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,SOCIALISM & ! ,/ATE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

#a#d4 ,SOCIALISM & ! ,/ATE 

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,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM & ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE1 !RE BECAME NOTICEABLE AMONG ! PEOPLE A NEW 9TELLECTUAL TR5D :I* HAS NOT YET T]M9AT$4 ,ITS FATE WILL BE DET]M9$ ACCORD+ AS LIB]T>IAN OR AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS W9 & HOLD ! UPP] H& AMONG ITS LEAD]S4 ,SOCIALI/S ( ALL S*OOLS %>E ! COMMON CONCLUSION ?AT ! PRES5T /ATE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IS A CONT9U\S CAUSE ( MO/ DANG]\S SOCIAL EVILS & CANNOT P]MAN5TLY 5DURE4 ,COMMON ALSO TO ALL SOCIALI/ S*OOLS IS ! CONVICTION ?AT A BETT] ORD] ( ?+S CANNOT BE BR\<T AB\T BY *ANGES ( A PURELY POLITICAL NATURE BUT CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY A FUNDAM5TAL RE=M ( EXI/+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS2 ?AT ! E>? & ALL O!R MEANS ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION CAN NO LONG] REMA9 ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( PRIVILEG$ M9ORITIES 9 SOCIETY BUT MU/ BE TRANSF]R$ TO ! [N]%IP & ADM9I/RATION ( ! G5]ALITY4 ,ONLY ?US WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO MAKE ! 5D & AIM ( ALL PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 NOT ! PROSPECT ( P]SONAL GA91 BUT ! SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S ( ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 

,BUT AS TO ! SPECIAL =M ( ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 & ! WAYS & MEANS ( A*IEV+ IT1 ! VIEWS ( ! V>I\S SOCIALI/IC FACTIONS DIFF] WIDELY4 ,?IS IS NOT /RANGE1 =1 LIKE EV]Y O!R IDEA1 SOCIALISM CAME TO M5 NOT AS A REVELATION FROM ,HEAV52 IT DEVELOP$1 RA!R1 )9 ! EXI/+ SOCIAL /RUCTURES & DIRECTLY DEP5D5T UPON !M4 ,SO IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ITS ADVOCATES %\LD BE MORE OR LESS 9FLU5C$ BY ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! TIME :I* HAD TAK5 DEF9ITE ROOT 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,! 9FLU5CE :I* ! IDEAS ( ,HEGEL HAD ON ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIALISM 9 ,G]MANY IS WELL KN[N4 ,MO/ ( ITS PIONE]S ,GRUN1 ,HESS1 ,LASSALLE1 ,M>X1 ,5GELS CAME FROM ! 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLE ( ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY2 ONLY ,WEITL+ RECEIV$ HIS /IMULUS FROM ANO!R S\RCE ,9 ,5GL&1 ! P]MEATION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS BY LIB]AL IDEAS WAS UNMI/AKABLE4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 IT IS ! 9TELLECTUAL TR5DS ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION2 9 ,SPA91 ! 9FLU5CE ( POLITICAL F$]ALISM1 :I* >E MO/ NOTICEABLE 9 !IR RESPECTIVE SOCIALI/IC !ORIES4 ,SOME?+ SIMIL> CAN BE SAID ( ! SOCIALI/IC MOVEM5T ( EV]Y C\NTRY4 

,BUT S9CE 9 A COMMON CULTURAL CIRCLE LIKE ,EUROPE IDEAS & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS DO NOT REMA9 CONF9$ )9 ANY ONE C\NTRY BUT NATURALLY SPREAD TO O!RS1 IT FOLL[S ?AT MOVEM5TS NOT ONLY RETA9 !IR PURELY LOCAL COLOR BUT RECEIVE ALSO V>I$ /IMULI FROM )\T1 :I* BECOME EMB$D$1 ALMO/ UNNOTICEABLY1 9 ! 9DIG5\S 9TELLECTUAL PRODUCT & 5RI* IT 9 !IR [N PECULI> WAY4 ,H[ /RONGLY !SE =EIGN 9FLU5CES ASS]T !MSELVES DEP5DS L>GELY ON ! G5]AL SOCIAL SITUATION4 ,WE NE$ BUT REMEMB] ! MI<TY 9FLU5CE ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION & ITS 9TELLECTUAL REP]CUSSIONS 9 MO/ ( ! C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS !RE=E SELF-EVID5T ?AT A MOVEM5T LIKE SOCIALISM GA!RS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY ! MO/ V>I$ ASSORTM5T ( IDEAS & IS NO:]E LIMIT$ TO ONE DEF9ITE & SPECIAL =M ( EXPRESSION4 

,BABEUF1 & ! COMMUNI/ S*OOL :I* HAS APPROPRIAT$ HIS IDEAS1 D]IVE FROM ! ,JACOB9 WORLD ( IDEAS1 ! POLITICAL VIEWPO9T ( :I* :OLLY DOM9AT$ !M4 ,!Y W]E CONV9C$ ?AT SOCIETY C\LD BE GIV5 ANY DESIR$ =M1 PROVID$ ?AT ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! /ATE C\LD BE CONTROLL$4 ,AS ) ! SPREAD ( MOD]N DEMOCRACY 9 ,R\SSEAU'S S5SE ! SUP]/ITI\S BELIEF 9 ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! LAWS HAS DEEPLY P5ETRAT$ 9TO M5'S CONSCI\SNESS1 SO ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] HAS1 ) ?IS SECTION ( ! SOCIALI/S1 DEVELOP$ 9TO A DOGMA RE/+ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( ,BABEUF & ! DOCTR9E ( ! SOCALL$ 0EQUALS40 ,! :OLE CONTE/ AMONG !SE FACTIONS TURN$ PR9CIPALLY ON ! QUE/ION H[ BE/ & MO/ SECURELY TO GA9 POSSESSION ( ! P[]S ( ! /ATE4 ,BABEUF'S DIRECT SUCCESSORS HELD FA/ TO ! OLD TRADITION1 BE+ CONV9C$ ?AT !IR SECRET SOCIETIES W\LD ONE DAY A*IEVE PUBLIC P[] BY A S+LE REVOLUTION>Y /ROKE & ) ! AID ( A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP MAKE SOCIALISM A LIV+ FACT4 ,BUT M5 LIKE ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,PECQUEUR1 ,VIDAL & O!RS1 MA9TA9$ ! VIEW ?AT A VIOL5T OV]?R[ WAS TO BE AVOID$ IF POSSIBLE PROVID$ ?AT ! /ATE COMPREH5D$ ! SPIRIT ( ! TIMES & ( ITS [N 9ITIATIVE WORK$ T[>DS A COMPLETE REORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL ECONOMY4 ,BO? FACTIONS1 H[EV]1 W]E UNIT$ 9 ! BELIEF ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD ONLY A*IEV$ ) ! AID ( ! /ATE & ( APPROPRIATE LEGISLATION4 ,PECUR HAD ALREADY PREP>$ A :OLE BOOK ( LAWS = ?IS PURPOSE1 A SORT ( SOCIALI/IC CODE ,NAPOLEON1 :I* WAS TO S]VE AS A GUIDE = A F>SEE+ GOV]NM5T4 

,NE>LY ALL ! GREAT PIONE]S ( SOCIALISM 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! LA/ C5TURY W]E MORE OR LESS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPTS4 ,! BRILLIANT ,SA9T-,SIMON RECOGNIZ$1 ) GREAT KE5NESS ( 9SI<T1 ?AT MANK9D WAS MOV+ T[>D ! TIME :5 0! >T ( GOV]N+ M5 W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ! >T ( ADM9I/]+ ?+S01 BUT HIS DISCIPLES DISPLAY$ EV] FI]C] AU?ORIT>IAN TEMP] & F9ALLY SETTL$ ON ! IDEA ( A SOCIALI/IC !OCRACY2 !N !Y COMPLETELY VANI%$ FROM ! PICTURE4 

,F\RI] DEVELOP$1 9 HIS ,SOCIAL ,SY/EM1 LIB]AL IDEAS ( M>VEL\S DEP? & IMP]I%ABLE SIGNIFICANCE4 ,HIS !ORY ( 0ATTRACTIVE WORK0 AFFECTS US ESPECIALLY TODAY1 AT A TIME ( CAPITALI/IC ''RATIONALIZATION ( ECONOMY10 LIKE AN 9N] REVELATION ( TRUE HUMANITY4 ,BUT EV5 HE WAS A *ILD ( HIS AGE &1 LIKE ,ROB]T ,[51 HE TURN$ TO ALL ! SPIRITUAL & TEMPORAL P[]S ( ,EUROPE 9 ! HOPE ?AT !Y W\LD HELP HIM REALIZE HIS PLAN4 ,( ! REAL NATURE ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION HE H>DLY HAD AN IDEA1 & MO/ ( HIS NUM]\S DISCIPLES KNEW EV5 LESS4 ,CABET'S ,IC>IAN COMMUNISM WAS 9FILTRAT$ ) ,CES>EAN & AUTOCRATIC IDEAS4 ,BLANQUI & ,B>BES W]E COMMUNI/IC ,JACOB9S4 

,9 ,5GL&1 :]E ,GODW9'S PR(\ND WORK1 ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE1 HAD APPE>$ 9 #a#g#i#c1 ! SOCIALISM ( ! FIR/ P]IOD HAD A MU* MORE LIB]T>IAN *>ACT] ?AN 9 ,FRANCE2 = !RE LIB]ALISM & NOT DEMOCRACY HAD PREP>$ ! WAY = IT4 ,BUT ! WRIT+S ( ,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON1 ,JOHN ,GRAY & O!RS REMA9$ ALMO/ TOTALLY UNKN[N ON ! CONT95T4 ,ROB]T ,[5'S COMMUNISM WAS A /RANGE MIXTURE ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & TRADITIONAL AU?ORIT>IAN BELIEFS4 ,HIS 9FLU5CE ON ! TRADE UNION & COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5TS 9 ,5GL& WAS = A TIME V]Y GREAT2 BUT GRADUALLY1 & ESPECIALLY AFT] HIS DEA?1 IT DI$ \T TO MAKE ROOM = PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS :I* LITTLE BY LITTLE LO/ SI<T ( ! GREAT AIMS ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,AMONG ! FEW SOCIAL ?9K]S ( ?AT P]IOD :O TRI$ TO BASE !IR SOCIALI/IC EF=TS ON A TRULY LIB]T>IAN F\NDATION1 ,PR\DHON WAS UND\BT$LY ! MO/ IMPORTANT4 ,HIS ANALYTIC CRITICISM ( ,JACOB9 TRADITION1 ( GOV]NM5TAL SY/EMS1 ( ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T & BL9D BELIEF 9 ! MAGIC P[] ( LAWS & DECREES1 AFFECTS ONE LIKE A LIB]AT+ /ROKE :OSE TRUE GREATNESS HAS EV5 TODAY NOT BE5 FULLY RECOGNIZ$4 ,PR\DHON P]CEIV$ CLE>LY ?AT SOCIALISM MU/ BE LIB]T>IAN IF IT IS TO BE ! CREATOR ( A NEW SOCIAL CULTURE4 ,9 HIM !RE BURN$ ! LAMB5T FLAME ( A NEW AGE1 :I* HE ANTICIPAT$1 CLE>LY =ESEE+ 9 HIS M9D ITS SOCIAL /RUCTURE ,HE WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ :O CONFRONT$ ! POLITICAL METAPHYSICS ( P>TIES ) ! CONCRETE FACTS ( SCI5CE4 ,ECONOMICS WAS = HIM ! REAL BASIS ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE2 & S9CE ) DEEP 9SI<T HE RECOGNIZ$ ! S5SITIVITY ( ECONOMICS TO EV]Y EXT]NAL COMPULSION1 HE LOGICALLY ASSOCIAT$ ! ABOLITION ( ECONOMIC MONOPOLIES ) ! BANI%M5T ( ALL ?AT IS GOV]NM5TAL FROM ! LIFE ( SOCIETY4 ,= HIM ! WOR%IP ( ! LAW TO ALL P>TIES ( ?AT P]IOD W]E FANATICALLY DEVOT$ HAD NOT ! ,SLI<TE/ CREATIVE SIGNIFICANCE2 HE KNEW ?AT 9 A COMMUNITY ( FREE & EQUAL M5 ONLY FREE AGREEM5T C\LD BE ! MORAL TIE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

0,SO Y\ WANT TO ABOLI% GOV]NM5T80 SOMEONE ASK$ HIM4 0,Y\ WANT NO CON/ITUTION8 ,:O WILL MA9TA9 ORD] 9 SOCIETY8 ,:AT WILL Y\ PUT 9 PLACE ( ! /ATE8 ,9 PLACE ( ! POLICE8 ,9 PLACE ( ! GREAT POLITICAL P[]S80 

0,NO?+10 HE ANSW]$4 0,SOCIETY IS ET]NAL MOTION2 IT DOES NOT HAVE TO BE W\ND UP2 & IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO BEAT TIME = IT4 ,IT C>RIES ITS [N P5DULUM & ITS EV] W\NDUP SPR+ )9 IT4 ,AN ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY NE$S LAWS AS LITTLE AS LEGISLATORS4 ,LAWS >E TO SOCIETY :AT COBWEBS >E TO A BEEHIVE2 !Y ONLY S]VE TO CAT* ! BEES40 

,PR\DHON HAD RECOGNIZ$ ! EVILS ( POLITICAL C5TRALISM 9 ALL !IR DETAIL & HAD PROCLAIM$ DEC5TRALIZATION & ! AUTONOMY ( ! COMMUNES AS ! NE$ ( ! H\R4 ,HE WAS ! MO/ EM95T ( ALL ! MOD]NS :O HAVE 9SCRIB$ ! PR9CIPLES ( F$]ALISM ON !IR BANN]S4 ,TO HIS F9E M9D IT WAS QUITE CLE> ?AT M5 ( TODAY C\LD NOT LEAP AT ONE B\ND 9TO ! REALM ( AN>*Y1 ?AT ! M5TAL ATTITUDE ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES1 =M$ SL[LY DUR+ ! C\RSE ( LONG P]IODS1 W\LD NOT VANI% 9 ! TURN ( A H&4 ,H5CE1 POLITICAL DEC5TRALIZATION :I* W\LD )DRAW ! /ATE GRADUALLY FROM ITS FUNCTIONS SEEM$ TO HIM ! MO/ APPROPRIATE MEANS = BEG9N+ & GIV+ DIRECTION TO ! ABOLITION ( ALL GOV]NM5T ( M5 BY M54 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT A POLITICAL & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY 9 ! %APE ( 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES F$]ALLY ASSOCIAT$ ON ! BASIS ( FREE AGREEM5T W\LD C\NT]ACT ! FATAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N GREAT /ATE4 ,GUID$ BY ?IS ?\<T1 HE OPPOS$ ! EF=TS AT NATIONAL UNIFICATION ( ,MAZZ9I & ,G>IBALDI ) POLITICAL DEC5TRALIZATION & ! F$]ALIZATION ( ! COMMUNES1 BE+ FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT ONLY BY !SE MEANS C\LD ! HI<] SOCIAL CULTURE ( ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES BE A*IEV$4 

,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT IT IS JU/ ! ,M>XI/ OPPON5TS ( ! GREAT ,FR5* ?9K] :O SEE 9 !SE 5DEAVORS ( ,PR\DHON A PRO( ( HIS 0UTOPIANISM10 PO9T+ TO ! FACT ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS ACTUALLY TAK5 ! ROAD ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION4 ,AS IF ?IS W]E EVID5CE AGA9/ ,PR\DHON6 ,HAVE ! EVILS ( C5TRALISM1 :I* ,PR\DHON CLE>LY =ESAW & :OSE DANG]S HE DESCRIB$ SO /RIK+LY1 BE5 OV]COME BY ?IS DEVELOPM5T8 ,OR HAS IT OV]COME !M ITSELF8 ,NO6 ,& A ?\S& TIMES NO6 ,!SE EVILS HAVE S9CE 9CREAS$ TO A MON/R\S DEGREE2 !Y W]E ONE ( ! MA9 CAUSES ( ! FE>FUL CATA/ROPHE ( ! ,WORLD ,W>2 !Y >E N[ ONE ( ! GREATE/ OB/ACLES TO ! SOLUTION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,EUROPE WRI!S 9 A ?\S& SPASMS UND] ! IRON YOKE ( A S5SELESS BUREAUCRACY :I* ABHORS ALL 9DEP5D5T ACTION & W\LD PREF] TO PUT ALL PEOPLE UND] ! GU>DIAN%IP ( ! NURS]Y4 ,SU* >E ! FRUITS ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION4 ,IF ,PR\DHON HAD BE5 A FATALI/ HE W\LD HAVE REG>D$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T ( AFFAIRS AS A 0HI/ORIC NECESSITY0 & ADVIS$ HIS CONTEMPOR>IES TO MAKE T]MS ) IT UNTIL ! FAM\S 0*ANGE ( AFFIRMATION 9TO NEGATION0 %\LD OCCUR4 ,BUT BE+ A REAL FI<T] HE ADVANC$ AGA9/ ! EVIL & TRI$ TO P]SUADE HIS CONTEMPOR>IES TO FI<T IT4 

,PR\DHON =ESAW ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! GREAT DEVELOPM5T ( ! /ATE & CALL$ M5'S ATT5TION TO ! ?REAT5+ DANG]1 AT ! SAME TIME %[+ !M A WAY TO HALT ! EVILS4 ,?AT HIS WORD WAS REG>D$ BY BUT FEW & F9ALLY FAD$ \T LIKE A VOICE 9 ! WILD]NESS WAS NOT HIS FAULT4 ,TO CALL HIM FROM ?IS 0UTOPIAN0 IS A *EAP & S5SELESS TRICK4 ,IF SO1 ! PHYSICIAN IS ALSO A UTOPIAN :O FROM A GIV5 DIAGNOSIS ( DISEASE MAKES A PROGNOSIS & %[S ! PATI5T A WAY TO HALT ! EVIL4 ,IS IT ! PHYSICIAN'S FAULT IF ! PATI5T ?R[S HIS ADVICE TO ! W9DS & MAKES NO ATTEMPT TO AVOID ! DANG]8 

,PR\DHON'S =MULATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( F$]ALISM WAS AN ATTEMPT TO OPPOSE BY FRE$OM ! >IS+ REACTION1 & HIS HI/ORIC SIGNIFICANCE CONSI/S 9 HIS HAV+ LEFT HIS IMPR9T ON ! LABOR MOVEM5T ( ,FRANCE & O!R ,LAT9 C\NTRIES & HAV+ TRI$ TO /E] !IR SOCIALISM 9TO ! C\RSE ( FRE$OM & F$]ALISM4 ,ONLY :5 ! IDEA ( /ATE CAPITALISM 9 ALL ITS V>I\S =MS & D]IVATIVES HAS BE5 F9ALLY OV]COME WILL ! TRUE SIGNIFICANCE ( ,PR\DHON'S 9TELLECTUAL LABORS BE RI<TLY UND]/OOD4 ,:51 LAT]1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION CAME TO LIFE1 IT WAS ! F$]ALI/IC SPIRIT ( ! SOCIALI/S 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES :I* GAVE ! GREAT UNION ITS REAL SIGNIFICANCE & MADE IT ! CRADLE ( ! MOD]N SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ITSELF WAS A LEAGUE ( MILITANT LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & GR\PS ) SOCIALI/IC IDEAS :I* HAD F\ND$ ITSELF ON A F$]ALI/IC BASIS4 ,\T ( ITS RANKS CAME ! GREAT CREATIVE ?\<T ( A SOCIAL R5AISSANCE ON ! BASIS ( A SOCIALISM :OSE LIB]T>IAN PURPOSE BECAME MORE M>K$ 9 EA* ( ITS CONV5TIONS & WAS ( ! GREATE/ SIGNIFICANCE = ! SPIRITUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,BUT IT WAS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ! SOCIALI/S FROM ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES :O 9SPIR$ !SE IDEAS & GAVE !M LIFE4 ,:ILE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( ?AT P]IOD SAW 9 ! SOCALL$ 0FOLK/ATE0 ! FUTURE POLITICAL IDEAL & SO PROPAGAT$ ! B\RGEOIS TRADITION ( ,JACOB9ISM1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ( ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT A NEW ECONOMIC ORD] 9 ! SOCIALI/IC S5SE DEM&S ALSO A NEW =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION = ITS UNOB/RUCT$ DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y ALSO RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ?IS =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION W\LD HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! PRES5T /ATE SY/EM1 BUT CALL$ RA!R1 = ITS HI/ORIC DISSOLUTION4 ,?US !RE DEVELOP$ 9 ! WOMB ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ! IDEA ( A COMMON ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION & G5]AL CONSUMPTION BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES 9 ! =M ( FREE ECONOMIC GR\PS ASSOCIAT$ ON ! BASIS ( F$]ALISM1 :I* AT ! SAME TIME W]E TO BE 5TRU/$ ) ! POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,COMMUNE ,9 ?IS MANN] IT 9T5D$ TO REPLACE ! CA/E ( ! PRES5T P>TY & PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS BY EXP]TS )\T PRIVILEGES & SUPPLANT ! P[] POLITICS ( ! /ATE BY A PEACEFUL ECONOMIC ORD] HAV+ ITS BASIS 9 ! EQUALITY ( 9T]E/S & ! MUTUAL SOLID>ITY ( M5 UNIT$ 9 FRE$OM4 

,AB\T ! SAME TIME ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 HAD CLE>LY DEF9$ ! PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL F$]ALISM 9 HIS WELL-KN[N SPEE* AT ! CONGRESS ( ! ,PEACE & ,LIB]TY ,LEAGUE 7#a#h#f#g7 & EMPHASIZ$ ESPECIALLY ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! PEACEFUL RELATION%IP ( ! PEOPLES TO ONE ANO!R4 

,EV]Y C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 H[EV] LIB]AL IT MAY PRET5D TO BE1 :ATEV] REPUBLICAN =M IT MAY HAVE1 IS NEV]!LESS AN OPPRESSOR1 AN EXPLOIT] ( ! WORK+ MASSES = ! B5EFIT ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,IT NE$S AN >MY TO KEEP !SE MASSES 9 *ECK1 & ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS >M$ =CE DRIVES IT 9TO W>4 ,H5CE ,I COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT 9T]NATIONAL PEACE IS IMPOSSIBLE UNTIL ! FOLL[+ PR9CIPLE IS ADOPT$ ) ALL ITS LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES3 ,EV]Y PEOPLE1 :E!R WEAK OR /RONG1 LITTLE OR GREAT1 EV]Y PROV9CE1 EV]Y COMMUNITY1 MU/ BE FREE & AUTONOM\S2 FREE TO LIVE & TO ADM9I/] ITSELF ACCORD+ TO ITS 9T]E/S & SPECIAL NE$S4 ,9 ?IS RI<T ALL PEOPLE & COMMUNITIES >E SO UNIT$ ?AT ! PR9CIPLE CANNOT BE VIOLAT$ ) RESPECT TO A S+LE COMMUNITY )\T 5DANG]+ ALL ! RE/ AT ! SAME TIME4 

,! UPRIS+ ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE GAVE ! IDEAS ( LOCAL AUTONOMY & F$]ALISM A MI<TY IMPULSE 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,:5 ,P>IS VOLUNT>ILY GAVE UP ITS C5TRAL PR]OGATIVE OV] ALL O!R COMMUNITIES 9 ,FRANCE1 ! COMMUNE BECAME = ! SOCIALI/S ( ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES ! />T+ PO9T ( A NEW MOVEM5T :I* OPPOS$ ! C5TRAL UNIFICATION PR9CIPLE ( ! /ATE ) ! F$]ATION ( ! COMMUNES4 ,! COMMUNE BECAME = !M ! POLITICAL UNIT ( ! FUTURE1 ! BASIS ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD] ORGANICALLY DEVELOP$ FROM BEL[ UPW>DS1 & NOT IMPOS$ ON M5 AUTOMATICALLY BY A C5TRAL P[] FROM ABOVE4 ,?US >OSE AS A SOCIAL PATT]N = ! FUTURE A NEW CONCEPT ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 GIV+ ! WIDE/ SCOPE = ! 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE ( P]SONS & GR\PS1 ,9 :I*1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! SPIRIT ( COMMUNION & ( G5]AL 9T]E/ = ! WELF>E ( ALL1 LIVES & WORKS 9 EV]Y MEMB] ( ! SOCIAL UNION4 ,IT IS CLE>LY RECOGNIZABLE ?AT ! ADVOCATES ( ?IS IDEA HAD 9 M9D !SE ,WORDS ( ,PR\DHON3 0,! P]SONALITY IS = ME ! CRIT]ION ( ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! FRE]1 ! MORE 9DEP5D5T1 ! MORE 5T]PRIS+ ! P]SONALITY IS 9 SOCIETY1 ! BETT] = SOCIETY40 

,:ILE ! AU?ORIT>IAN W+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL CONT9U$ TO ADVOCATE ! NECESSITY ( ! /ATE & PLEAD$ = C5TRALISM1 ! LIB]T>IAN SECTION )9 ITS BODY SAW 9 F$]ALISM NOT ONLY A POLITICAL IDEAL = ! FUTURE1 BUT ALSO A BASIS = !IR [N ORGANIZATION & 5DEAVORS2 = ACCORD+ TO !IR CONCEPTION ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS TO PROVIDE ! WORLD A MODEL ( A FREE COMMUNITY1 AS F> AS ?IS WAS AT ALL POSSIBLE UND] EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 ,IT WAS ?IS CONCEPT :I* L$ TO ! 9T]NAL /RIFE BETWE5 ! C5TRALI/S & F$]ALI/S :I* WAS F9ALLY TO WRECK ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ATTEMPT ( ! ,LONDON ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 :I* WAS UND] ! IMM$IATE 9TELLECTUAL 9FLU5CE ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 TO 9CREASE ITS SPH]E ( P[] & TO MAKE ! 9T]NATIONAL LEAGUE ( AWAK5$ LABOR SUBS]VI5T TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y POLICIES ( DEF9ITE P>TIES1 NATURALLY L$ TO ! %>PE/ RESI/ANCE ON ! P>T ( ! LIB]AL-M9D$ F$]ATIONS & SECTIONS :I* ADH]$ TO ! OLD PR9CIPLES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?US HAPP5$ ! GREAT S*ISM ( ! SOCIALI/IC LABOR MOVEM5T :I* HAS NOT BE5 BRIDG$ TO ?IS DAY2 = ?IS IS A QU>REL OV] 9N] ANTAGONISMS ( FUNDAM5TAL SIGNIFICANCE1 & ITS \TCOME MU/ HAVE DECISIVE RESULTS NOT ONLY = ! LABOR MOVEM5T BUT = ! IDEA ( SOCIALISM ITSELF4 ,! DISA/R\S W> ( #a#h#g-#g#a & ! RIS+ REACTION 9 ,LAT9 C\NTRIES AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ) ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 & ,ITALY1 :]E BY OPPRESSIVE LAWS & BRUTAL P]SECUTIONS EV]Y PUBLIC ACTIVITY WAS 9HIBIT$ & ! ,9T]NATIONAL =C$ 9TO ! HID+ PLACES ( SECRET SOCIETIES1 HAVE GREATLY FAVOR$ ! LATE/ DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,ON ,JULY #b1 #a#h#g1 ,K>L ,M>X WROTE TO ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS !SE WORDS1 V]Y *>ACT]I/IC ( HIS P]SONALITY & HIS M5TAL ATTITUDE3 

,! ,FR5* NE$ A ?RA%+4 ,IF ! ,PRUSSIANS >E VICTORI\S ! C5TRALIZATION ( /ATE P[] WILL BE HELPFUL = ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS2 FUR!RMORE1 ,G]MAN PR$OM9ANCE WILL %IFT ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5TS FROM ,FRANCE TO ,G]MANY4 ,& ONE HAS BUT TO COMP>E ! MOVEM5T FROM #ahff TILL TODAY TO SEE ?AT ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS IS 9 !ORY & ORGANIZATION SUP]IOR TO ! ,FR5*4 ,ITS DOM9ANCE OV] ! ,FR5* ON ! WORLD /AGE W\LD MEAN LIKEWISE ! DOM9ANCE ( \R !ORY OV] ?AT ( ,PR\DHON1 ETC4 .<#a.> 

,M>X WAS RI<T4 ,! VICTORY ( ,G]MANY DID 9 FACT M>K ! TURN+ PO9T 9 HI/ORY ( ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS =C$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND BY ! NEW /ATE ( ?+S & HAD TO AB&ON ! FIELD TO ! ANTILIB]T>IAN VIEWS ( ,M>XISM4 ,LIV+1 CREATIVE1 UNLIMIT$ CAPACITY = DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS REPLAC$ BY A ONESID$ DOGMATISM :I* PRET5TI\SLY ANN\NC$ ITSELF AS SCI5CE BUT :I* 9 REALITY WAS BAS$ ON A M]E HI/ORIC FATALISM LEAD+ TO ! WOR/ FALLACIES1 :I* SL[LY /IFL$ EV]Y REAL SOCIALI/IC IDEA4 ,AL?\< ,M>X HAD 9 Y\? EXCLAIM$3 0,! PHILOSOPH]S HAVE V>I\SLY 9T]PRET$ ! WORLD1 BUT IT IS NECESS>Y TO *ANGE IT10 HE HIMSELF DID NO?+ DUR+ HIS :OLE LIFE EXCEPT TO 9T]PRET ! WORLD & HI/ORY4 ,HE ANALYZ$ CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY 9 HIS WAY1 & %[$ A GREAT DEAL ( 9TELLECT & 5ORM\S LE>N+ 9 DO+ SO1 BUT ,PR\DHON'S CREATIVE P[] WAS D5I$ HIM4 ,HE WAS1 & REMA9$1 ! ANALY/A BRILLIANT & LE>N$ ANALY/1 BUT NO?+ ELSE4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y HE DID NOT 5RI* SOCIALISM ) A S+LE CREATIVE ?\<T7 BUT 5ME%$ ! M9DS ( HIS FOLL[]S 9 ! F9E NETWORK ( A CUNN+ DIALECTIC :I* SEES 9 HI/ORY H>DLY ANY?+ BUT ECONOMICS & OB/RUCTS EV]Y DEEP] 9SI<T 9TO ! WORLD ( SOCIAL EV5TS4 ,HE EV5 REJECT$ & CONDEMN$ AS UTOPIANISM EV]Y ATTEMPT TO ATTA9 CL>ITY REG>D+ ! PROBABLE =MATION ( SOCIALI/IC SOCIETY4 ,AS IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO CREATE ANY?+ NEW )\T BE+ CLE> AB\T ! DIRECTION 9 :I* ONE IS GO+6 ,! BELIEF 9 ! COMPULSIVE C\RSE ( ALL SOCIAL PH5OM5A L$ HIM TO REJECT EV]Y ?\<T AB\T ! APPROPRIAT5ESS ( SOCIAL EV5TS& YET IT IS ?IS V]Y ?\<T ?AT IS ! BASIS ( ALL CULTURAL ACTIVITY4 

,) A *ANGE ( IDEAS CAME ALSO A *ANGE 9 ! ME?OD ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,9 PLACE ( ?OSE GR\PS IMBU$ ) SOCIALI/IC IDEAS & ECONOMIC FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! OLD S5SE1 9 :I* ! M5 ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD SE5 ! G]MS ( ! COM+ SOCIETY & ! NATURAL 9/RUM5T = ! REORGANIZATION & ADM9I/RATION ( PRODUCTION1 CAME ! PRES5TDAY LABOR P>TIES & ! P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,! OLD SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E :I* TAU<T ! CONQUE/ ( 9DU/RY & ( ! L& WAS =C$ GRADUALLY MORE & MORE 9TO ! BACKGR\ND1 & FROM N[ ON ONE SPOKE ONLY ( ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] & SO GOT COMPLETELY 9TO ! CURR5T ( CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 :]E NO O!R =M ( ! MOVEM5T HAD EV] BE5 KN[N1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T HAPP5$ ) REM>KABLE QUICKNESS1 & BY ITS ELECTORAL SUCCESSES HAD REP]CUSSIONS ON ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS ( MO/ O!R C\NTRIES4 ,LASSALLE'S P[]FUL ACTIVITY 9 ,G]MANY HAD SMOO!D ! WAY = ?IS NEW PHASE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,LASSALLE WAS ALL HIS LIFE A PASSIONATE WOR%IP] ( ! IDEA ( ! /ATE 9 ! S5SE ( ,FI*TE & ,HEGEL1 & HAD1 MOREOV]1 APPROPRIAT$ ! VIEWS ( ! ,FR5* /ATE-SOCIALI/ ,L\IS ,BLANC1 CONC]N+ ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,9 HIS ,LABOR ,PROGRAM HE ANN\NC$ TO ! WORK+ CLASS ( ,G]MANY ?AT ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY HAD BE5 A CON/ANT /RUGGLE AGA9/ NATURE & AGA9/ ! LIMITATIONS IT HAD IMPOS$ ON MAN4 0,9 ?IS /RUGGLE WE W\LD NEV] HAVE TAK5 A /EP =W>D1 NOR W\LD EV] TAKE ONE 9 ! FUTURE1 IF WE HAD MADE IT1 OR WI%$ TO MAKE IT1 ALONE1 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 EV]YONE = HIMSELF4 ,IT IS ! /ATE :I* HAS ! FUNCTION ( BR++ AB\T ?IS DEVELOPM5T ( FRE$OM1 ?IS EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN RACE T[>D FRE$OM40 

,HIS ADH]5TS W]E SO FIRMLY CONV9C$ ( ?IS MISSION ( ! /ATE1 & !IR FAI? 9 ! /ATE FREQU5TLY ASSUM$ SU* FANTA/IC =MS1 ?AT ! LIB]AL PRESS ( ?AT TIME (T5 ACCUS$ ! ,LASSALLE MOVEM5T ( BE+ 9 ,BISM>CK'S PAY4 ,PRO( ( ?IS ACCUSATION C\LD NEV] BE F\ND BUT ! CURI\S FLIRTATION ( ,LASSALLE ) ! 0SOCIAL K+DOM10 :I* BECAME ESPECIALLY M>K$ 9 HIS ESSAY1 ,! ,ITALIAN ,W> & ! ,TASK ( ,PRUSSIA1 C\LD V]Y EASILY BE GR\ND = SU* A SUSPICION4 .<#b.> 

,AS ! NEWLY CREAT$ LABOR P>TIES GRADUALLY CONC5TRAT$ ALL !IR ACTIVITIES ON P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION & MA9TA9$ ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] WAS ! OBVI\S PRELIM9>Y TO ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM !Y CREAT$ 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME AN 5TIRELY NEW IDEOLOGY1 :I* DIFF]$ ESS5TIALLY FROM ! IDEAS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 :I* QUICKLY CAME TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! NEW MOVEM5T1 5TIC$ A NUMB] ( B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS & C>E]SEEK+ 9TELLECTUALS 9TO ! CAMP ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY1 BY :OM ! *ANGE ( ATTITUDE WAS /ILL FUR!R ADVANC$4 ,?US !RE DEVELOP$1 9 PLACE ( ! SOCIALISM ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL1 A SORT ( SUB/ITUTE HAV+ NO?+ 9 COMMON ) IT BUT ! NAME4 ,9 ?IS MANN] SOCIALISM GRADUALLY LO/ MORE & MORE ! *>ACT] ( A NEW CULTURAL IDEAL = :I* ! >TIFICIAL FRONTI]S ( ! /ATE HAD NO MEAN+4 ,9 ! M9DS ( ! LEAD]S ( ?IS NEW TR5D1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! NATIONAL /ATE BECAME BL5D$ ) ! 9T]E/ & SPIRIT ( !IR P>TY UNTIL1 GRADUALLY1 !Y W]E NO LONG] ABLE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 !M & BECAME US$ TO VIEW+ ! WORLD & ?+S ?R\< ! GLASSES ( ! NATIONALI/ /ATE4 ,?US IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! MOD]N LABOR P>TIES GRADUALLY CAME TO FIT 9TO ! NATIONAL /ATE MA*9E AS A NECESS>Y P>T & GREATLY CONTRIBUT$ TO RE/ORE TO ! /ATE ! BALANCE ( P[] IT HAD LO/4 

,IT W\LD BE WRONG TO REG>D !SE PECULI> IDEAS SIMPLY AS CONSCI\S TREASON ON ! P>T ( ! LEAD]S1 AS HAS (T5 BE5 DONE4 ,! TRU? IS ?AT WE >E H]E CONFRONT$ ) A SL[ ASSIMILATION ( SOCIALI/ !ORY 9TO ! ?\<TWORLD ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 9DUC$ BY ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( PRES5TDAY LABOR P>TIES :I* NECESS>ILY AFFECT$ ! M5TAL ATTITUDE ( !IR LEAD]S4 ,! SAME P>TIES :I* SALLI$ =? UND] ! FLAG ( SOCIALISM TO CONQU] POLITICAL P[] SAW !MSELVES GRADUALLY =C$ BY ! IRON LOGIC ( CIRCUM/ANCES 9TO ! POSITION :]E BIT BY BIT !Y HAD TO AB&ON !IR =M] SOCIALISM = B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 ,! MORE ?\<TFUL ( !IR ADH]5TS RECOGNIZ$ ! DANG]1 & SOMETIMES EXHAU/$ !MSELVES 9 FRUITLESS OPPOSITION AGA9/ ! TACTICS ( ! P>TY4 ,?IS WAS NECESS>ILY )\T RESULT1 S9CE IT WAS DIRECT$ SOLELY AGA9/ ! EXCRESC5CES ( ! P>TY SY/EM & NOT AGA9/ ! SY/EM ITSELF4 ,?US ! SOCIALI/ LABOR P>TIES BECAME1 )\T ! GREAT MAJORITY ( !IR MEMB]S BE+ CONSCI\S ( IT1 BUFF]S 9 ! FI<T BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 POLITICAL LI<TN+RODS = ! SECURITY ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]4 

,! ATTITUDE ( MO/ ( !SE P>TIES DUR+ ! ,WORLD ,W>1 & ESPECIALLY AFT] ! ,W>1 PROVES ?AT \R VIEW IS NOT EXAGG]AT$1 BUT FULLY 9 ACCORD ) ! FACTS4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T HAS TAK5 AN ACTUALLY TRAGIC =M1 ) CONSEQU5CES :I* EV5 TODAY CANNOT BE E/IMAT$4 ,! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( ?AT C\NTRY HAD BE5 COMPLETELY EMASCULAT$ BY LONG YE>S ( P>LIAM5T>Y R\T9E & WAS NO LONG] CAPABLE ( A CREATIVE ACT4 ,?IS ESPECIALLY IS ! REASON :Y ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION WAS SO %OCK+LY POOR 9 REAL IDEAS4 ,! OLD PROV]B1 0,:O EATS ( ! POPE DIES ( HIM10 WAS PROV$ BY ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T2 IT HAD SO LONG EAT5 ( ! /ATE ?AT ITS 9N] LIFE =CE WAS EXHAU/$ & IT C\LD NO LONG] ACCOMPLI% ANY?+ ( SIGNIFICANCE4 

,SOCIALISM C\LD MA9TA9 ITS ROLE AS A CULTURAL IDEAL = ! FUTURE ONLY BY CONC5TRAT+ ITS :OLE ACTIVITY ON ABOLI%+ MONOPOLY ( PROP]TY TOGE!R ) EV]Y =M ( GOV]NM5T ( M5 BY M54 ,NOT ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 BUT ITS ELIM9ATION FROM ! LIFE ( SOCIETY1 HAD TO REMA9 ! GREAT GOAL = :I* IT /ROVE:I* IT C\LD NEV] AB&ON )\T AB&ON+ ITSELF4 ,:OEV] BELIEVES ?AT FRE$OM ( ! P]SONALITY CAN F9D A SUB/ITUTE 9 EQUALITY ( POSSESSIONS HAS NOT EV5 GRASP$ ! ESS5CE ( SOCIALISM4 ,= FRE$OM !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE2 !RE CAN BE NO SUB/ITUTE4 ,EQUALITY ( ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = EA* & ALL IS ALWAYS A NECESS>Y PRECONDITION = ! FRE$OM ( MAN1 BUT NEV] A SUB/ITUTE = IT4 ,:OEV] TRANSGRESSES AGA9/ FRE$OM TRANSGRESSES AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( SOCIALISM4 ,SOCIALISM MEANS ! MUTUAL ACTIVITY ( M5 T[>D A COMMON GOAL ) EQUAL RI<TS = ALL4 ,BUT SOLID>ITY RE/S ON FREE RESOLVE & CAN NEV] BE COMPELL$ )\T *ANG+ 9TO TYRANNY4 

,EV]Y TRUE SOCIALI/IC ACTIVITY1 ! SMALLE/ AS WELL AS ! GREATE/1 MU/ !RE=E BE IMBU$ ) ! ?\<T ( OPPOS+ MONOPOLY 9 ALL ITS FIELDSESPECIALLY 9 ?AT ( ECONOMICS& ( GU>D+ & 5L>G+ BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS ! SUM ( P]SONAL FRE$OM )9 ! FRAME ( ! SOCIAL UNION4 ,EV]Y PRACTICAL ACTIVITY T5D+ T[>DS O!R RESULTS IS MISDIRECT$ & USELESS = REAL SOCIALI/S4 ,SO MU/ ALSO BE RAT$ ! IDLE TALK AB\T ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 AS A TRANSITIONAL CONDITION BETWE5 CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,HI/ORY KN[S NO SU* 0TRANSITIONS40 ,!RE EXI/ SOLELY MORE PRIMITIVE & MORE COMPLICAT$ =MS 9 ! V>I\S EVOLUTION>Y PHASES ( SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,EV]Y SOCIAL ORD] IS 9 ITS ORIG9AL =M ( EXPRESSION NATURALLY IMP]FECT2 NEV]!LESS1 ALL FUR!R POSSIBILITIES ( DEVELOPM5T T[>DS A FUTURE /RUCTURE MU/ BE CONTA9$ 9 EA* ( ITS NEWLY CREAT$ 9/ITUTIONS1 JU/ AS ALREADY 9 ! EMBRYO ! :OLE CREATURE IS =E%AD[$4 ,EV]Y ATTEMPT TO 9CORPORATE 9TO A NEW ORD] ( ?+S ! ESS5TIAL P>TS ( AN OLD ONE :I* HAS \TLIV$ ITSELF HAS UP TO N[ L$ ALWAYS TO ! SAME NEGATIVE RESULT4 ,EI!R SU* ATTEMPTS W]E AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ?W>T$ BY ! Y\?FUL VIGOR ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION OR ! T5D] SPR\TS & HOPEFUL BEG9N+S ( ! NEW =MS W]E SO CONF9$ & H9D]$ 9 !IR NATURAL GR[? BY ! OLD ?AT !Y GRADUALLY DECL9$ & !IR 9N] LIFE=CE SL[LY DI$ \T4 

,:5 ,L59 -- MU* 9 ! /YLE ( ,MUSSOL9I -- D>$ TO SAY ?AT 0FRE$OM IS A B\RGEOIS PREJUDICE10 HE ONLY PROV$ ?AT HIS SPIRIT WAS QUITE 9CAPABLE ( RIS+ TO SOCIALISM1 BUT HAD REMA9$ /UCK 9 ! OLD IDEAS ( ,JACOB9ISM4 ,ANYWAY1 IT IS NONS5SE TO SPEAK ( LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,SOCIALISM WILL EI!R BE FREE OR IT WILL NOT BE AT ALL4 

,! TWO GREAT POLITICAL TR5DS ( ?\<T ( LIB]ALISM & DEMOCRACY HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,DEMOCRACY ) ITS /ATEAFFIRM+ PR9CIPLES & ITS EF=T TO SUBJECT ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! DEM&S ( AN IMAG9>Y 0COMMON WILL0 NE$S MU/ AFFECT SU* A MOVEM5T AS SOCIALISM MO/ DISA/R\SLY BY 5D[+ IT ) ! IDEA ( ADD+ TO ! REALMS ! /ATE ALREADY RUL$ ! 5ORM\S REALM ( ECONOMICS1 5D[+ IT ) A P[] IT NEV] POSSESS$ BE=E4 ,TODAY IT APPE>S EV] MORE CLE>LY -- & ! EXP]I5CES 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE PROV$ IT -- ?AT SU* 5DEAVORS CAN NEV] LEAD TO SOCIALISM1 BUT MU/ 9EVITABLY RESULT 9 ! GROTESQUE MAL=MATION ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 SOCIALISM VITALIZ$ BY LIB]ALISM LOGICALLY LEADS TO ! IDEAS ( ,GODW91 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & !IR SUCCESSORS4 ,! IDEA ( R$UC+ ! /ATE'S SPH]E ( ACTIVITY TO A M9IMUM1 ITSELF CONTA9S ! G]M ( A MU* MORE F>-REA*+ ?\<T1 NAMELY1 TO OV]?R[ ! /ATE 5TIRELY & TO ELIM9ATE ! WILL TO P[] FROM HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM HAS CONTRIBUT$ 5ORM\SLY TO CONFIRM AGA9 ! VA9 BELIEF 9 ! /ATE1 & 9 ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T MU/ LOGICALLY LEAD TO /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,SOCIALISM 9SPIR$ BY LIB]AL IDEAS1 H[EV]1 LEADS 9 A /RAI<T L9E TO AN>*ISM1 MEAN+ BY ?AT1 A SOCIAL CONDITION :]E MAN IS NO LONG] SUBJECT TO ! GU>DIAN%IP ( A HI<] P[] & :]E ALL RELATIONS BETWE5 HIM & HIS K9D >E SELF-REGULAT$ BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T4 

,LIB]ALISM ALONE C\LD NOT ATTA9 ?IS HI<E/ PHASE ( DEF9ITE 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T = ! REASON ?AT IT HAD TOO LITTLE REG>D = ! ECONOMIC SIDE ( ! QUE/ION1 AS HAS ALREADY BE5 EXPLA9$ 9 ANO!R PLACE4 ,ONLY ON ! BASIS ( FELL[%IP 9 LABOR & ! COMMUNITY ( ALL SOCIAL 9T]E/S IS FRE$OM POSSIBLE2 !RE CAN BE NO FRE$OM = ! 9DIVIDUAL )\T JU/ICE = ALL4 ,= P]SONAL FRE$OM ALSO HAS ITS ROOTS 9 MAN'S SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS & RECEIVES REAL MEAN+ ONLY FROM IT4 ,! IDEA ( AN>*ISM IS ! SYN!SIS ( LIB]ALISM & SOCIALISM1 LIB]ATION ( ECONOMICS FROM ! FETT]S ( POLITICS1 LIB]ATION ( CULTURE FROM ALL POLITICAL P[]1 LIB]ATION ( MAN BY SOLID>IC UNION ) HIS K9D4 ,=1 AS ,PR\DHON SAYS3 0,SE5 FROM ! SOCIAL VIEWPO9T FRE$OM & SOLID>ITY >E BUT DIFF]5T EXPRESSIONS ( ! SAME CONCEPT4 ,BY ! FRE$OM ( EA* F9D+ 9 ! FRE$OM ( O!RS NO LONG] A LIMIT1 AS ! DECL>ATION ( RI<TS ( #agic SAYS1 BUT A SUPPORT4 ,! FREE/ MAN IS ! ONE :O HAS ! MO/ RELATIONS ) HIS FELL[ M540 

.<#a.> ,D] ,BRIEFWE*SEL ZWIS*5 ,M>X UND ,5GELS1 ,/UTTG>T1 #a#i#a#c1 ,VOLUME ,I,V4 

.<#b.> ,! REC5TLY DISCOV]$ LETT]S BETWE5 ,BISM>CK & ,LASSALLE PUBLI%$ BY ,GU/AV ,MAY] 9 HIS VALUABLE ESSAY1 ,BISM>CK & ,LASSALLE1 ?R[ A CURI\S LI<T ON ,LASSALLE'S P]SONALITY & >E ALSO PSY*OLOGICALLY ( GREAT 9T]E/4 

,FROM 3 ,FLAG4,BLACK5$4NET4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #ad -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #ad -- ,ADD$4 

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