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,ROMANTICISM & ,NATIONALISM 

#aicgaicg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#a#c4 ,ROMANTICISM & ,NATIONALISM 

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,A,L,L NATIONALISM IS REACTION>Y 9 ITS NATURE1 = IT /RIVES TO 5=CE ON ! SEP>ATE P>TS ( ! GREAT HUMAN FAMILY A DEF9ITE *>ACT] ACCORD+ FI TO A PRECONCEIV$ IDEA4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 TOO1 IT %[S ! 9T]RELATION%IP ( NATIONALI/IC IDEOLOGY ) ! CRE$ ( EV]Y REVEAL$ RELIGION4 ,NATIONALISM CREATES >TIFICIAL SEP>ATIONS & P>TITIONS )9 ?AT ORGANIC UNITY :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! G5US ,MAN1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT /RIVES = A FICTITI\S UNITY SPRUNG ONLY FROM A WI%-CONCEPT2 & ITS ADVOCATES W\LD LIKE TO TUNE ALL MEMB]S ( A DEF9ITE HUMAN GR\P TO ONE NOTE 9 ORD] TO DI/+UI% IT FROM O!R GR\PS /ILL MORE OBVI\SLY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 SO-CALL$ 0CULTURAL NATIONALISM0 DOES NOT DIFF] AT ALL FROM POLITICAL NATIONALISM1 = :OSE POLITICAL PURPOSES AS A RULE IT S]VES AS A FIG-LEAF4 ,! TWO CANNOT BE SPIRITUALLY SEP>AT$2 !Y M]ELY REPRES5T TWO DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! SAME 5DEAVOR4 

,CULTURAL NATIONALISM APPE>S 9 ITS PURE/ =M :5 PEOPLE >E SUBJECT$ TO A =EIGN RULE1 & = ?IS REASON CANNOT PURSUE !IR [N PLANS = POLITICAL P[]4 ,9 ?IS EV5T1 0NATIONAL ?\<T0 PREF]S TO BUSY ITSELF ) ! CULTURE-BUILD+ ACTIVITIES ( ! PEOPLE & TRIES TO KEEP ! NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS ALIVE BY RECOLLECTIONS ( VANI%$ GLORY & PA/ GREATNESS4 ,SU* COMP>ISONS BETWE5 A PA/ :I* HAS ALREADY BECOME LEG5D & A SLAVI% PRES5T MAKE ! PEOPLE D\BLY S5SITIVE TO ! 9JU/ICE SUFF]$2 = NO?+ AFFECTS ! SPIRIT ( MAN MORE P[]FULLY ?AN TRADITION4 ,BUT IF SU* GR\PS ( PEOPLE SUCCE$ SOON] OR LAT] 9 %AK+ (F ! =EIGN YOKE & !MSELVES APPE> AS A NATIONAL P[]1 !N ! CULTURAL PHASE ( !IR EF=T /EPS ONLY TOO DEF9ITELY 9TO ! BACKGR\ND1 GIV+ PLACE TO ! SOB] REALITY ( !IR POLITICAL OBJECTIVES4 ,9 ! REC5T HI/ORY ( ! V>I\S NATIONAL ORGANISMS 9 ,EUROPE CREAT$ AFT] ! W> >E F\ND TELL+ WITNESSES = ?IS4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ALSO1 ! NATIONAL /RIV+S BO? BE=E & AFT] ! 0W>S ( LIB]ATION0 W]E /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ROMANTICISM1 :OSE ADVOCATES TRI$ TO MAKE ! TRADITIONS ( A VANI%$ AGE LIVE AGA9 AMONG ! PEOPLE & TO MAKE ! PA/ APPE> TO !M 9 A GLORIFI$ LI<T4 ,:51 LAT]1 ! LA/ HOPES :I* ! ,G]MAN PATRIOTS HAD RE/$ ON LIB]ATION FROM ! =EIGN YOKE HAD BUR/ LIKE OV]-BL[N BUBBLES1 !IR SPIRITS S\<T REFUGE 9 ! MOONLIT MAGIC NI<T & ! FAIRY WORLD ( DREAMY LONG+ CONJUR$ UP = !M BY ROMANTICISM1 9 ORD] TO =GET ! GRAY REALITY ( LIFE & ITS %AMEFUL DISAPPO9TM5TS4 

,9 CULTURE-NATIONALISM1 AS A RULE1 TWO DI/9CT S5TIM5TS M]GE1 :I* REALLY HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON3 = HOME S5TIM5T IS NOT PATRIOTISM1 IS NOT LOVE ( ! /ATE1 NOT LOVE :I* HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! AB/RACT IDEA ( ! NATION4 ,IT NE$S NO LABOR$ EXPLANATION TO PROVE ?AT ! SPOT ( L& ON :I* A MAN HAS SP5T ! YE>S ( HIS Y\? IS DEEPLY 9T]GR[N ) HIS PR(\NDE/ FEEL+4 ,! IMPRESSIONS ( *ILDHOOD & E>LY Y\? :I* >E ! MO/ P]MAN5T & HAVE ! MO/ LA/+ EFFECT UPON HIS S\L4 ,HOME IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 MAN'S \T] G>M5T2 HE IS MO/ 9TIMATELY ACQUA9T$ ) ITS EV]Y FOLD & SEAM4 ,?IS HOME S5TIM5T BR+S 9 LAT] YE>S SOME YE>N+ AFT] A PA/ LONG BURI$ UND] RU9S2 & IT IS ?IS :I* 5ABLES ! ROMANTIC TO LOOK SO DEEPLY )94 

,) SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS0 ?IS HOME S5TIM5T HAS NO RELATION%IP2 AL?\< BO? >E (T5 ?R[N 9TO ! SAME POT &1 AFT] ! MANN] ( C\NT]FEIT]S1 GIV5 \T AS ( ! SAME VALUE4 ,9 FACT1 TRUE HOME S5TIM5T IS DE/ROY$ AT ITS BIR? BY 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS10 :I* ALWAYS /RIVES TO REGULATE & =CE 9TO A PRESCRIB$ =M EV]Y IMPRES-SION MAN RECEIVES FROM ! 9EXHAU/IBLE V>IETY ( ! HOMEL&4 ,?IS IS ! UNAVOIDABLE RESULT ( ?OSE ME*ANICAL EF=TS AT UNIFICATION :I* >E 9 REALITY ONLY ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! NATIONALI/IC /ATES4 

,! ATTEMPT TO REPLACE MAN'S NATURAL ATTA*M5T TO ! HOME BY A DUTIFUL LOVE ( ! /ATE-A /RUCTURE :I* [ES ITS CREATION TO ALL SORTS ( ACCID5TS & 9 :I*1 ) BRUTAL =CE1 ELEM5TS HAVE BE5 WELD$ TOGE!R ?AT HAVE NO NECESS>Y CONNECTION-IS ONE ( ! MO/ GROTESQUE PH5OM5A ( \R TIME4 ,! SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS0 IS NO?+ BUT A BELIEF PROPAGAT$ BY CONSID]ATIONS ( POLITICAL P[] :I* HAVE REPLAC$ ! RELIGI\S FANATICISM ( PA/ C5TURIES & HAVE TODAY COME TO BE ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE TO CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! LOVE ( HOME HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! V5]ATION ( AN AB/RACT PATRIOTIC CONCEPT4 ,LOVE ( HOME KN[S NO 0WILL TO P[]02 IT IS FREE FROM ?AT HOLL[ & DANG]\S ATTITUDE ( SUP]IORITY TO ! NEI<BOR :I* IS ONE ( ! /RONGE/ *>ACT]I/ICS ( EV]Y K9D ( NATIONALISM4 ,LOVE ( HOME DOES NOT 5GAGE 9 PRACTICAL POLITICS NOR DOES IT SEEK 9 ANY WAY TO SUPPORT ! /ATE4 ,IT IS PURELY AN 9N] FEEL+ AS FREELY MANIFE/$ AS MAN'S 5JOYM5T ( NATURE1 ( :I* HOME IS A P>T4 ,:5 ?US VIEW$1 ! HOME FEEL+ COMP>ES ) ! GOV]NM5TALLY ORD]$ LOVE ( ! NATION AS DOES A NATURAL GR[? ) AN >TIFICIAL SUB/ITUTE4 

,! IMPULSE ( ,G]MAN ROMANTICISM CAME FROM ,FRANCE4 ,R\SSEAU'S SLOGAN1 0BACK TO NATURE10 HIS CONSCI\S REVOLT AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( 5LI<T5M5T1 HIS /RONG EMPHASIS ON ! PURELY S5TIM5TAL AS AGA9/ ! CLEV] SY/EMATIC ?\<T ( RATIONALISM1 F\ND BEYOND ! ,RH9E ALSO A NOTABLE RESPONSE-ESPECIALLY 9 ,H]D] TO :OM ! ROMANTICS1 NE>LY ALL ( :OM HAD BE5 =M]LY 9 ! CAMP ( ! 5LI<T5M5T1 W]E /RONGLY OBLIGAT$4 ,H]D] HIMSELF WAS NO ROMANTIC4 ,HIS VIEW WAS TOO CLE>1 HIS SPIRIT TOO UNROIL$ = HIM TO 5?USE OV] ! ROMANTIC CONCEPT ( ! 0PURPOSELESSNESS ( ALL EV5TS40 ,BUT HIS DIS9CL9ATION TO EV]Y?+ SY/EMATIC1 HIS JOY 9 ! PRIMORDIALNESS ( ?+S1 HIS CONCEPTION ( ! 9N] RELATION%IP ( ! HUMAN S\L ) ALL ,MO!R ,NATURE &1 MO/ ( ALL1 HIS DEEP SYMPA?Y & FEEL+ ( UND]/&+ = ! SPIRITUAL CULTURE ( =EIGN PEOPLE & PA/ AGES1 BR\<T HIM V]Y CLOSE TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ROMANTICISM4 ,9 FACT1 ! GREAT S]VICE R5D]$ BY ! ROMANTICS ?R\< !IR 9TRODUCTION ( =EIGN LIT]ATURES1 !IR R$ISCOV]Y ( ! ,G]MAN LEG5DS & FOLKLORE1 CAN L>GELY BE TRAC$ TO ! 9SPIRATION ( ,H]D]1 :O %[$ !M ! WAY4 

,BUT ,H]D] 9 ALL HIS ?9K+ VIEW$ MANK9D AS A :OLE4 ,HE SAW1 AS ,HE9E SO BEAUTIFULLY SAID1 0ALL MANK9D AS A GREAT H>P 9 ! H&S ( A GREAT MA/]40 ,EV]Y PEOPLE WAS = HIM A /R+1 & FROM ! H>MONI\S UNION ( ! S\NDS ( ALL ! /R+S >OSE = HIM LIFE'S ET]NAL MELODIES4 ,SWEPT ALONG BY ?IS ?\<T HE 5JOY$ ! 5DLESS V>IETY ( ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLE & FOLL[$ ) LOV+ 9T]E/ EV]Y MANIFE/ATION ( !IR CULTURAL ACTIVITY4 ,HE KNEW ( NO *OS5 PEOPLE & HAD = ! ,NEGRO & ! ,MONGOLIAN ! SAME UND]/&+ AS = ! MEMB]S ( ! :ITE RACE4 ,:5 ONE READS :AT HE HAD TO SAY CONC]N+ A PLAN = A 0,NATURAL ,HI/ORY ( ,MANK9D 9 A PURELY ,HUMAN ,S5SE0 ONE GETS ! IMPRESSION ?AT HE HAD =ESE5 ! ABSURDITIES ( \R MOD]N RACE !ORETICIANS & NATIONALI/IC FETI% WOR%IP]S4 

,MO/ ( ALL1 ONE MU/ BE IMP>TIAL AS ! G5IUS ( MANK9D ITSELF1 HAVE NO PREF]R$ TRIBES1 NO FAVOR$ FOLK ON E>?4 ,ONE IS EASILY MISL$ BY SU* A PREF]5CE TO ASCRIBE TO ! FAVOR$ NATION TOO MU* GOOD1 TO ! O!RS TOO MU* EVIL4 ,& :5 ! FAVOR$ PEOPLE PROVE ONLY A COLLECTIVE NAME 7,CELTS1 ,SEMITES1 ,*US*ITES1 ETC471 :I* P]HAPS NEV] EXI/$ & :OSE ORIG9 & CONT9UITY CANNOT BE PROV$1 !N ONE HAS 9DE$ WRITT5 9 S&4 

,! ADH]5TS ( ! ,ROMANTIC ,S*OOL AT FIR/ FOLL[$ !SE TRAILS & DEVELOP$ A NUMB] ( FRUITFUL IDEAS :I* HAD A /IMULAT+ 9FLU-5CE ON ! MO/ DIV]G5T- S*OOLS ( ?\<T4 ,BUT WE >E H]E 9T]E/$ SOLELY 9 ! 9FLU5CE !Y HAD ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONAL IDEA 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! ROMANTICS DISCOV]$ = ! ,G]MANS ! ,G]MAN PA/ & BR\<T TO LI<T MANY ( ITS FEATURES :I* HAD H>DLY BE5 NOTIC$ BE=E4 ,!Y ?OR\<LY REVEL$ 9 ?IS PA/1 & !IR ATTEMPTS TO MAKE IT LIVE AGA9 REVEAL$ MANY A HIDD5 TREASURE & MADE MANY A SIL5T /R+ VIBRATE ONCE MORE4 ,& S9CE MO/ ( !IR 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]S W]E ALSO 9CL9$ TO PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS1 !Y DREAM$ ( A HI<] UNITY ( LIFE 9 :I* ALL PHASES ( HUMAN ACTIVITY -- RELIGION1 /ATE1 *UR*1 SCI5CE1 >T1 PHILOSOPHY1 E?ICS & EV]YDAY AFFAIRS -- >E FOCUS$ LIKE A BUNDLE ( SUN-RAYS BY ! L5S4 

,! ,ROMANTIC ,S*OOL BELIEV$ 9 A 0V]LOR5E ,HEIMAT10 A LO/ HOME1 A PA/ CONDITION ( SPIRITUAL P]FECTION 9 :I* ! ON5ESS ( LIFE !Y W]E /RIV+ = WAS ONCE EXI/5T4 ,S9CE !N !RE HAD OCCURR$ A SORT ( FALL 9TO S94 ,MANK9D HAD GOTT5 9TO A *AOS ( HO/ILE SEGREGATION1 SO ?AT ! 9N] COMMUNION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S WAS DE/ROY$ & EA* ONE WAS SET UP AS A DI/9CT P>T & LO/ HIS DEEP] RELATION TO ! :OLE4 ,! ATTEMPTS AGA9 TO UNITE M5 9TO A :OLE HAVE SO F> L$ TO M]ELY ME*ANICAL UNION1 LACK+ ! 9N] IMPULSE ( 9DIVIDUAL GR[? & PURITY4 ,H5CE1 !Y HAVE ONLY 9CREAS$ ! EVIL & DE/ROY$ ! GAILY COLOR$ V>IETY ( 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL VITAL RELATIONS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,FRANCE WAS = ! ROMANTICS A REPELL5T EXAMPLE1 BECAUSE !RE = C5TURIES M5 HAD /RIV5 TO EMB$ EV]Y MANIFE/ATION ( LIFE 9 A SPIRITLESS POLITICAL C5TRALISM :I* FALSIFI$ ! PRIMORDIAL MEAN+ ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & 9T5TIONALLY DEPRIV$ !M ( !IR TRUE *>ACT]4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ROMANTIC CONCEPTION1 ! LO/ UNITY C\LD NOT BE RE/OR$ BY EXT]NAL MEANS2 IT HAD RA!R TO GR[ \T ( MAN'S 9N] SPIRITUAL URGE & !N GRADUALLY TO RIP54 ,! ROMANTICS W]E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT 9 ! S\L ( ! PEOPLE ! MEMORY ( ?AT /ATE ( =M] P]FECTION /ILL SLUMB]$4 ,BUT ?AT 9N] S\RCE HAD BE5 *OK$ & HAD FIR/ TO BE FRE$ AGA9 BE=E ! SIL5T 9TUITION C\LD ONCE MORE BECOME ALIVE 9 ! M9DS ( M54 ,SO !Y SE>*$ = ! HIDD5 S\RCES & LO/ !MSELVES EV] DEEP] 9 ! MY/IC DUSK ( A PA/ AGE :OSE /RANGE MAGIC HAD 9TOXICAT$ !IR M9DS4 ,! ,G]MAN M$IEVAL AGE ) ITS COLORFUL V>IETY & ITS 9EXHAU/IBLE P[] ( CREATION WAS = !M A NEW REVELATION4 ,!Y BELIEV$ !MSELVES TO HAVE F\ND !RE ?AT UNITY ( LIFE :I* HUMANITY HAD LO/4 ,N[ ! OLD CITIES & ! ,GO?IC CA!DRALS SPOKE A SPECIAL LANGUAGE & TE/IFI$ TO ?AT 0V]LOR5E ,HEIMAT0 ON :I* ! LONG+ ( ROMANTICISM SP5T ITSELF4 ,! ,RH9E ) ITS LEG5D-RI* CA/LES1 ITS CLOI/]S & M\NTA9S1 BECAME ,G]MANY'S SACR$ /REAM2 ALL ! PA/ TOOK ON A NEW *>ACT]1 A GLORIFI$ MEAN+4 

,?US !RE GRADUALLY DEVELOP$ A SORT ( CULTURAL NATIONALISM :OSE 9N] IMPORT CULM9AT$ 9 ! ?\<T ?AT ! ,G]MANS1 BECAUSE ( !IR SPL5DID PA/1 :I* WAS N[ TO BE REBORN AMONG ! PEOPLE1 W]E DE/9$ TO BR+ TO SICK HUMANITY ! LONG$-= HEAL+4 ,?US ! ,G]MANS BECAME 9 ! EYES ( ! ROMANTICS ! *OS5 PEOPLE ( ! PRES5T AGE1 SELECT$ BY ,PROVID5CE ITSELF TO FULFILL A DIV9E MISSION4 ,?IS ?\<T OCCURS AGA9 & AGA9 9 ,FI*TE1 :OSE PHILOSOPHICAL IDEALISM1 TOGE!R ) ! NATURE PHILOSOPHY ( ,S*ELL+1 HAD ! /RONGE/ 9FLU5CE ON ! ROMANTICS4 ,FI*TE HAD CALL$ ! ,G]MANS AN 0,URVOLK10 A PRIM>Y PEOPLE1 = :OM ALONE MAN'S F9AL R$EMPTION WAS RES]V$4 ,:AT ORIG9ALLY HAD SPRUNG FROM ! PI\S 5?USIASM ( AN OV]9T5SE POETIC MOOD1 & AS SU* WAS RA!R H>MLESS1 ASSUM$ ) ,FI*TE ! *>ACT] ( ?AT CON/RU$ ANTAGONISM :I* IS AT ! BASE ( ALL NATIONALISM & ALREADY C>RIES )9 ITSELF ! DRAGON'S TEE? ( NATIONAL HATR$4 ,FROM ASSUM$ NATIONAL SUP]IORITY TO VILIFICATION & DISP>AGEM5T ( EV]Y?+ =EIGN1 IT IS AS A RULE BUT A /EP1 :I*1 ESPECIALLY 9 TIMES ( AGITATION1 IS V]Y EASILY TAK54 

,IF ! ,G]MANS W]E 9DE$ AN 0,URVOLK0 AS ,FI*TE MA9TA9$ & AS O!RS HAVE REPEAT$ AFT] HIM1 A PEOPLE :I* HAD MORE ( ! 0V]LOR5E ,HEIMAT0 FEEL+ ?AN ALL O!R PEOPLE1 !N NO O!R NATION C\LD RIVAL !M OR C\LD EV5 5DURE COMP>ISON ) !M4 ,TO MA9TA9 ?IS CONT5TION TO GIVE ! REAL OR IMAG9>Y DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 !M ! MEAN+ ONE DESIRES1 ONE IS =C$ TO CONCEIVE PEOPLES AS CATEGORIES1 NOT TO TAKE !M AS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?US BEGAN ! WORK ( IDLE SPECULATION & CON/RUCTION1 9 :I* ,FI*TE ESPECIALLY HAS A*IEV$ ! EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,= HIM ! ,G]MANS W]E ! ONLY PEOPLE :O HAD *>ACT]3 0,TO HAVE *>ACT] & TO BE ,G]MAN >E 9DUBITABLY SYNONYM\S40 ,FROM ?IS IT NATURALLY FOLL[S ?AT O!R PEOPLES1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,FR5*1 HAVE NO *>ACT]4 ,IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT !RE IS NO ,FR5* EQUIVAL5T = ! WORD 0,GEMUT40 ,:]EBY IT WAS PROV$ ?AT ,GOD HAD 5D[$ ONLY ! ,G]MANS ) SO NOBLE A GIFT4 

,FROM ?IS & SIMIL> PREMISES1 ,FI*TE GRADUALLY REA*ES ! EXTREME/ CONCLUSIONS3 S9CE ! ,FR5*MAN HAS NO ,GEMUT HIS M9D IS SET SOLELY ON ! S5SUAL & ! MAT]IAL1 ?+S NATURALLY ANTAGONI/IC TO ! 9N] *A/ITY ( ! ,G]MAN SO RI*LY 5D[$ ) ,GEMUT4 ,TO ,GEMUT IS DUE ! 0UNI=M HONE/Y & LOYALTY0 ( ! ,G]MANS4 ,ONLY :]E ,GEMUT IS LACK+ >E CUNN+ & GUILE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! S\L1 QUALITIES :I* ! ,G]MANS FREELY LEAVE TO O!R PEOPLE4 ,TRUE RELIGION HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! DEP?S ( ! ,GEMUT4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y AMONG ! ,FR5* ?AT 0SPIRIT ( 5LI<T5M5T0 HAD TO DEVELOP :I* F9ALLY CULM9AT$ 9 ! CRASSE/ FREE ?\<T & 9FIDELITY4 ,! ,G]MAN1 H[EV]1 GRASP$ ! SPIRIT ( ,*RI/IANITY 9 ITS :OLE PR(UNDITY1 GIV+ IT A SPECIAL MEAN+ APPROPRIATE TO ITS 9N]MO/ ESS5CE4 

,FI*TE ALSO SPOKE ( ! 0,URSPRA*E10 ! PRIMITIVE SPEE* ( ! ,G]MANS1 MEAN+ BY ?IS 0A LANGUAGE :I* FROM ! FIR/ S\ND UTT]$ BY ?IS PEOPLE HAS )\T A BREAK DEVELOP$ FROM ! ACTUAL COMMON LIFE ( ! PEOPLE40 ,?US HE REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ONLY AMONG AN 0,URVOLK0 POSSESS+ AN 0,URSPRA*E0 DOES 9TELLECTUAL GR[? P5ETRATE LIFE4 ,AMONG O!R PEOPLE1 :O HAVE =GOTT5 !IR ,URSPRA*E & HAVE ADOPT$ A =EIGN LANGUAGE 7TO !SE ( C\RSE BELONG$ FIR/ ( ALL ! ,FR5*71 M5TAL DEVELOPM5T & LIFE EA* GO !IR SEP>ATE WAYS4 ,FROM ?IS ASSUMPTION ,FI*TE D$UC$ C]TA9 POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES 9 ! LIFE ( A PEOPLE2 AS :5 9 HIS F\R? ,ADDRESS TO ! ,G]MAN ,NATION HE SAYS3 0,9 A NATION ( ! FIR/ CATEGORY ! :OLE PEOPLE >E $UCABLE4 ,! $UCATORS ( SU* TE/ !IR DISCOV]IES ON ! PEOPLE & TRY TO 9FLU5CE !M4 ,:]EAS 9 A NATION ( ! SECOND CATEGORY ! $UCAT$ CLASSES SEP>ATE !MSELVES FROM ! PEOPLE & USE ! LATT] ONLY AS BL9D TOOLS = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( !IR PLANS40 

,?IS >BITR>Y ASS]TION1 :OSE NONS5SE IS DISPUT$ EV]Y H\R BY LIFE ITSELF1 IS TODAY ! SUBJECT ( MO/ CURI\S COMM5T>IES & IS PROCLAIM$ TO ! ,G]MAN Y\? AS ! PR(\NDE/ WISDOM ( ! FA!RS4 ,! HI<] ONE ELEVATES ONE'S [N NATION1 ! POOR] & ! MORE MEAN+LESS MU/ EV]Y?+ ELSE APPE> COMP>$ ) IT4 ,ALL CREATIVE GIFT EV5 IS D5I$ TO O!RS4 ,?US1 ,FI*TE MA9TA9S ( ! ,FR5* 0?AT !Y CANNOT RAISE !MSELVES TO ! IDEA ( FRE$OM & ( ! LEGAL /ATE BECAUSE BY !IR SY/EM ( ?\<T !Y HAVE MISS$ ! CONCEPT ( P]SONAL VALUES & CANNOT UND]/& AT ALL H[ O!R M5 OR PEOPLE CAN WILL OR EV5 ?9K SU* A ?+40 .<#a.> ,( C\RSE ONLY ,G]MANS W]E *OS5 = FRE$OM BECAUSE !Y HAD ,GEMUT & W]E AN 0,URVOLK40 ,UN=TUNATELY1 WE HE> TODAY SO (T5 & SO OBTRUSIVELY ( 0,G]MAN FRE$OM0 & 0,G]MAN LOYALTY0 ?AT WE HAVE BECOME SOME:AT SUSPICI\S-= ! ,?IRD ,REI* GIVES US NONE TOO CLE> A PICTURE ( :AT ?IS ALLEG$ FRE$OM & LOYALTY REALLY CONSI/ (4 

,MO/ ( ! M5 :O PLAY$ LEAD+ P>TS 9 ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY BE=E & AFT] #ahac W]E ROOT$ DEEPLY 9 ! SPIRIT ( ROMANTICISM2 & FROM ITS DESCRIPTIONS ( ,! ,HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE ( ! ,G]MAN ,NATION ( M$IEVAL TIMES1 ( ! LEG5D>Y WORLD ( ANCI5T ,G]MANY1 & ( ! MAGIC ( ! NATIVE SOIL !IR PATRIOTISM DREW RI* N\RI%M5T4 ,>NDT1 ,JAHN1 ,GORRES1 ,S*5K5DORF1 ,S*LEI]MA*]1 ,KLEI/1 ,EI*5DORFF1 ,G5TZ1 ,KORN]1 W]E DEEPLY IMBU$ ) ROMANTIC IDEAS2 EV5 ,/E9 AS HE BECAME OLD] CAME EV] MORE DEEPLY UND] !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,!Y DREAM$ ( ! RETURN ( ! OLD REALM ( ,AU/RIA'S IMP]IAL BANN]4 ,ONLY A FEW ( !M1 ) ,FI*TE1 SAW 9 ! K+ ( ,PRUSSIA ! 0,ZW+H]R ZUR ,DEUTS*HEIT10 ! COMPELL] T[>DS ,G]MANISM1 & BELIEV$ ?AT ,PRUSSIA WAS DE/9$ TO E/ABLI% ! UNITY ( ! REALM4 

,) MO/ ( !SE M5 ! NATIONALI/IC IDEA REA*$ ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 ,IT HAD BEGUN AS AN 5TIC+ NO/ALGIA = ! 0V]LOR5E ,HEIMAT0 & A POETIC GLORIFY+ ( ! ,G]MAN PA/4 ,LAT]1 !Y GOT ! IDEA ( ! GREAT HI/ORICAL MISSION ( ! ,G]MANS2 !Y MADE COMP>ISONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S PEOPLES & !IR [N & US$ = ! EMBELLI%M5T ( !IR [N SO MU* PA9T ?AT !RE WAS H>DLY ANY?+ LEFT = ! O!RS4 ,! 5D WAS A FI]CE HATR$ ( ! ,FR5* & AN IDIOTIC EXALTATION ( ,G]MANISM :I* FREQU5TLY BORD]$ ON M5TAL AB]RATION4 

,! SAME DEVELOPM5T CAN1 H[EV]1 BE OBS]V$ 9 EV]Y K9D ( NATIONALISM1 :E!R IT BE ,G]MAN1 ,POLI% OR ,ITALIAN2 ! ONLY DIFF]5CE BE+ ?AT ! 0H]$IT>Y 5EMY0 HAS = EA* NATION A DIFF]5T NAME4 ,LET NO ONE SAY ?AT IT WAS ! H>% EXP]I5CE ( =EIGN RULE & W>1 RELEAS+ ALL ! WOR/ PASSIONS 9 MAN1 ?AT L$ ! ,G]MAN PATRIOTS TO SU* ONE-SID$ & HATE-FILL$ MODES ( ?\<T4 ,:AT !N1 & ALSO AFT] ! 0W>S ( LIB]ATION10 PROCLAIM$ ITSELF AS ,G]MAN PATRIOTISM1 WAS 0MORE ?AN A JU/IFI$ UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! =EIGN YOKE2 IT WAS AN OP5 DECL>ATION ( W> AGA9/ ! *>ACT]1 ! LANGUAGE & ! SPIRITUAL CULTURE ( A NEI<BOR+ PEOPLE :O-AS ,GOE! SAID-BELONG$ TO 0! MO/ CULTIVAT$ ON E>?10 & TO :OM HE HIMSELF 0[$ A GREAT P>T ( HIS $UCATION40 

,>NDT1 :O WAS ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL M5 9 ! PATRIOTIC REVOLT AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON'S RULE 9 ,G]MANY1 KNEW ACTUALLY NO LIMITS 9 HIS MORBID HATR$ ( ! ,FR5*3 

,HATR$ ( ! =EIGN]1 HATR$ ( ! ,FR5*1 ( !IR TRIFL+1 !IR VANITY1 !IR FOLLY1 !IR LANGUAGE1 !IR CU/OMS2 YES1 BURN+ HATR$ ( ALL ?AT COMES FROM !M1 ?AT MU/ UNITE EV]Y?+ ,G]MAN FIRMLY & FRAT]NALLY2 & ,G]MAN VALOR1 ,G]MAN FRE$OM1 ,G]MAN CULTURE1 ,G]MAN HONOR & JU/ICE MU/ AGA9 SO> HI< & BE RAIS$ TO ! OLD HONOR & GLORY :]EBY \R FA!RS %ONE BE=E MO/ ( ! PEOPLES ( ! E>?4444 ,:AT HAS BR\<T Y\ TO %AME MU/ BR+ Y\ TO HONOR AGA94 ,ONLY BLOODY HATR$ ( ! ,FR5* CAN UNITE ,G]MAN P[]1 RAISE AGA9 ! ,G]MAN GLORY1 BR+ \T ! NOBLE/ TRAITS ( ! PEOPLE & SUBM]GE ALL ! L[E/4 ,?IS HATR$ MU/ BE IMP>T$ TO Y\R *ILDR5 & Y\R *ILDR5'S *ILDR5 AS ! PALLADIUM ( ,G]MAN FRE$OM1 & MU/ 9 FUTURE BE ! SURE/ GU>DIAN ( ,G]MANY'S FRONTI]S FROM ! ,S*ELDT TO ! ,VOSGES & ! ,>D5NES4 .<#b.> 

,) ,KLEI/ ! HATR$ ( EV]Y?+ ,FR5* ROSE TO BL9D RAGE4 ,HE D]ID$ ,FI*TE'S ,ADDRESSES TO ! ,G]MAN ,NATION1 & SAW 9 HIM NO?+ BUT A WEAK-WILL$ S*OOL-MA/] ) :OM IMPOT5T WORDS HAD TO DO DUTY = C\RAGE1 = ACTION4 ,:AT HE DEM&$ WAS A PEOPLE'S W> SU* AS ! ,SPANI% UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( FANATICAL PRIE/S & MONKS W]E WAG+ AGA9/ ! ,FR5*4 ,9 SU* A W> ALL MEANS SEEM$ TO HIM P]MISSIBLE2 POISON & ! DAGG]1 BREA* ( FAI? & TREASON4 ,HIS ,CATE*ISM = ! ,G]MANS1 ,MODEL$ ,AFT] ! ,SPANI%1 = ,OLD & ,Y\NG1 :I*1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 IS WRITT5 9 ! =M ( A DIALOGUE BETWE5 A FA!R & HIS *ILD1 DISPLAYS ! WILDE/ MANIFE/ATION ( UNRE/RA9$ NATIONAL FANATICISM1 & 9 ITS FRI<TFUL 9TOL]ANCE TREADS EV]Y HUMAN FEEL+ UND] FOOT4 ,P]HAPS ?IS GRUESOME FANATICISM CAN BE P>TLY TRAC$ TO ! SICK M5TALITY ( ! UN=TUNATE POET2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! PRES5T TIME GIVES US ! BE/ POSSIBLE UND]/&+ H[ SU* A M5TAL ATTITUDE CAN BE >TIFICIALLY TRA9$ & CAN SPREAD ) UNCANNY P[] IF FAVOR$ BY P>TICUL> SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 

,LUDWIG ,JAHN1 :O AFT] ,FI*TE'S DEA? BECAME ! SPIRITUAL LEAD] ( ,G]MAN Y\? & WAS REG>D$ BY IT ) ALMO/ DIV9E V5]ATION1 C>RI$ ,FRANCOPHOBIA & NATIONALI/IC CRAZE SO F> ?AT HE GOT ON ! N]VES EV5 ( HIS PATRIOTIC FELL[ FI<T]S4 ,/E9 CALL$ HIM A 0GRIMAC+1 CONCEIT$ FOOL0 & ,>NDT A 0PURIFI$ ,EUL5SPIEGEL40 ,JAHN SUSPECT$ EV]Y?+ & SMELL$ EV]Y:]E =EIGN CU/OMS & ,FR5* FOLLY4 ,READ+ ! BIOGRAPHY ( ?IS PECULI> SA9T ONE GETS ! IMPRESSION ( SEE+ 9 ! 0BE>D$ ANCI5T0 AN E>LI] PIONE] ( MOD]N ,HITL]ISM4 ,HIS RUDE1 PRESUMPTU\S SPEE*1 HIS 9CR$IBLE >ROGANCE1 HIS HOLL[ BOA/+1 HIS DELI<T 9 TY+ IDEAS 9TO KNOTS1 HIS VIOL5T TEMP]1 HIS BOLD OBTRUSIV5ESS1 & MO/ ( ALL HIS B\NDLESS 9TOL]ANCE1 :I* RESPECT$ NO O!R OP9ION & REVIL$ EV]Y ?\<T NOT 9 AGREEM5T ) HIS [N AS UN-,G]MAN-ALL ?IS MAKES HIM ! ANCE/OR ( ! PRES5T ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM4 

,JAHN REALLY HAD NO POLITICAL IDEAS ( HIS [N4 ,:AT MO/LY APPEAL$ TO HIM WAS NOT M$IEVAL ,G]MANY1 BUT PRIMITIVE ,G]MANY2 !RE HE WAS AT HOME1 FAIRLY WALL[+ 9 ,G]MAN PRIMORDIALNESS4 ,HE PROPOS$ TO CREATE BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE1 A ,HAMME1 A B>RI]1 A SORT ( PRIMITIVE =E/ FILL$ ) BISONS & O!R WILD BEA/S4 ,A SPECIAL FRONTI] GU>D WAS TO SEE TO IT ?AT NO 9T]C\RSE :ATEV] %\LD TAKE PLACE BETWE5 ! TWO C\NTRIES1 SO ?AT ,G]MAN Y\? MI<T NOT BE CONTAM9AT$ BY ,FR5* ROTT5NESS4 ,9 HIS CRAZY HATR$ ( ,FRANCE ,JAHN W5T SO F> AS TO PREA* PUBLICLY3 0,IT COMES TO ! SAME ?+ IF ONE TEA*ES HIS DAU<T]S ,FR5* OR TRA9S !M = :ORES40 ,9 ! BRA9 ( ?IS /RANGE PROPHET EV]Y?+ BECAME P]V]T$ & DI/ORT$2 MO/ ( ALL1 ! ,G]MAN LANGUAGE1 :I* HE FRI<TFULLY MI/REAT$ ) HIS WILD1 FANATICAL 0PURIFICATION40 

,= ALL ?AT1 ,JAHN 5JOY$ NOT ONLY ! B\NDLESS ADMIRATION ( ,G]MAN Y\?1 BUT ,J5A ,UNIV]SITY GAVE HIM AN HONOR>Y DOCTOR'S DEGREE & COMP>$ HIS TIRESOME BOA/+ ) ,LU!R'S ELOQU5CE4 ,A DI/+UI%$ PHILOLOGI/ LIKE ,?I]S* D$ICAT$ HIS ,G]MAN TRANSLATION ( ,P9D> TO HIM1 & ,FRANZ ,PASS[1 PR(ESSOR ( ,GREEK ,LIT]ATURE AT ,WEIM>1 DECL>$ ?AT S9CE ,LU!R NO?+ SO EXCELL5T HAD BE5 WRITT5 AS ,JAHN'S ,TEUTS*E ,TURNKUN/ 70,G]MAN GYMNA/ICS074 ,IF ! PRES5T ,G]MANY W]E NOT SU* A REPELL5T EXAMPLE ( H[1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 A BRA9LESS PHRASEOLOGY SUPPORT$ BY COMPLICAT$ ILLOGIC CAN IMPRESS WIDE SECTIONS ( ! NATION & =CE !M 9 A SPECIAL DIRECTION1 ! 9FLU5CE ( A CONFUS$ M9D LIKE ,JAHN'S W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO UND]/&4 ,?AT ?IS MAN C\LD BE ACCEPT$ BY ,G]MAN Y\? AS ,FI*TE'S SUCCESSOR CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ BY ! L[ M5TAL LEVEL ( ! Y\NG] G5]ATION ITSELF4 ,EV5 SU* A ?OR\<LY NATIONALI/IC HI/ORIAN AS ,TREITS*KE REM>KS 9 HIS ,G]MAN ,HI/ORY3 0,IT AM\NT$ TO A SOCIAL DISEASE ?AT ! SONS ( AN 5LI<T5$ PEOPLE C\LD V5]ATE A NOISY B>B>IAN AS !IR TEA*]40 

,BUT ?IS CAME AB\T SIMPLY BECAUSE ! N>R[-M9D$ ,G]MANISM :I* BECAME ! FA%ION 9 ,G]MANY AFT] ! W>S ( LIB]ATION HAD TO LEAD TO M5TAL B>B>ISM4 ,! MORBID MANIA ( ,AUS]WAHL!IT1 ( 0ELECTNESS10 NECESS>ILY L$ TO 9TELLECTUAL E/RANGEM5T FROM ALL G5]AL CULTURE ( ! TIME & TO A TOTAL MISCONCEPTION ( ALL HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,IT WAS A TIME :5 ! SPIRIT ( ,LESS+ & ,H]D] C\LD NO LONG] 9SPIRE ! Y\NG G5]ATION2 :5 ,GOE! LIV$ BESIDE1 BUT NOT 91 ! NATION4 ,:AT RESULT$ FROM IT WAS ! SPECIFIC ,G]MAN PATRIOTISM :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,HE9E1 CONSI/S 9 ?IS1 ?AT 9 ITS SUPPORT]S 0! HE>T BECOMES N>R[] & %R9KS LIKE LEA!R 9 COLD WEA!R2 ?AT !Y HATE EV]Y?+ =EIGN2 ?AT !Y NO LONG] WI% TO BE CITIZ5S ( ! WORLD1 NO LONG] ,EUROPEANS1 BUT ONLY N>R[ ,G]MANS40 

,IT IS ABSURD TO SEE 9 ! M5 ( #ahac ! GU>DIANS ( FRE$OM2 NOT ONE ( !M WAS MOV$ BY REAL LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y ONE ( !M HAD HIS ROOTS 9 A LONG-PA/ AGE :I* C\LD NO LONG] OP5 NEW \TLOOKS = ! PRES5T4 ,?IS APPLIES ALSO TO ! ,BURS*5S*AFT1 ! ,/UD5TS' ,LEAGUE1 :OSE %AMEFUL SUPPRESSION BY ! VICTORI\S REACTION IS PROBABLY ! MA9 REASON :Y EV5 TODAY IT IS PRAIS$ = ITS LIB]T>IAN ACTIVITIES4 ,NO ONE WILL D5Y ?AT ! ,BURS*5S*AFT HAD IDEALI/IC FEATURES2 BUT ?IS IS NO PRO( ?AT IT HAD A LIB]T>IAN M9D4 ,ITS ,*RI/IAN-,G]MAN MY/ICISM1 ITS GROTESQUE REJECTION ( ALL ?AT IS CALL$ 0=EIGN CU/OM0 & 0=EIGN SPIRIT10 ITS ANTI-,SEMITIC T5D5CIES :I* HAD BE5 FROM ( OLD 9 ,G]MANY ! H]ITAGE ( ALL REACTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 & ! G5]AL CONFUSION ( ITS VIEWS-ALL !SE FITT$ IT TO BE ! *AMPION ( A MY/ICAL FAI? 9 :I* ELEM5TS ( ! MO/ DIV]SE CONCEPTIONS M+L$ 9 MOTLEY PAT*WORK2 NOT TO BE ! BANN]-BE>] ( A NEW FUTURE4 ,:5 AFT] ,KOTZEBUE'S MURD] BY ! /UD5T1 ,K>L ,S&1 REACTION DEALT A DE/RUCTIVE BL[1 & ! 9FAM\S ,C>LSBAD ,RESOLUTIONS SUPPRESS$ ALL LEAGUES ( Y\?1 ! ,BURS*5S*AFT C\LD CONFRONT ,METT]NI*'S CREATURES ) NO?+ BUT ?OSE HELPLESS & SUBMISSIVE V]SES ( ,B9Z] :I* 5D ) ! WORDS3 

,! TIE HAS BE5 CUT2 IT WAS BLACK1 R$1 & GOLD2 

,& ,GOD HAS 5DUR$ IT4 ,HIS WI%-:O'S BE5 TOLD8 

,! H\SE IT MAY FALL2 AS FALL IT NE$S MU/2 

,! SPIRIT LIVES 9 US1 & ,GOD IS \R TRU/4 

,REAL REVOLUTION>IES W\LD HAVE HURL$ DIFF]5T WORDS AGA9/ ?IS BRUTAL VIOLATION ( DEEPE/ HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,:5 ONE COMP>ES ! BOLD BEG9N+S ( ,G]MAN 5LI<T5M5T & ITS GREAT1 ALL-DOM9AT+ IDEAS ( LOVE & FRE$OM ( ?\<T1 ) ! SAD RESULTS ( AN UNFETT]$ RAMPANT 0NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS10 ONE REALIZES ! 5ORM\S SPIRITUAL ?R[ BACK :I* ,G]MANY HAS SUFF]$ & CAN APPRAISE ! :OLE GRIM MEAN+ ( ,HE9E'S WORDS3 

,!RE WE N[ SEE ! IDEALI/IC BRUTALITY ?AT ,JAHN R$UC$ TO A SY/EM4 ,IT BEGAN AS A %ABBY1 L\TI%1 UNWA%$ OPPOSITION TO A M5TAL ATTITUDE :I* IS ! NOBLE/1 ! HOLIE/1 ?AT ,G]MANY HAS CREAT$2 ?AT IS1 AGA9/ ?AT HUMANITY1 AGA9/ ?AT G5]AL HUMAN FRAT]NIZATION1 AGA9/ ?AT COSMOPOLITANISM :I* \R GREAT SPIRITS1 ,LESS+1 ,H]D]1 ,S*ILL]1 ,GOE!1 ,JEAN ,PAUL1 & ALL ,G]MANS ( CULTURE HAVE ALWAYS V5]AT$4 

,IT IS A CURI\S PH5OM5ON ?AT ! BE/-KN[N REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ROMANTIC S*OOL1 :O HAD CONTRIBUT$ SO MU* TO ! %AP+ ( MY/IC NATIONALISM 9 ,G]MANY1 ALMO/ )\T EXCEPTION L&$ 9 ! CAMP ( OP5 POLITICAL OR CL]ICAL REACTION4 ,?IS WAS ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE S9CE MO/ ( !M HAD BEGUN !IR LIT]>Y C>E]S AS H]ALDS ( 5LI<T5M5T & FRE$OM ( ?\<T & HAD GREET$ ! GREAT REVOLUTION 9 ! NEI<BOR+ L& ) 5?USIASM4 ,IF IT WAS /RANGE ?AT A =M] ,JACOB9 LIKE ,GORRES1 :O HAIL$ ! DISMEMB]M5T ( ! ,G]MAN EMPIRE ) WILD JOY1 *ANG$ ) SU* SURPRIS+ RAPIDITY 9TO A FI]CE OPPON5T ( ,FRANCE1 IT WAS /ILL MORE 9COMPREH5SIBLE ?AT ! SAME ,GORRES1 :O 9 HIS ESSAY1 ,G]MANY & ! ,REVOLUTION 7#a#h#b71 ) MANLY RESOLUTION %[$ HIS TEE? TO ! RAG+ REACTION>IES1 SOON AFT] ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! >MS ( PAPISM & 9 HIS CL]ICAL FANATICISM W5T SO F> AS TO E>N ! 5DORSEM5T ( ,JOSEPH DE ,MAI/RE4 

,WILHELM & ,FRI$RI* ,S*LEGEL1 ,/EFF5S1 ,TIECK1 ,ADAM ,MULL]1 ,BR5TANO1 ,F\QUE1 ,ZA*>IAS ,W]N]1 & MANY O!RS1 W]E SWEPT AWAY BY ! REACTION>Y FLOOD4 ,HUNDR$S ( Y\NG >TI/S MADE PILGRIMAGES TO ,ROME & RETURN$ TO ! BOSOM ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 :I* WAS !N REAP+ A GOOD H>VE/4 ,IT WAS A V]Y WIT*ES' SABBA? ( MAD FANATICISM & >D5T RAGE = CONV]SION :I*1 H[EV]1 LACK$ ! 9N] VIGOR ( CONVICTION ( M$IEVAL MAN4 ,?IS WAS ! 5D ( ?AT CULTURAL NATIONALISM :I* HAD COMM5C$ AS A BURN+ LONG+ = ! 0V]LOR5E ,HEIMAT0 & 5D$ 9 ! SL\< ( ! DEEPE/ REACTION4 ,GEORG ,BR&ES DID NOT EXAGG]ATE :5 HE SAID3 

,AS REG>DS !IR RELIGI\S ATTITUDE ALL ! ROMANTICS1 :O W]E SO REVOLUTION>Y 9 POETRY1 SUBMISSIVELY B5T ! NECK AS SOON AS !Y SAW ! YOKE4 ,& 9 POLITICS IT WAS !Y :O GUID$ ! ,VI5NA CONGRESS & DREW UP ! MANIFE/O = ! ABROGATION ( LIB]TY ( ?\<T AMONG ! PEOPLE-BETWE5 A SOLEMNITY 9 ,/4 ,PET]'S ,CA!DRAL & AN OY/] D9N] AT ,FANNY ,ELSSL]'S4 .<#c.> 

,BUT ONE MU/ NOT COMP>E MO/ ( !SE M5 ) ,G5TZ1 TO :OM ,BR&ES REF]R$ 9 !SE WORDS2 !Y W]E NOT 9 HIS CLASS4 ,G5TZ1 NEXT TO ,METT]NI* 9 :OSE PAY HE WAS1 WAS *IEFLY RESPONSIBLE = ! 9FAM\S ,C>LSBAD ,RESOLUTIONS2 HE WAS A 0ROTT5 *>ACT]10 AS ,/E9 CALL$ HIM1 A BRILLIANT1 V5AL SCRIBBL] :O SOLD HIS P5 TO ANYONE :O PAID = IT4 ,HE REVEAL$ TO ! ,5GLI% SOCIALI/1 ,ROB]T ,[51 9 A MOM5T ( CYNIC FRANKNESS1 ! :OLE LEITMOTIF ( HIS MIS]ABLE LIFE 9 A FEW WORDS :5 ,[5-:O DID NOT KN[ HIS REAL *>ACT]-S\<T TO W9 ,G5TZ = HIS SPECIAL PLANS ( RE=M3 0,WE DO NOT WI% TO MAKE ! GREAT MASS WEAL?Y & 9DEP5D5T2 H[ C\LD WE !N RULE !M80 ,) ,G5TZ ONE C\LD P]HAPS COMP>E ONLY ,FRI$RI* ,S*LEGEL1 :O ALSO DEGRAD$ HIMSELF TO BECOME A PUR*AS$ SCRIBBL] = ,METT]NI*4 ,! RE/ ( ! HEADS ( ! ,ROMANTIC ,S*OOL W5T ! WAY ( REACTION QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY1 BECAUSE ALL !IR IDEAS HAD A REACTION>Y CORE4 ,! FACT ?AT NE>LY ALL ( !M W5T ! SAME ROAD CAN V]Y WELL S]VE AS PRO( ?AT !RE WAS SOME?+ UNHEAL?Y AB\T ! :OLE MOVEM5T :I* !Y NEV] C\LD OV]COME & :I* DET]M9$ ! C\RSE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T4 

,! REACTION>Y CORE ( ,G]MAN ROMANTICISM IS AT ONCE APP>5T FROM ITS VIEW CONC]N+ ! /ATE1 :I* TRAC$ DIRECTLY BACK TO !ORETICAL ABSOLUTISM4 ,NOVALIS HAD BEGUN BY 5D[+ ! /ATE ) A SPECIAL 9DIVIDUAL LIFE ( ITS [N1 TREAT+ IT AS A 0MY/IC 9DIVIDUAL0 & CONCLUD+ ?AT 0! P]FECT$ CITIZ5 LIVES :OLLY 9 ! /ATE40 ,BUT ONLY ?AT K9D ( MAN CAN LIVE :OLLY 9 ! /ATE :O IS :OLLY FILL$ BY ! /ATE4 ,SU* A CONCEPT IS NATURALLY NOT 9 H>MONY ) ! LIB]AL IDEAS ( ! P]IOD ( 5LI<T5M5T2 IT IS !IR SELF-EVID5T ANTI!SIS4 

,ADAM ,MULL]1 ! REAL /ATE-!ORETICIAN ( ROMANTICISM1 MO/ DECID$LY OPPOS$ ! 0,*IM]A ( NATURAL RI<TS0 UPON :I* MO/ ( ! IDEAS ( LIB]ALISM >E BAS$4 ,9 HIS ,ELEM5TS ( ,/ATECRAFT HE MO/ EM-PHATICALLY OPPOSES ! LIB]AL CONCEPT1 ( :I* ! MO/ PROM95T REPRES5TATIVE 9 ,G]MANY HAD BE5 ,WILHELM VON ,HUMBOLDT1 MA9TA9+ ?AT 0! /ATE IS NOT ONLY A MANUFACTUR+1 F>M+1 & 9SURANCE 9/ITUTION OR M]CANTILE SOCIETY10 BUT 0! MO/ 9TIMATE UNION ( ! COLLECTIVE PHYSICAL & SPIRITUAL WEAL?1 ! :OLE 9N] & \T] LIFE ( A NATION 9 ONE GREAT 5]GETIC1 9F9ITELY ACTIVE & LIV+ :OLE40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! /ATE C\LD NEV] BE ! MEANS = ANY SPECIAL OR DEF9ITE 5D1 AS LIB]ALISM CONCEIV$ IT TO BE2 IT WAS RA!R1 9 ITS HI<E/ =M1 AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 AN 5D SUFFICI5T = ITSELF1 HAV+ ITS ROOTS 9 ! UNION ( LAW1 NATIONALITY & RELIGION4 ,IF IT (T5 APPE>$ AS IF ! /ATE WAS S]V+ SOME SPECIAL TASK1 ?IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,MULL]'S CONCEPT1 WAS ONLY AN OPTICAL ILLUSION ( ! !ORETICIANS2 9 REALITY ! /ATE S]VES ONLY ITSELF & IS NOT A MEANS = ANYONE4 

,K>L ,LUDWIG VON ,HALL]'S %ALL[ & %AMELESS PAT*WORK ) ! LONG-W9D$ TITLE ,RE/ORATION ( ,/ATECRAFT1 OR ! ,!ORY ( ! ,NATURAL ,SOCIAL ,/ATE AS ,OPPOS$ TO ! ,*IM]A ( ! ,>TIFICIAL ,B\RGEOIS ,/ATE1 WAS ONLY A CRUDE & LIFELESS REPETITION ( ! SAME IDEAS4 ,BUT ) ,HALL] ! REACTION>Y TR5D IS MU* MORE OP5LY & DEMON/RABLY APP>5T4 ,HALL] ON PR9CIPLE REJECT$ ! ?\<T ?AT CIVIL SOCIETY C\LD HAVE >IS5 FROM A WRITT5 OR UNWRITT5 CONTRACTUAL RELATION BETWE5 ! CITIZ5 & ! /ATE4 ,! NATURAL CONDITION \T ( :I* ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( POLITICAL SOCIETY HAD GRADUALLY >IS5 IS SYNONYM\S ) ! DIV9E ORD]1 ! ORIG9 ( ALL ?+S4 ,! FIR/ \TCOME ( ?IS PRIMAL CONDITION WAS1 H[ EV]1 ?AT ! /RONG RUL$ OV] ALL O!RS1 FROM :I* IT IS APP>5T ?AT ALL P[] SPR+S FROM A NATURAL LAW F\ND$ 9 DIV9E ORD]4 ,! MI<TY ONE RULES1 F\NDS ! /ATE1 DECL>ES ! LAW-& ALL ON ! BASIS ( HIS /R5G? & SUP]IORITY4 ,! P[] HE POSSESSES IS A GIFT FROM ,GOD &1 COM+ FROM ,GOD1 IT IS = ?AT REASON 9VIOLABLE4 ,FROM ?IS IT FOLL[S ?AT ! K+ IS NOT ! S]VANT ( ! /ATE1 BUT MU/ BE ITS MA/]4 ,/ATE & PEOPLE >E HIS PROP]TY1 A LEGITIMATE LEGACY RECEIV$ FROM ,GOD :]E) TO DO AS HE PLEASES4 ,IF ! K+ IS UNJU/ & H>%1 ?IS IS C]TA9LY UN=TUNATE = ! SUBJECTS1 BUT IT DOES NOT JU/IFY !IR EFFECT+ A *ANGE BY !MSELVES4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9S = !M TO DO 9 SU* A CASE IS TO CALL ON ,GOD TO 5LI<T5 ! RUL] & GUIDE HIM ON ! RI<T WAY4 

,ONE CAN UND]/& H[ ?OR\<LY SU* A DOCTR9E MU/ HAVE SATISFI$ ! CR[N$ HEADS4 ,HALL] MORE ESPECIALLY PLEAS$ ! ,PRUSSIAN CR[N PR9CE1 LAT] ,FRI$RI* ,WILHELM ,I,V1 :O HAS BE5 CALL$ 0! ROMANTIC ON ! K+'S ?RONE40 ,HEGEL'S DEIFICATION ( ! /ATE WAS BUT A FUR!R /EP 9 ! SAME DIRECTION & F\ND SU* READY ACCEPTANCE 9 ,G]MANY = ! REASON ?AT ! /ATE CONCEPT ( ! ROMANTICS HAD SMOO!D ! WAY = HIS IDEAS4 

,! ONE SUP]IOR M9D AMONG ! ROMANTICS1 :O EV5 H]E W5T HIS [N WAY1 WAS ! ,CA?OLIC PHILOSOPH]1 ,FRANZ VON ,BAAD]1 :OSE DI>Y CONTA9S A MASS ( PR(\ND REFLECTIONS CONC]N+ /ATE & SOCIETY4 ,BAAD]1 :O BAS$ HIS DOCTR9E ON MAN'S ORIG9AL PURITY1 MO/ /R5U\SLY OPPOS$ ,KANT'S CONCEPT ( 09NATE EVIL0 & ESPECIALLY F\<T ! MANIA ( GOV]NM5T :I* SMO!RS MAN'S NOBLE/ TAL5TS & MAKES HIM 9CAPABLE ( ANY 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 ,= ?IS REASON HE PRAIS$ AN>*Y AS A HEAL+ =CE ( NATURE AGA9/ DESPOTISM BECAUSE IT COMPELS M5 TO /& ON !IR [N FEET4 ,BAAD] COMP>$ MAN 9FANTILIS$ BY GOV]NM5T TO ! FOOL :O ?\<T HE C\LD NOT WALK UNTIL A CONFLAGRATION TAU<T HIM ! USE ( HIS LEGS4 

,]ROR & VISE RECEIVE !IR GREAT /R5G? ?R\< MAT]IALIZATION1 AU?ORIZATION BY 9/ITUTIONS2 = EXAMPLE1 AS LAW4 ,& ! LATT] IS ! GREAT EVIL1 ! GREAT B> TO \R CAPACITY = P]FECTION1 :I* ONLY GOV]NM5T CAN CAUSE4 ,IT IS !RE=E 9CAPABLE ( A*IEV+ ANY?+ GOOD1 BUT V]Y CAPABLE ( A*IEV+ EVIL2 = IT1 SO TO SPEAK1 MAKES FOLLY & VISE IMMORTAL1 GIV+ !M A P]MAN5CE !Y C\LD NOT HAVE ( !MSELVES4 

,BAAD]'S /ATE-CRITICAL CONCEPT DOES NOT H>K BACK TO LIB]ALISM1 BUT TO ,G]MAN MY/ICISM4 ,HE HAD GONE TO S*OOL TO ,MA/] ,ECKH>T & ,JACOB ,BOHME & HAD REA*$ A K9D ( !OSOPHY :I* LOOK$ V]Y SKEPTICALLY AT ALL TEMPORAL MEANS ( COMPULSION4 ,:AT MO/ ATTRACT$ HIM TO ,CA?OLICISM WAS ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! *UR* & ! IDEA ( ,*RI/5DOM AS A WORLD-EMBRAC+ COMMUNITY HELD TOGE!R ONLY BY ! 9N] TIE ( RELIGION & H5CE NOT 9 NE$ ( ANY EXT]NAL PROTECTION4 ,BAAD] WAS A SOLIT>Y1 A DEEPLY PROB+ SPIRIT1 :O 9SPIR$ MANY BUT HAD NO 9FLU5CE ON ! G5]AL C\RSE ( ,G]MAN DEVELOPM5T4 

,H5CE1 NEI!R ROMANTICISM NOR ITS IMM$IATE PRACTICAL RESULT1 ! NEWLY CREAT$ NATIONAL MOVEM5T LEAD+ TO ! W>S ( LIB]ATION1 C\LD GIVE ,G]MANY NEW SPIRITUAL \TLOOKS = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( H] TRIBES & PEOPLES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! /ATE-PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS ( !1 ROMANTIC S*OOL ONLY S]V$ REACTION AS A MORAL JU/IFICATION1 :ILE ! ABSURD SUP]-,G]MANISM ( ,G]MAN Y\? E/RANG$ ALL O!R PEOPLES4 ,& ! /RANGE ?+ HAPP5$ ?AT MANY ( ! ADVOCATES ( ! ,G]MAN NATIONAL IDEA NEV] REALIZ$ ?AT !Y [$ !IR APP>5T LIB]ATION NOT TO !IR ,G]MAN EXCLUSIV5ESS1 BUT TO ?OSE V]Y 0=EIGN 9FLU5CES0 AGA9/ :I* !IR 0,G]MANISM0 F\<T ) SU* ,B]S]K] RAGE4 ,NEI!R ,JAHN'S 0ACORN-EAT+ ,G]MANISM0 ) ITS 5?USIASM = ! PRIMITIVE =E/ NOR ,>NDT'S ROMANTIC DREAMS ( A NEW ,G]MAN ORD] ( KNI<?OOD ON ! WE/]N FRONT1 NOR ! NO/ALGIC CALL ( ! IMP]IAL H]ALD1 ,S*5K5DORF1 = A GLORI\S RETURN ( ! OLD EMPIRE1 C\LD HAVE BR\<T AB\T ,NAPOLEON'S D[NFALL4 ,IT WAS ! EFFECT ( =EIGN IDEAS & 9/ITUTIONS TAK5 OV] FROM ABROAD :I* ACCOMPLI%$ ?IS MIRACLE4 ,TO %AKE (F ! =EIGN RULE ,G]MANY HAD TO ACCEPT AT LEA/ A P>T ( ! IDEAS :I* ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION HAD CALL$ 9TO LIFE4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT IT WAS A 0PEOPLE'S W>0 BE=E :I* ,NAPOLEON'S P[] BL$ TO DEA? PROVES H[ DEEPLY DEMOCRATIC IDEAS HAD ALREADY P5ETRAT$ 9TO ,G]MANY2 = AT ! ROOT ( ALL NATIONAL EXALTATION LIES CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY A DEMOCRATIC ?\<T4 ,IT WAS ?IS =M ( W>F>E :I* HAD 5ABL$ ,FRANCE TO MA9TA9 ITSELF AGA9/ ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE4 ,H5CE ! ,G]MAN PR9CES1 & MORE ESPECIALLY ,AU/RIA1 W]E ALMO/ TO ! LA/ ! BITT]E/ OPPON5TS ( A NATIONAL UPRIS+1 BEH9D :I* !Y SAW ! HYDRA ( REVOLUTION LURK+4 ,!Y EV5 FE>$ ) ,G5TZ 0?AT ! NATIONAL W> ( LIB]ATION MI<T EASILY *ANGE 9TO A LIB]AT+ W>40 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! MILITIA1 9DE$ ! :OLE >MY ORGANIZATION 9/ITUT$ BY ,S*>NHOR/ 9 ,PRUSSIA1 WAS AFT] ! ,FR5* PATT]N4 ,BUT = ?IS ! ,FR5* W\LD /ILL HAVE BE5 EQUAL TO !IR OPPON5TS EV5 AFT] ! FRI<TFUL CATA/ROPHE 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,! IDEA ( NATIONAL $UCATION :I* HAD BE5 BR\<T SO PROM95TLY 9TO ! =EGR\ND BY ,FI*TE1 ! UNIV]SAL MILIT>Y S]VICE1 ! LEGAL COMPULSION :I* OBLIGAT$ ! CITIZ5 TO ACCEPT A DEF9ITE (FICE OR P]=M DEF9ITE DUTIES AS DEM&$ BY ! /ATE1 & MU* ELSE1 W]E LIKEWISE TAK5 OV] FROM ! DEMOCRATIC TEA*+S ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION4 ,G]MAN PATRIOTISM ACCEPT$ ?IS =EIGN 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY BELIEV+ IT TO BE ( ORIG9AL ,G]MAN MANUFACTURE4 ,?IS HAPP5$ TO ,JAHN1 :O WI%$ TO CLEANSE ! ,G]MAN LANGUAGE ) AN IRON BROOM ( ALL =EIGN ELEM5TS & NEV] NOTIC$ ?AT 9 ! =MATION ( ! 0ORIG9AL ,G]MAN0 WORD 0TURN50 A ,LAT9 ROOT IS US$4 

,! ,G]MAN UNIFICATION MOVEM5TS ( #ahac & R#h#d#h-#d#i W]E WRECK$ 9 BO? 9/ANCES BECAUSE ( ! TREASON ( ! ,G]MAN PR9CES2 BUT :5 ! UNIFICATION ( ! EMPIRE WAS BR\<T AB\T 9 #ahga BY A ,PRUSSIAN JUNK] ! SOB] REALITY LOOK$ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! BRILLIANT DREAM ?AT HAD ONCE BE5 DREAM$4 ,?IS WAS NOT ! 0RETURN ( ! OLD EMPIRE0 :I* HAD SO /IRR$ ! YE>N+S ( ! ROMANTICS4 ,COMP>$ TO ?AT EMPIRE ,BISM>CK'S CREATION WAS BUT 0AS A ,B]L9 B>RACKS IS TO A ,GO?IC CA!DRAL0-AS ! ,S\? ,G]MAN F$]ALI/1 ,FRANTZ1 DRAMATICALLY DECL>$4 ,JU/ AS LITTLE WAS IT LIKE ! LIB]AL CONCEPTIONS ( A FREE ,G]MANY :I* WAS TO LEAD ! ,EUROPEAN FAMILY ( NATIONS 9 SPIRITUAL CULTURE-AS ,H(FMANN VON ,FALL]SLEB5 & ! PIONE] FI<T]S = ,G]MAN UNITY ( #ahdh HAD ONCE PROPHESI$4 ,NO1 ?IS MIS%AP5 POLITICAL BRAT1 GOT BY A ,PRUSSIAN JUNK]1 WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A GREAT] ,PRUSSIA COME TO P[]1 :I* HAD *ANG$ ,G]MANY 9TO A GIGANTIC B>RACKS & ) ITS 9SANE MILIT>ISM & ITS DEF9ITE AIMS ( WORLD POLITICAL P[] N[ ASSUM$ ! SAME FATEFUL ROLE :I* ,BONAP>TE HAD UP TO ?AT TIME PLAY$ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT IT WAS JU/ ,PRUSSIA1 ! MO/ REACTION>Y & 9 ITS CULTURAL HI/ORY ! MO/ BACKW>D C\NTRY1 :I* ASSUM$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ALL ,G]MAN PEOPLES1 LEFT NO D\BT AS TO :AT W\LD RESULT FROM SU* A 0CREATION40 ,?IS WAS FELT KE5LY BY ,BISM>CK'S MO/ IMPORTANT OPPON5T ,CON/ANT9 ,FRANTZ 7:OSE WEI<TY WRIT+S >E AS LITTLE KN[N TO ! ,G]MANS AS ! ,*9ESE LANGUAGE7 :5 HE EXPRESS$ ! OP9ION3 

,IT MU/ BE G5]ALLY ADMITT$ ?AT IT IS AN UNNATURAL SITUATION :5 ! ANCI5T ,WE/]N ,G]MANY1 :I* = C5TURIES BE=E ,PRUSSIA WAS ?\<T ( HAD A HI/ORY 9 COMP>ISON ) :I* ! HI/ORY ( ,PRUSSIA LOOKS V]Y SMALL 9DE$1 & :5 SPEAK+ ( ! ,M>K ,BR&5BURG WAS ONLY DEAL+ ) ! HALF-WA/E L& ( ! ,W5DS-?AT ?IS OLD ,G]MANY ) ITS PRIMEVAL TRIBES ( ! ,BAV>IANS1 ,SAXONS1 ,FRANKS & ,SWABIANS1 ,?UR+IANS & ,HESSIANS1 IS N[ RUL$ BY ! ,M>K4.<#d.> 

,! MAJORITY ( ! ,G]MAN PATRIOTS ( #ahac REFUS$ TO HE> ( A UNIFI$ ,G]MANY UND] ,PRUSSIAN LEAD]%IP1 & ,GORRES WROTE 9 HIS ,RH5I% ,M]CURY AT ! TIME ( ! ,VI5NA CONGRESS ?AT ! ,SAXONS & ! ,RH9EL&]S C\LD NOT BELIEVE ?AT F\R-FIF?S ( ! ,G]MANS %\LD CALL !MSELVES AFT] ! MO/ DI/ANT ONE-FIF?1 :I* BESIDE WAS HALF ,SLAVIC4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,SLAVIC PORTION ( ! ,PRUSSIAN POPULATION WAS GREATLY 9CREAS$ BY ! CONQUE/ ( ,SILESIA & ! P>TITION ( ,POL& UND] ,FR$]ICK ,I,I & N[ AM\NT$ TO TWO-FIF?S ( ! TOTAL POPULATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,IT IS MO/ COMICAL ?AT IT %\LD BE JU/ ,PRUSSIA :I* LAT] ON SO NOISILY ANN\NC$ ITSELF AS ! *OS5 GU>DIAN ( G5U9E ,G]MAN 9T]E/S4 

,WILLIAM ,PI]SON1 :O WAS HIMSELF CONV9C$ ( ,PRUSSIA'S HI/ORIC MISSION = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ,G]MAN UNITY1 DESCRIB$ 9 HIS ,PREUSSIS*E ,GES*I*TE V]Y CLE>LY ! DESIRE ( ! ,PRUSSIAN ROYALTY = ! CREATION ( 0! ,PRUSSIAN NATIONALITY0 & PROV$ AGA9/ HIS WILL ! OLD TRU? ?AT IT IS ! /ATE :I* MAKES ! NATION1 & NOT ! NATION ! /ATE3 

,! /ATE A*IEV$ A DEF9ITE NATIONALITY4 ,! SEP>ATE TRIBES BELONG+ TO IT W]E MORE EASILY & QUICKLY BL5D$ 9TO A UNIFI$ BODY S9CE AS ,PRUSSIANS ALL HAD ! SAME NAME1 ALL HAD ! SAME COLORS1 ! BLACK-&-:ITE FLAG4 ,H[EV]1 ,PRUSSI&OM N[ DEVELOP$ ITSELF AS DI/9CT FROM ! RE/ ( ,G]MANY1 AS ALL ! MORE DEF9ITELY A UNIQUE 5TITY3 ! ,PRUSSIAN /ATE /EPP$ =? AS SOME?+ UNIQUE1 SOME?+ SEP>ATE4 

,?AT UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ! NATIONAL UNITY ( ! ,G]MANS CREAT$ BY ,BISM>CK C\LD NEV] LEAD TO A 0,G]MANIZ+ ( ,PRUSSIA0 BUT 9EVITABLY TO A 0,PRUSSIANIZ+ ( ,G]MANY0 WAS TO BE ANTICIPAT$1 & HAS BE5 PROV$ 9 EV]Y WAY BY ! C\RSE ( ,G]MAN HI/ORY S9CE #a#h#g#a4 

.<#a.> ,FI*TE1 ,UB] D5 ,BEGRIFF DEL WAHRHAFT5 ,KRIEGES 9 ,BEZUG AUF D5 ,KRIEG #a#h#a#c4 ,DRITTE ,VORLESUNG4 

.<#b.> ,E4 ,M4 ,>NDT1 ,AN DIE ,PREUSS54 ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#a#c4 

.<#c.> ,GEORG ,BR&ES1 ,DIE ROMANTIS*E ,S*ULE 9 ,DEUTS*L&4 ,B]L91 #a#i1 P4 #f4 

.<#d.> ,CON/ANT9 ,FRANTZ1 ,D] ,FOD]ALISMUS ALS DAS ,IEIT5DE ,PR9ZIP FUR DIE SOZIALE1 /AATLI*E UND 9T]NATIONALE ,ORGANIZATION1 UNT] BESOND]] ,BEZUGNAHME AUF ,DEUTS*L&4 ,MA9Z1 #a#h#g#i4 ,PAGE #b#e#c4 

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