,MY? ( ! ,P>TY 
,BOL%EVIK ,MY/IFICATION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS >E NOT 0MADE0 BY P>TIES1 GR\PS1 OR CADRES2 !Y OCCUR AS A RESULT ( DEEP-SEAT$ HI/ORIC =CES & CONTRADICTIONS ?AT ACTIVATE L>GE SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION4 ,!Y OCCUR NOT M]ELY 7AS ,TROTSKY >GU$7 BECAUSE ! 0MASSES0 F9D ! EXI/+ SOCIETY 9TOL]ABLE1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ! T5SION BETWE5 ! ACTUAL & ! POSSIBLE1 BETWE5 0:AT IS0 & 0:AT C\LD BE40 

,ABJECT MIS]Y ALONE DOES NOT PRODUCE REVOLUTIONS2 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT PRODUCES AN AIMLESS DEMORALIZATION1 OR WORSE1 A PRIVATE1 P]SONALIZ$ /RUGGLE TO SURVIVE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag WEI<S ON ! BRA9 ( ! LIV+ LIKE A NI<TM>E BECAUSE IT WAS L>GELY A PROJECT ( 09TOL]ABLE CONDITIONS10 ( A DEVA/AT+ IMP]IALI/IC W>4 ,:ATEV] DREAMS IT HAD W]E PULV]IZ$ BY AN EV5 BLOODI] CIVIL W>1 BY FAM9E1 & BY TREA*]Y4 ,:AT EM]G$ FROM ! REVOLUTION W]E ! RU9S NOT ( AN OLD SOCIETY1 BUT ( :ATEV] HOPES EXI/$ TO A*IEVE A NEW ONE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FAIL$ MIS]ABLY2 IT REPLAC$ ,CZ>ISM BY /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ! TRAGIC VICTIMS ( !IR IDEOLOGY & PAID ) !IR LIVES 9 GREAT NUMB]S DUR+ ! PURGES ( ! ,?IRTIES4 ,TO ATTEMPT TO ACQUIRE ANY UNIQUE WISDOM FROM ?IS SC>CITY REVOLUTION IS RIDICUL\S4 

,:AT WE CAN LE>N FROM ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ IS :AT ALL REVOLUTIONS HAVE 9 COMMON & !IR PR(\ND LIMITATIONS COMP>$ ) ! 5ORM\S POSSIBILITIES ?AT >E N[ OP5 TO US4 

,SPONTANE\S ,REVOLUTION 

,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! PA/ REVOLUTIONS IS ?AT !Y BEGAN SPONTANE\SLY4 ,:E!R ONE *OOSES TO EXAM9E ! OP5+ PHASES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i1 ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! #aie REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,CZ> 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e#f1 ! ,FR5* G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#i#f#h1 ! OP5+ /AGES >E G5]ALLY ! SAME3 A P]IOD ( F]M5T ?AT EXPLODES SPONTANE\SLY 9TO A MASS UPSURGE4 

,:E!R ! UPSURGE IS SUCCESSFUL OR NOT DEP5DS ON ITS RESOLUT5ESS & ON :E!R ! ,/ATE CAN EFFECTIVELY EX]CISE ITS >M$ P[]-?AT IS1 ON :E!R ! TROOPS GO OV] TO ! PEOPLE4 

,! 0GLORI\S P>TY10 :5 !RE IS ONE1 ALMO/ 9V>IABLY LAGS BEH9D ! EV5TS4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y1#a#i#a#g1 ! ,PETROGRAD ORGANIZATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS OPPOS$ ! CALL+ ( /RIKES PRECISELY ON ! EVE ( ! REVOLUTION :I* WAS DE/9$ TO OV]?R[ ! ,CZ>4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! WORK]S IGNOR$ ! ,BOL%EVIK 0DIRECTIVES0 & W5T ON /RIKE ANYWAY4 

,9 ! EV5TS :I* FOLL[$1 NO ONE WAS MORE SURPRIS$ BY ! REVOLUTION ?AN ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 P>TIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,AS ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD] ,KAYUROV RECALL$3 0,ABSOLUTELY NO GUID+ 9ITIATIVES FROM ! P>TY W]E FELT444! ,PETROGRAD COMMITTEE HAD BE5 >RE/$ & ! REPRES5TATIVE FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 ,COMRADE ,%LIAPNIKOV1 WAS UNABLE TO GIVE ANY DIRECTIVES = ! COM+ DAY40 

,P]HAPS ?IS WAS =TUNATE3 BE=E ! ,PETROGRAD COMMITTEE WAS >RE/$1 ITS EVALUATION ( ! SITUATION & ITS ROLE W]E SO DISMAL ?AT1 HAD ! WORK]S FOLL[$ ITS GUIDANCE1 IT IS D\BTFUL IF ! REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE OCCURR$ :5 IT DID4 

,! ,HI]>*Y ( ,COMM& 

,SC5E FROM ! #aief ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION3 ,RUSSIAN TANK COMM&]S1 ! HEIRS ( ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 7,PHOTO FROM ,HUNG>Y '#e#f BY ,&Y ,&]SON7 

,AS ! P>TY EXP&S1 ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ! LEAD]%IP & ! RANKS 9V>IABLY 9CREASES4 ,ITS LEAD]S NOT ONLY BECOME 0P]SONAGES01 BUT !Y LOSE CONTACT ) ! LIV+ SITUATION BEL[4 ,! LOCAL GR\PS1 :I* KN[ !IR [N IMM$IATE SITUATION BETT] ?AN ANY REMOTE LEAD]1 >E OBLIG$ TO SUBORD9ATE !IR 9SI<TS TO DIRECTIVES FROM ABOVE4 

,! LEAD]%IP1 LACK+ ANY DIRECT KN[L$GE ( LOCAL PROBLEMS1 RESPONDS SLUGGI%LY & PRUD5TLY4 ,AL?\< IT /AKES \T A CLAIM TO ! 0L>G] VIEW01 TO GREAT] 0!ORETICAL COMPET5CE01 ! COMPET5CE ( ! LEAD]%IP T5DS TO DIM9I% ! HI<] ONE ASC5DS ! HI]>*Y ( COMM&4 

,! MORE ONE APPROA*ES ! LEVEL :]E ! REAL DECISIONS >E MADE1 ! MORE CONS]VATIVE IS ! NATURE ( ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS1 ! MORE BUREAUCRATIC & EXTRANE\S >E ! FACTORS :I* COME 9TO PLAY1 ! MORE CONSID]ATIONS ( PRE/IGE & RETR5*M5T SUPPLANT CREATIVITY1 IMAG9ATION1 & A DIS9T]E/$ D$ICATION TO REVOLUTION>Y GOALS4 

,SC5ES FROM ! #aief ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION3 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT DE/ROY+ MY/IFICATION4 7,PHOTO FROM ,HUNG>Y '#e#f BY ,&Y ,&]SON7 

,! RESULT IS ?AT ! P>TY BECOMES LESS EFFICI5T FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW ! MORE IT SEEKS EFFICI5CY 9 HI]>*Y1 CADRES1 & C5TRALIZATION4 ,AL?\< EV]YONE M>*ES 9 /EP1 ! ORD]S >E USUALLY WRONG1 ESPECIALLY :5 EV5TS BEG9 TO MOVE RAPIDLY & TAKE UNEXPECT$ TURNS-AS !Y DO 9 ALL REVOLUTIONS4 

,! P>TY IS EFFICI5T 9 ONLY ONE RESPECT3 9 MOLD+ SOCIETY 9 ITS [N HI]>*ICAL IMAGE IF ! REVOLUTION IS SUCCESSFUL4 ,IT CREATES BUREAUCRACY1 C5TRALIZATION1 & ! ,/ATE4 ,IT FO/]S ! V]Y SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* JU/IFY ?IS K9D ( SOCIETY4 ,H5CE 9/EAD ( 0WI!R+ AWAY01 ! ,/ATE CONTROLL$ BY ! 0GLORI\S P>TY0 PRES]VES ! V]Y CONDITIONS :I* 0NECESSITATE0 ! EXI/5CE ( A ,/ATE-& A P>TY TO 0GU>D IT04 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS K9D ( P>TY IS EXTREMELY VULN]ABLE 9 P]IODS ( REPRESSION4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAS ONLY TO GRAB ITS LEAD]%IP TO VIRTUALLY DE/ROY ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T4 ,) ITS LEAD]S 9 PRISON OR 9 HID+1 ! P>TY BECOMES P>ALYZ$2 ! OB$I5T MEMB]%IP HAS NO ONE TO OBEY & T5DS TO FL\ND]4 ,DEMORALIZATION SETS 9 RAPIDLY4 ,! P>TY DECOMPOSES NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ITS REPRESSIVE ATMOSPH]E BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ITS POV]TY ( 9N] RES\RCES4 

,! =EGO+ ACC\NT IS NOT A S]IES ( HYPO!TICAL 9F]5CES2 IT IS A COMPOSITE SKET* ( ALL ! MASS ,M>XIAN P>TIES ( ! PA/ C5TURY-! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ! COMMUNI/S1 & ! ,TROTSKYI/S444 

,TO CLAIM ?AT !SE P>TIES CEAS$ TO TAKE !IR ,M>XIAN PR9CIPLES S]I\SLY M]ELY CONCEALS ANO!R QUE/ION3 :Y DID ?IS HAPP5 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,! FACT IS ?AT !SE P>TIES W]E CO-OPT$ 9TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BECAUSE !Y W]E /RUCTUR$ ALONG B\RGEOIS L9ES4 ,! G]M ( TREA*]Y EXI/$ 9 !M FROM BIR?4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY WAS SP>$ ?IS FATE BETWE5 #aid & #aiag = ONLY ONE REASON3 IT WAS AN ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION DUR+ MO/ ( ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,! P>TY WAS CONT9UALLY BE+ %ATT]$ & RECON/ITUT$1 ) ! RESULT ?AT UNTIL IT TOOK P[] IT NEV] REALLY H>D5$ 9TO A FULLY C5TRALIZ$1 BUREAUCRATIC1 HI]>*ICAL MA*9E4 

,MOREOV]1 IT WAS RIDDL$ BY FACTION4 ,?IS 9T5SE FACTIONAL ATMOSPH]E P]SI/$ ?R\<\T #aiag 9TO ! CIVIL W>1 NEV]!LESS ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP WAS ORD9>ILY EXTREMELY CONS]VATIVE1 A TRAIT ?AT ,L59 HAD TO FI<T ?R\<\T #a#i#a#g-FIR/1 9 HIS EF=TS TO REORI5T ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE AGA9/ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 7! FAM\S CONFLICT OV] ! 0,APRIL ,!SES071 LAT] 9 DRIV+ ?IS BODY 9TO 9SURRECTION 9 ,OCTOB]4 ,9 BO? CASES1 HE ?REAT5$ TO RESIGN FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & BR+ HIS VIEWS TO ! 0L[] RANKS ( ! P>TY40 

,! ,C5TRALIZ$ ,P>TY 

,IT CANNOT BE /RESS$ TOO /RONGLY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS T5D$ TO C5TRALIZE !IR P>TY TO ! DEGREE ?AT !Y BECAME ISOLAT$ FROM ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS RELATION%IP HAS R>ELY BE5 9VE/IGAT$ 9 LATT]-DAY ,L59I/ CIRCLES1 AL?\< ,L59 WAS HONE/ 5\< TO ADMIT IT4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS NOT M]ELY ! /ORY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY & ITS SUPPORT]S4 ,B5EA? ! V5E] ( (FICIAL EV5TS DESCRIB$ BY ,SOVIET HI/ORIANS !RE WAS ANO!R1 MORE BASIC DEVELOPM5T-! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S & REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS1 :I* LAT] CLA%$ %>PLY ) ! BUREAUCRATIC POLICIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,) ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,CZ> 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 WORK]S 9 VIRTUALLY ALL ! FACTORIES ( ,RUSSIA SPONTANE\SLY E/ABLI%$ FACTORY COMMITTEES1 /AK+ \T AN 9CREAS+ CLAIM 9 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#g1 AN ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES WAS HELD 9 ,PETROGRAD :I* CALL$ = ! 0ORGANIZATION ( ?OR\< CONTROL BY LABOR OV] PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION40 ,! DEM&S ( ?IS ,CONF]5CE >E R>ELY M5TION$ 9 ,L59I/ ACC\NTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,CONF]5CE ALIGN$ ITSELF ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,TROTSKY1 :O DESCRIBES ! FACTORY COMMITTEES AS 0! MO/ DIRECT & 9DUBITABLE REPRES5TATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! :OLE C\NTRY10 DEALS ) !M P]IPH]ALLY 9 HIS MASSIVE1 ?REE-VOLUME HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,YET SO IMPORTANT W]E !SE SPONTANE\S ORGANISMS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT ,L591 DESPAIR+ ( W9N+ ! SOVIETS 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g1 WAS PREP>$ TO JETTISON ! SLOGAN 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS0 = 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES40 

,?IS DEM& W\LD HAVE CATAPULT$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9TO A COMPLETELY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ POSITION1 AL?\< IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE REMA9$ !RE V]Y LONG4 

,AN ,5D TO ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL 

,) ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 ALL ! FACTORY COMMITTEES SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! PLANTS1 \/+ ! B\RGEOISIE & COMPLETELY TAK+ CONTROL ( 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,9 ACCEPT+ ! CONCEPT ,( WORK]S' CONTROL1 ,L59'S FAM\S DECREE ( ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #a#i#a#g1 M]ELY ACKN[L$G$ AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT2 ! ,BOL%EVIKS D>$ NOT OPPOSE ! WORK]S AT ?IS E>LY DATE4 ,BUT !Y BEGAN TO :ITTLE D[N ! P[] ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES4 

,9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#a#h1 A SCANT TWO MON?S AFT] 0DECREE+0 WORK]S' CONTROL1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS %IFT$ ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! FACTORIES FROM ! COMMITTEES TO ! BUREAUCRATIC TRADE UNIONS4 ,! /ORY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0PATI5TLY0 EXP]IM5T$ ) WORK]S' CONTROL1 ONLY TO F9D IT 09EFFICI5T0 & 0*AOTIC0 IS A MY?4 

,!IR 0PATI5CE0 DID NOT LA/ MORE ?AN A FEW WEEKS4 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y 5D DIRECT WORK]S' CONTROL )9 A MATT] ( WEEKS AFT] ! DECREE ( ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 BUT EV5 UNION CONTROL CAME TO AN 5D %ORTLY AFT] IT HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$4 

,BY ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#h1 VIRTUALLY ALL ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY WAS PLAC$ UND] B\RGEOIS =MS ( MANAGEM5T4 ,AS ,L59 PUT IT1 ! 0REVOLUTION DEM&S444PRECISELY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIALISM ?AT ! MASSES UNQUE/IONABLY OBEY ! S+LE WILL ( ! LEAD]S ( ! LABOR PROCESS40 ,WORK]S' CONTROL WAS D5\NC$ NOT ONLY AS 09EFFICI5T10 0*AOTIC10 & 0IMPRACTICAL10 BUT AS 0PETTY B\RGEOIS60 

,! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ ,OS9SKY BITT]LY D5\NC$ ALL ( !SE SPURI\S CLAIMS & W>N$ ! P>TY3 

0,SOCIALISM & SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION MU/ BE SET UP BY ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 OR !Y WILL NOT BE SET UP AT ALL2 SOME?+ ELSE WILL BE SET UP-/ATE CAPITALISM40 ,9 ! 09T]E/S ( SOCIALISM10 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY ELB[$ ! PROLET>IAT \T ( EV]Y DOMA9 IT HAD CONQU]$ BY ITS [N EF=TS & 9ITIATIVE4 

,! P>TY DID NOT CO-ORD9ATE ! REVOLUTION OR EV5 LEAD IT2 IT DOM9AT$ IT4 ,FIR/1 WORK]S' CONTROL1 LAT] UNION CONTROL1 WAS REPLAC$ BY AN ELABORATE HI]>*Y1 AS MON/R\S AS ANY /RUCTURE ?AT EXI/$ 9 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y TIMES4 ,AS LAT] YE>S W]E TO DEMON/RATE1 ,OS9SKY'S PROPHECY BECAME BITT] REALITY ) A V5GEANCE4 

,! PROBLEM ( 0:O IS TO PREVAIL0-! ,BOL%EVIKS OR ! ,RUSSIAN 0MASSES0-WAS BY NO MEANS LIMIT$ TO ! FACTORIES4 ,! ISSUE REAPPE>$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AS WELL AS ! CITIES4 ,A SWEEP+ PEASANT W> HAD BUOY$ UP ! MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S4 ,CONTR>Y TO (FICIAL ,L59I/ ACC\NTS1 ! AGR>IAN UPSURGE WAS BY NO MEANS LIMIT$ TO A R$I/RIBUTION ( ! L& 9TO PRIVATE PLOTS4 

,9 ! ,UKRA9E1 PEASANTS 9FLU5C$ BY ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS ( ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO E/ABLI%$ A MULTITUDE ( RURAL COMMUNES1 GUID$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ MAXIM3 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY2 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S10 ,ELSE:]E1 9 ! NOR? & 9 ,SOVIET ,ASIA1 SEV]AL ?\S& ( !SE ORGANISMS W]E E/ABLI%$ P>TLY ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & 9 L>GE MEASURE AS A RESULT ( TRADITIONAL COLLECTIVI/ IMPULSES :I* /EMM$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE1 ! MIR4 

,IT MATT]S LITTLE :E!R !SE COMMUNES W]E NUM]\S OR EMBRAC$ L>GE NUMB]S ( PEASANTS2 ! PO9T IS ?AT !Y W]E AU!NTIC POPUL> ORGANISMS1 ! NUCLEI ( A MORAL & SOCIAL SPIRIT ?AT RANG$ F> ABOVE ! DEHUMANIZ+ VALUES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,COMMUNES ,DISC\RAG$ 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS FR[N$ UPON !SE ORGANISMS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ & CONDEMN$ !M4 ,TO ,L591 ! PREF]R$1 ! MORE 0SOCIALI/0 =M OR AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISE WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/ATE ,F>M3 LIT]ALLY AN AGRICULTURAL FACTORY 9 :I* ! ,/ATE [N$ ! L& & F>M+ EQUIPM5T1 APPO9T+ MANAG]S :O HIR$ PEASANTS ON A WAGE BASIS4 ,ONE SEES 9 !SE ATTITUDES T[>D WORK]S' CONTROL & AGRICULTURAL COMMUNES ! ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS SPIRIT & M5TALITY ?AT P]MEAT$ ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY-A SPIRIT & M5TALITY ?AT EMANAT$ NOT ONLY FROM ITS !ORIES1 BUT FROM ITS CORPORATE MODE ( ORGANIZATION4 

,9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 LAUN*$ AN ATTACK AGA9/ ! COMMUNES ON ! PRETEXT ?AT PEASANTS W]E BE+ 0=C$0 TO 5T] !M4 ,ACTUALLY1 LITTLE IF ANY CO]CION WAS US$ TO ORGANIZE !SE COMMUNI/IC =MS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AS ,ROB]T ,G4 ,WESSON1 :O /UDI$ ! ,SOVIET COMMUNES 9 DETAIL1 CONCLUDES3 0,?OSE :O W5T 9TO COMMUNES MU/ HAVE DONE SO L>GELY ( !IR [N VOLITION40 ,! COMMUNES W]E NOT SUPPRESS$ BUT !IR GR[? WAS DISC\RAG$ UNTIL ,/AL9 M]G$ ! 5TIRE DEVELOPM5T 9 ! =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION DRIVES ( ! LATE ',TW5TIES & E>LY ',?IRTIES4 

,BY #a#i#b1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ISOLAT$ !MSELVES FROM ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,! ELIM9ATION ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,MAKHNOVTSY1 ! RE/RICT$ POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E 9 ! C\NTRY1 ! 9FLAT$ BUREAUCRACY1 ! CRU%+ MAT]IAL POV]TY 9H]IT$ FROM ! CIVIL W> YE>S-ALL1 TAK5 TOGE!R1 G5]AT$ A DEEP HO/ILITY T[>D ,BOL%EVIK RULE4 

,) ! 5D ( HO/ILITIES1 A NEW MOVEM5T SURG$ UP FROM ! DEP?S ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY = A 0,?IRD ,REVOLUTION0-NOT A RE/ORATION ( ! PA/1 BUT A DEEP-FELT DESIRE TO REALIZE ! V]Y GOALS ( FRE$OM1 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL1 ?AT HAD RALLI$ ! 0MASSES0 >\ND ! ,BOL%EVIK PROGRAM ( #a#i#a#g4 

,! NEW MOVEM5T F\ND ITS MO/ CONSCI\S =M 9 ! ,PETROGRAD PROLET>IAT & ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS4 ,IT ALSO F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! P>TY3 ! GR[? ( ANTI-C5TRALI/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES AMONG ! ,BOL%EVIKS REA*$ A PO9T :]E A BLOC ( OPPOSITIONAL GR\PS1 ORI5T$ T[>D !SE ISSUES1 GA9$ #abd SEATS AT A ,MOSC[ PROV9CIAL CONF]5CE AS AGA9/ #a$ = SUPPORT]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 

,! ,KRON/ADT ,REVOLT 

,ON ,M>* #b1 #a#i#b#a1 ! 0,R$ SAILORS0 ( ,KRON/ADT ROSE 9 OP5 REBELLION1 RAIS+ ! BANN] ( A 0,?IRD ,REVOLUTION ( ! TOIL]S40 ,! ,KRON/ADT PROGRAM C5T]$ >\ND DEM&S = FREE ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIETS1 FRE$OM ( SPEE* & PRESS = ! AN>*I/S & ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 FREE TRADE UNIONS1 & ! LIB]ATION ( ALL PRISON]S :O BELONG$ TO ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 

,! MO/ %AMELESS /ORIES W]E FABRICAT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ACC\NT = ?IS UPRIS+1 :I* 9 LAT] YE>S W]E ACKN[L$G$ AS BRAZ5 LIES4 ,! REVOLT WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AS A 0,:ITE ,GU>D PLOT10 ?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S 9 ,KRON/ADT JO9$ ! SAILORS-PRECISELY AS ,COMMUNI/S-D5\NC+ ! P>TY LEAD]S AS BETRAY]S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 

,AS ,ROB]T ,V9C5T ,DANIELS OBS]VES 9 HIS /UDY ( ,BOL%EVIK OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS3 0,ORD9>Y ,COMMUNI/S W]E 9DE$ SO UNRELIABLE444?AT ! GOV]NM5T DID NOT DEP5D UPON !M1 EI!R 9 ! ASSAULT ON ,KRON/ADT ITSELF OR 9 KEEP+ ORD] 9 ,PETROGRAD1 :]E ,KRON/ADT'S HOPES = SUPPORT *IEFLY RE/$4 ,! MA9 BODY ( TROOPS EMPLOY$ W]E ,*EKI/S & (FIC] CADETS FROM ,R$ ,>MY TRA9+ S*OOLS4 ,! F9AL ASSAULT ON ,KRON/ADT WAS L$ BY ! TOP (FICIALDOM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY-A L>GE GR\P ( DELEGATES AT ! ,T5? ,P>TY ,CONGRESS WAS RU%$ FROM ,MOSC[ = ?IS PURPOSE40 

,SO WEAK WAS ! REGIME 9T]NALLY ?AT ! ELITE HAD TO DO ITS [N DIRTY WORK4 

,EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN ! ,KRON/ADT REVOLT WAS ! /RIKE MOVEM5T ?AT DEVELOP$ AMONG ! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S1 A MOVEM5T ?AT SP>K$ ! UPRIS+ ( ! SAILORS4 ,L59I/ HI/ORIES DO NOT REC\NT ?IS CRITICALLY IMPORTANT DEVELOPM5T4 ,! FIR/ /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ! ,TR\BOT*NY FACTORY ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 #a#i#b#a4 

,)9 A MATT] ( DAYS ! MOVEM5T SWEPT 9 ONE FACTORY AFT] ANO!R UNTIL1 BY ,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 ! FAM\S ,PUTILOV WORKS-0CRUCIBLE ( ! REVOLUTION0-W5T ON /RIKE4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ECONOMIC DEM&S RAIS$ BUT WORK]S RAIS$ DI/9CTLY POLITICAL ONES1 ANTICIPAT+ ALL ! DEM&S ?AT W]E TO BE RAIS$ BY ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS A FEW DAYS LAT]4 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DECL>$ A 0/ATE ( SIEGE0 9 ,PETROGRAD & >RE/$ ! /RIKE LEAD]S1 SUPPRESS+ ! WORK]S' DEMON/RATIONS ) (FIC] CADETS4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT M]ELY SUPPRESS A 0SAILORS' MUT9Y10 !Y CRU%$ BY >M$ =CE ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ,L59 DEM&$ ! BANN+ ( FACTIONS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,C5TRALIZATION ( ! P>TY WAS N[ COMPLETE-& ! WAY WAS PAV$ = ,/AL94 

,WE HAVE DISCUSS$ !SE EV5TS 9 DETAIL BECAUSE !Y LEAD TO A CONCLUSION ?AT \R LATE/ CROP ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/S T5D TO AVOID3 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY REA*$ ITS MAXIMUM DEGREE ( C5TRALIZATION 9 ,L59'S DAY NOT TO A*IEVE A REVOLUTION OR SUPPRESS A ,:ITE ,GU>D C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 BUT TO EFFECT A C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( ITS [N AGA9/ ! V]Y SOCIAL =CES IT PR(ESS$ TO REPRES5T4 

,FACTIONS W]E PROHIBIT$ & A MONOLI?IC P>TY CREAT$ NOT TO PREV5T A 0CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION0 BUT TO CONTA9 A MASS MOVEM5T ( WORK]S = SOVIET DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL FRE$OM4 

,MEANS ,REPLAC$ ,5DS 

,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ?AT 0,PHRASE W5T BEYOND ! CONT5T10 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION ! =MS REPLAC$ ! CONT5T4 ,! SOVIETS REPLAC$ ! WORK]S & !IR FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ! ,P>TY REPLAC$ ! SOVIETS1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE REPLAC$ ! ,P>TY1 & ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU REPLAC$ ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,9 %ORT1 MEANS REPLAC$ 5DS4 

,?IS 9CR$IBLE SUB/ITUTION ( =M = CONT5T IS ONE ( ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC TRAITS ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM4 

,ONLY ONE =CE C\LD HAVE >RE/$ ! GR[? ( BUREAUCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA3 A SOCIAL =CE4 ,HAD ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY SUCCE$$ 9 9CREAS+ ! DOMA9 ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( VIABLE FACTORY COMMITTEES1 RURAL COMMUNES1 & FREE SOVIETS1 ! HI/ORY ( ! C\NTRY MI<T HAVE TAK5 A DRAMATICALLY DIFF]5T TURN4 

,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ?AT ! FAILURE ( SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS 9 ,EUROPE AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> L$ TO ! ISOLATION ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! MAT]IAL POV]TY ( ,RUSSIA1 C\PL$ ) ! PRESSURE ( ! SURR\ND+ CAPITALI/ WORLD1 CLE>LY MILITAT$ AGA9/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CONSI/5TLY LIB]T>IAN1 9DE$1 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,BUT BY NO MEANS WAS IT ORDA9$ ?AT ,RUSSIA HAD TO DEVELOP ALONG /ATE CAPITALI/ L9ES2 CONTR>Y TO ,L59'S & ,TROTSKY'S EXPECTATIONS1 ! REVOLUTION WAS DEFEAT$ BY 9T]NAL =CES1 NOT BY ! 9VASION ( >MIES FROM ABROAD4 

,HAD ! MOVEM5T FROM BEL[ RE/OR$ ! 9ITIAL A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g1 A MULTI-FACET$ SOCIAL /RUCTURE MI<T HAVE DEVELOP$1 BAS$ ON WORK]'S CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 ON A FREELY DEVELOP+ PEASANT ECONOMY 9 AGRICULTURE1 & ON A LIV+ 9T]PLAY ( IDEAS1 PROGRAMS1 & POLITICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ,RUSSIA W\LD HAVE NOT BE5 IMPRISON$ 9 TOTALIT>IAN *A9S & ,/AL9ISM W\LD NOT HAVE POISON$ ! WORLD REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 PAV+ ! WAY = FASCISM & ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 H[EV]1 PRECLUD$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 ,L59'S OR ,TROTSKY'S 0GOOD 9T5TIONS0 ASIDE4 ,BY DE/ROY+ ! P[] ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES 9 9DU/RY & BY CRU%+ ! ,MAKHNOVTSY1 ! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S1 & ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS VIRTUALLY GU>ANTE$ ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY OV] ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 

,! C5TRALIZ$ P>TY-A COMPLETELY B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTION-BECAME ! REFUGE ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ITS MO/ S9I/] =M4 ,?IS WAS ! COV]T C\NT]-REVOLUTION ?AT DRAP$ ITSELF 9 ! R$ FLAG & ! T]M9OLOGY ( ,M>X4 ,ULTIMATELY1 :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS SUPPRESS$ 9 #aiba WAS NOT AN 0IDEOLOGY0 OR A 0,:ITE ,GU>D CONSPIRACY10 BUT AN ELEM5TAL /RUGGLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE TO FREE !MSELVES ( !IR %ACKLES & TAKE CONTROL ( !IR [N DE/9Y4 

,= ,RUSSIA1 ?IS MEANT ! NI<TM>E ( ,/AL9I/ DICTATOR%IP3 = ! G5]ATION ( ! ,?IRTIES IT MEANT ! HORROR ( FASCISM & ! TREA*]Y ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,TAK5 FROM ! PAMPHLET ,LI/51 ,M>XI/S6 BY ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,/UD5TS ,F$]ATION4 ,IT CAN BE F\ND 9 :OLE 9 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S ,PO/ ,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,MY? ( ! ,P>TY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,MY? ( ! ,P>TY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/