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,DEMOCRACY & ! ,NATIONAL ,/ATE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#a#b4 ,DEMOCRACY & ! ,NATIONAL ,/ATE 

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,W,E HAVE SE5 UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES ! NATIONAL /ATE PUT 9 ITS APPE>ANCE & GRADUALLY TOOK ON ! DEMOCRATIC ASPECT :I* GAVE BIR? TO ! MOD]N CONCEPT ( ! NATION4 ,ONLY :5 WE VIEW ) OP5 EYES ! MANIFOLD RAMIFICATIONS ( ?IS MO/ IMPORTANT SOCIAL *ANGE 9 ,EUROPE WILL WE GET A CLE> IDEA CONC]N+ ! REAL *>ACT] ( ! NATION4 ,! OLD OP9ION :I* ASCRIBES ! CREATION ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATE TO ! AWAK5$ NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE IS BUT A FAIRY TALE1 V]Y S]VICEABLE TO ! SUPPORT]S ( ! IDEA ( ! NATIONAL /ATE1 BUT FALSE1 NONE ! LESS4 ,! NATION IS NAT ! CAUSE1 BUT ! RESULT1 ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS ! /ATE :I* CREATES ! NATION1 NOT ! NATION ! /ATE4 ,9DE$2 FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW !RE EXI/S BETWE5 PEOPLE & NATION ! SAME DI/9CTION AS BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! /ATE4 

,EV]Y SOCIAL UNIT IS A NATURAL =MATION :I*1 ON ! BASIS ( COMMON NE$S & MUTUAL AGREEM5T1 IS BUILT ORGANICALLY FROM BEL[ UPW>DS TO GU>ANTEE & PROTECT ! G5]AL 9T]E/4 ,EV5 :5 SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS GRADUALLY OSSIFY OR BECOME RUDIM5T>Y ! PURPOSE ( !IR ORIG9 CAN 9 MO/ 9/ANCES BE CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$4 ,EV]Y /ATE ORGANIZATION1 H[EV]1 IS AN >TIFICIAL ME*ANISM IMPOS$ ON M5 FROM ABOVE BY SOME RUL]1 & IT NEV] PURSUES ANY O!R 5DS BUT TO DEF5D & MAKE SECURE ! 9T]E/S ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES 9 SOCIETY4 

,A PEOPLE IS ! NATURAL RESULT ( SOCIAL UNION1 A MUTUAL ASSOCIATION ( M5 BR\<T AB\T BY A C]TA9 SIMIL>ITY ( EXT]NAL CONDITIONS ( LIV+1 A COMMON LANGUAGE1 & SPECIAL *>ACT]I/ICS DUE TO CLIMATE &1 GEOGRAPHIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,9 ?IS MANN] >ISE C]TA9 COMMON TRAITS1 ALIVE 9 EV]Y MEMB] ( ! UNION1 & =M+ A MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( ITS SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 ,?IS 9N] RELATION%IP CAN AS LITTLE BE >TIFICIALLY BR$ AS >TIFICIALLY DE/ROY$4 ,! NATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS ! >TIFICIAL RESULT ( ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL P[]1 JU/ AS NATIONALISM HAS NEV] BE5 ANY?+ BUT ! POLITICAL RELIGION ( ! MOD]N /ATE4 ,BELONG+ TO A NATION IS NEV] DET]M9$1 AS IS BELONG+ TO A PEOPLE1 BY PR(\ND NATURAL CAUSES2 IT IS ALWAYS SUBJECT TO POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS & BAS$ ON ?OSE REASONS ( /ATE BEH9D :I* ! 9T]E/S ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES ALWAYS HIDE4 ,A SMALL GR\P ( DIPLOMATS :O >E SIMPLY ! BUS9ESS REPRES5TATIVES ( PRIVILEG$ CA/E & CLASS DECIDE QUITE >BITR>ILY ! NATIONAL MEMB]%IP ( C]TA9 GR\PS ( M51 :O >E NOT EV5 ASK$ = !IR CONS5T1 BUT MU/ SUBMIT TO ?IS EX]CISE ( P[] BECAUSE !Y CANNOT HELP !MSELVES4 

,PEOPLES & GR\PS ( PEOPLES EXI/$ LONG BE=E ! /ATE PUT 9 ITS APPE>ANCE4 ,TODAY1 ALSO1 !Y EXI/ & DEVELOP )\T ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! /ATE4 ,!Y >E ONLY H9D]$ 9 !IR NATURAL DEVELOPM5T :5 SOME EXT]NAL P[] 9T]F]ES BY VIOL5CE ) !IR LIFE & =CES IT 9TO PATT]NS :I* IT HAS NOT KN[N BE=E4 ,! NATION IS1 !N1 UN?9KABLE )\T ! /ATE4 ,IT IS WELD$ TO ?AT = WEAL OR WOE & [ES ITS BE+ SOLELY TO ITS PRES5CE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ! NATION WILL ALWAYS ESCAPE US IF WE ATTEMPT TO SEP>ATE IT FROM ! /ATE & 5D[ IT ) A LIFE ( ITS [N :I* IT HAS NEV] POSSESS$4 

,A PEOPLE IS ALWAYS A COMMUNITY ) RA!R N>R[ B\ND>IES4 ,BUT A NATION1 AS A RULE1 5COMPASSES A :OLE >RAY ( DIFF]5T PEOPLES & GR\PS ( PEOPLES :O HAVE BY MORE OR LESS VIOL5T MEANS BE5 PRESS$ 9TO ! FRAME ( A COMMON /ATE4 ,9 FACT1 9 ALL ( ,EUROPE !RE IS NO /ATE :I* DOES NOT CONSI/ ( A GR\P ( DIFF]5T PEOPLES :O W]E ORIG9ALLY ( DIFF]5T DESC5T & SPEE* & W]E =G$ TOGE!R 9TO ONE NATION SOLELY BY DYNA/IC1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9T]E/S4 

,EV5 :]E1 9FLU5C$ BY ! GR[? ( DEMOCRATIC IDEAS1 ! EF=T T[>D NATIONAL UNITY TOOK ! =M ( A GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5T1 AS HAP-P5$ 9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY1 ! EF=T REALLY />T$ FROM A REACTION>Y G]M :I* C\LD LEAD TO NO GOOD \TCOME4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS ( ,MAZZ9I & HIS ADH]5TS = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIFI$ NATIONALI/IC /ATE C\LD BUT S]VE AS H9DRANCE TO ! SOCIAL LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE1 :OSE REAL GOAL WAS HIDD5 BY ! NATIONAL IDEOLOGY4 ,BETWE5 ! MAN ,MAZZ9I & ! PRES5T DICTATOR ( ,ITALY YAWNS A MI<TY ABYSS2 BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONALI/IC SY/EM ( ?\<T FROM ,MAZZ9I'S POLITICAL !OLOGY TO ! FASCI/ TOTALIT>IAN /ATE ( ,MUSSOL9I PROCE$S 9 A /RAI<T L9E4 

,A GLANCE AT ! FRE%-BAK$ NATIONAL /ATES :I* APPE>$ AS A RESULT ( ! ,WORLD ,W> GIVES US A FACTUAL PICTURE :I* CANNOT BE EASILY MIS-UND]/OOD4 ,! SAME NATIONALITIES :I* BE=E ! ,W> NEV] CEAS$ TO REVOLT AGA9/ ! =EIGN OPPRESSOR REVEAL !MSELVES TODAY1 :5 !Y HAVE REA*$ !IR GOAL1 AS ! WOR/ OPPRESSORS ( NATIONAL M9ORI-TIES1 & 9FLICT UPON !M ! SAME BRUTAL MORAL & LEGAL OPPRESSIONS :I* !Y !MSELVES1 & ) FULL RI<T1 F\<T MO/ BITT]LY :5 !Y W]E ! SUBJECT$ PEOPLES4 ,?IS \<T TO MAKE PLA9 TO EV5 ! BL9DE/ ?AT A H>MONI\S LIV+ TOGE!R ( PEOPLES )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! NATIONAL /ATE IS DEF9ITELY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?OSE PEOPLES :O 9 ! NAME ( LIB]ATION HAVE %AK5 (F ! YOKE ( A HAT$ =EIGN RULE HAVE GA9$ NO?+ !REBY4 ,9 MO/ CASES !Y HAVE TAK5 ON A NEW YOKE1 :I* IS FREQU5TLY MORE OPPRESSIVE ?AN ! OLD4 ,POL&1 ,HUNG>Y1 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 & ! BORD] /ATES BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA >E ! CLASSIC EXAMPLES ( ?IS4 

,! *ANGE ( HUMAN GR\PS 9TO NATIONS1 ?AT IS1 9TO /ATE PEOPLES1 HAS OP5$ NO NEW \TLOOK = ,EUROPE2 IT HAS RA!R ?R[N UP A /RONG BULW>K ( 9T]NATIONAL REACTION & IS TODAY ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S H9DRANCES TO SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY WAS DIVID$ BY ?IS PROCESS 9TO ANTAGONI/IC GR\PS :I* CONFRONT ONE ANO!R ALWAYS ) SUSPICION1 & (T5 ) HATE2 & NATIONALISM 9 EV]Y C\NTRY WAT*ES ) >GUS EYES TO KEEP ?IS MORBID CONDITION P]MAN5T4 ,:]EV] A MUTUAL APPROA* ( PEOPLES BEG9S1 !RE ! ADH]5TS ( NATIONALISM ALWAYS ADD NEW FUEL TO ! FLAMES ( NATIONAL ANTAGONISM4 ,= ! NATIONALI/ /ATE LIVES BY !SE ANTAGONISMS & W\LD HAVE TO DISAPPE> ! MOM5T IT WAS NO LONG] ABLE TO MA9TA9 ?IS >TIFICIAL SEP>ATION4 

,! CONCEPT ( ! NATIONAL /ATE RE/S1 !RE=E1 ON A PURELY NEGATIVE PR9CIPLE1 BEH9D :I*1 H[EV]1 V]Y POSITIVE AIMS >E HIDD54 ,= BEH9D EV]Y?+ 0NATIONAL0 /&S ! WILL TO P[] ( SMALL M9ORITIES & ! SPECIAL 9T]E/ ( CA/E & CLASS 9 ! /ATE4 ,IT IS !Y :O 9 REALITY DIRECT ! 0WILL ( ! NATION10 =1 AS ,M5G] RI<TLY REM>KS1 0,! /ATES AS SU* HAVE NO PURPOSE2 ONLY ! RUL]S HAVE40 ,BUT ?AT ! WILL ( ! FEW MAY BECOME ! WILL ( ALL - = ONLY ?US CAN IT DEVELOP ITS FULL EFFECTIV5ESS - EV]Y =M ( 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DRILL MU/ BE EMPLOY$ TO AN*OR IT 9 ! RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES & MAKE IT A MATT] ( FAI?4 ,N[1 ! TRUE /R5G? ( A FAI? LIES1 9 ! FACT ?AT ITS PRIE/S DRAW %>PLY ! L9ES :I* SEP>ATE ! OR?ODOX FROM ! ADH]5TS ( ANY O!R RELIGI\S COMMUNION4 ,)\T ,SATAN'S WICK$NESS1 IT W\LD GO ILL ) ,GOD'S GREATNESS4 ,NATIONAL /ATES >E POLITICAL *UR* ORGANIZATIONS2 ! SO-CALL$ NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS IS NOT BORN 9 MAN1 BUT TRA9$ 9TO HIM4 ,IT IS A RELIGI\S CONCEPT2 ONE IS A ,G]MAN1 A ,FR5*MAN1 AN ,ITALIAN1 JU/ AS ONE IS A ,CA?OLIC1 A ,PROTE/ANT1 OR A ,JEW4 

,) ! SPREAD ( DEMOCRATIC IDEAS 9 ,EUROPE BEG9S ! RISE ( NATIONALISM 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,ONLY ) ! CREATION ( ! NEW /ATE1 :I*1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 SECURES = EV]Y CITIZ5 ! CON/ITUTIONAL RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! POLITICAL LIFE ( HIS C\NTRY & TO HAVE A P>T 9 ! *OICE ( ITS GOV]NM5T1 C\LD ! NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS TAKE ROOT 9 ! MASSES1 & ! CONVICTION BE BR$ 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT HE WAS A MEMB] ( ! GREAT POLITICAL UNION ( ! NATION1 ) :I* HE WAS 9SEP>ABLY 9T]GR[N & :I* GAVE TO HIS SEP>ATE EXI/5CE ITS CONT5T & PURPOSE4 ,9 ! PRE-DEMOCRATIC P]IOD SU* A BELIEF C\LD TAKE ROOT ONLY 9 ! N>R[ CIRCLE ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 REMA9+ 5TIRELY ALI5 TO ! GREAT MASS ( ! POPULATION4 ,QUITE RI<TLY ,LASSALLE REM>KS3 

,! PR9CIPLE ( FREE 9DEP5D5T NATIONALITIES IS ! BASIS1 ! S\RCE1 ! MO!R & ! ROOT ( ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY 9 G5]AL4 ,DEMOCRACY CANNOT TREAD ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITIES UND] FOOT )\T RAIS+ A SUICIDAL H& AGA9/ ITS [N EXI/5CE1 )\T DEPRIV+ ITSELF ( ! SUPPORT ( EV]Y !ORETICAL JU/IFICATION1 )\T BASICALLY & ON PR9CIPLE BETRAY+ ITSELF4 ,WE REPEAT1 ! PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRACY HAS ITS F\NDATION & LIFE S\RCE 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( FREE NATIONALITIES4 ,)\T ?IS IT /&S ON AIR4 .<#a.> 

,9 ?IS RESPECT1 TOO1 DEMOCRACY DIFF]S ESS5TIALLY FROM LIB]ALISM1 :OSE FIELD ( VIEW EMBRACES MANK9D AS A :OLE1 OR AT LEA/ ?AT P>T ( MANK9D BELONG+ TO ! ,EUROPEAN-,AM]ICAN CIRCLE ( CULTURE OR TO ONE :I* HAS DEVELOP$ UND] SIMIL> SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,S9CE ! PO9T ( VIEW ( LIB]ALISM />TS ) ! 9DIVIDUAL & JUDGES ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T ACCORD+ AS ITS 9/ITUTIONS >E USEFUL OR H>MFUL TO M51 NATIONAL LIMITATIONS PLAY BUT AN UNIMPORTANT P>T = ITS ADH]5TS1 & !Y CAN EXCLAIM ) ,?OMAS ,PA9E3 0,! WORLD IS MY C\NTRY1 ALL M5 >E MY BRO!RS60 ,DEMOCRACY1 H[EV]1 BE+ F\ND$ ON ! COLLECTIVE CONCEPT ( ! COMMON WILL WAS MORE CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! CONCEPT ( ! /ATE & MADE IT ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! COMMON WILL4 

,DEMOCRACY NOT ONLY 5D[$ ! 0NATIONAL SPIRIT0 ) NEW LIFE2 IT ALSO DEF9$ ! CONCEPT ( ! NATIONAL /ATE MORE %>PLY ?AN W\LD F EV] HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE UND] ! REIGN ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,AL?\< ! APO/LES ( ! LATT]1 AS ,FR5* HI/ORY CLE>LY %[S1 CON/ANTLY /ROVE TO UNITE ! NATIONAL =CES EV] MORE /RONGLY & TO PUT ! :OLE ADM9I/RATION ( ! C\NTRY UND] A C5TRALIZ$ DIRECTION1 9 DO+ ?IS !Y ALWAYS HAD ! 9T]E/ ( ! DYNA/Y 9 VIEW1 EV5 :]E !Y1 F\ND IT MORE ADVISABLE TO VEIL !IR TRUE 9T5TIONS4 

,) ! BEG9N+ ( ! DEMOCRATIC P]IOD ALL DYNA/IC ASSUMPTIONS DISAPPE>1 & ! NATION AS SU* BECOMES ! FOCAL PO9T ( POLITICAL EV5TS4 ,?US ! /ATE ITSELF A*IEVES A NEW EXPRESSION4 ,IT N[ BECOMES 9 REALITY ! NATIONAL /ATE BY 9CLUD+ ALL ITS 9HABITANTS AS EQUALLY PRIVILEG$ MEMB]S ( A :OLE & WELD+ !M TOGE!R4 

,FILL$ ) ! PR9CIPLES ( AN AB/RACT POLITICAL EQUALITY1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( DEMOCRATIC NATIONALISM MADE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! NATION & NATIONALITY4 ,! NATION !Y CONSID]$ TO BE A POLITICAL GR\P :I*1 UNIT$ BY COMMUNITY ( LANGUAGE & CULTURE1 HAD COLLECT$ ITSELF 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T /ATE 5TITY4 ,AS NATIONALITIES1 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y C\NT$ SU* GR\PS ( PEOPLE AS W]E SUBJECT TO A =EIGN /ATE & W]E TRY+ TO A*IEVE !IR POLITICAL & NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,DEMOCRATIC NATIONALISM SAW 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES :I* W]E TRY+ TO =M !MSELVES 9TO NATIONS ! ASS]TION ( AN 9VIOLABLE RI<T2 & IT ACT$ 9 ?IS SPIRIT4 ,IF ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5 ( A NATION WI%$ TO 5JOY 9 HIS [N C\NTRY ALL RI<TS & LIB]TIES )\T H9DRANCE1 AS GU>ANTE$ TO HIM BY ! CON/ITUTION1 EV5 SO ! NATION AS A :OLE %\LD 9 ITS 9DIVIDUAL LIFE BE SUBJECT TO NO =EIGN P[] & BE EQUAL TO ALL O!R NATIONS 9 ITS POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT !SE EF=TS W]E BAS$ ON A S\ND PR9CIPLE ! !ORETICAL EQUAL RI<T ( EV]Y NATION & NATIONALITY )\T REG>D TO ITS POLITICAL OR SOCIAL IMPORTANCE4 ,BUT RI<T H]E IT WAS SOON APP>5T ?AT FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ SU* EQUAL RI<TS C\LD NOT BE H>MONIZ$ ) ! EF=TS ( ! /ATE = POLITICAL P[]4 ,! MORE ! RUL]S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ,EUROPEAN /ATES CAME TO REALIZE ?AT !IR C\NTRIES C\LD NOT BE CLOS$ AGA9/ ! 5TRANCE ( DEMOCRATIC IDEAS1 ! MORE CLE>LY !Y SAW ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY W\LD S]VE MO/ EXCELL5TLY AS A COV] UND] :I* TO ADVANCE !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,NAPOLEON ,I1 :O BECAUSE ( HIS ANCE/RY WAS LESS PLAGU$ BY FALSE PREJUDICES ?AN MANY REPRES5TATIVES ( LEGITIMATE ROYALTY1 UND]/OOD QUITE ?OR\<LY H[ TO FUR!R HIS [N SECRET PLANS ) ! AID ( NATIONALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,?US 9 ,MAY1 #a#h#i1 HE S5T FROM ,S*ONBRUNN HIS WELL-KN[N MESSAGE TO ! ,HUNG>IANS 9 :I* HE APPEAL$ TO !M TO ?R[ (F ! YOKE ( ! ,AU/RIANS4 0,I ASK NO?+ ( Y\10 SAYS ! IMP]IAL MESSAGE4 0,I ONLY WI% TO SEE Y\ A FREE & 9DEP5D5T NATION40 

,WE KN[ :AT ?IS UNSELFI% EXPRESSION MEANT4 ,NAPOLEON WAS JU/ AS 9DIFF]5T TO ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,HUNG>IANS AS1 9 HIS HE>T ( HE>TS1 HE WAS TO ?AT ( ! ,FR5* :O 9 SPITE ( HIS =EIGN DESC5T HAD MADE HIM !IR NATIONAL H]O4 ,:AT HE REALLY HAD AT HE>T WAS HIS PLANS = POLITICAL P[]4 ,TO REALIZE !SE HE PLAY$ ) ,ITALIANS1 ,ILLYRIANS1 ,POLES & ,HUNG>IANS ! SAME COM$Y HE HAD PLAY$ = F\RTE5 YE>S ) ! GR&E NATION4 ,H[ CLE>LY ,NAPOLEON RECOGNIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY = HIS [N POLITICAL PURPOSES IS %[N BY A REM>K RECORD$ BY ONE ( HIS COMPANIONS ON ,/4 ,HEL5A3 ,HE C\LD NOT M>VEL 5\< :Y1 AMONG ! ,G]MAN PR9CES1 NOT A S+LE ONE HAD BE5 F\ND ) C\RAGE 5\< TO USE ! IDEA ( ! NATIONAL UNITY ( ,G]MANY1 WIDELY SPREAD AMONG ! PEOPLE1 AS A PRETEXT = UNIT+ ! ,G]MANS UND] A DEF9ITE DYNA/Y4 

,S9CE !N1 ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY HAS ASSUM$ AN IMPORTANT PLACE 9 ,EUROPEAN POLITICS4 ,?US1 AFT] ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S1 ,5GL& ON PR9CIPLE SUPPORT$ ! RI<TS ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLES ON ! CONT95T ONLY = ! REASON ?AT %E !REBY CREAT$ DIFFICULTIES = CONT95TAL DIPLOMACY -:I* C\LD BUT REACT TO ,5GL&'S POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ADVANCEM5T4 ,BUT ( C\RSE ! ,5GLI% DIPLOMATI/S NEV] = A MOM5T ?\<T ( GIV+ ! ,IRI% ! SAME RI<TS4 ,LORD ,PALM]/ON DIRECT$ HIS :OLE =EIGN POLICY BY ?IS ME?OD1 BUT IT NEV] 5T]$ ! M9D ( ! CUNN+ ,5GLI% /ATESMAN TO HELP ! SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES :5 !Y MO/ NE$$ HIS ASSI/ANCE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE LOOK$ ON ) A MO/ PEACEFUL S\L :ILE !IR ATTEMPTS AT LIB]ATION P]I%$ UND] ! CLAWS ( ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE4 

,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I PURSU$ ! SAME CUNN+ POLICY1 PRET5D+ TO BE ! DEF5D] ( SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES :ILE HAV+ 9 VIEW ONLY ! 9T]E/S ( HIS [N DYNA/Y4 ,HIS P>T 9 ! MOVEM5T = ,ITALIAN LIB]ATION1 :I* RESULT$ 9 ! 9CLUSION ( ,NICE & ,SAVOY 9 ,FRANCE1 IS CONV9C+ PRO( ( ?IS4 

,K+ ,C>L ,ALB]T ( ,S>D9IA LIKEWISE SUPPORT$ ! MOVEM5T = NATIONAL LIB]ATION 9 ,ITALY ) ALL MEANS 9 HIS P[]1 AS ) CLEV] PREVISION HE HAD RECOGNIZ$ :AT ADVANTAGES W\LD ACCRUE TO HIS DYNA/Y4 ,MAZZ9I & ,G>IBALDI1 ! MO/ RADICAL SUPPORT]S ( REVOLUTION>Y NATIONALISM1 HAD LAT] TO /& BY & OBS]VE H[ ! SUCCESSOR ( ! ,S>D9IAN G>N]$ ! FRUITS ( !IR LIFELONG ACTIVITIES = HIMSELF AS K+ ( UNIT$ ,ITALY1 :I* !Y HAD 5VISION$ AS A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 

,?AT ! NATIONAL FEEL+ TOOK ROOT SO RAPIDLY 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! REVOLUTION & A*IEV$ SU* A MI<TY GR[? IS PR9CIPALLY TRACEABLE TO ! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD OP5$ AN 5ORM\S *ASM BETWE5 ! ,FR5* & OLD ,EUROPE1 :I* ! CONT9U$ W>S WID5$ /ILL MORE4 ,= ALL ?AT1 ! BE/ & MO/ VALUABLE M9DS 9 ALL C\NTRIES GREET$ ! 0DECL>ATION ( HUMAN RI<TS0 ) UNMIX$ 5?USIASM1 FIRMLY BELIEV+ ?AT N[ ! ]A ( LIB]TY & EQUALITY HAD BEGUN 9 ,EUROPE4 ,EV5 MANY M5 :O LAT] RISK$ EV]Y?+ TO 5FLAME 9 ,G]MANY ! REVOLT AGA9/ ! =EIGN RULE ( ,NAPOLEON1 GREET$ ! REVOLUTION ) 9N] JOY4 ,FI*TE1 ,GORRES1 ,H>D5B]G1 ,S*LEI]MA*]1 ,B5Z5B]G1 & MANY O!RS /OOD AT FIR/ :OLLY UND] ! SPELL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS EMANAT+ FROM ,FRANCE4 ,IT WAS ! BITT] DISAPPO9TM5T ( ?IS CRAV+ = LIB]TY :I* MOV$ M5 LIKE ,JEAN ,PAUL1 ,BEE?OV51 & MANY O!RS :O =M]LY HAD BE5 AMONG ! MO/ GL[+ ADMIR]S ( ,G5]AL ,BONAP>TE-SEE+ 9 HIM ! 9/RUM5T ( A COM+ SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION 9 ,EUROPE-TO TURN FROM HIM AFT] HE HAD MADE HIMSELF EMP]OR & BEGAN TO %[ MORE & MORE CLE>LY ! 9T5TIONS ( ! CONQU]OR4 

,ONE CAN READILY UND]/& ! UNLIMIT$ 5?USIASM ( MANY ( ! BE/ M9DS 9 ,G]MANY = ! ,FR5* :5 ONE VIEWS ! HOPELESS POLITICAL CONDITIONS :I* W]E A TRAGIC REALITY 9 ,G]MANY ON ! EVE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! ,G]MAN EMPIRE WAS N[ ONLY A GR\P ( C\NTRIES ROTT+ 9 !IR [N FIL?1 !IR RUL+ CA/E NO LONG] CAPABLE ( AN 9N] CREATIVE IMPULSE1 & = ?AT REASON CL++ ! MORE CLOSELY TO ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! FRI<TFUL MIS=TUNE ( ! ,?IRTY ,YE>S' ,W>1 :OSE H>DLY-HEAL$ W\NDS HAD BE5 FRE%LY OP5$ BY ,FR$]ICK ,I,I'S CONQUE/S1 HAD M>K$ ! PEOPLE ( ! UN=TUNATE C\NTRIES ) ITS UNMI/AKABLE /AMP4 0,A G5]ATION FILL$ ) NAMELESS WOES10 SAYS ,TREITS*KE 9 HIS ,G]MAN ,HI/ORY1 0HAD BROK5 ! C\RAGE ( ! CITIZ5S & HAD HABITUAT$ ! LITTLE MAN TO CRAWL BE=E ! MI<TY4 ,\R FREESPIRIT$ LANGUAGE LE>N$ ! TRICK ( ABJECT SUBMISSION1 & CAME TO CONTA9 ?AT OV]-RI* TREASURY ( DI/ORT$1 SLAVI% =MS ( SPEE* :I* EV5 TODAY IT HAS NOT COMPLETELY %AK5 (F40 

,TWO-?IRDS ( ! POPULATION AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION WAS 9 A /ATE ( S]FDOM UND] UNSPEAKABLY MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS4 ,! C\NTRY GROAN$ UND] ! H>D YOKE ( C\NTLESS LITTLE DESPOTS :OSE HE>TLESS EGOISM DID NOT %R9K FROM P$DL+ !IR [N SUBJECTS AS CANNON FODD] TO =EIGN P[]S 9 ORD] TO FILL !IR EV] EMPTY C(F]S ) ! BLOOD MONEY PAID !M = ! LIVES ( !SE MIS]ABLE BE+S4 ,ALL ?\<TFUL HI/ORIANS >E AGRE$ ?AT NO LIB]ATION C\LD COME TO ?IS UNHAPPY C\NTRY FROM )94 ,EV5 SO GRIM A HAT] ( ! ,FR5* AS ,]N/ ,MORRIS ,>NDT C\LD NOT DISPUTE ?IS CONCLUSION4 

,SO ! ,FR5* 9VASION HAD AT FIR/ ! EFFECT ( A CLEANS+ ?UND] /ORM4 ,! ,FR5* >MIES BR\<T ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT 9TO ! L& & >\S$ 9 ! HE>TS ( ITS 9HABITANTS A FEEL+ ( HUMAN DIGNITY !Y HAD NOT KN[N BE=E4 ,! SPREAD+ ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS BEYOND !IR FRONTI]S WAS ONE ( ! MO/ DREAD$ WEAPONS ( ! ,FR5* REPUBLIC 9 ITS SUCCESSFUL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM2 = IT WAS MO/ ( ALL 9T5T ON SEP>AT+ ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE FROM ?AT ( ! PR9CES4 ,NAPOLEON NEV] = A MOM5T ?\<T ( GIV+ UP ?IS 9VALUABLE WEAPON4 ,SO :]EV] HIS VICTORI\S FLAG FLOAT$ OV] A NATION HE 9TRODUC$ F>-REA*+ RE=MS 9 ORD] TO ATTA* ! 9HABITANTS ( ! OCCUPI$ T]RITORY TO HIMSELF4 

,! PEACE ( ,LUNEVILLE 9 #aha HAD =C$ ! ,G]MAN EMP]OR TO RECOGNIZE ! ,RH9E AS ! FRONTI] BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! TREATIES ! TEMPORAL RUL]S ( ! LEFT %ORE ( ! ,RH9E W]E TO BE COMP5SAT$ BY T]RITORIES 9 ! 9T]IOR ( ! EMPIRE4 ,SO N[ BEGAN ! %AMEFUL B>T] ( ! ,G]MAN PR9CES ) ! 0H]$IT>Y 5EMY0 = EV]Y SCRAP ( L& :I* ! ONE HOP$ TO GRAB AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!RS1 & ALL ( !M TOGE!R AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! 0NOBLE/ ( ! NATION0 FAWN$ LIKE :IPP$ CURS BE=E ,NAPOLEON & HIS M9I/]S = FAVORABLE CONSID]ATION 9 ! PROPOS$ P>TITION4 ,A COMP>ABLE EXAMPLE ( DEGRADATION ( *>ACT]1 HI/ORY HAS H>DLY %[N4 ,QUITE RI<TLY ,FREIH]R VON ,/E9 TOLD ! ,RUSSIAN EMPRESS BE=E ! ASSEMBL$ C\RT ?AT ,G]MANY'S RU9 HAD BE5 CAUS$ BY ! BAS5ESS ( ITS PR9CES4 ,/E9 SURELY WAS NO REVOLUTION>Y4 ,HE WAS AN UPRI<T MAN :O HAD ! C\RAGE TO PROCLAIM A TRU? ?AT WAS KN[N TO ALL4 ,! ,G]MAN PATRIOT1 ,]N/ ,MORRIS ,>NDT1 MOREOV]1 WROTE ) BITT] CONTEMPT3 

,?OSE :O C\LD HELP RETURN$2 ! O!RS W]E CRU%$4 ,?US /OOD ! UNION ( ! MI<TY ) ! 5EMIES1 & NO OP5 %AME M>K$ ! DI%ONOR$ ONES 2 !Y EV5 D>$ TO PROCLAIM !MSELVES AS LIB]ATORS2 EV5 ?OSE :O C>RI$ ON DI%ONORABLE TRADE 9 !IR [N & O!RS' HONOR4 ,!Y B>GA9$ AB\T ! PEACE2 !RE WAS MU* SAID AB\T ! ,G]MAN PR9CES1 NEV] ANY?+ AB\T ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE4 ,NEV] HAD ! PR9CES /OOD SO F> FROM ! NATION AS A SEP>ATE P>TY-9DE$ EV5 OPPOS$ TO IT- & !Y DID NOT BLU% BE=E ! GAZE ( A /RONG1 VIRTU\S1 GREAT PEOPLE :OM !Y TREAT$ AS VANQUI%$ 9 ORD] TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! LOOT4444 ,9JU/ICE IS BORN FROM 9JU/ICE1 =CE FROM =CE1 %AME FROM %AME1 &1 LIKE ! ,MONGOLIAN EMPIRE1 ,EUROPE WILL S9K 9TO RU9S4444 ,?US Y\ /OOD1 & ?US Y\ /&1 LIKE TRAD]S1 NOT LIKE PR9CES2 LIKE ,JEWS ) ! MONEY-BAGS1 NOT LIKE JUDGES ) ! SCALES NOR LIKE M>%ALS ) ! SWORD4 .<#b.> 

,AFT] ! BATTLE ( ,AU/]LITZ 7#a#h#e7 & ! F\NDATION ( ! ,RH5I% ,LEAGUE !RE WAS NO?+ LEFT TO ! ,EMP]OR ,FRANCIS BUT TO PROCLAIM ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE3 AS A MATT] ( FACT IT HAD NOT EXI/$ = A LONG TIME4 ,SIXTE5 ,G]MAN PR9CES HAD PUT !MSELVES UND] ,NAPOLEON'S PROTECTORATE & HAD REAP$ A RI* H>VE/ = ?IS MA/] EXAMPLE ( PATRIOTIC ATTITUDE4 ,BUT :5 PATRIOTIC HI/ORIANS MAKE IT APPE> AS IF1 AFT] ?IS OP5 TREASON TO ! NATION1 ! ,PRUSSIAN MON>*Y WAS N[ ! LA/ BULW>K ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE AGA9/ ! =EIGN RULE ( ! ,FR5*1 IT IS A DELIB]ATE FALSIFICATION ( HI/ORIC FACTS4 ,PRUSSIA WAS 9T]NALLY JU/ AS DISEAS$ & MORALLY ROTT5 AS ! O!R P>TS ( ! EMPIRE4 ,! DEBACLE ( #a#h#f1 ! FRI<TFUL DEFEAT ( ! ,PRUSSIAN >MIES AT ,J5A & ,AU]/ADT1 ! %AMEFUL SURR5D] ( ! =TRESSES TO ! ,FR5* )\T EV5 AN ATTEMPT AT ANY REAL RESI/ANCE BY ! NOBLE DEF5D]S1 ! FLI<T ( ! K+ TO ! ,RUSSIAN FRONTI]1 ! WRET*$ MA*9ATIONS ( ! ,PRUSSIAN JUNK]S 7:O 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS GRUESOME CATA/ROPHE ?\<T ( NO?+ BUT TO PRES]VE !IR MIS]ABLE PR]OGATIVES7-SUFFICI5TLY *>ACT]IZE ! !N PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS 9 ,PRUSSIA4 ,! :OLE WOEFUL HI/ORY ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 0EXALT$ ALLIES10 ,RUSSIA1 ,AU/RIA & ,PRUSSIA1 ( :OM EA* 9 TURN1 BEH9D ! O!RS' BACKS1 WORK$ = OR AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON1 IS A V]Y WIT*ES' SABBA? ( C[>DLY BAS5ESS & CONTEMPTIBLE TREASON1 ( :I* ! LIKE 9 SCOPE CAN H>DLY BE F\ND 9 HI/ORY4 

,ONLY A SMALL M9ORITY ( UPRI<T M5 :OSE PATRIOTISM WAS MORE ?AN LIP-S]VICE D>$ RESI/ANCE 9 ! L& BY SECRET SOCIETIES & OP5 PROPAG&A2 :I* BECAME CON/ANTLY EASI] AS ,NAPOLEON'S MILIT>Y RULE RE/$ MORE HEAVILY ON ! POPULATION ( ! EXPLOIT$ C\NTRIES1 :OSE SONS W]E N[ BE+ =C$ TO FILL ! GAPS ! W> HAD MADE 9 ! ,FR5* >MIES4 ,NEI!R ! ,PRUSSIAN MON>*Y NOR ! ,PRUSSIAN KRAUT-JUNK]DOM WAS EQUAL TO SU* A TASK4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y OPPOS$ ALL ATTEMPTS :I* ?REAT5$ TO 5DANG] !IR PRIVILEGES & TREAT$ M5 LIKE ,/E91 ,GNEIS5AU1 ,S*>NHOR/1 ,FI*TE1 ,>NDT1 ,JAHN1 & EV5 ,BLU*]1 ) UNDISGUIS$ SUSPICION4 ,ONLY :5 COMPELL$ DID !Y YIELD TO !IR URG5CY-& BETRAY$ !M AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY4 ,! *>ACT]LESS ATTITUDE ( ,FRI$RI* ,WILHELM ,I,I,I T[>D ,/E9 & ! C[>DLY CABALS BY :I* ,PRUSSIAN (FICIALDOM S\<T TO ?W>T ! EF=TS ( ! ,G]MAN PATRIOTS1 TELL A V]Y ELOQU5T TALE4 ,! ,PRUSSIAN MON>*Y1 !RE=E1 =MS NO EXCEPTION 9 ?IS SAD SAGA ( ! ,G]MAN PR9CES1 & ,SEUME WAS QUITE RI<T :5 HE WROTE3 

,:ATEV] MI<T BE HOP$ ( ! NATION & = ! NATION ! PR9CES & ! NOBLES >E SURE TO DE/ROY 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE !IR S5SELESS PRIVILEGES4 ,NAPOLEON'S BE/ SATRAPS >E ! ,G]MAN PR9CES & NOBLES4444 ,WE HAVE N[ ACTUALLY REA*$ ! PO9T :5 WE1 LIKE ,CIC]O1 DO NOT KN[ :E!R WE >E TO WI% = VICTORY = \R FRI5DS OR \R 5EMIES4 ,H]E >E :IPS2 YOND] >E SCORPIONS4 

,& YET ! M5 :O WORK$ = ! NATIONAL AWAK5+ ( ,G]MANY & TOOK SU* AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0W>S ( LIB]ATION0 W]E BY NO MEANS REVOLUTION>IES1 AL?\< !Y W]E (T5 5\< D5\NC$ AS ,JACOB9S BY ! ,PRUSSIAN JUNK]S4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y ONE ( !M WAS K+LOYAL TO ! BONE & 5TIRELY UNT\*$ BY A REAL LIB]T>IAN ?\<T4 ,BUT !Y HAD CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ ONE ?+3 ,IF A NATION IS TO BE =M$ FROM S]FS & H]$IT>Y SUBJECTS )\T ANY RI<TS1 & ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE >E TO BE >\S$ TO FI<T AGA9/ =EIGN RULE1 ONE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL BEG9 BY ABOLI%+ ! \TRAGE\S PRIVILEGES ( ! NOBLES & MU/ SECURE = ! MAN ( ! PEOPLE ! CIVIL RI<TS :I* HAVE HI!RTO BE5 D5I$ TO HIM4 ,S*>NHOR/ SAYS3 

,ONE MU/ 9FUSE 9 ! NATION A FEEL+ ( SELF-RELIANCE4 ,ONE MU/ GIVE IT A *ANCE TO BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ITSELF SO ?AT IT MAY BE 9T]E/$ 9 ITSELF2 = ONLY ?US WILL IT LE>N TO RESPECT ITSELF & COMPEL RESPECT FROM O!RS4 ,TO WORK T[>D ?IS IS ALL ?AT WE CAN DO4 ,TO BREAK ! BONDS ( PREJUDICE1 TO GUIDE & NURSE ! REBIR? & NEV] TO OPPOSE FREE GR[?-BEYOND ?IS \R UTMO/ EFFECTIV5ESS DOES NOT REA*4 

,ALSO 9 ! SAME WAY1 ,GNEIS5AU1 :O 9 HIS MEMORIAL ( ,JULY #ahg /ATES ?AT A ,EUROPEAN ADJU/M5T CAN BE ?\<T ( ONLY IF ONE IS RESOLV$ TO EMULATE ! ,FR5* & BY A CON/ITUTION & ! EQUALIZATION ( ALL CLASSES TO LIB]ATE ! NATION'S NATURAL =CES3 

,IF ! O!R /ATES WANT TO REE/ABLI% ?IS BALANCE !Y MU/ !MSELVES REOP5 ! S\RCES ( SUPPLY & USE !M4 ,!Y MU/ APPROPRIATE ! RESULTS ( ! REVOLUTION & ?US GA9 ! D\BLE ADVANTAGE ( BE+ ABLE TO OPPOSE !IR [N NATIONAL P[] TO A =EIGN ONE & ALSO TO ESCAPE ! DANG]S ( A REVOLUTION-:I* >E NOT PA/ = !M = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 UNWILL+ TO AVOID A VIOL5T *ANGE BY A VOLUNT>Y ONE4 

,H>D5B]G1 :O AT ! TIME ( ! PEACE ( ,TILSIT WAS AT ,NAPOLEON'S BEHE/ DISMISS$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,WILHELM1 PUT IT EV5 MORE CLE>LY4 ,9 HIS ,MEMORIAL = ! ,REORGANIZATION ( ! ,PRUSSIAN ,/ATE1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#b1 #a#h#g1 HE DECL>ES3 

,! ILLUSION ?AT ! REVOLUTION CAN BE/ BE OPPOS$ BY CL++ TO OLD 9/ITUTIONS & BY H>% P]SECUTION ( ! PR9CIPLES IT ANN\NCES HAS CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO AID+ ! REVOLUTION & GIV+ IT A /EADILY GR[+ EXT5SION4 ,! =CE ( !SE PR9CIPLES IS SO GREAT1 !Y >E SO G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ & SO WIDESPREAD1 ?AT ! /ATE :I* DOES NOT ADOPT !M GOES EI!R TO ITS [N DE/RUCTION OR TO AN 5=C$ ACCEPTANCE ( !SE PR9CIPLES4 4 4 4 ,DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES )9 A MON>*IC GOV]NM5T1 ?IS SEEMS TO BE ! MO/ SUITABLE =M = ! PRES5T SPIRIT ( ! AGE4 

,!SE W]E ! IDEAS !N CURR5T AMONG ! ,G]MAN PATRIOTS4 ,EV5 ,>NDT1 :O SURELY CANNOT BE ACCUS$ ( ,FR5* SYMPA?IES1 HAD TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! GREAT REVOLUTION WAS AN EV5T ( ,EUROPEAN IMPORTANCE1 & HE REA*$ ! CONCLUSION3 0,ALL /ATES1 EV5 ?OSE :I* >E NOT YET DEMOCRACIES1 WILL FROM C5TURY TO C5TURY BECOME MORE DEMOCRATIC40 

,& ,B>ON VON ,/E91 A ?OR\<LY CONS]VATIVE SPIRIT & AN \TSPOK5 OPPON5T ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 C\LD NOT ESCAPE ! CONCLUSION ?AT A REBIR? ( ! /ATE & LIB]ATION FROM ! =EIGN YOKE W]E POSSIBLE ONLY IF ONE %\LD DECIDE TO ABOLI% S]FDOM & TO 9/ITUTE A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY4 ,NEV]!LESS ,/E9 WAS C>EFUL TO ADD 9 ! ESSAY 5TITL$ HIS 0,POLITICAL ,TE/AM5T0 PREP>$ = HIM BY ,S*ON3 0,! RI<T & ! P[] ( ! K+ W]E ALWAYS SACR$ TO ME1 & MU/ REMA9 SO TO US4 ,BUT ?AT ?IS RI<T & ?IS UNLIMIT$ P[] %ALL EXPRESS ! GOOD 9H]5T 9 IT1 IT SEEMS TO ME NECESS>Y TO GIVE TO ! HI<E/ P[] ! MEANS :]EBY IT CAN LE>N ! WI%ES ( ! PEOPLE & GIVE LIFE TO !IR 9T5TIONS40 

,!SE W]E SURELY NO REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS2 & YET ,/E9 5C\NT]$ ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTY 9 9/ITUT+ EV5 ! MO/ MODE/ RE=MS4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT IT WAS JU/ ! 0NOBLE/ ( ! NATION0 :O CONT9UALLY ASSAIL$ HIM FROM BEH9D & DID NOT EV5 %R9K FROM TREASON TO !IR C\NTRY 9 ORD] TO ?W>T HIS PATRIOTIC PLANS4 ,! FACTS >E ?AT :ILE ! FAM\S ,$ICT ( ,LIB]ATION ( ,OCTOB] #ahg ABOLI%$ S]FDOM 9 NAME1 ITS AU?ORS DID NOT D>E TO T\* ! JUNK] L&[N]S 9 ! LEA/4 ,?US ! =M] S]FS BECAME WAGE SLAVES & C\LD AT ANY TIME BE DRIV5 FROM ! L& BY !IR MA/]S IF !Y DID NOT SUBMIT UNCONDITIONALLY TO !IR WILL4 

,LIKEWISE ! ,$ICT ( ,REGULATION ( #a#h#a#a1 EVOLV$ UND] ,H>D5B]G1 WAS PR9CIPALLY DESIGN$ TO 9CITE ! RURAL POPULATION TO RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! ,FR5*4 ,! PROSPECT HELD \T TO ! =M] S]FS ( A *ANGE 9 ! LAW ( [N]%IP :I* W\LD 5ABLE !M TO BECOME [N]S ( L&1 WAS AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE !M ! MORE 9CL9$ TO FI<T AGA9/ ! =EIGN RULE4 ,BUT AFT] ! ,FR5* >MIES HAD EVACUAT$ ! C\NTRY1 ! GOV]NM5T %AMELESSLY BROKE ALL ITS PROMISES & LEFT ! POPULATION ( ! RURAL DI/RICTS TO ! MIS]Y & POV]TY IMPOS$ ON !M BY ! JUNK]S4 

,IT WAS ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES :I* HAD 9DUC$ ! ,G]MAN PR9CES TO MAKE !IR SUBJECTS ALL K9DS ( FAIR PROMISES1 TO LET !M EXPECT A CON/ITUTION1 FROM :I* ! AWAK5$ CITIZ5RY PROMIS$ !MSELVES WOND]FUL ?+S4 ,!Y HAD COME TO REALIZE ?AT ONLY A 0PEOPLE'S W>0 C\LD FREE ,G]MANY FROM ! ,FR5* DOM9ATION1 NO MATT] H[ MU* ,AU/RIA WAS OPPOS$ TO ?IS IDEA4 ,! EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 HAD SPOK5 TOO CLE>LY4 ,SO ! NOBLE LORDS SUDD5LY DISCOV]$ H[ DE>LY !Y LOV$ ! PEOPLE & RECOGNIZ$ - FOLL[+ !IR NE$1 NOT !IR 9CL9ATION - ?AT AN UPRIS+ ( ! MASSES WAS ! LA/ DESP]ATE RESORT TO SUPPORT !IR %AK+ ?RONES4 

,9 ! APPEAL ( ,KALIS* ! ,RUSSIAN CZ> APPE>$ AS A SWORN GU>ANTOR = ! COM+ FREE & UNIT$ ,G]MANY1 & ! K+ ( ,PRUSSIA PROMIS$ HIS FAI?FUL SUBJECTS A CON/ITUTION4 ,ON ! GREAT MASSES :O M]ELY VEGETAT$ 9 M5TAL /UPIDITY EV5 !SE PROMISES W\LD NOT HAVE MADE A SPECIAL IMPRESS2 BUT ! B\RGEOISIE1 & ESPECIALLY ! Y\?1 W]E SEIZ$ ) PATRIOTIC 5?USIASM & DREAM$ ( ,B>B>OSSA'S RESURRECTION & ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ANCI5T EMPIRE 9 ALL ITS P[] & GLORY4 

,= ALL ?AT1 ,FRI$RI* ,WILHELM /ILL HESITAT$ & S\<T TO PROTECT HIMSELF AGA9/ BO? SIDES4 ,EV5 :5 ! ,RUSSIAN VICTORY & ! BURN+ ( ,MOSC[ HAD DE/ROY$ ,NAPOLEON'S GIANT >MY & DRIV5 IT 9 DESP]ATE FLI<T TO ,FRANCE1 ! K+ C\LD /ILL NOT REA* A RESOLUTION2 = ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,PRUSSIAN DYNA/Y W]E NE>] TO HIS HE>T ?AN A NEBUL\S ,G]MANY = :I* NEI!R HE NOR HIS ,EA/-,ELBIAN JUNK]S HAD UND]/&+4 ,ONLY UND] ! /EADILY GR[+ PRESSURE ( PATRIOTIC PASSION DID HE F9ALLY DECIDE ON ! W> - BECAUSE1 9 FACT1 NO O!R C\RSE WAS OP5 TO HIM4 ,:AT WAS ! OP9ION ( ! PATRIOTS AT ?IS TIME IS CLE>LY APP>5T FROM A CURI\S LETT] ( ,BLA*] TO ,S*>NHOR/1 DAT$ ,JANU>Y #e1 #a#h#a#c1 :]E AMONG O!R ?+S HE SAYS 7AS NE>LY AS ITS ILLIT]ACY CAN BE IMITAT$ 9 ,5GLI%73 

0,N[ IS AG5 ! TIME = :AT ,I ADVIZ$ ALLREADY 9 ! YE] #i 7#a#h#i72 NAIMLY TO CALL ! HOLE NATION TO >MS &1 IFF ! PR9CES >E NOT WILL+1 TO *AIS !M \T ( ! C\NTRY ALLONG ) ,BUONAP>TE4 ,= NOT ONLY ,PRUSSIA ALLONE BUT ! HOLE ,G]MAN FA!RL& MU/ BE RESURECT$ & ! NATION REA/ABLI%$40 .<#c.> 

,BUT IT CAME \T QUITE O!RWISE ?AN ! PATRIOTIC ADVOCATES ( ,G]MAN UNITY HAD IMAG9$4 ,ALL ! PROMISES ( ! GREAT ONES VANI%$ 9 SMOKE AS SOON AS ,NAPOLEON WAS DEFEAT$ & ! DANG] ( A NEW 9VASION WAS REMOV$4 ,9/EAD ( A CON/ITUTION CAME ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 9/EAD ( ! HOP$-= CIVIL LIB]TY CAME ! ,C>LSBAD ,RESOLUTIONS & ! P]SECUTION ( ! DEMAGOGUES4 ,?AT MIS%AP5 *ILD1 ! ,DEUTS*E ,BUND 70,G]MAN ,LEAGUE07 - ,JAHN CALL$ IT ,DEUTS*] ,BUNT .<#d.> - HAD TO S]VE AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! DESIR$ UNITY ( ! REALM4 ,! IDEA ( UNIFICATION WAS \TLAW$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,METT]NI* EV5 EXPRESS$ ! OP9ION ?AT !RE WAS 0NO MORE DAMNABLE IDEA ?AN TO DESIRE TO UNITE ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE 9TO A ,G]MAN EMPIRE10 & ! 9VE/IGAT+ (FICIALS 9 ,MA9Z W]E ESPECIALLY SEV]E AGA9/ ,JAHN BECAUSE HE HAD FIR/ ADVOCAT$ ! 0MO/ DANG]\S DOCTR9E ( ,G]MAN UNIFICATION02 :I*1 BY ! WAY1 WAS NOT AT ALL CORRECT4 

,FI*TE'S ,ADDRESSES TO ! ,G]MAN ,NATION W]E PROHIBIT$1 & ! GREAT PATRIOTS DELIV]$ OV] TO ! H5*M5 ( REACTION4 ,>NDT WAS DISCIPL9$ & 9DICT$2 ,S*LEI]MA*] C\LD ONLY PREA* UND] POLICE SUP]VISION2 ,JAHN WAS PUT 9 *A9S & S5T TO PRISON-EV5 AFT] HIS ACQUITTAL HE WAS = YE>S RE/RICT$ 9 HIS FRE$OM4 ,GORRES1 :O 9 HIS ,RH5I% ,M]CURY1 CALL$ BY ,NAPOLEON 0! FIF? GREAT P[]10 HAD CONTRIBUT$ SO GREATLY TO ! NATIONAL REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,FR5*1 HAD TO FLEE & SEEK PROTECTION 9 ! L& ( ! 0H]$IT>Y 5EMY0 FROM ! POLICE ( ! ,PRUSSIAN REACTION4 ,GNEIS5AU RESIGN$4 ,BOY51 ,HUMBOLDT & O!RS DID ! SAME4 ,! ,BURS*5S*AFT5 70,/UD5TS' ,LEAGUES07 W]E DISSOLV$ & ! UNIV]SITIES PUT UND] ! MORAL GU>DIAN%IP ( ! POLICE4 

,NEV] HAS A PEOPLE BE5 SO %AMELESSLY & SO ?OR\<LY *EAT$ ( ! FRUITS ( ITS VICTORY4 ,IT MU/1 H[EV]1 NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT IT WAS ONLY A SMALL M9ORITY :O HAD PLAC$ GREAT HOPES ON ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! OV]?R[ ( ,FR5* DOM9ION & REALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! TIME HAD N[ >RIV$ = ,G]MAN UNIFICATION UND] ! SIGN ( CIVIL LIB]TY4 ,! GREAT MASSES W]E1 AS ALWAYS1 =C$ 9TO ! SO-CALL$ 0W>S ( LIB]ATION0 & SIMPLY FOLL[$ !IR H]$IT>Y PR9CES ) DUTIFUL OB$I5CE4 ,ONLY ?US CAN ! UNOPPOS$ SUBJUGATION ( ! POPULATION UND] ! T]RORISM ( ! RIS+ REACTION BE EXPLA9$4 ,HE9E WAS QUITE RI<T :5 9 HIS >TICLES AB\T ! 0,ROMANTIC ,S*OOL0 HE WROTE3 

,:5 ,GOD1 SN[1 & ! ,COSSACKS DE/ROY$ ,NAPOLEON'S BE/ =CES WE ,G]MANS RECEIV$ ! ,ALL-,HI<E/'S COMM& TO %AKE (F ! =EIGN YOKE1 & WE BLAZ$ UP 9 MANLY WRA? OV] ! ALL-TOO-LONG-5DUR$ S]VITUDE1 & WE 5?US$ \RSELVES ) ! GOOD MELODIES & ! BAD V]SES ( ,KORN]1 & WE F\<T & A*IEV$ FRE$OM2 = WE DO EV]Y?+ ?AT IS COMM&$ US BY \R PR9CES4 

,LIKEWISE ,GOE!1 :O HAD WITNESS$ ! W>S ( LIB]ATION & :O W5T MORE DEEPLY 9TO ?+S ?AN DID ! MOCK]1 ,HE9E1 HELD 9 ?IS MATT] ! SAME OP9ION4 ,HE SAID 9 A DISCUSSION ) ,LUD5 SOON AFT] ! BLOODY BATTLE ( ! NATIONS AT ,LEIPZIG3 

,Y\ SPEAK ( ! AWAK5+ & >IS+ ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE & >E ( ! OP9ION ?AT ?IS PEOPLE >E NOT AGA9 ALL[ ITSELF TO BE DEPRIV$ ( :AT IT HAS A*IEV$ & SO DE>LY PAID = ) ITS BLOOD & TREASURE1 NAMELY1 FRE$OM4 ,BUT IS ! PEOPLE REALLY AWA_>E8 ,DOES IT KN[ :AT IT WANTS & :AT IT CAN A*IEVE8 ,& IS EV]Y MOVEM5T AN UPRIS+8 ,DOES HE >ISE :O IS =CIBLY /IRR$ UP8 ,WE >E NOT SPEAK+ H]E ( ! ?\S&S ( $UCAT$ Y\? & M52 WE >E SPEAK+ H]E ( ! MASS1 ( ! MILLIONS4 ,& :AT IS IT ?AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ OR WON8 ,Y\ SAY FRE$OM4 ,P]HAPS IT W\LD BE BETT] IF Y\ W]E TO CALL IT LIB]ATION-LIB]ATION1 ?AT IS1 NOT FROM ! YOKE ( ! /RANG]1 BUT FROM A /RANGE YOKE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,I N[ SEE NO ,FR5*M51 NO ,ITALIANS2 BUT 9/EAD ,I SEE ,COSSACKS1 ,BA%KIRS1 ,CROATS1 ,MAGY>S1 ,CASSUBES1 ,SAML&]S1 BR[N & O!R COLOR$ HUSS>S4 ,WE HAVE BE5 ACCU/OM$ = A LONG TIME TO TURN \R GLANCE WE/W>D & TO EXPECT ALL DANG] FROM !RE1 BUT ! E>? EXT5DS ALSO F> TO ! EA/4 

,GOE! WAS RI<T4 ,:ILE FROM ! EA/ !RE CAME NO REVOLUTION !RE CAME ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 :I* = DECADES RE/$ LIKE AN 9CUBUS ON ! PEOPLE ( ,EUROPE & ?REAT5$ TO /IFLE ALL SPIRITUAL LIFE4 ,NEV] HAD ,G]MANY SUFF]$ ANY:]E NE> AS MU* UND] ! ,FR5* =EIGN RULE AS IT DID LAT] UND] ! %AMEFUL TYRANNY ( ITS PR9CELY 0LIB]ATORS40 

.<#a.> ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE1 ,D] ,ITALI5IS*E ,KRIEG UND DIE ,AUFGABE ,PREUSS5S4 

.<#b.> ,E4 ,M4 ,>NDT1 ,GEI/ D] ,ZEIT3 ,]/] ,TEIL1 ,KAPITEL ,VLL4 

.<#c.> ,!RE W]E O!R FIELD M>%ALS :O SPELL$ AS BADLY AS ,BLU*]4 -,TRANSLATOR 

.<#d.> ,JAHN'S MISSPELL+ 0,DEUTS*] ,BUNT10 W\LD MEAN SOME?+ LIKE 0,G]MAN PAT*WORK10 IF ANY?+4 -,TRANSLATOR4 

,FROM 3 ,FLAG4,BLACK5$4NET4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #ab -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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