRANT$ TO ! POORE/ COMMON]S4 ,SU* CULTURES1 CONNECT$ 9 ! PEASANTS' M9DS ) ! WOR/ REM9ISC5CES ( S]FDOM1 W]E AB&ON$ AS SOON AS S]FDOM WAS ABOLI%$ BUT N[ ! PEASANTS BEG9 TO RE9TRODUCE !M ON !IR [N ACC\NT4 ,9 ONE DI/RICT 7,O/ROGOZHSK1 9 ,KURSK7 ! 9ITIATIVE ( ONE P]SON WAS SUFFICI5T TO CALL !M TO LIFE 9 F\R-FIF?S ( ALL ! VILLAGES4 ,! SAME IS MET ) 9 SEV]AL O!R LOCALITIES4 ,ON A GIV5 DAY ! COMMON]S COME \T1 ! RI*] ONES ) A PL[ OR A C>T & ! POOR] ONES S+LE-H&$1 & NO ATTEMPT IS MADE TO DISCRIM9ATE ONE'S %>E 9 ! WORK4 ,! CROP IS AFT]W>DS US$ = LOANS TO ! POOR] COMMON]S1 MO/LY FREE GRANTS1 OR = ! ORPHANS & WID[S1 OR = ! VILLAGE *UR*1 OR = ! S*OOL1 OR = REPAY+ A COMMUNAL DEBT4#d#a 

,?AT ALL SORTS ( WORK :I* 5T]S1 SO TO SAY1 9 ! R\T9E ( VILLAGE LIFE 7REPAIR ( ROADS & BRIDGES1 DAMS1 DRA9AGE1 SUPPLY ( WAT] = IRRIGATION1 CUTT+ ( WOOD1 PLANT+ ( TREES1 ETC47 >E MADE BY :OLE COMMUNES1 & ?AT L& IS R5T$ & MEAD[S >E M[N BY :OLE COMMUNES -- ! WORK BE+ ACCOMPLI%$ BY OLD & Y\NG1 M5 & WOM51 9 ! WAY DESCRIB$ BY ,TOL/OY -- IS ONLY :AT ONE MAY EXPECT FROM PEOPLE LIV+ UND] ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY SY/EM4#d#b ,!Y >E ( EV]YDAY OCCURR5CE ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY IS ALSO BY NO MEANS AV]SE TO MOD]N AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEM5TS1 :5 IT CAN /& ! EXP5SE1 & :5 KN[L$GE1 HI!RTO KEPT = ! RI* ONLY1 F9DS ITS WAY 9TO ! PEASANT'S H\SE4 

,IT HAS JU/ BE5 SAID ?AT P]FECT$ PL[S RAPIDLY SPREAD 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA1 & 9 MANY CASES ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 SPREAD+ !IR USE4 ,A PL[ WAS B\<T BY ! COMMUNITY1 EXP]IM5T$ UPON ON A PORTION ( ! COMMUNAL L&1 & ! NECESS>Y IMPROVEM5TS W]E 9DICAT$ TO ! MAK]S1 :OM ! COMMUNES (T5 AID$ 9 />T+ ! MANUFACTURE ( *EAP PL[S AS A VILLAGE 9DU/RY4 ,9 ! DI/RICT ( ,MOSC[1 :]E #a1#e#f PL[S W]E LATELY B\<T BY ! PEASANTS DUR+ FIVE YE>S1 ! IMPULSE CAME FROM ?OSE COMMUNES :I* R5T$ L&S AS A BODY = ! SPECIAL PURPOSE ( IMPROV$ CULTURE4 

,9 ! NOR?-EA/ 7,VYATKA7 SMALL ASSOCIATIONS ( PEASANTS1 :O TRAVEL ) !IR W9N[+ MA*9ES 7MANUFACTUR$ AS A VILLAGE 9DU/RY 9 ONE ( ! IRON DI/RICTS71 HAVE SPREAD ! USE ( SU* MA*9ES 9 ! NEI<BOR+ GOV]NM5TS4 ,! V]Y WIDE SPREAD ( ?RE%+ MA*9ES 9 ,SAM>A1 ,S>ATOV1 & ,KH]SON IS DUE TO ! PEASANT ASSOCIATIONS1 :I* CAN AF=D TO BUY A CO/LY 5G9E1 :ILE ! 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT CANNOT4 ,& :ILE WE READ 9 NE>LY ALL ECONOMICAL TREATISES ?AT ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY WAS DOOM$ TO DISAPPE> :5 ! ?REE-FIELDS SY/EM HAD TO BE SUB/ITUT$ BY ! ROTATION ( CROPS SY/EM1 WE SEE 9 ,RUSSIA MANY VILLAGE COMMUNITIES TAK+ ! 9ITIATIVE ( 9TRODUC+ ! ROTATION ( CROPS4 ,BE=E ACCEPT+ IT ! PEASANTS USUALLY SET AP>T A PORTION ( ! COMMUNAL FIELDS = AN EXP]IM5T 9 >TIFICIAL MEAD[S1 & ! COMMUNE BUYS ! SE$S4#d#c ,IF ! EXP]IM5T PROVES SUCCESSFUL !Y F9D NO DIFFICULTY :ATEV] 9 RE-DIVID+ !IR FIELDS1 SO AS TO SUIT ! FIVE OR SIX FIELDS SY/EM4 

,?IS SY/EM IS N[ 9 USE 9 HUNDR$S ( VILLAGES ( ,MOSC[1 ,TV]1 ,SMOL5SK1 ,VYATKA1 & ,PSKOV4#d#d ,& :]E L& CAN BE SP>$ ! COMMUNITIES GIVE ALSO A PORTION ( !IR DOMA9 TO ALLOTM5TS = FRUIT-GR[+4 ,F9ALLY1 ! SUDD5 EXT5SION LATELY TAK5 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! LITTLE MODEL F>MS1 OR*>DS1 KIT*5 G>D5S1 & SILKWORM-CULTURE GR\NDS -- :I* >E />T$ AT ! VILLAGE S*OOL-H\SES1 UND] ! CONDUCT ( ! S*OOL-MA/]1 OR ( A VILLAGE VOLUNTE] -- IS ALSO DUE TO ! SUPPORT !Y F\ND ) ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4 

,MOREOV]1 SU* P]MAN5T IMPROVEM5TS AS DRA9AGE & IRRIGATION >E ( FREQU5T OCCURR5CE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 9 ?REE DI/RICTS ( ! PROV9CE ( ,MOSC[ -- 9DU/RIAL TO A GREAT EXT5T -- DRA9AGE WORKS HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ )9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S ON A L>GE SCALE 9 NO LESS ?AN #ah TO #b DIFF]5T VILLAGES -- ! COMMON]S WORK+ !MSELVES ) ! SPADE4 ,AT ANO!R EXTREMITY ( ,RUSSIA1 9 ! DRY ,/EPPES ( ,NOV\Z51 OV] A ?\S& DAMS = PONDS W]E BUILT & SEV]AL HUNDR$S ( DEEP WELLS W]E SUNK BY ! COMMUNES2 :ILE 9 A WEAL?Y ,G]MAN COLONY ( ! S\?-EA/ ! COMMON]S WORK$1 M5 & WOM5 ALIKE1 = FIVE WEEKS 9 SUCCESSION1 TO ]ECT A DAM1 TWO MILES LONG1 = IRRIGATION PURPOSES4 ,:AT C\LD ISOLAT$ M5 DO 9 ?AT /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DRY CLIMATE8 ,:AT C\LD !Y OBTA9 ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL EF=T :5 ,S\? ,RUSSIA WAS /RUCK ) ! M>MOT PLAGUE1 & ALL PEOPLE LIV+ ON ! L&1 RI* & POOR1 COMMON]S & 9DIVIDUALI/S1 HAD TO WORK ) !IR H&S 9 ORD] TO CONJURE ! PLAGUE8 ,TO CALL 9 ! POLICEMAN W\LD HAVE BE5 ( NO USE2 TO ASSOCIATE WAS ! ONLY POSSIBLE REM$Y4 

,& N[1 AFT] HAV+ SAID SO MU* AB\T MUTUAL AID & SUPPORT :I* >E PRACTIC$ BY ! TILL]S ( ! SOIL 9 0CIVILIZ$0 C\NTRIES1 ,I SEE ?AT ,I MI<T FILL AN OCTAVO VOLUME ) ILLU/RATIONS TAK5 FROM ! LIFE ( ! HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( M5 :O ALSO LIVE UND] ! TUTOR%IP ( MORE OR LESS C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATES1 BUT >E \T ( T\* ) MOD]N CIVILIZATION & MOD]N IDEAS4 ,I MI<T DESCRIBE ! 9N] LIFE ( A ,TURKI% VILLAGE & ITS NETWORK ( ADMIRABLE MUTUAL-AID CU/OMS & HABITS4 ,ON TURN+ OV] MY LEAFLETS COV]$ ) ILLU/RATIONS FROM PEASANT LIFE 9 ,CAUCASIA1 ,I COME ACROSS T\*+ FACTS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT4 ,I TRACE ! SAME CU/OMS 9 ! ,>AB DJEMMAA & ! ,AF<AN PURRA1 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,P]SIA1 ,9DIA1 & ,JAVA1 9 ! UNDIVID$ FAMILY ( ! ,*9ESE1 9 ! 5CAMPM5TS ( ! SEMI-NOMADS ( ,C5TRAL ,ASIA & ! NOMADS ( ! F> ,NOR?4 ,ON CONSULT+ TAK5 AT R&OM 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( ,AFRICA1 ,I F9D !M REPLETE ) SIMIL> FACTS -- ( AIDS CONVOK$ TO TAKE 9 ! CROPS1 ( H\SES BUILT BY ALL 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGE -- SOMETIMES TO REPAIR ! HAVOC DONE BY CIVILIZ$ FILIBU/]S -- ( PEOPLE AID+ EA* O!R 9 CASE ( ACCID5T1 PROTECT+ ! TRAVEL]1 & SO ON4 ,& :5 ,I P]USE SU* WORKS AS ,PO/'S COMP5DIUM ( ,AFRICAN CU/OM>Y LAW ,I UND]/& :Y1 NOT)/&+ ALL TYRANNY1 OPPRESSION1 ROBB]IES & RAIDS1 TRIBAL W>S1 GLUTTON K+S1 DECEIV+ WIT*ES & PRIE/S1 SLAVE-HUNT]S1 & ! LIKE1 !SE POPULATIONS HAVE NOT GONE A/RAY 9 ! WOODS2 :Y !Y HAVE MA9TA9$ A C]TA9 CIVILIZATION1 & HAVE REMA9$ M51 9/EAD ( DROPP+ TO ! LEVEL ( /RAGGL+ FAMILIES ( DECAY+ ORANG-\TANS4 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT ! SLAVE-HUNT]S1 ! IVORY ROBB]S1 ! FI<T+ K+S1 ! ,MATABELE & ! ,MADAGASC> 0H]OES0 PASS AWAY1 LEAV+ !IR TRACES M>K$ ) BLOOD & FIRE2 BUT ! NUCLEUS ( MUTUAL-AID 9/ITUTIONS1 HABITS1 & CU/OMS1 GR[N UP 9 ! TRIBE & ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 REMA9S2 & IT KEEPS M5 UNIT$ 9 SOCIETIES1 OP5 TO ! PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION1 & READY TO RECEIVE IT :5 ! DAY COMES ?AT !Y %ALL RECEIVE CIVILIZATION 9/EAD ( BULLETS4 

,! SAME APPLIES TO \R CIVILIZ$ WORLD4 ,! NATURAL & SOCIAL CALAMITIES PASS AWAY4 ,:OLE POPULATIONS >E P]IODICALLY R$UC$ TO MIS]Y OR />VATION2 ! V]Y SPR+S ( LIFE >E CRU%$ \T ( MILLIONS ( M51 R$UC$ TO CITY PAUP]ISM2 ! UND]/&+ & ! FEEL+S ( ! MILLIONS >E VITIAT$ BY TEA*+S WORK$ \T 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! FEW4 ,ALL ?IS IS C]TA9LY A P>T ( \R EXI/5CE4 ,BUT ! NUCLEUS ( MUTUAL-SUPPORT 9/ITUTIONS1 HABITS1 & CU/OMS REMA9S ALIVE ) ! MILLIONS2 IT KEEPS !M TOGE!R2 & !Y PREF] TO CL+ TO !IR CU/OMS1 BELIEFS1 & TRADITIONS RA!R ?AN TO ACCEPT ! TEA*+S ( A W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL1 :I* >E (F]$ TO !M UND] ! TITLE ( SCI5CE1 BUT >E NO SCI5CE AT ALL4 

#a,A BULKY LIT]ATURE1 DEAL+ ) ?IS =M]LY MU* NEGLECT$ SUBJECT1 IS N[ GR[+ 9 ,G]MANY4 ,KELL]'S WORKS1 ,E9 ,APO/EL D] ,WI$]TAUF] & ,GES*I*TE D] ,WI$]TAUF]1 ,CORNELIUS'S ,GES*I*TE DES MUN/]IS*5 ,AUFRUHRS1 & ,JANSS5'S ,GES*I*TE DES DEUTS*5 ,VOLKES MAY BE NAM$ AS ! LEAD+ S\RCES4 ,! FIR/ ATTEMPT AT FAMILI>IZ+ ,5GLI% READ]S ) ! RESULTS ( ! WIDE RESE>*ES MADE 9 ,G]MANY 9 ?IS DIRECTION HAS BE5 MADE 9 AN EXCELL5T LITTLE WORK BY ,RI*>D ,HEA? -- 0,ANABAPTISM FROM ITS ,RISE AT ,ZWICKAU TO ITS ,FALL AT ,MUN/]1 #a#e#b#a-#a#e#c#f10 ,LONDON1 #ahie 7,BAPTI/ ,MANUALS1 VOL4 I47 -- :]E ! LEAD+ FEATURES ( ! MOVEM5T >E WELL 9DICAT$1 & FULL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL 9=MATION IS GIV54 ,ALSO ,K4 ,KAUTSKY'S ,COMMUNISM 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE 9 ! ,TIME ( ! ,RE=MATION1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#i#g4 

#b,FEW ( \R CONTEMPOR>IES REALIZE BO? ! EXT5T ( ?IS MOVEM5T & ! MEANS BY :I* IT WAS SUPPRESS$4 ,BUT ?OSE :O WROTE IMM$IATELY AFT] ! GREAT PEASANT W> E/IMAT$ AT FROM #a1 TO #a#e1 M5 ! NUMB] ( PEASANTS SLAU<T]$ AFT] !IR DEFEAT 9 ,G]MANY4 ,SEE ,ZIMM]MANN'S ,ALLGEME9E ,GES*I*TE DES GROSS5 ,BAU]NKRIEGES4 ,= ! MEASURES TAK5 TO SUPPRESS ! MOVEM5T 9 ! ,NE!RL&S SEE ,RI*>D ,HEA?'S ,ANABAPTISM4 

 #c0,*ACUN S'5 E/ ACCOMMODE SELON SA BI5SEANCE444 ON LES A P>TAGES444 P\R DE P\ILL] LES COMMUNES1 ON S'E/ S]VI DE DETTES SIMULEES0 7,$ICT ( ,L\IS ! ,F\RTE5?1 ( #a#f#f#g1 QUOT$ BY SEV]AL AU?ORS4 ,EI<T YE>S BE=E ?AT DATE ! COMMUNES HAD BE5 TAK5 UND] ,/ATE MANAGEM5T74 

#d0,ON A GREAT L&LORD'S E/ATE1 EV5 IF HE HAS MILLIONS ( REV5UE1 Y\ >E SURE TO F9D ! L& UNCULTIVAT$0 7,>?UR ,Y\NG74 0,ONE-F\R? P>T ( ! SOIL W5T \T ( CULTURE20 0= ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S ! L& HAS RETURN$ TO A SAVAGE /ATE20 0! =M]LY FL\RI%+ ,SOLOGNE IS N[ A BIG M>%20 & SO ON 7,!RON DE ,MONTAUGE1 QUOT$ BY ,TA9E 9 ,ORIG9ES DE LA ,FRANCE ,CONTEMPORA9E1 TOME I4 P4 #d#d#a74 

#e,A4 ,BABEAU1 ,LE ,VILLAGE S\S L',ANCI5 ,REGIME1 #cE $ITION4 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i#b4 

#f,9 ,EA/]N ,FRANCE ! LAW ONLY CONFIRM$ :AT ! PEASANTS HAD ALREADY DONE !MSELVES2 9 O!R P>TS ( ,FRANCE IT USUALLY REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]4 

#g,AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS REACTION ! COMMUNAL L&S W]E DECL>$ 7,AUGU/ #b#d1 #a#g#i#d7 ! ,/ATES DOMA9S1 &1 TOGE!R ) ! L&S CONFISCAT$ FROM ! NOBILITY1 W]E PUT UP = SALE1 & PILF]$ BY ! B&ES NOIRES ( ! SMALL B\RGEOISIE4 ,TRUE ?AT A /OP TO ?IS PILF]+ WAS PUT NEXT YE> 7LAW ( #b ,PRAIRIAL1 ,AN ,V71 & ! PREC$+ LAW WAS ABROGAT$2 BUT !N ! VILLAGE ,COMMUNITIES W]E SIMPLY ABOLI%$1 & CANTONAL C\NCILS W]E 9TRODUC$ 9/EAD4 ,ONLY SEV5 YE>S LAT] 7#i ,PRAIRIAL1 ,AN ,X,I,I71 I4E4 9 #a#h#a1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES W]E RE9TRODUC$1 BUT NOT UNTIL AFT] HAV+ BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ALL !IR RI<TS1 ! MAYOR & SYNDICS BE+ NOM9AT$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! #c#f1 COMMUNES ( ,FRANCE6 ,?IS SY/EM WAS MA9TA9$ TILL AFT] ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#c1 :5 ELECT$ COMMUNAL C\NCILS W]E RE9TRODUC$ UND] ! LAW ( #a#g#h#g4 ,AS TO ! COMMUNAL L&S1 !Y W]E AGA9 SEIZ$ UPON BY ! ,/ATE 9 #a#h#a#c1 PLUND]$ AS SU*1 & ONLY P>TLY RE/OR$ TO ! COMMUNES 9 #a#h#a#f4 ,SEE ! CLASSICAL COLLECTION ( ,FR5* LAWS1 BY ,DALLOZ1 ,REP]TOIRE DE ,JURISPRUD5CE2 ALSO ! WORKS ( ,DONIOL1 ,D>E/E1 ,BONNEM]E1 ,BABEAU1 & MANY O!RS4 

 #h,?IS PROC$URE IS SO ABSURD ?AT ONE W\LD NOT BELIEVE IT POSSIBLE IF ! FIFTY-TWO DIFF]5T ACTS W]E NOT 5UM]AT$ 9 FULL BY A QUITE AU?ORITATIVE WRIT] 9 ! ,J\RNAL DES ,ECONOMI/ES 7#a#h#i#c1 ,APRIL1 P4 #i#d71 & SEV]AL SIMIL> EXAMPLES W]E NOT GIV5 BY ! SAME AU?OR4 

#i,DR4 ,O*5K[SKI1 ,5GL&S WIR?S*AFTLI*E ,5TWICKELUNG IM ,AUSGANGE DES ,MITTELALT]S 7,J5A1 #a#h#g#i71 PP4 #ce SEQ41 :]E ! :OLE QUE/ION IS DISCUSS$ ) FULL KN[L$GE ( ! TEXTS4 

#a,NASSE1 ,UEB] DIE MITTELALT]LI*E ,FELDGEME9S*AFT UND DIE ,E9HEGUNG5 DES ,X,V,I4 ,JAHRHUND]TS 9 ,5GL& 7,BONN1 #a#h#f#i71 PP4 #d1 #e2 ,V9OGRADOV1 ,VILLA9AGE 9 ,5GL& 7,OX=D1 #a#h#i#b74 

 #a#a,SEEBOHM1 ,! ,5GLI% ,VILLAGE ,COMMUNITY1 #cRD $ITION1 #a#h#h#d1 PP4 #a#c-#a#e4 

#a#b0,AN EXAM9ATION 9TO ! DETAILS ( AN ,5CLOSURE ,ACT WILL MAKE CLE> ! PO9T ?AT ! SY/EM AS ABOVE DESCRIB$ .<COMMUNAL [N]%IP.> IS ! SY/EM :I* IT WAS ! OBJECT ( ! ,5CLOSURE ,ACT TO REMOVE0 7,SEEBOHM1 L4C4 P4 #a#c74 ,& FUR!R ON1 0,!Y W]E G5]ALLY DRAWN 9 ! SAME =M1 COMM5C+ ) ! RECITAL ?AT ! OP5 & COMMON FIELDS LIE DISP]S$ 9 SMALL PIECES1 9T]MIX$ ) EA* O!R & 9CONV5I5TLY SITUAT$2 ?AT DIV]SE P]SONS [N P>TS ( !M1 & >E 5TITL$ TO RI<TS ( COMMON ON !M444 & ?AT IT IS DESIR$ ?AT !Y MAY BE DIVID$ & 5CLOS$1 A SPECIFIC %>E BE+ LET \T & ALL[$ TO EA* [N]0 7P4 #a#d74 ,PORT]'S LI/ CONTA9$ #*fg SU* ,ACTS1 ( :I* ! GREATE/ NUMB]S FALL UPON ! DECADES ( #a#g#g-#a#g#h & #a#h-#a#h#b1 AS 9 ,FRANCE4 

 #a#c,9 ,SWITZ]L& WE SEE A NUMB] ( COMMUNES1 RU9$ BY W>S1 :I* HAVE SOLD P>T ( !IR L&S1 & N[ 5DEAVOR TO BUY !M BACK4 

#a#d,A4 ,BU*5B]G]1 0,AGR>WES5 UND ,AGR>POLITIK10 9 ,A4 ,WAGN]'S ,H&BU* D] POLITIS*5 ,OEKONOMIE1 #a#h#i#b1 ,B& I4 PP4 #bh SEQ4 

#a#e,G4,L4 ,GOMME1 0,! ,VILLAGE ,COMMUNITY1 ) SPECIAL REF]5CE TO ITS ,ORIG9 & ,=MS ( ,SURVIVAL 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA90 7,CONTEMPOR>Y ,SCI5CE ,S]IES71 ,LONDON1 #a#h#i1 PP4 #a#d#a-#a#d#c2 ALSO HIS ,PRIMITIVE ,FOLKMOOTS 7,LONDON1 #a#h#h71 PP4 #ih SEQ4 

#a#f0,9 ALMO/ ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 9 ! ,MIDL& & ,EA/]N C\NTIES P>TICUL>LY1 BUT ALSO 9 ! WE/ -- 9 ,WILT%IRE1 = EXAMPLE -- 9 ! S\?1 AS 9 ,SURREY1 9 ! NOR?1 AS 9 ,YORK%IRE1 -- !RE >E EXT5SIVE OP5 & COMMON FIELDS4 ,\T ( #caf P>I%ES ( ,NOR?AMPTON%IRE #hi >E 9 ?IS CONDITION2 MORE ?AN #a 9 ,OX=D%IRE2 AB\T #e1 ACRES 9 ,W>WICK%IRE2 9 ,B]K%IRE HALF ! C\NTY2 MORE ?AN HALF ( ,WILT%IRE2 9 ,HUNT+DON%IRE \T ( A TOTAL >EA ( #b#d1 ACRES #a#c1 W]E COMMONABLE MEAD[S1 COMMONS1 & FIELDS0 7,M>%ALL1 QUOT$ 9 ,SIR ,H5RY ,MA9E'S ,VILLAGE ,COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,EA/ & ,WE/1 ,NEW ,YORK $ITION1 #a#h#g#f1 PP4 #h#h1 #h#i74 

#a#g,IBID4 P4 #h#h2 ALSO ,FIF? ,LECTURE4 ,! WIDE EXT5SION ( 0COMMONS0 9 ,SURREY1 EV5 N[1 IS WELL KN[N4 

 #a#h,9 QUITE A NUMB] ( BOOKS DEAL+ ) ,5GLI% C\NTRY LIFE :I* ,I HAVE CONSULT$ ,I HAVE F\ND *>M+ DESCRIPTIONS ( C\NTRY SC5]Y & ! LIKE1 BUT ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T ! DAILY LIFE & CU/OMS ( ! LABOR]S4 

#a#i,9 ,SWITZ]L& ! PEASANTS 9 ! OP5 L& ALSO FELL UND] ! DOM9ION ( LORDS1 & L>GE P>TS ( !IR E/ATES W]E APPROPRIAT$ BY ! LORDS 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES4 7,SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 ,DR4 ,A4 ,MIASK[SKI1 9 ,S*MOLL]'S ,=S*UNG51 ,BD4 II4 #a#h#g#i1 ,PP4 #ab SEQ47 ,BUT ! PEASANT W> 9 ,SWITZ]L& DID NOT 5D 9 SU* A CRU%+ DEFEAT ( ! PEASANTS AS IT DID 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 & A GREAT DEAL ( ! COMMUNAL RI<TS & L&S WAS RETA9$4 ,! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! COMMUNES IS1 9 FACT1 ! V]Y F\NDATION ( ! ,SWISS LIB]TIES4 

#b,MIASK[SKI1 9 ,S*MOLL]'S ,=S*UNG51 ,BD4 II4 #a#h#g#i1 P4 #a#e4 

#b#a,SEE ON ?IS SUBJECT A S]IES ( WORKS1 SUMM$ UP 9 ONE ( ! EXCELL5T & SUGGE/IVE *APT]S 7NOT YET TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%7 :I* ,K4 ,BU*] HAS ADD$ TO ! ,G]MAN TRANSLATION ( ,LAVELEYE'S ,PRIMITIVE ,[N]%IP4 ,ALSO ,MEITZ51 0,DAS ,AGR>- UND ,=/-,WES51 DIE ,ALLM5D5 UND DIE ,L&GEME9D5 D] ,DEUTS*5 ,S*WEIZ10 9 ,JAHRBU* FUR ,/AATSWISS5S*AFT1 #a#h#h1 IV4 7ANALYSIS ( ,MIASK[SKY'S WORKS72 ,O',BRI51 0 9 A ,SWISS VILLAGE10 9 ,MACMILLAN'S ,MAGAZ9E1 ,OCTOB] #a#h#h#e4 

 #b#b,! W$D+ GIFTS1 :I* (T5 SUB/ANTIALLY CONTRIBUTE 9 ?IS C\NTRY TO ! COM=T ( ! Y\NG H\SEHOLDS1 >E EVID5TLY A REMA9D] ( ! COMMUNAL HABITS4 

#b#c,! COMMUNES [N1 #d1#e#e#d1#a ACRES ( WOODS \T ( #b#d1#h#a#c1 9 ! :OLE T]RITORY1 & #f1#i#c#f1#c ACRES ( NATURAL MEAD[S \T ( #a#a1#c#i#d1 ACRES 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! REMA9+ #b11 ACRES >E FIELDS1 OR*>DS1 & SO ON4 

#b#d,9 ,CAUCASIA !Y EV5 DO BETT] AMONG ! ,GEORGIANS4 ,AS ! MEAL CO/S1 & A POOR MAN CANNOT AF=D TO GIVE IT1 A %EEP IS B\<T BY ?OSE SAME NEI<BORS :O COME TO AID 9 ! WORK4 

#b#e,ALFR$ ,BAUDRILL>T1 9 ,H4 ,BAUDRILL>T'S ,LES ,POPULATIONS ,RURALES DE LA ,FRANCE1 #cRD S]IES 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#c71 P4 #d#g#i4 

#b#f,! ,J\RNAL DES ,ECONOMI/ES 7,AUGU/ #a#h#i#b1 ,MAY & ,AUGU/ #a#h#i#c7 HAS LATELY GIV5 SOME ( ! RESULTS ( ANALYZES MADE AT ! AGRICULTURAL LABORATORIES AT ,<5T & AT ,P>IS4 ,! EXT5T ( FALSIFICATION IS SIMPLY 9CR$IBLE2 SO ALSO ! DEVICES ( ! 0HONE/ TRAD]S40 ,9 C]TA9 SE$S ( GRASS !RE WAS #cb P]C5T ( GA9S ( S&1 COLOR$ SO AS TO ,RECEIVE EV5 AN EXP]I5C$ EYE2 O!R SAMPLES CONTA9$ FROM #eb TO #bb P]C5T ONLY ( PURE SE$1 ! REMA9D] BE+ WE$S4 ,SE$S ( VET* CONTA9$ #aa P]C5T ( A POISON\S GRASS 7NIELLE72 A FL\R = CATTLE-FATT5+ CONTA9$ #cf P]C5T ( SULFATES2 & SO ON AD 9F9ITUM4 

 #b#g,A4 ,BAUDRILL>T1 L4C4 P4 #c#i4 ,ORIG9ALLY ONE GR[] W\LD UND]TAKE TO SUPPLY WAT]1 & SEV]AL O!RS W\LD AGEE TO MAKE USE ( IT4 0,:AT ESPECIALLY *>ACT]IZES SU* ASSOCIATIONS10 ,A4 ,BAUDRILL>T REM>KS1 0IS ?AT NO SORT ( WRITT5 AGREEM5T IS CONCLUD$4 ,ALL IS >RANG$ 9 WORDS4 ,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 NOT ONE S+LE CASE ( DIFFICULTIES HAV+ >IS5 BETWE5 ! P>TIES40 

#b#h,A4 ,BAUDRILL>T1 L4C4 PP4 #c1 #c#d#a1 ETC4 ,M4 ,T]SSAC1 PRESID5T ( ! ,/4 ,GIRONNAIS SYNDICATE 7,>IEGE71 WROTE TO MY FRI5D 9 SUB/ANCE AS FOLL[S3 -- 0,= ! EXHIBITION ( ,T\L\SE \R ASSOCIATION HAS GR\P$ ! [N]S ( CATTLE :I* SEEM$ TO US WOR? EXHIBIT+4 ,! SOCIETY UND]TOOK TO PAY ONE-HALF ( ! TRAVEL+ & EXHIBITION EXP5SES2 ONE-F\R? WAS PAID BY EA* [N]1 & ! REMA9+ F\R? BY ?OSE EXHIBITORS :O HAD GOT PRIZES4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT MANY TOOK P>T 9 ! EXHIBITION :O NEV] W\LD HAVE DONE IT O!RWISE4 ,?OSE :O GOT ! HI<E/ AW>DS 7#c#e FRANCS7 HAVE CONTRIBUT$ #a P]C5T ( !IR PRIZES1 :ILE ?OSE :O HAVE GOT NO PRIZE HAVE ONLY SP5T #f TO #g FRANCS EA*40 

#b#i,9 ,W1RTTEMB]G #a1#f#b#i COMMUNES \T ( #a1#i#a HAVE COMMUNAL PROP]TY4 ,!Y [N$ 9 #ahfc OV] #a11 ACRES ( L&4 ,9 ,BAD5 #a1#b#e#f COMMUNES \T ( #a1#e#h#b HAVE COMMUNAL L&2 9 #a#h#h#d-#a#h#h#h !Y HELD #a#b#a1#e ACRES ( FIELDS 9 COMMUNAL CULTURE1 & #f#g#e1 ACRES ( =E/S1 I4E4 #df P]C5T ( ! TOTAL >EA UND] WOODS4 ,9 ,SAXONY #ci P]C5T ( ! TOTAL >EA IS 9 COMMUNAL [N]%IP 7,S*MOLL]'S ,JAHRBU*1 #a#h#h#f1 P4 #c#e#i74 ,9 ,HOH5ZOLL]N NE>LY TWO-?IRDS ( ALL MEAD[ L&1 & 9 ,HOH5ZOLL]N-,HE*+5 #da P]C5T ( ALL L&$ PROP]TY1 >E [N$ BY ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES 7,BU*5B]G]1 ,AGR>WES51 VOL4 I4 P4 #c74 

 #c,SEE ,K4 ,BU*]1 :O1 9 A SPECIAL *APT] ADD$ TO ,LAVELEYE'S ,UREIG5?UM1 HAS COLLECT$ ALL 9=MATION RELATIVE TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY 9 ,G]MANY4 

#c#a,K4 ,BU*]1 IBID4 PP4 #h#i1 #i4 

#c#b,= ?IS LEGISLATION & ! NUM]\S OB/ACLES :I* W]E PUT 9 ! WAY1 9 ! %APE ( R$-TAPEISM & SUP]VISION1 SEE ,BU*5B]G]'S ,AGR>WES5 UND ,AGR>POLITIK1 ,BD4 II4 PP4 #c#d#b-#c#f#c1 & P4 #e#f1 NOTE4 

#c#c,BU*5B]G]1 L4C4 ,BD4 II4 P4 #e#a4 ,! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,AGRICULTURAL ,COOP]ATION COMPRISES AN AGGREGATE ( #a1#f#g#i SOCIETIES4 ,9 ,SILESIA AN AGGREGATE ( #c#b1 ACRES ( L& HAS BE5 LATELY DRA9$ BY #gc ASSOCIATIONS2 #d#e#d1#h ACRES 9 ,PRUSSIA BY #eaf ASSOCIATIONS2 9 ,BAV>IA !RE >E #a1#g#a#e DRA9AGE & IRRIGATION UNIONS4 

#c#d,SEE ,APP5DIX ,X,I,I4 

#c#e,= ! ,BALKAN P59SULA SEE ,LAVELEYE'S ,PROPRIETE ,PRIMITIVE4 

#c#f,! FACTS CONC]N+ ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 CONTA9$ 9 NE>LY A HUNDR$ VOLUMES 7\T ( #d#e7 ( !SE 9QUE/S1 HAVE BE5 CLASSIFI$ & SUMM$ UP 9 AN EXCELL5T ,RUSSIAN WORK BY 0,V4,V40 ,! ,PEASANT ,COMMUNITY 7,KRE/IANSKAYA ,OBS*9A71 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #a#h#i#b1 :I*1 AP>T FROM ITS !ORETICAL VALUE1 IS A RI* COMP5DIUM ( DATA RELATIVE TO ?IS SUBJECT4 ,! ABOVE 9QUE/S HAVE ALSO GIV5 ORIG9 TO AN IMM5SE LIT]ATURE1 9 :I* ! MOD]N VILLAGE-COMMUNITY QUE/ION = ! FIR/ TIME EM]GES FROM ! DOMA9 ( G5]ALITIES & IS PUT ON ! SOLID BASIS ( RELIABLE & SUFFICI5TLY DETAIL$ FACTS4 

 #c#g,! R$EMPTION HAD TO BE PAID BY ANNUITIES = =TY-N9E YE>S4 ,AS YE>S W5T1 & ! GREATE/ P>T ( IT WAS PAID1 IT BECAME EASI] & EASI] TO R$EEM ! SMALL] REMA9+ P>T ( IT1 &1 AS EA* ALLOTM5T C\LD BE R$EEM$ 9DIVIDUALLY1 ADVANTAGE WAS TAK5 ( ?IS DISPOSITION BY TRAD]S1 :O B\<T L& = HALF ITS VALUE FROM ! RU9$ PEASANTS4 ,A LAW WAS CONSEQU5TLY PASS$ TO PUT A /OP TO SU* SALES4 

#c#h,MR4 ,V4,V41 9 HIS ,PEASANT ,COMMUNITY1 HAS GR\P$ TOGE!R ALL FACTS RELATIVE TO ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,AB\T ! RAPID AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,S\? ,RUSSIA & ! SPREAD ( MA*9]Y ,5GLI% READ]S WILL F9D 9=MATION 9 ! ,CONSUL> ,REPORTS 7,ODESSA1 ,TAGANROG74 

#c#i,9 SOME 9/ANCES !Y PROCE$$ ) GREAT CAUTION4 ,9 ONE VILLAGE !Y BEGAN BY PUTT+ TOGE!R ALL MEAD[ L&1 BUT ONLY A SMALL PORTION ( ! FIELDS 7AB\T FIVE ACRES P] S\L7 WAS R5D]$ COMMUNAL2 ! REMA9D] CONT9U$ TO BE [N$ 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,LAT] ON1 9 #a#h#f#b-#a#h#f#d1 ! SY/EM WAS EXT5D$1 BUT ONLY 9 #ahhd WAS COMMUNAL POSSESSION 9TRODUC$ 9 FULL4 -- ,V4,V4'S ,PEASANT ,COMMUNITY1 PP4 #a-#a#d4 

#d,ON ! ,M5NONITE VILLAGE COMMUNITY SEE ,A4 ,KLAUS1 ,\R ,COLONIES 7,NA%I ,KOLONII71 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #a#h#f#i4 

 #d#a,SU* COMMUNAL CULTURES >E KN[N TO EXI/ 9 #aei VILLAGES \T ( #aie 9 ! ,O/ROGOZHSK DI/RICT2 9 #ae \T ( #ahg 9 ,SLAVYANOS]BSK2 9 #ag VILLAGE COMMUNITIES 9 ,ALEX&ROVSK1 #ic 9 ,NIKOLAYEVSK1 #ce 9 ,ELISABE?GRAD4 ,9 A ,G]MAN COLONY ! COMMUNAL CULTURE IS MADE = REPAY+ A COMMUNAL DEBT4 ,ALL JO9 9 ! WORK1 AL?\< ! DEBT WAS CONTRACT$ BY #id H\SEHOLD]S \T ( #a#e#e4 

#d#b,LI/S ( SU* WORKS :I* CAME UND] ! NOTICE ( ! ZEM/VO /ATI/ICIANS WILL BE F\ND 9 ,V4,V4'S ,PEASANT ,COMMUNITY1 PP4 #d#e#i-#f4 

#d#c,9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,MOSC[ ! EXP]IM5T WAS USUALLY MADE ON ! FIELD :I* WAS RES]V$ = ! ABOVE-M5TION$ COMMUNAL CULTURE4 

#d#d,SEV]AL 9/ANCES ( SU* & SIMIL> IMPROVEM5TS W]E GIV5 9 ! ,(FICIAL ,MESS5G]1 #a#h#i#d1 ,NOS4 #b#e#f-#b#e#h4 ,ASSOCIATIONS BETWE5 0HORSELESS0 PEASANTS BEG9 TO APPE> ALSO 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA4 ,ANO!R EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ FACT IS ! SUDD5 DEVELOPM5T 9 ,S\!RN ,WE/ ,SIB]IA ( V]Y NUM]\S COOP]ATIVE CREAM]IES = MAK+ BUTT]4 ,HUNDR$S ( !M SPREAD 9 ,TOBOLSK & ,TOMSK1 )\T ANY ONE KN[+ :]EFROM ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! MOVEM5T CAME4 ,IT CAME FROM ! ,DANI% COOP]ATORS1 :O US$ TO EXPORT !IR [N BUTT] ( HI<] QUALITY1 & TO BUY BUTT] ( A L[] QUALITY = !IR [N USE 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,AFT] A SEV]AL YE>S' 9T]C\RSE1 !Y 9TRODUC$ CREAM]IES !RE4 ,N[1 A GREAT EXPORT TRADE HAS GR[N \T ( !IR 5DEAVORS4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#a1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/