,9TRODUCTION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,TEXT 3 ,PHOTO BY ,ALEX&] ,BOD51,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 #aib ,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N ,TWO ASPECTS ( ANIMAL LIFE IMPRESS$ ME MO/ DUR+ ! J\RNEYS :I* ,I MADE 9 MY Y\? 9 ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA & ,NOR!RN ,MAN*URIA4 ,ONE ( !M WAS ! EXTREME SEV]ITY ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE :I* MO/ SPECIES ( ANIMALS HAVE TO C>RY ON AGA9/ AN 9CLEM5T ,NATURE2 ! 5ORM\S DE/RUCTION ( LIFE :I* P]IODICALLY RESULTS FROM NATURAL AG5CIES2 & ! CONSEQU5T PAUCITY ( LIFE OV] ! VA/ T]RITORY :I* FELL UND] MY OBS]VATION4 ,& ! O!R WAS1 ?AT EV5 9 ?OSE FEW SPOTS :]E ANIMAL LIFE TEEM$ 9 ABUNDANCE1 ,I FAIL$ TO F9D -- AL?\< ,I WAS EAG]LY LOOK+ = IT -- ?AT BITT] /RUGGLE = ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 AMONG ANIMALS BELONG+ TO ! SAME SPECIES1 :I* WAS CONSID]$ BY MO/ ,D>W9I/S 7?\< NOT ALWAYS BY ,D>W9 HIMSELF7 AS ! DOM9ANT *>ACT]I/IC ( /RUGGLE = LIFE1 & ! MA9 FACTOR ( EVOLUTION4 ,! T]RIBLE SN[-/ORMS :I* SWEEP OV] ! NOR!RN PORTION ( ,EURASIA 9 ! LAT] P>T ( ! W9T]1 & ! GLAZ$ FRO/ ?AT (T5 FOLL[S !M2 ! FRO/S & ! SN[-/ORMS :I* RETURN EV]Y YE> 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ,MAY1 :5 ! TREES >E ALREADY 9 FULL BLOSSOM & 9SECT LIFE SW>MS EV]Y:]E2 ! E>LY FRO/S &1 OCCASIONALLY1 ! HEAVY SN[FALLS 9 ,JULY & ,AUGU/1 :I* SUDD5LY DE/ROY MYRIADS ( 9SECTS1 AS WELL AS ! SECOND BROODS ( ! BIRDS 9 ! PRAIRIES2 ! TORR5TIAL RA9S1 DUE TO ! MONSOONS1 :I* FALL 9 MORE TEMP]ATE REGIONS 9 ,AUGU/ & ,SEPTEMB] -- RESULT+ 9 9UNDATIONS ON A SCALE :I* IS ONLY KN[N 9 ,AM]ICA & 9 ,EA/]N ,ASIA1 & SWAMP+1 ON ! PLATEAUS1 >EAS AS WIDE AS ,EUROPEAN ,/ATES2 & F9ALLY1 ! HEAVY SN[FALLS1 E>LY 9 ,OCTOB]1 :I* EV5TUALLY R5D] A T]RITORY AS L>GE AS ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 ABSOLUTELY IMPRACTICABLE = RUM9ANTS1 & DE/ROY !M BY ! ?\S& -- !SE W]E ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ,I SAW ANIMAL LIFE /RUGGL+ 9 ,NOR!RN ,ASIA4 ,!Y MADE ME REALIZE AT AN E>LY DATE ! OV]:ELM+ IMPORTANCE 9 ,NATURE ( :AT ,D>W9 DESCRIB$ AS 0! NATURAL *ECKS TO OV]-MULTIPLICATION10 9 COMP>ISON TO ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SAME SPECIES = ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 :I* MAY GO ON H]E & !RE1 TO SOME LIMIT$ EXT5T1 BUT NEV] ATTA9S ! IMPORTANCE ( ! =M]4 ,PAUCITY ( LIFE1 UND]-POPULATION -- NOT OV]-POPULATION -- BE+ ! DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ?AT IMM5SE P>T ( ! GLOBE :I* WE NAME ,NOR!RN ,ASIA1 ,I CONCEIV$ S9CE !N S]I\S D\BTS -- :I* SUBSEQU5T /UDY HAS ONLY CONFIRM$ -- AS TO ! REALITY ( ?AT FE>FUL COMPETITION = FOOD & LIFE )9 EA* SPECIES1 :I* WAS AN >TICLE ( FAI? ) MO/ ,D>W9I/S1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 AS TO ! DOM9ANT P>T :I* ?IS SORT ( COMPETITION WAS SUPPOS$ TO PLAY 9 ! EVOLUTION ( NEW SPECIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :]EV] ,I SAW ANIMAL LIFE 9 ABUNDANCE1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ON ! LAKES :]E SCORES ( SPECIES & MILLIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS CAME TOGE!R TO RE> !IR PROG5Y2 9 ! COLONIES ( ROD5TS2 9 ! MIGRATIONS ( BIRDS :I* TOOK PLACE AT ?AT TIME ON A TRULY ,AM]ICAN SCALE ALONG ! ,USURI2 & ESPECIALLY 9 A MIGRATION ( FALL[-DE] :I* ,I WITNESS$ ON ! ,AMUR1 & DUR+ :I* SCORES ( ?\S&S ( !SE 9TELLIG5T ANIMALS CAME TOGE!R FROM AN IMM5SE T]RITORY1 FLY+ BE=E ! COM+ DEEP SN[1 9 ORD] TO CROSS ! ,AMUR :]E IT IS N>R[E/ -- 9 ALL !SE SC5ES ( ANIMAL LIFE :I* PASS$ BE=E MY EYES1 ,I SAW ,MUTUAL ,AID & ,MUTUAL ,SUPPORT C>RI$ ON TO AN EXT5T :I* MADE ME SUSPECT 9 IT A FEATURE ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE = ! MA9T5ANCE ( LIFE1 ! PRES]VATION ( EA* SPECIES1 & ITS FUR!R EVOLUTION4 ,& F9ALLY1 ,I SAW AMONG ! SEMI-WILD CATTLE & HORSES 9 ,TRANSBAIKALIA1 AMONG ! WILD RUM9ANTS EV]Y:]E1 ! SQUIRRELS1 & SO ON1 ?AT :5 ANIMALS HAVE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ SC>CITY ( FOOD1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ONE ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ CAUSES1 ! :OLE ( ?AT PORTION ( ! SPECIES :I* IS AFFECT$ BY ! CALAMITY1 COMES \T ( ! ORDEAL SO MU* IMPOV]I%$ 9 VIGOR & HEAL?1 ?AT NO PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION ( ! SPECIES CAN BE BAS$ UPON SU* P]IODS ( KE5 COMPETITION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :5 MY ATT5TION WAS DRAWN1 LAT] ON1 TO ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,D>W9ISM & ,SOCIOLOGY1 ,I C\LD AGREE ) NONE ( ! WORKS & PAMPHLETS ?AT HAD BE5 WRITT5 UPON ?IS IMPORTANT SUBJECT4 ,!Y ALL 5DEAVOR$ TO PROVE ?AT ,MAN1 [+ TO HIS HI<] 9TELLIG5CE & KN[L$GE1 MAY MITIGATE ! H>%NESS ( ! /RUGGLE = LIFE BETWE5 M52 BUT !Y ALL RECOGNIZ$ AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! /RUGGLE = ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 ( EV]Y ANIMAL AGA9/ ALL ITS CONG5]S1 & ( EV]Y MAN AGA9/ ALL O!R M51 WAS 0A LAW ( ,NATURE40 ,?IS VIEW1 H[EV]1 ,I C\LD NOT ACCEPT1 BECAUSE ,I WAS P]SUAD$ ?AT TO ADMIT A PITILESS 9N] W> = LIFE )9 EA* SPECIES1 & TO SEE 9 ?AT W> A CONDITION ( PROGRESS1 WAS TO ADMIT SOME?+ :I* NOT ONLY HAD NOT YET BE5 PROV$1 BUT ALSO LACK$ CONFIRMATION FROM DIRECT OBS]VATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 A LECTURE 0,ON ! ,LAW ( ,MUTUAL ,AID10 :I* WAS DELIV]$ AT A ,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,NATURALI/S1 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#h1 BY ! WELL-KN[N ZOOLOGI/1 ,PR(ESSOR ,KESSL]1 ! !N ,DEAN ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,UNIV]SITY1 /RUCK ME AS ?R[+ A NEW LI MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! LAW ( MUTUAL CONTE/4 ,?IS SUGGE/ION -- :I* WAS1 9 REALITY1 NO?+ BUT A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ BY ,D>W9 HIMSELF 9 ,! ,DESC5T ( ,MAN -- SEEM$ TO ME SO CORRECT & ( SO GREAT AN IMPORTANCE1 ?AT S9CE ,I BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) IT 79 #a#h#h#c7 ,I BEGAN TO COLLECT MAT]IALS = FUR!R DEVELOP+ ! IDEA1 :I* ,KESSL] HAD ONLY CURSORILY SKET*$ 9 HIS LECTURE1 BUT HAD NOT LIV$ TO DEVELOP4 ,HE DI$ 9 #a#h#h#a4 ,9 ONE PO9T ONLY ,I C\LD NOT 5TIRELY 5DORSE ,KESSL]'S VIEWS4 ,KESSL] ALLUD$ TO 0P>5TAL FEEL+0 & C>E = PROG5Y 7SEE BEL[1 ,*APT] ,I7 AS TO ! S\RCE ( MUTUAL 9CL9ATIONS 9 ANIMALS4 ,H[EV]1 TO DET]M9E H[ F> !SE TWO FEEL+S HAVE REALLY BE5 AT WORK 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIABLE 9/9CTS1 & H[ F> O!R 9/9CTS HAVE BE5 AT WORK 9 ! SAME DIRECTION1 SEEMS TO ME A QUITE DI/9CT & A V]Y WIDE QUE/ION1 :I* WE H>DLY CAN DISCUSS YET4 ,IT WILL BE ONLY AFT] WE HAVE WELL E/ABLI%$ ! FACTS ( MUTUAL AID 9 DIFF]5T CLASSES ( ANIMALS1 & !IR IMPORTANCE = EVOLUTION1 ?AT WE %ALL BE ABLE TO /UDY :AT BELONGS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIABLE FEEL+S1 TO P>5TAL FEEL+S1 & :AT TO SOCIABILITY PROP] -- ! LATT] HAV+ EVID5TLY ITS ORIG9 AT ! E>LIE/ /AGES ( ! EVOLUTION ( ! ANIMAL WORLD1 P]HAPS EV5 AT ! 0COLONY-/AGES40 ,I CONSEQU5TLY DIRECT$ MY *IEF ATT5TION TO E/ABLI%+ FIR/ ( ALL1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,MUTUAL ,AID FACTOR ( EVOLUTION1 LEAV+ TO ULT]IOR RESE>* ! TASK ( DISCOV]+ ! ORIG9 ( ! ,MUTUAL ,AID 9/9CT 9 ,NATURE4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,MUTUAL ,AID FACTOR -- 0IF ITS G5]ALITY C\LD ONLY BE DEMON/RAT$0 -- DID NOT ESCAPE ! NATURALI/'S G5IUS SO MANIFE/ 9 ,GOE!4 ,:5 ,ECK]MANN TOLD ONCE TO ,GOE! -- IT WAS 9 #ahbg -- ?AT TWO LITTLE WR5-FL$GL+S1 :I* HAD RUN AWAY FROM HIM1 W]E F\ND BY HIM NEXT DAY 9 ! NE/ ( ROB9 R$BREA/S 7,RO?KEHL*571 :I* F$ ! LITTLE ONES1 TOGE!R ) !IR [N Y\NG/]S1 ,GOE! GREW QUITE EXCIT$ AB\T ?IS FACT4 ,HE SAW 9 IT A CONFIRMATION ( HIS PAN!I/IC VIEWS1 & SAID3 -- 0,IF IT BE TRUE ?AT ?IS FE$+ ( A /RANG] GOES ?R\< ALL ,NATURE AS SOME?+ HAV+ ! *>ACT] ( A G5]AL LAW -- !N MANY AN 5IGMA W\LD BE SOLV$4 0,HE RETURN$ TO ?IS MATT] ON ! NEXT DAY1 & MO/ E>NE/LY 5TREAT$ ,ECK]MANN 7:O WAS1 AS IS KN[N1 A ZOOLOGI/7 TO MAKE A SPECIAL /UDY ( ! SUBJECT1 ADD+ ?AT HE W\LD SURELY COME 0TO QUITE 9VALUABLE TREASURIES ( RESULTS0 7,GESPRA*E1 $ITION ( #a#h#d#h1 VOL4 III4 PP4 #b#a#i1 #b#b#a74 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS /UDY WAS NEV] MADE1 AL?\< IT IS V]Y POSSIBLE ?AT ,BREHM1 :O HAS ACCUMULAT$ 9 HIS WORKS SU* RI* MAT]IALS RELATIVE TO MUTUAL AID AMONG ANIMALS1 MIK4 ,SEV]AL WORKS ( IMPORTANCE W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! YE>S #a#h#g#b-#a#h#h#f1 DEAL+ ) ! 9TELLIG5CE & ! M5TAL LIFE ( ANIMALS 7!Y >E M5TION$ 9 A FOOTNOTE 9 ,*APT] ,I ( ?IS BOOK71 & ?REE ( !M DEALT MORE ESPECIALLY ) ! SUBJECT UND] CONSID]ATION2 NAMELY1 ,LES ,SOCIETES ANIMALES .<,ANIMAL ,SOCIETIES.>1 BY ,ESP9AS 7,P>IS1 #a#h#g#g72 ,LA ,LUTTE P\R L'EXI/5CE ET L'ASSOCIATION P\T LA LUTTE .<,! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE & ! ASSOCIATION = ! /RUGGLE.>1 A LECTURE BY ,J4,L4 ,LANESSAN 7,APRIL #a#h#h#a72 & ,L\IS ,BO*N]'S BOOK1 ,LIEBE UND ,LIEBES-,LEB5 9 D] ,?I]WELT .<,LOVE & LOVE LIFE 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD.>1 ( :I* ! FIR/ $ITION APPE>$ 9 #ahhb OR #a#h#h#c1 & A SECOND1 MU* 5L>G$1 9 #a#h#h#e4 ,BUT EXCELL5T ?\< EA* ( !SE WORKS IS1 !Y LEAVE AMPLE ROOM = A WORK 9 :I* ,MUTUAL ,AID W\LD BE CONSID]$1 NOT ONLY AS AN >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( A PRE-HUMAN ORIG9 ( MORAL 9/9CTS1 BUT ALSO AS A LAW ( ,NATURE & A FACTOR ( EVOLUTION4 ,ESP9AS DEVOT$ HIS MA9 ATT5TION TO SU* ANIMAL SOCIETIES 7ANTS1 BEES7 AS >E E/ABLI%$ UPON A PHYSIOLOGICAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ?\< HIS WORK IS FULL ( ADMIRABLE H9TS 9 ALL POSSIBLE DIRECTIONS1 IT WAS WRITT5 AT A TIME :5 ! EVOLUTION ( HUMAN SOCIETIES C\LD NOT YET BE TREAT$ ) ! KN[L$GE WE N[ POSSESS4 ,LANESSAN'S LECTURE HAS MORE ! *>ACT] ( A BRILLIANTLY LAID-\T G5]AL PLAN ( A WORK1 9 :I* MUTUAL SUPPORT W\LD BE DEALT )1 BEG9N+ ) ROCKS 9 ! SEA1 & !N PASS+ 9 REVIEW ! WORLD ( PLANTS1 ( ANIMALS & M54 ,AS TO ,BU*N]'S WORK1 SUGGE/IVE ?\< IT IS & RI* 9 FACTS1 ,I C\LD NOT AGREE ) ITS LEAD+ IDEA4 ,! BOOK BEG9S ) A HYMN TO ,LOVE1 & NE>LY ALL ITS ILLU/RATIONS >E 9T5D$ TO PROVE ! EXI/5CE ( LOVE & SYMPA?Y AMONG ANIMALS4 ,H[EV]1 TO R$UCE ANIMAL SOCIABILITY TO LOVE & SYMPA?Y MEANS TO R$UCE ITS G5]ALITY & ITS IMPORTANCE1 JU/ AS HUMAN E?ICS BAS$ UPON LOVE & P]SONAL SYMPA?Y ONLY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO N>R[ ! COMPREH5SION ( ! MORAL FEEL+ AS A :OLE4 ,IT IS NOT LOVE TO MY NEIDS HIS H\SE :5 ,I SEE IT ON FIRE2 IT IS A F> WID]1 EV5 ?\< MORE VAGUE FEEL+ OR 9/9CT ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY & SOCIABILITY :I* MOVES ME4 ,SO IT IS ALSO ) ANIMALS4 ,IT IS NOT LOVE1 & NOT EV5 SYMPA?Y 7UND]/OOD 9 ITS PROP] S5SE7 :I* 9DUCES A H]D ( RUM9ANTS OR ( HORSES TO =M A R+ 9 ORD] TO RESI/ AN ATTACK ( WOLVES2 NOT LOVE :I* 9DUCES WOLVES TO =M A PACK = HUNT+2 NOT LOVE :I* 9DUCES KITT5S OR LAMBS TO PLAY1 OR A DOZ5 ( SPECIES ( Y\NG BIRDS TO SP5D !IR DAYS TOGE!R 9 ! AUTUMN2 & IT IS NEI!R LOVE NOR P]SONAL SYMPA?Y :I* 9DUCES MANY ?\S& FALL[-DE] SCATT]$ OV] A T]RITORY AS L>GE AS ,FRANCE TO =M 9TO A SCORE ( SEP>ATE H]DS1 ALL M>*+ T[>DS A GIV5 SPOT1 9 ORD] TO CROSS !RE A RIV]4 ,IT IS A FEEL+ 9F9ITELY WID] ?AN LOVE OR P]SONAL SYMPA?Y -- AN 9/9CT ?AT HAS BE5 SL[LY DEVELOP$ AMONG ANIMALS & M5 9 ! C\RSE ( AN EXTREMELY LONG EVOLUTION1 & :I* HAS TAUT 9 ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( \R MORAL FEEL+S4 ,BUT IT IS NOT LOVE & NOT EV5 SYMPA?Y UPON :I* ,SOCIETY IS BAS$ 9 MANK9D4 ,IT IS ! CONSCI5CE -- BE IT ONLY AT ! /AGE ( AN 9/9CT -- ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 ,IT IS ! UNCONSCI\S RECOGNITION ( ! =CE ?AT IS BORR[$ BY EA* MAN FROM ! PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID2 ( ! CLOSE DEP5D5CY ( EV]Y ONE'S HAPP9ESS UPON ! HAPP9ESS ( ALL2 & ( ! S5SE ( JU/ICE1 OR EQUITY1 :I* BR+S ! 9DIVIDUAL TO CONSID] ! RIY F\NDATION ! /ILL HI<] MORAL FEEL+S >E DEVELOP$4 ,BUT ?IS SUBJECT LIES \TSIDE ! SCOPE ( ! PRES5T WORK1 & ,I %ALL ONLY 9DICATE H]E A LECTURE1 0,JU/ICE & ,MORALITY0 :I* ,I DELIV]$ 9 REPLY TO ,HUXLEY'S ,E?ICS1 & 9 :I* ! SUBJECT HAS BE5 TREAT$ AT SOME L5G?4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ,I ?\+ UPON ,MAN71 :I* TO MY APPRECIATION WAS A V]Y 9CORRECT REPRES5TATION ( ! FACTS ( ,NATURE1 AS ONE SEES !M 9 ! BU% & 9 ! =E/1 ,I COMMUNICAT$ ) ! $ITOR ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ASK+ HIM :E!R HE W\LD GIVE ! HOSPITALITY ( HIS REVIEW TO AN ELABORATE REPLY TO ! VIEWS ( ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T ,D>W9I/S2 & ,MR4 ,JAMES ,KN[LES RECEIV$ ! PROPOSAL ) FULLE/ SYMPA?Y4 ,I ALSO SPOKE ( IT TO ,W4 ,BATES4 0,YES1 C]TA9LY2 ?AT IS TRUE ,D>W9ISM10 WAS HIS REPLY4 0,IT IS HORRIBLE :AT '!Y' HAVE MADE ( ,D>W94 ,WRITE !SE >TICLES1 & :5 !Y >E PR9T$1 ,I WILL WRITE TO Y\ A LETT] :I* Y\ MAY PUBLI%40 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT TOOK ME NE>LY SEV5 YE>S TO WRITE !SE >TICLES1 & :5 ! LA/ WAS PUBLI%$1 ,BATES WAS NO LONG] LIV+4 ,AFT] HAV+ DISCUSS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( MUTUAL AID 9 V>I\S CLASSES ( ANIMALS1 ,I WAS EVID5TLY B\ND TO DISCUSS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SAME FACTOR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ,MAN4 ,?IS WAS ! MORE NECESS>Y AS !RE >E A NUMB] ( EVOLUTIONI/S :O MAY NOT REFUSE TO ADMIT ! IMPORTANCE ( MUTUAL AID AMONG ANIMALS1 BUT :O1 LIKE ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 WILL REFUSE TO ADMIT IT = ,MAN4 ,= PRIMITIVE ,MAN -- !Y MA9TA9 -- W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL WAS ! LAW ( LIFE4 ,9 H[ F> ?IS ASS]TION1 :I* HAS BE5 TOO WILL+LY REPEAT$1 )\T SUFFICI5T CRITICISM1 S9CE ! TIMES ( ,HOBBES1 IS SUPPORT$ BY :AT WE KN[ AB\T ! E>LY PHASES ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 IS DISCUSS$ 9 ! *APT]S GIV5 TO ! ,SAVAGES & ! ,B>B>IANS4 ,! NUMB] & IMPORTANCE ( MUTUAL-AID 9/ITUTIONS :I* W]E DEVELOP$ BY ! CREATIVE G5IUS ( ! SAVAGE & HALF-SAVAGE MASSES1 DUR+ ! E>LIE/ CLAN-P]IOD ( MANK9D & /ILL MORE DUR+ ! NEXT VILLAGE-COMMUNITY P]IOD1 & ! IMM5SE 9FLU5CE :I* !SE E>LY 9/ITUTIONS HAVE EX]CIS$ UPON ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D1 D[N TO ! PRES5T TIMES1 9DUC$ ME TO EXT5D MY RESE>*ES TO ! LAT]1 HI/ORICAL P]IODS AS WELL2 ESPECIALLY1 TO /UDY ?AT MO/ 9T]E/+ P]IOD -- ! FREE M$IEVAL CITY REPUBLICS1 ( :I* ! UNIV]SALITY & 9FLU5CE UPON \R MOD]N CIVILIZATION HAVE NOT YET BE5 DULY APPRECIAT$4 ,& F9ALLY1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO 9DICATE 9 BRIEF ! IMM5SE IMPORTANCE :I* ! MUTUAL-SUPPORT 9/9CTS1 9H]IT$ BY MANK9D FROM ITS EXTREMELY LONG EVOLUTION1 PLAY EV5 N[ 9 \R MOD]N SOCIETY1 :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO RE/ UPON ! PR9CIPLE3 0EV]Y ONE = HIMSELF1 & ! ,/ATE = ALL10 BUT :I* IT NEV] HAS SUCCE$$1 NOR WILL SUCCE$ 9 REALIZ+4 ,IT MAY BE OBJECT$ TO ?IS BOOK ?AT BO? ANIMALS & M5 >E REPRES5T$ 9 IT UND] TOO FAVORABLE AN ASPECT2 ?AT !IR SOCIABLE QUALITIES >E 9SI/$ UPON1 :ILE !IR ANTI-SOCIAL & SELF-ASS]T+ 9/9CTS >E H>DLY T\*$ UPON4 ,?IS WAS1 H[EV]1 UNAVOIDABLE4 ,WE HAVE HE>D SO MU* LATELY ( ! 0H>%1 PITILESS /RUGGLE = LIFE10 :I* WAS SAID TO BE C>RI$ ON BY EV]Y ANIMAL AGA9/ ALL O!R ANIMALS1 EV]Y 0SAVAGE0 AGA9/ ALL O!R 0SAVAGES10 & EV]Y CIVILIZ$ MAN AGA9/ ALL HIS CO-CITIZ5S -- & !SE ASS]TIONS HAVE SO MU* BECOME AN >TICLE ( FAI? -- ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y1 FIR/ ( ALL1 TO OPPOSE TO !M A WIDE S]IES ( FACTS %[+ ANIMAL & HUMAN LIFE UND] A QUITE DIFF]5T ASPECT4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO 9DICATE ! OV]:ELM+ IMPORTANCE :I* SOCIABLE HABITS PLAY 9 ,NATURE & 9 ! PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION ( BO? ! ANIMAL SPECIES & HUMAN BE+S3 TO PROVE ?AT !Y SECURE TO ANIMALS A BETT] PROTECTION FROM !IR 5EMIES1 V]Y (T5 FACILITIES = GETT+ FOOD & 7W9T] PROVISIONS1 MIGRATIONS1 ETC471 LONGEVITY1 !RE=E A GREAT] FACILITY = ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9TELLECTUAL FACULTIES2 & ?AT !Y HAVE GIV5 TO M51 9 ADDITION TO ! SAME ADVANTAGES1 ! POSSIBILITY ( WORK+ \T ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS :I* HAVE 5ABL$ MANK9D TO SURVIVE 9 ITS H>D /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,NATURE1 & TO PROGRESS1 NOT)/&+ ALL ! VICISSITUDES ( ITS HI/ORY4 ,IT IS A BOOK ON ! LAW ( ,MUTUAL ,AID1 VIEW$ AT AS ONE ( ! *IEF FACTORS ( EVOLUTION -- NOT ON ALL FACTORS ( EVOLUTION & !IR RESPECTIVE VALUES2 & ?IS FIR/ BOOK HAD TO BE WRITT51 BE=E ! LATT] C\LD BECOME POSSIBLE4 ,I %\LD C]TA9LY BE ! LA/ TO UND]RATE ! P>T :I* ! SELF-ASS]TION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS PLAY$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( MANK9D4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS SUBJECT REQUIRES1 ,I BELIEVE1 A MU* DEEP] TREATM5T ?AN ! ONE IT HAS HI!RTO RECEIV$4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 9DIVIDUAL SELF-ASS]TION HAS (T5 BE51 & CONT9UALLY IS1 SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM1 & F> L>G] & DEEP] ?AN1 ! PETTY1 UN9TELLIG5T N>R[-M9D$NESS1 :I*1 ) A L>GE CLASS ( WRIT]S1 GOES = 09DIVIDUALISM0 & 0SELF-ASS]TION40 ,NOR HAVE HI/ORY-MAK+ 9DIVIDUALS BE5 LIMIT$ TO ?OSE :OM HI/ORIANS HAVE REPRES5T$ AS H]OES4 ,MY 9T5TION1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IS1 IF CIRCUM/ANCES P]MIT IT1 TO DISCUSS SEP>ATELY ! P>T TAK5 BY ! SELF-ASS]TION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION ( MANK9D4 ,I CAN ONLY MAKE 9 ?IS PLACE ! FOLL[+ G5]AL REM>K3 -- ,:5 ! ,MUTUAL ,AID 9/ITUTIONS -- ! TRIBE1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ! GUILDS1 ! M$IEVAL CITY -- BEGAN1 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 TO LOSE !IR PRIMITIVE *>ACT]1 TO BE 9VAD$ BY P>ASITIC GR[?S1 & ?US TO BECOME H9DRANCES TO PROGRESS1 ! REVOLT ( 9DIVIDUALS AGA9/ !SE 9/ITUTIONS TOOK ALWAYS TWO DIFF]5T ASPECTS4 ,P>T ( ?OSE :O ROSE UP /ROVE TO PURIFY ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS1 OR TO WORK \T A HI<] =M ( COMMONWEAL?1 BAS$ UPON ! SAME ,MUTUAL ,AID PR9CIPLES2 !Y TRI$1 = 9/ANCE1 TO 9TRODUCE ! PR9CIPLE ( 0COMP5SATION10 9/EAD ( ! LEX TALIONIS1 & LAT] ON1 ! P>DON ( (F5SES1 OR A /ILL HI<] IDEAL ( EQUALITY BE=E ! HUMAN CONSCI5CE1 9 LIEU ( 0COMP5SATION10 ACCORD+ TO CLASS-VALUE4 ,BUT AT ! V]Y SAME TIME1 ANO!R PORTION ( ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL REBELS 5DEAVOR$ TO BREAK D[N ! PROTECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT1 ) NO O!R 9T5TION BUT TO 9CREASE !IR [N WEAL? & !IR [N P[]S4 ,9 ?IS ?REE-CORN]$ CONTE/1 BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES ( REVOLT$ 9DIVIDUALS & ! SUPPORT]S ( :AT EXI/$1 LIES ! REAL TRAG$Y ( HI/ORY4 ,BUT TO DEL9EATE ?AT CONTE/1 & HONE/LY TO /UDY ! P>T PLAY$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( MANK9D BY EA* ONE ( !SE ?REE =CES1 W\LD REQUIRE AT LEA/ AS MANY YE>S AS IT TOOK ME TO WRITE ?IS BOOK4 ,( WORKS DEAL+ ) NE>LY ! SAME SUBJECT1 :I* HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ S9CE ! PUBLICATION ( MY >TICLES ON ,MUTUAL ,AID AMONG ,ANIMALS1 ,I MU/ M5TION ,! ,L[ELL ,LECTURES ON ! ,ASC5T ( ,MAN1 BY ,H5RY ,DRUMMOND 7,LONDON1 #a#h#i#d71 & ,! ,ORIG9 & ,GR[? ( ! ,MORAL ,9/9CT1 BY ,A4 ,SU!RL& 7,LONDON1 #a#h#i#h74 ,BO? >E CON/RUCT$ *IEFLY ON ! L9ES TAK5 9 ,BU*N]'S ,LOVE1 & 9 ! SECOND WORK ! P>5TAL & FAMILIAL FEEL+ AS ! SOLE 9FLU5CE AT WORK 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MORAL FEEL+S HAS BE5 DEALT ) AT SOME L5G?4 ,A ?IRD WORK DEAL+ ) MAN & WRITT5 ON SIMIL> L9ES IS ,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIOLOGY1 BY ,PR(4 ,F4,A4 ,GIDD+S1 ! FIR/ $ITION ( :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #ahif AT ,NEW ,YORK & ,LONDON1 & ! LEAD+ IDEAS ( :I* W]E SKET*$ BY ! AU?OR 9 A PAMPHLET 9 #a#h#i#d4 ,I MU/ LEAVE1 H[EV]1 TO LIT]>Y CRITICS ! TASK ( DISCUSS+ ! PO9TS ( CONTACT1 RESEMBLANCE1 OR DIV]G5CE BETWE5 !SE WORKS & M9E4 ,! DIFF]5T *APT]S ( ?IS BOOK W]E PUBLI%$ FIR/ 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY 70,MUTUAL ,AID AMONG ,ANIMALS10 9 ,SEPTEMB] & ,NOVEMB] #a#h#i2 0,MUTUAL ,AID AMONG ,SAVAGES10 9 ,APRIL #a#h#i#a2 0,MUTUAL ,AID AMONG ! ,B>B>IANS10 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#i#b2 0,MUTUAL ,AID 9 ! ,M$IAEVAL ,CITY10 9 ,AUGU/ & ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#i#d2 & 0,MUTUAL ,AID AMONG ,MOD]N ,M510 9 ,JANU>Y & ,JUNE #a#h#i#f74 ,9 BR++ !M \T 9 A BOOK =M MY FIR/ 9T5TION WAS TO EMBODY 9 AN ,APP5DIX ! MASS ( MAT]IALS1 AS WELL AS ! DISCUSSION ( SEV]AL SECOND>Y PO9TS1 :I* HAD TO BE OMITT$ 9 ! REVIEW >TICLES4 ,IT APPE>$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ,APP5DIX W\LD D\BLE ! SIZE ( ! BOOK1 & ,I WAS COMPELL$ TO AB&ON1 OR1 AT LEA/1 TO PO/PONE ITS PUBLICATION4 ,! PRES5T ,APP5DIX 9CLUDES ! DISCUSSION ( ONLY A FEW PO9TS :I* HAVE BE5 ! MATT] ( SCI5TIFIC CONTROV]SY DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S2 & 9TO ! TEXT ,I HAVE 9TRODUC$ ONLY SU* MATT] AS C\LD BE 9TRODUC$ )\T ALT]+ ! /RUCTURE ( ! WORK4 ,I AM GLAD ( ?IS OPPORTUNITY = EXPRESS+ TO ! $ITOR ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,MR4 ,JAMES ,KN[LES1 MY V]Y BE/ ?ANKS1 BO? = ! K9D HOSPITALITY :I* HE (F]$ TO !SE PAP]S 9 HIS REVIEW1 AS SOON AS HE KNEW !IR G5]AL IDEA1 & ! P]MISSION HE K9DLY GAVE ME TO REPR9T !M4 ,BROMLEY1 ,K5T1 #a#i#b4 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #a#a1 #bbb 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/