,NEOLIB]ALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,AM]ICANS (T5 F9D IT DIFFICULT TO TALK AB\T POLITICS ) PEOPLE FROM O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,CONSID] ?REE QUOTES CULL$1 MORE OR LESS AT R&OM1 FROM WORLD NEWSWIRES >\ND ! 5D ( ,DECEMB] #b#e4 ,9 ,BOLIVIA1 NEWLY ELECT$ PRESID5T ,EVO ,MORALES DECL>$ ?AT 9 HIS VICTORY 0! PEOPLE HAVE DEFEAT$ ! NEOLIB]ALS40 0,WE WANT TO *ANGE ! NEOLIB]AL MODEL10 HE ADD$4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ,LO?> ,BISKY ANN\NC$ ! CREATION ( A NEW POLITICAL P>TY ?AT1 HE HOP$1 W\LD 0CONTRIBUTE TO CREAT+ A DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO OPPOSE ! DAMAGE CAUS$ BY NEOLIB]ALISM TO SOCIAL COHESION40 ,>\ND ! SAME TIME1 A PAN-,AFRICAN ,WEB J\RNAL ANN\NC$ A SPECIAL ISSUE :OSE >TICLES 0REFLECT A GR[+ DEBATE ON ECONOMIC ALT]NATIVES TO NEOLIB]ALISM FROM C\NTRIES AS F> AFIELD AS ,MAURITIUS1 ,SWAZIL& & ,MALI40.<#a.> 

,!SE >E JU/ ?REE3 ,I C\LD EASILY HAVE *OS5 DOZ5S ( !M4 ,ACROSS MO/ ( ! PLANET1 NEOLIB]ALISMIS A H\SEHOLD WORD4 ,>GUM5TS AB\T NEOLIB]ALISM =M ! /UFF ( EV]YDAY POLITICAL CONV]SATION4 ,POLITICIANS >E ACCUS$ ( BE+ NEOLIB]ALS OR PURSU+ NEOLIB]AL AG5DAS2 OPPOSITION C&IDATES GET ELECT$ BY RUNN+ AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM 7!N1 (T5 AS NOT1 >E ACCUS$ BY !IR =M] SUPPORT]S ( CAV+ 9 TO IT74 ,NEOLIB]ALISM IS SE5 AS ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGICAL =CE 9 ! WORLD1 AN ATTEMPT BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS ! WORLD'S SOLE REMA9+ SUP]P[]1 TO EXT5D ITS [N SOCIAL & ECONOMIC MODEL TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,SOME SAY IT IS 9EVITABLE1 EV5 DESIRABLE2 O!RS ORGANIZE AGA9/ IT4 ,BUT ALMO/ EV]YONE HAS AN OP9ION ON ! MATT]4 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 FEW HAVE EV] HE>D ( IT4 ,M5TION ! WORD TO ALMO/ ANYONE BUT AN ACADEMIC OR 9T]NATIONAL AFFAIRS CORRESPOND5T1 & Y\ >E LIKELY TO BE MET ) EMPTY />ES4 ,IF Y\ WANT TO TALK AB\T ! SAME ISSUES1 9 FACT1 Y\ >E =C$ TO RELY ON OBVI\S PROPAG&A T]MS LIKE FREE TRADE1 FREE-M>KET RE=MS1 OR GLOBALIZATION4 ,! BIAS 9 ! FIR/ TWO IS PRETTY OBVI\S4 ,Y\ DON'T PUT ! WORD FREE 9 FRONT ( A NAME IF Y\'RE TRY+ TO BE NEUTRAL AB\T IT4 ,GLOBALIZATION IS ONLY SLI<TLY MORE SUBTLE4 ,:5 Y\ CALL SOME?+ 0NEOLIB]ALISM0 Y\ >E SAY+ ?AT ?IS IS A SET ( IDEAS1 SIMPLY ONE !ORY AMONG MANY AB\T ! BE/ WAY TO ORGANIZE AN ECONOMY4 0,GLOBALIZATION10 9 CONTRA/1 IS ALWAYS TREAT$ AS SOME?+ 9EVITABLE4 ,!RE'S NOT MU* PO9T 9 HAV+ AN OP9ION AB\T :E!R ! SUN WILL RISE TOMORR[1 >GUES ,?OMAS ,FRI$MAN1 PROBABLY ! MO/ PROM95T ,AM]ICAN ADVOCATE ( NEOLIB]ALISM 7:I* ( C\RSE HE NEV] REF]S TO BY NAME73 ONE SIMPLY ACCEPTS IT AS REALITY & TRIES TO MAKE ! BE/ ( IT4.<#b.> ,GLOBALIZATION JU/ SOMEH[ HAPP5$4 ,NO ONE IS REALLY RESPONSIBLE4 ,P]HAPS IT HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ! ,9T]NET4 ,AT ANY RATE1 N[ WE ALL HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO ADAPT4 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ?OSE :O FEEL NEOLIB]ALISM IS SIMPLY A MATT] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IMPOS+ ITS [N MODEL ON ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 ALL ( ?IS IS EXACTLY :AT ONE W\LD EXPECT4 ,TO BE FAIR1 ?\<1 !RE >E MANY MORE 9NOC5T REASONS :Y MO/ ,AM]ICANS W\LD F9D ! T]M NEOLIB]ALISM CONFUS+4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 POLITICAL LANGUAGE HAS DEVELOP$ V]Y DIFF]5TLY ?AN IT HAS 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! WORD LIB]AL WAS APPLI$ TO PEOPLE :O BELIEV$ 9 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 :I* !Y SAW AS F\ND$ ON PRIVATE PROP]TY RI<TS4 ,!SE 0CLASSICAL LIB]ALS10 AS !Y >E SOMETIMES CALL$1 T5D$ TO REJECT GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE 9 ! ECONOMY AS MU* AS 9 P]SONAL AFFAIRS4 ,?IS IS /ILL :AT LIB]ALIMPLIES 9 MO/ ( ! WORLD4 ,BUT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! T]M WAS ADOPT$ BY ! MOD]ATE ,LEFT UNTIL IT CAME TO MEAN SOME?+ LIKE 0SOCIAL DEMOCRAT40 ,/>T+ 9 ! #a#i#hS ! ,RI<T RESPOND$ BY TURN+ ! WORD LIB]AL9TO A T]M ( OPPROBRIUM3 LIB]ALBECAME1 9 ! M9DS ( MANY WORK+-CLASS ,AM]ICANS1 A DESIGNATOR = LATTE-SIPP+ CULTURAL ELITI/S1 0TAX-&SP5D0 POLITICIANS1 PROPON5TS ( GAY M>RIAGE1 & SIMIL> BETE NOIRES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 FREE-M>KET 5?USIA/S--! SORT ( PEOPLE :O ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD >E REF]R$ TO AS 0LIB]ALS0--BEGAN CA/+ AB\T = A NEW NAME4 ,! ONE !Y 5D$ UP FIX+ ON WAS LIB]T>IAN--A T]M !Y BORR[$ FROM ! ,LEFT4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT IT IS EV5 MORE DIFFICULT = ,AM]ICANS TO TALK TO ANYONE ELSE AB\T POLITICS1 S9CE1 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 LIB]T>IAN /ILL L>GELY RETA9S ITS TRADITIONAL MEAN+ AS A SYNONYM = AN>*I/4 ,9 ,EUROPE OR ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 IT IS P]FECTLY UNREM>KABLE TO TALK AB\T 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM0--REF]R+ BY ?IS TO ! IDEA ?AT /ATES %\LD BE DISMANTL$ & CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC LIFE PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITIES4 ,USE A T]M LIKE ?AT 9 FRONT ( ! AV]AGE ,U4,S4 CITIZ51 & HE WILL ASSUME ?AT Y\ >E ONE ( ?OSE ANNOY+ PEOPLE :O LIKE TO CONFUSE O!RS ) 9T5TIONAL OXYMORONS--OR P]HAPS ?AT Y\ >E 9SANE4 

,IT IS NEV] A GOOD ?+ :5 PEOPLE CANNOT TALK TO EA* O!R1 & IT SEEMS P>TICUL>LY UN=TUNATE RI<T N[1 :5 SO MANY ,AM]ICANS SEEM CONFUS$ AB\T ! WIDESPREAD ANG] AB\T !IR ROLE 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 ! PRESS1 OPPOSITION TO NEOLIB]ALISM--P>TICUL>LY 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA--IS (T5 REF]R$ TO AS 0ANTI-,AM]ICANISM10 AS IF NEOLIB]ALISM REALLY W]E SIMPLY ID5TICAL TO ! ,AM]ICAN WAY ( LIFE4 ,9 FACT IT IS NO?+ ( ! K9D4 ,9DE$1 A CASE C\LD WELL BE MADE ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICANS REJECT ITS CORE IDEAS & 9/ITUTIONS & ?AT ,AM]ICANS HAVE ACTUALLY BE5 ! FIR/ HI/ORIC VICTIMS ( NEOLIB]AL 0RE=MS0--POLICIES ?AT >E ! ULTIMATE CAUSE ( MANY ( ! 9SECURITIES DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS VOLUME4 ,C]TA9LY1 ,AM]ICANS HAVE ALSO PLAY$ A PROM95T ROLE 9 ! GR[+ GLOBAL MOVEM5T AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM4 

,AS ! ABOVE SUGGE/S1 ,I AM NOT MAK+ ANY CLAIM TO NEUTRALITY H]E4 ,I ?9K IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ANYONE SPEAK+ ( ! ROOTS ( GLOBAL POV]TY OR ! NATURE ( CAPITALISM :O CLAIMS TO BE PROVID+ AN 0OBJECTIVE0 OR 0SCI5TIFIC0 ACC\NT IS EI!R EXTRAORD9>ILY NAIVE OR TRY+ TO SELL Y\ SOME?+4 ,IT SEEMS MORE HONE/ TO SIMPLY REVEAL ONE'S BIASES & LET ! READ] TAKE IT FROM !RE4 ,= OV] SIX YE>S ,I HAVE BE5 DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 A GLOBAL MOVEM5T AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM1 :OSE OV]ALL EFFECTS1 ,I FEEL1 HAVE BE5 AN UNMITIGAT$ CATA/ROPHE4 ,:AT FOLL[S1 !N1 >E A S]IES ( EF=TS TO CONCEPTUALIZE ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL SITUATION1 AT A TIME :51 ACROSS ! WORLD1 ?\<TFUL PEOPLE >E 9CREAS+LY TRY+ TO IMAG9E A WAY \T4 

,! ,R,O,O,T,S ,( ,N,E,O,L,I,B,],A,L,I,S,M 

,NEOLIB]ALISM AS AN ECONOMIC & POLITICAL !ORY IS BAS$ ON A FEW RELATIVELY SIMPLE ASSUMPTIONS4 ,A M9IMAL SKET* MI<T RUN LIKE ?IS3 

,GOV]NM5TS %\LD M9IMIZE !IR 5GAGEM5T 9 ECONOMIC ,FUR!R1 !Y >E NOT COMPET5T TO RUN L>GE 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISES2 9 FACT1 PRIVATE FIRMS OP]AT+ 9 PURSUIT ( PR(IT 9 A M>KET 5VIRONM5T CAN ALWAYS BE EXPECT$ TO DO A BETT] JOB PROVID+ PUBLIC S]VICES ?AN PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,GOV]NM5T %\LD !RE=E RE/RICT ITSELF TO PROVID+ A LEGAL 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* IT IS EASY = PRIVATE FIRMS TO DO ?IS & MA9TA9+ NECESS>Y 9FRA/RUCTURE4 

,R$UC+ TRADE B>RI]S IS ALWAYS GOOD & ALWAYS B5EFITS ALL ,OLD] PROTECTIONI/ POLICIES NE$ TO BE AB&ON$2 RA!R ?AN TRY+ TO DEVELOP AUTONOM\SLY1 EA* NATION %\LD PURSUE ITS P>TICUL> 0COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE0 7:ATEV] ?IS MAY BE3 *EAP LABOR1 AN $UCAT$ WORK=CE1 NATURAL RES\RCES7 9 A S+LE GLOBAL M>KETPLACE4 

,GOV]NM5T SP5D+ POLICIES MEANT TO B5EFIT ! POOR1 :E!R PRICE SUPPORTS = BASIC FOOD/UFFS1 PROVISION ( FREE M$ICAL S]VICES1 OR GU>ANTE$ P5SION FUNDS1 >E ULTIMATELY ,!Y %\LD BE P>$ BACK OR ELIM9AT$1 S9CE !Y DI/ORT ! WORK+S ( ! M>KET4 ,9/EAD1 IF GOV]NM5TS LIMIT SP5D+ SO AS TO MA9TA9 BALANC$ BUDGETS TO GU>ANTEE ! /ABILITY ( !IR CURR5CY1 !Y WILL CREATE A M>KET 5VIRONM5T FAVORABLE TO =EIGN 9VE/M5T1 & ! M>KET ITSELF WILL PROVIDE BETT] SOLUTIONS TO !SE PROBLEMS4 

,S9CE #a#i#h1 ALMO/ EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD HAS ADOPT$ SOME V]SION ( NEOLIB]AL RE=MS4 ,ONLY EXCEPTIONALLY1 H[EV]1 DID !Y DO SO BECAUSE POLITICIANS GOT ELECT$ BY PROMIS+ TO DO SO4 ,>GUABLY ! FIR/ NEOLIB]AL EXP]IM5T WAS C>RI$ \T 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS BY ,G5]AL ,AUGU/O ,P9O*ET 9 ,*ILI AFT] HE HAD OV]?R[N AN ELECT$ GOV]NM5T 9 A MILIT>Y C\P4 ,MO/ RE=MS1 H[EV]1 W]E C>RI$ \T NOT BY =CE ( >MS BUT BY :AT MI<T BE T]M$ FISCAL CO]CION4 

,! REAL P>ADIGM H]E1 AS ,DAVID ,H>VEY NOTES1 WAS ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY'S F9ANCIAL CRISIS ?AT BEGAN 9 #a#i#g#e4.<#c.> ,IT IS WOR? CONSID]+ 9 SOME DETAIL4 ,! CRISIS BEGAN ) ! CITY TEET]+ ON ! $GE ( FISCAL DEFAULT4 ,AFT] ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T REFUS$ TO PROVIDE A BAIL\T & 9VE/M5T BANK]S REFUS$ TO ROLL OV] ! DEBT1 ,NEW ,YORK WAS DRIV5 TO TE*NICAL BANKRUPTCY4 ,CR$ITORS !N PROCE$$ TO =M :AT !Y CALL$ ! ,MUNICIPAL ,ASSI/ANCE ,CORPORATION1 AN 5TITY 9DEP5D5T ( ! CITY GOV]NM5T & H5CE UNACC\NTABLE TO VOT]S1 ?AT AS A CONDITION ( RESCU+ ! CITY BEGAN TO REMAKE ITS POLITICAL L&SCAPE4 ,ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT AT ! TIME ,NEW ,YORK WAS A K9D ( 5CLAVE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,IT HAD NOT ONLY ! MO/ EXT5SIVE R5T CONTROL 9 ! C\NTRY BUT ,AM]ICA'S MO/ UNIONIZ$ WORK=CE & MO/ EXT5SIVE PUBLIC S]VICES & EV5 MA9TA9$ ITS ONLY FREE PUBLIC UNIV]SITY4 ,9 ! NAME ( BALANC+ ! BUDGET1 ! ,M,A,C BROKE ! P[] ( ! MUNICIPAL UNIONS1 SLA%$ S]VICES1 ROLL$ BACK P5SIONS & JOB SECURITY1 (F]$ 5ORM\S TAX CUTS TO BUS9ESS & DEVELOP]S1 & BEGAN TO RE/RUCTURE ! V]Y %APE ( CITY GOV]NM5T4 

,GONE FIR/ ( ALL WAS ANY PRET5SE ?AT CITY GOV]NM5T EXI/$ EQUALLY = ALL ITS CITIZ5S4 ,RA!R1 ! CITY WAS A PRODUCT TO BE M>KET$4 ,LOGOS & J+LES W]E 9V5T$ 7! ,BIG ,APPLE2 ,I ,LOVE ,NEW ,YORK74 ,AS ! CITY C5T] WAS REBUILT AS A GLITT]+ ADV]TISEM5T = ITSELF1 ! POOR W]E TO BE PU%$ \T ( SI<T ( POT5TIAL T\RI/S & 9VE/ORS4 ,! CALCULAT$ )DRAWAL ( FIRE CREWS ALL[$ P]IPH]AL NEI<BORHOODS LIKE ! ,S\? ,BRONX & ,EA/ ,NEW ,YORK TO DESC5D 9TO BURNT-\T WA/EL&S2 9FRA/RUCTURE LIKE SUBWAYS1 CRUCIAL TO ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! \T] BOR\<S1 WAS ALL[$ TO CRUMBLE2 ,C,U,N,Y WAS COMPELL$ TO *>GE TUITION2 AT ! SAME TIME1 CITY GOV]NM5T P\R$ MONEY 9TO SUPPORT+ G5TRIFICATION CAMPAIGNS & ! CREATION ( A NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS 9FRA/RUCTURE 9 ! CITY C5T] AIM$ AT CREAT+ A BETT] 0BUS9ESS CLIMATE0 = 9VE/ORS4 

,NEW ,YORK 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS & E>LY #a#i#hS NORMALLY EVOKES IMAGES ( H$ONI/IC YUPPIES SNIFF+ COCA9E AT ,/UDIO #e#d1 OR1 ALT]NATELY1 IMAGES ( URBAN DECAY3 GRAFFITI1 CRACK H\SES1 ! EPIDEMIC ( HOMELESSNESS ?AT AT ! TIME 9SPIR$ COMP>ISONS ) ,CALCUTTA OR ,BOMBAY4 ,! 9CREAS+ DIVISIONS BETWE5 RI* & POOR ?AT MADE !SE IMAGES POSSIBLE W]E NOT1 AS APOLOGI/S (T5 CLAIM$1 ! 9EVITABLE RESULTS ( DE9DU/RIALIZATION & ! GR[? ( ! COMMUNICATIONS OR S]VICE 9DU/RY4 ,!Y W]E ! PRODUCT ( POLICY DECISIONS ?AT ,NEW ,YORK]S AS A :OLE HAD NOT & W\LD NEV] HAVE COLLECTIVELY *OS51 ?AT W]E1 EFFECTIVELY1 IMPOS$ ON !M BY F9ANCI]S PHILOSOPHICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! V]Y IDEA ( PUBLIC GOODS4 ,! GRADUAL RESULT1 H[EV]1 WAS ! EM]G5CE ( :AT MI<T BE CALL$ A NEOLIB]AL E?IC3 SIMULTANE\S EMPHASES ON P]SONAL SELF-REALIZATION = ! AFFLU5T & 0P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY0 = ! POOR4 ,BO? SEEM$ TO RELY ON ! REJECTION ( ANY NOTION ?AT DEMOCRACY IMPLIES SOME COMMON D$ICATION TO A COMMUNITY 7LET ALONE ?AT COMMUNITY MEMB]S %\LD !RE=E BE GU>ANTE$ ACCESS TO ?OSE M9IMAL NE$S1 FOOD1 %ELT]1 & FREE TIME1 ?AT W\LD ALL[ !M TO P>TICIPATE 9 A COMMUNITY'S DEMOCRATIC LIFE74 ,M>G>ET ,?AT*]1 :O WAS ONE ( ! FEW POLITICIANS TO /ATE IT EXPLICITLY1 PUT IT MO/ SUCC9CTLY3 0,!RE IS NO SU* ?+10 %E SAID1 0AS SOCIETY40 ,!RE >E 9DIVIDUALS1 & FAMILIES1 & ! \TCOME ( !IR 9DEP5D5T SELF-9T]E/$ DECISIONS ISDEMOCRATIC *OICE4 ,IF COMMUNITY WAS TO BE EVOK$1 IT WAS--AS 9 ! 0,I ,LOVE ,NEW ,YORK0 CAMPAIGN--JU/ ANO!R SALES GIMMICK1 S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 9 ! NEOLIB]AL UNIV]SE1 REALITY ITSELF IS SIMPLY :ATEV] Y\ CAN SELL4 ,! SAME S5SE ( FRAGM5T$ 9DIVIDUALS LEFT ) NO?+ BUT !IR [N CAPACITIES = SELF-M>KET+ E*O$ ON EV]Y LEVEL ( ! EM]G+ CULTURE ( ! TIME1 FROM ! SAVVY PO/MOD]NISM ( ,NEW ,YORK'S >T SC5E TO ! 5DLESS SUBDIVISION ( CONSUM] ID5TITIES ID5TIFI$ & T>GET$ BY ITS ADV]TIS+ AG5CIES4 

,NOT ONLY DOES ! HI/ORY ( ,NEW ,YORK %[ ?AT POLITICIANS CAN R>ELY GET ELECT$ RUNN+ AGA9/ COMMUNITY2.<#d.> IT ALSO %[S ?AT1 ONCE ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL TRIAGE IS ALREADY ACCEPT$ AS A FAIT ACCOMPLI1 POLITICIANS CAN (T5 QUITE READILY W9 ELECTIONS ON LAW-&-ORD] TICKETS1 PROMIS+ TO PROTECT MIDDLE& WORK+-CLASS CITIZ5S FROM ! *AOS & VIOL5CE ?AT SU* POLICIES 9V>IABLY UNLEA%4 ,9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ! ELECTION ( ,RUDY ,GIULIANI 9 ! #a#i#iS WAS ONLY ! CULM9ATION ( A LONG DEG5]ATION ( POLITICS 9TO AN OBSESSION ) VIOL5CE & CRIME--ESS5TIALLY1 ) CLEAN+ UP ! MESS MADE 9 ! #a#i#gS4 ,! PATT]N WAS TO BE REPRODUC$ WORLDWIDE1 AGA9 & AGA91 9 CITY AFT] CITY4 

,9 ! #a#i#hS1 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD DEBT CRISIS ALL[$ ! ,REAGAN REGIME TO BEG9 APPLY+ ! SAME MODEL ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 ,! ORIG9S ( ?AT DEBT CRISIS GO BACK TO ! ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,PETROLEUM ,EXPORT+ ,C\NTRIES 7,O,P,E,C7 OIL EMB>GO ( ! LATE #a#i#gS4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 :AT HAPP5$ WAS ?AT ) ! SPIKE 9 OIL PRICES ,O,P,E,C C\NTRIES W]E SUDD5LY AWA% 9 SO MU* MONEY ?AT ,WE/]N BANKS 79 :I* !Y 9VE/$ IT7 SOON RAN \T ( ANYONE WILL+ TO BORR[ IT4 ,! RESULT WAS A P]IOD ( 0GO-GO BANK+10 ) BANK REPRES5TATIVES JET-SETT+ AB\T ! WORLD AGGRESSIVELY TRY+ TO CONV9CE ,?IRD ,WORLD LEAD]S TO ACCEPT HI<-9T]E/ LOANS BAS$ ON WILD PROJECTIONS ( ! ECONOMIC BONANZAS ?AT W\LD FOLL[4 ,A L>GE AM\NT ( ?IS MONEY WAS SIMPLY /OL52 MU* ( ! RE/ WAS 9VE/$ 9 ILL-CONCEIV$ GR&IOSE PROJECTS 7SU* AS ! 5ORM\S DAMS ! ,WORLD ,BANK BECAME SO FAM\S =7 ?AT W]E LAT] US$ TO %[CASE ! FOOLI%NESS ( ! V]Y IDEA ( GOV]NM5TSPONSOR$ DEVELOPM5T4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 )9 A FEW YE>S MANY ( ! POOR] NATIONS !MSELVES TEET]$ ON ! BR9K ( DEFAULT4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ! ,U4,S4 ,TREASURY1 WORK+ CLOSELY ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND 7,I,M,F71 FIX$ ON A POLICY ?AT UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES W]E SU* DEBTS TO BE WRITT5 (F4.<#e.> ,?IS WAS1 ,I %\LD NOTE1 A MAJOR DEP>TURE FROM PREVI\S ECONOMIC OR?ODOXY1 :I* TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT ?OSE :O L5D MONEY >E ASSUM+ A C]TA9 RISK4 ,IT %[CASES1 9 FACT1 A CRUCIAL ELEM5T ( NEOLIB]ALISM3 ?AT1 :ILE ! POOR >E TO BE HELD ACC\NTABLE = POOR ECONOMIC DECISIONS 7REAL OR IMAG9$71 ! RI* MU/ NEV] BE4 ,9 PRACTICAL EFFECT1 IT MEANT ?AT EV5 IF A BANK] W]E TO L5D A HUNDR$ MILLION DOLL>S TO A CORRUPT DICTATOR1 KN[+ FULL WELL ?AT HE WAS LIKELY TO PLACE ! SUM DIRECTLY 9 HIS P]SONAL ,SWISS BANK ACC\NT1 & EV5 IF ?AT DICTATOR W]E TO BE SUBSEQU5TLY \/$ BY A POPUL> UPRIS+1 HE C\LD RE/ ASSUR$ ?AT ! FULL APP>ATUS ( WORLD GOV]NM5T & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS W\LD LOCK 9TO /EP TO 9SI/ ! MONEY C\LD /ILL BE RECOV]$--AT G5]\S RATES ( 9T]E/--FROM ! DICTATOR'S =M] VICTIMS4 ,IF ?\S&S !RE=E HAD TO />VE1 SO BE IT4 

,! 9NOVATION WAS NOT JU/ 9SI/+ ON ! 9VIOLABILITY ( DEBT BUT1 AS 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 US+ IT AS A POLITICAL 9/RUM5T4.<#f.> ,LOANS SOON BECAME UNPAYABLE2 ! T]MS HAD TO BE REF9ANC$4 ,BE=E ! ,I,M,F WAS WILL+ TO DO SO1 H[EV]1 GOV]NM5TS HAD TO AGREE TO UND]GO :AT W]E CALL$ 0/RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T PROGRAMS0 DESIGN$ BY NEOLIB]AL ECONOMI/S4 ,!IR FIR/ PRIORITY WAS ALWAYS TO BALANCE ! BUDGET1 O/5SIBLY SO AS TO CREATE A /ABLE CURR5CY & A FAVORABLE CLIMATE = 9VE/M5T4 ,?IS WAS TO BE DONE PRIM>ILY BY SLA%+ SOCIAL S]VICES1 MO/ DRAMATICALLY BY ! REMOVAL ( PRICE SUPPORTS ON FUEL OR BASIC FOOD/UFFS1 OR ! IMPOSITION ( 0US]S' FEES0 = PREVI\SLY FREE S]VICES LIKE HEAL? CL9ICS & PRIM>Y $UCATION4 ,?IS WAS TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY SELL+ (F PUBLIC RES\RCES & FULLY OP5+ ! LOCAL M>KET TO =EIGN TRADE & 9VE/M5T4 ,AS ONE MI<T IMAG9E1 !SE POLICIES 9SPIR$ CON/ANT REBELLIONS ON ! P>T ( ! URBAN POOR1 BUT GOV]NM5TS W]E ABLE TO SAY !Y HAD NO *OICE4 ,!Y W]E RI<T4 ,ON ! FEW OCCASIONS :5 LEAD]S ( POOR C\NTRIES \TRI<T REFUS$ TO SIGN AN ,I,M,F AGREEM5T-- = 9/ANCE1 ,MADAGASC>'S ,PRESID5T ,ALB]T ,ZAFY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#iS--!Y SOON DISCOV]$ ?AT 9 ! ABS5CE ( ONE ALL O!R C\NTRIES W\LD %UT (F =EIGN AID2 )\T AID1 PRIVATE CAPITAL PULL$ \T2 )\T 9SURANCE CR$ITS1 IT WAS NOT EV5 POSSIBLE TO EXPORT PRODUCTS4 ,! EFFECTS W]E--AT LEA/ 9 T]MS ( PURELY ECONOMIC DEVA/ATION--R\<LY COMP>ABLE TO :AT MI<T HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ BY A M9OR NUCLE> ATTACK4.<#g.> 

,! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS W]E1 ( C\RSE1 ! V]Y P]IOD :51 9 MU* ( ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICA1 & ! ,AM]ICAS1 DICTATOR%IPS W]E BE+ REPLAC$ BY ELECT$ GOV]NM5TS4 ,VOT]S QUICKLY DISCOV]$1 H[EV]1 ?AT !IR *OICES HAD NEXT TO NO EFFECT ON ECONOMIC POLICY1 S9CE ! LEV]S ( ECONOMIC DECISION W]E SIMULTANE\SLY BE+ REMOV$ FROM ! H&S ( GOV]NM5TS & PASS$ TO UNELECT$1 & UNACC\NTABLE1 NEOLIB]AL TE*NOCRATS4 ,?IS DID NOT HAPP5 JU/ ?R\< DEBT4 ,ANO!R LEITMOTIF ( ! ]A HAS BE5 ! PASS+ ( JURISDICTION OV] ECONOMIC MATT]S TO BODIES MEANT TO 5=CE TRADE AGREEM5TS3 ! SIGN+ ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,FREE ,TRADE ,AGREEM5T 7,N,A,F,T,A71 9 #a#i#i#d1 = 9/ANCE1 COMMITT$ ,MEXICO TO MAKE MAJOR CON/ITUTIONAL *ANGES--NOTABLY1 ABOLI%+ ALL =MS ( COMMUNAL L& T5URE1 9CLUD+ ! COLLECTIVE EJIDO/HAT W]E ONE ( ! MA9 LEGACIES ( ! REVOLUTION-- )\T ! MATT] EV] COM+ UP BE=E ! ELECTORATE4.<#h.> ,9 ,EUROPE1 ,EUROPEAN ,UNION AGREEM5TS PLAY$ A SIMIL> ROLE1 =C+ GOV]NM5TS TO ELIM9ATE SOCIAL PROTECTIONS & 9/ITUTE 0FLEXIBLE0 LABOR REGIMES 9 ! NAME ( BALANC+ ! BUDGET1 SO AS TO MA9TA9 ! /ABILITY ( ,EUROPE'S NEW COMMON CURR5CY4 ,?IS WAS SOON FOLL[$ BY ! EXPANSION ( SIMIL> TRADE AGREEM5TS--! ,G5]AL ,AGREEM5T ON ,T>IFFS & ,TRADE 7,G,A,T,T71 !N ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION 7,W,T,O7-- WORLDWIDE4 ,9 EA* CASE APPO9T$ BODIES ( BUREAUCRATS W]E EMP[]$ TO /RIKE D[N LAWS ?AT W]E DEEM$ OV]LY PROTECTIONI/1 9CLUD+ LAWS DESIGN$ TO PROTECT WORK+ CONDITIONS OR ! 5VIRONM5T4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ DRAMATIC CASE1 ?\<1 WAS ?AT ( ,EA/]N & ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,SURVEYS TAK5 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! FALL ( COMMUNISM 9 #aihi & #aiia REVEAL$ ?AT 9 PRETTY MU* EV]Y CASE MO/ CITIZ5S PREF]R$ TO SEE ! CREATION ( SOME K9D ( ,SC&9AVIAN-/YLE SOCIAL WELF>E /ATE1 ) SUB/ANTIAL M9ORITIES 9 FAVOR ( ! MA9T5ANCE ( SOCIALISM & ALMO/ NO ONE 9 FAVOR ( 9/ITUT+ A PURE FREE-M>KET MODEL4 ,YET AS SOON AS ELECT$ GOV]NM5TS W]E 9 PLACE1 !Y UNI=MLY BEGAN ADM9I/]+ 0%OCK !RAPY0 PROGRAMS DESIGN$ ABROAD TO 9/ITUTE EXACTLY ?AT1 AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,IT WAS ALL ! MORE /RIK+ S9CE !SE /ATES W]E NOT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 BURD5$ ) SUB/ANTIAL DEBT4 ,BY ?AT TIME1 IT HAD APP>5TLY BECOME IMPOSSIBLE TO FULLY 9TEGRATE ) ! WORLD ECONOMY ON ANY O!R T]MS4.<#i.> 

,9 FACT1 BY ! #a#i#iS ONE CAN G5U9ELY SPEAK ( A SY/EM ( GLOBAL GOV]NANCE OP]AT+ ON NEOLIB]AL L9ES4 ,IMAG9E IT AS CONSI/+ 9 A S]IES ( TI]S4 ,ON ! TOP >E ! MONEY TRAD]S4 ,ONE ( ! GREAT 9NOVATIONS ( REC5T DECADES IS ! 5ORM\S EFFLORESC5CE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL3 AT ?IS PO9T1 OV] #i P]C5T ( ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS 9 :AT IS CALL$ ! GLOBAL M>KETPLACE NO LONG] HAVE ANY IMM$IATE CONNECTION ) MANUFACTUR+ OR TRAD+ COMMODITIES ( ANY K9D BUT CONSI/ SIMPLY ( CURR5CY TRAD+ & O!R =MS ( F9ANCIAL SPECULATION4 ,?IS ACTS AS AN 5ORM\S DISCIPL9+ ME*ANISM1 S9CE ! 0ELECTRONIC H]D10 AS ,?OMAS ,FRI$MAN LIKES TO CALL !M1 CAN 9/ANTLY PULL MONEY \T ( 0EM]G+ M>KETS0 SE5 AS BETRAY+ NEOLIB]AL OR?ODOXY4 ,! EFFECTS ( SU* A CURR5CY RUN CAN BE1 AGA91 NE>-NUCLE> 9 !IR IMPLICATIONS4 ,NEXT >E TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS1 :OSE 9COMES >E (T5 F> L>G] ?AN ! ,G,D,PS ( MO/ ACTUAL C\NTRIES4 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS1 ?\S&S ( =M]LY 9DEP5D5T 5T]PRISES--FROM NEWSPAP]S TO DEP>TM5T /ORES TO CON/RUCTION COMPANIES--HAVE BE5 ABSORB$ 9TO GIGANTIC CONGLOM]ATES ORGANIZ$ ON BUREAUCRATIC L9ES4 ,NEXT >E ! V>I\S TRADE BUREAUCRACIES--! ,I,M,F1 ! ,W,T,O1 ! ,E,U1 ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIAN ,NATIONS 7,A,S,E,A,N71 ,N,A,F,T,A1 ! V>I\S ,RES]VE ,BANKS1 & SO ON1 :OSE ECONOMI/S REGUL>LY EVOKE ! ?REAT ( ! F9ANCI]S TO 9SI/ ON POLICIES AM5ABLE TO ! TRANSNATIONALS4 ,F9ALLY1 ONE HAS ! 5DLESS ELABORATION ( NONGOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS 7,N,G,OS71 :I* HAVE COME TO PROVIDE S]VICES--FROM *ILDHOOD 9OCULATIONS TO ! PROVISION ( AGRICULTURAL CR$ITS--PREVI\SLY CONSID]$ ! WORK ( NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS4 

,ALL ( !SE TI]S--9CLUD+ ! HUGE BROK]AGE H\SES & H$GE FUNDS ?AT CONDUCT MO/ ( ! WORLD'S F9ANCIAL TRAD+--TOGE!R CON/ITUTE A S+LE HUGE1 DE FACTO1 ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EM4 ,IT IS ! FIR/ ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EM 9 HUMAN HI/ORY ?AT ACTUALLY HAS ! P[] TO 5=CE DECISIONS ON A PLANET>Y SCALE1 S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 NO EMPIRE HAS EV] SPANN$ ! 5TIRE WORLD1 & ! ,U,N1 ! FIR/ G5U9ELY GLOBAL 9/ITUTION1 NEV] HAD MORE ?AN MORAL AU?ORITY4 ,!RE IS ( C\RSE A WORD = L>GE1 HI]>*ICALLY ORGANIZ$ ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EMS4 ,!Y >E CALL$ BUREAUCRACIES4 ,C]TA9LY1 MO/ ( ?OSE OP]AT+ )9 ?IS NEW ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EM DO NOT LIKE TO ?9K ( !MSELVES AS BUREAUCRATS4 ,& C]TA9LY1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS T5D TO OP]ATE 9 A F> MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ & FLEXIBLE /YLE ?AN ! GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACIES !Y AIM$ TO 7L>GELY7 SUP]S$E4.<#a.> ,BUT IT IS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT A PLANETWIDE TRADE BUREAUCRACY W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ DIFF]5TLY ?AN ?OSE ) :I* WE >E MO/ FAMILI>4 ,! REM>KABLE ?+ IS ?AT IT HAS BE5 SO EFFECTIVE 9 IMPOS+ ITS DICTATES ?AT MO/ ( ?OSE 9HABIT+ ! RI*] C\NTRIES >E EFFECTIVELY UNAW>E ( ITS EXI/5CE4 

,! ,B,A,L,A,N,C,E ,B,O,O,K 

,SUPPORT]S ( NEOLIB]AL RE=MS W]E USUALLY P]FECTLY WILL+ TO ADMIT ?AT !IR PRESCRIPTIONS W]E1 AS !Y (T5 PUT IT1 0H>% M$IC9E0 OR ?AT ! EFFECTS W\LD1 AT LEA/ 9ITIALLY1 BE 0PA9FUL40 ,! JU/IFICATION WAS--IT WAS ,M>G>ET ,?AT*] AGA9 :O PUT IT MO/ SUCC9CTLY--?AT 0!RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE40 ,SOCIALI/ SOLUTIONS HAV+ FAIL$1 & GLOBAL COMPETITION BE+ :AT IT WAS1 !RE WAS SIMPLY NO O!R WAY4 0,CAPITALISM0 7BY IMPLICATION1 NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM7 HAD BE5 PROV5 0! ONLY ?+ ?AT WORKS40 ,! PHRASE ITSELF IS SIGNIFICANT1 S9CE IT %[S H[ ?OR\<LY WE HAVE COME TO SEE /ATES & SOCIETIES AS BUS9ESS 5T]PRISES2 IT R>ELY SEEM$ TO OCCUR TO ANYONE TO ASK1 0,WORKS TO DO :AT80 ,NEV]!LESS1 EV5 IF NEOLIB]ALISM IS JUDG$ 9 ITS [N T]MS--9 :I* SUCCESS IS MEASUR$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY BY ECONOMIC GR[?--IT HAS PROV$1 ON A GLOBAL SCALE1 REM>KABLY UNSUCCESSFUL4 

,REMEMB] H]E ?AT 0FREE-M>KET RE=MS0 W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE A REACTION TO ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! /ATE-SPONSOR$ DEVELOPM5T /RATEGIES ( ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,H]E NUMB]S >E AVAILABLE4 ,9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 GLOBAL GR[? RATES AV]AG$ #c4#e P]C5T & #b4#d P]C5T P] YE>1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( NEOLIB]AL RE=MS 9 !#a#i#hS ?AT NUMB] FELL TO #a4#d P]C5T1 & DUR+ ! NEOLIB]AL 0,WA%+TON CONS5SUS0 ( ! #a#i#iS IT FELL TO #a4#a P]C5T4.<#a#a.> ,! EFFECTS W]E EV5 MORE DRAMATIC 9 ! C\NTRIES ( ! DEVELOP+ WORLD1 :I* W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE ! GREATE/ B5EFICI>IES ( 0FREE TRADE40 ,IF ONE EXCLUDES ,*9A1.<#a#b.> ! FIR/ TWO DECADES SAW AN OV]ALL #c4#b P]C5T P] YE> P] CAPITA GR[? 9 REAL DOME/IC PRODUCT 9 ! GLOBAL ,S\?--HI<]1 9 FACT1 ?AN ! GLOBAL AV]AGE AT ?AT TIME4 ,DUR+ ! NEOLIB]AL ]A 7#a#i#h#a-#i#i7 ?IS FELL TO 4#g P]C5T4.<#a#c.> ,MANY ECONOMIES ACTUALLY %RANK4 ,:AT'S MORE1 L[ RATES ( GR[? W]E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY ACCOMPANI$ BY 9CREAS+LY UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION4 ,AS NATIONAL ELITES E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES 9 ! GLITT]+ METROPOLISES ( GLOBAL CITIES OR LOCK$ !MSELVES AWAY 9 ,E!RNET-WIR$ GAT$ COMMUNITIES1 GOV]NM5TS AB&ON$ ANY COMMITM5T TO POLICIES ONCE MEANT TO 5SURE A M9IMAL DEGREE ( SOCIAL PROTECTION TO ALL !IR CITIZ5S4 ,! EFFECT WAS1 AS 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 A K9D ( SOCIAL TRIAGE1 ) GOV]NM5T'S ROLE L>GELY TO SWEEP ! POOR OR NEWLY IMPOV]I%$ AWAY & KEEP !M \T ( SI<T1 :ILE 9T]NATIONAL ,N,G,OS ATTEMPT$ TO LIMIT ! DAMAGE4 ,TAK5 ON A WORLD SCALE1 OV]ALL SOCIAL 9DICATORS LIKE LIT]ACY RATES & LIFE EXPECTANCY DECL9$ DRAMATICALLY4.<#a#d.> 

,IF ?IS IS NOT G5]AL KN[L$GE1 IT IS P>TLY BECAUSE PROPON5TS ( NEOLIB]ALISM NEV] TALK AB\T ! BIG PICTURE4 ,IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( ! GLOBAL M>KET ?AT !RE >E W9N]S & LOS]S1 !Y SAY2 !N !Y TRY TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! W9N]S >E ?OSE ?AT FOLL[$ !IR ADVICE MO/ CLOSELY4 ,H5CE ,LI?UANIA IS DO+ BETT] ?AN ,RUSSIA1 ,UG&A ?AN ,ANGOLA1 ,*ILI ?AN ,BRAZIL4 ,EV5 ?IS USUALLY REQUIRES A FAIR AM\NT ( COOK+ ! BOOKS4 ,9 ! #a#i#hS1 = EXAMPLE1 RE=M]S LIK$ TO PO9T TO ! SUCCESS ( ! 0,ASIAN ,TIG]S0 LIKE ,S\? ,KOREA & ,TAIWAN4 ,?IS REQUIR$ S(T-P$AL+ ! FACT ?AT BO? HAD ACTUALLY RELI$ ON HEAVY T>IFFS1 MASSIVE GOV]NM5T 9VE/M5T 9 PUBLIC $UCATION1 & EV5 GOV]NM5T-DIRECT$ 9DU/RIAL FIVE-YE> PLANS--BASICALLY1 EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ( :AT NEOLIB]ALS W]E RECOMM5D+4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 EASILY ! MO/ ASSIDU\S 9 C>RY+ \T FREEM>KET RE=MS1 N[ HAS LIV+ /&>DS L[] ?AN ,IREL&'S1 :ILE ,F9L&1 :I* ( ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES HAS ! L>GE/ %>E ( ITS ECONOMY D$ICAT$ TO SOCIAL WELF>E PROGRAMS1 HAS1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,WORLD ,ECONOMIC ,=UM1 N[ REPLAC$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS ! MO/ ECONOMICALLY COMPETITIVE NATION ON E>?4.<#a#e.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! TWO GREAT W9N]S 9 ! WORLD ECONOMY DUR+ ! LA/ DECADE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC ( ,*9A1 >E ?OSE 9 A POSITION TO MO/ SY/EMATICALLY IGNORE ! ADVICE ( ! ,I,M,F4 ,IT IS LITTLE KN[N 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT EV]Y YE> ! ,I,M,F *A/ISES ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T = ITS MASSIVE BUDGET DEFICITS & DEM&S ! SLA%+ ( T>IFFS & F>M SUBSIDIES4 ,! GOV]NM5T SIMPLY IGNORES IT1 S9CE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! ,I,M,F LACKS ANY MEANS ( 5=CEM5T4.<#a#f.> ,*9A1 AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' L>GE/ CR$ITOR1 HAS ALSO MANAG$ TO AVOID ALMO/ ALL ( ! 0DISCIPL9E0 APPLI$ TO O!R DEVELOP+ C\NTRIES3 IF IT W]E 9 ! SAME POSITION AS1 SAY1 ,BRAZIL1 IT W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO MA9TA9 POLICIES LIKE EXT5D+ 5DLESS CR$IT = ! BUILD+ ( 9DU/RIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE1 LET ALONE SY/EMATICALLY IGNOR+ =EIGN PAT5TS & COPYRI<TS--POLICIES ?AT HAVE BE51 >GUABLY1 ! KEY/ONES ( ,*9A'S SPECTACUL> ECONOMIC SUCCESS4 

,I,M,F ECONOMI/S >E ( C\RSE AW>E ( ! DISA/R\S EFFECTS ?AT SO (T5 SEEM TO FOLL[ :5 C\NTRIES ADOPT !IR POLICY RECOMM5DATIONS4 ,!IR REACTION IS ALWAYS ! SAME3 SU* C\NTRIES HAD NOT GONE F> 5\<4 ,EV5 H>%] M$IC9E IS REQUIR$4 

,AS ! ,FILIP9O ECONOMI/ ,WALD5 ,BELLO REM>KS1 ?IS IS AT ! V]Y LEA/ SOME:AT PUZZL+4 ,MO/ ( !SE ECONOMI/S HAVE WORK$ EXT5SIVELY ) ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,!Y >E AW>E ?AT IF A PRIVATE FIRM HIRES A CONSULTANT TO RECOMM5D AN ECONOMIC /RATEGY1 & ! /RATEGY RECOMM5D$ FAILS COMPLETELY TO REA* ITS /AT$ OBJECTIVES1 ?AT CONSULTANT CAN NORMALLY EXPECT TO BE FIR$4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/ HE WILL BE EXPECT$ TO COME UP ) A DIFF]5T /RATEGY4 ,:5 ?OSE SAME ECONOMI/S 9SI/ ?AT C\NTRIES LIKE ,URUGUAY OR ,MALI PURSUE ! SAME POLICIES YE> AFT] YE> = DECADES )\T SEE+ ANY SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE EFFECTS1 ONE HAS TO WOND] IF ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( ,URUGUAY OR ,MALI >E REALLY =EMO/ 9 !IR M9DS4.<#a#g.> ,C]TA9LY MANY 9 ,URUGUAY & ,MALI CONCLUD$ FROM QUITE E>LY ON ?AT ?IS WAS NOT ! CASE4 

,!RE HAS BE5 A GREAT DEAL ( SPECULATION ON ?IS ACC\NT4 ,DAVID ,H>VEY HAS NOT$ ?AT NEOLIB]ALISM1 H[EV] 9EFFECTIVE AS A /RATEGY = GLOBAL PROSP]ITY1 HAS PROV$ REM>KABLY EFFECTIVE 9 SOLIDIFY+ CLASS P[]--A P[] ?AT HAD BE5 WIDELY ?REAT5$ BY REVOLUTION>Y & DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5TS 9 ! #a#i#gS4 7,TO ?IS ,I W\LD ADD1 ! GREATE/ B5EFICI>IES ( NEOLIB]AL POLICIES HAVE BE5 ! /AFF ( ! EM]G+ ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ITSELF47 ,BELLO HIMSELF MAKES A SIMIL> >GUM5T1 BUT 9 GEOPOLITICAL T]MS4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#gS1 C\NTRIES LIKE ,BRAZIL W]E 9DE$ EM]G+ AS SIGNIFICANT 9DU/RIAL P[]S1 & ! G5]AL ECONOMIC POSITION ( ! ,S\? WAS ADVANC+ SO QUICKLY ?AT ITS POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! NONALIGN$ MOVEM5T W]E BEG9N+ TO DEM& *ANGES 9 ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( ! GLOBAL ECONOMY4 ,! ,O,P,E,C OIL EMB>GO WAS ONLY ! MO/ DRAMATIC MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS G5]AL FLEX+ ( NEW ECONOMIC MUSCLES4 ,IF SO1 /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T HAS PROV5 EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE 9 BLUNT+ ! (F5SIVE & TURN+ MANY C\NTRIES ( ! ,S\? 9TO IMPOV]I%$ SUPPLIANTS4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE1 H[EV]1 RAISES ! 9TRIGU+ QUE/ION ( ! DEGREE TO :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS1 ?R\< NEOLIB]AL POLICIES1 SIMPLY PO/PON+ ! 9EVITABLE4 ,?IS IS ! VIEW1 9 TURN1 ( ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E91 :O PO9TS \T ?AT IF ONE PEEKS BEH9D ! VIRTUAL UNIV]SE ( F9ANCE CAPITAL ONE DISCOV]S ?AT ,AM]ICAN ECONOMIC P[] RELATIVE TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD HAS BE5 DECL9+ CONT9UALLY S9CE AT LEA/ ! #a#i#fS4 ,! MA9 REASON1 HE >GUES1 IS L[ OV]ALL PRODUCTIVITY4 ,:ILE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES APPE>S ON PAP] TO HAVE ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE WORK=CE 9 ! WORLD1 ?IS IS BECAUSE /ATI/ICS MEASURE ! PRODUCTIVITY ONLY ( WAGE LABOR]S--:O 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E SQUEEZ$ MORE ?AN ALMO/ ANY:]E--& NEV] ( MANAG]S4 ,TO PUT IT CRUDELY3 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IT TAKES TWO OR ?REE EXECUTIVES TO DO ! WORK DONE BY ONE 9 ,EUROPE OR ,EA/ ,ASIA1 & ,U4,S4 EXECUTIVES DEM& TO BE PAID FIVE OR SIX TIMES MORE4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 EFFECTS ( ,U4,S4-PROMOT$ NEOLIB]AL RE=MS >\ND ! WORLD1 ACCORD+ TO ,WALL]/E91 HAS BE5 TO 5C\RAGE ! CREATION ( A SIMIL>LY P>ASITICAL EXECUTIVE CLASS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 ) ! EFFECT ( AT LEA/ SL[+ D[N ! RATE AT :I* ! RE/ ( ! WORLD IS OV]TAK+ IT4 ,! RAPID RISE ( ,9DIA & ,*9A SUGGE/ ?IS GAME MI<T SOON BE UP4.<#a#h.> 

,N,E,O,L,I,B,],A,L,I,S,M ,A,S ,P,H,I,L,O,S,O,P,H,Y 

,WE >E LEFT ) A P>ADOX4 ,H[ DID A PHILOSOPHY ( RADICAL 9DIVIDUALISM BECOME ! JU/IFICATION = CREAT+ ! WORLD'S FIR/ GLOBAL ADM9I/RATIVE BUREAUCRACY8 ,H]E ,I ?9K WE HAVE TO RETURN TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,IF OLD & NEW LIB]ALISM HAVE ANY?+ 9 COMMON1 IT IS FIR/1 ?AT BO? SAW HUMAN FRE$OM L>GELY AS ! ABILITY TO 5JOY ONE'S P]SONAL PROP]TY1 & SECOND1 ?AT BO? NONE!LESS SAW !MSELVES AS PROGRESSIVE1 EV5 REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 

,LET US CONSID] BRIEFLY ! POLITICAL CONTEXT ( SU* CLAIMS4 ,:51 DUR+ ! ,PUTNEY DEBATES 9 #a#f#d#g1 RADICAL FACTIONS 9 ,CROMWELL'S >MY >GU$ ?AT 0EV]Y MAN BY NATURE .<IS.> A K+1 PRIE/ & PROPHET 9 HIS [N NATURAL CIRCUIT & COMPASS10 ! SOLE PROPRIETOR ( HIS [N P]SON & POSSESSIONS 0ON :I* NONE C\LD TRESPASS10 EV5 ! GOV]NM5T1 ?IS WAS A V]Y RADICAL CLAIM4.<#a#i.> ,TWO HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]1 IT WAS DI/9CTLY LESS SO4 ,BY ?AT TIME1 WORK]S' MOVEM5TS W]E BEG9N+ TO LEVEL A FUNDAM5TAL *ALL5GE AGA9/ ! POLITICAL P[] ( PRIVATE WEAL?4 ,LIB]ALS1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E ?AT FRACTION ( ! ,LEFT MO/ LIKELY TO DEF5D PRIVATE WEAL? & P>TICUL>LY M>KET ECONOMIES4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT N9ETE5?-C5TURY LIB]ALS W]E NOT1 AS !Y G5]ALLY CLAIM$1 RADICALS & EV5 LEFTI/S4 ,MO/ W]E HONE/ OPPON5TS ( SLAV]Y & MILIT>ISM1 PROPON5TS ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS & UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,FREE-M>KET 5?USIA/S1 !Y ALSO T5D$ TO FOLL[ ,ADAM ,SMI? 9 SEE+ L>GE *>T]$ COMPANIES AS GOV]NM5T-IMPOS$ MONOPOLIES & RE/RA9TS ON G5U9E ECONOMIC COMPETITION4 ,! LIB]AL IDEAL WAS ( A WORLD ( AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS OR SMALL FAMILY FIRMS BUY+ & SELL+ !IR W>ES ON A GLOBAL M>KET4 ,IF MO/ LOOK$ ) FAVOR ON ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE ( !IR DAY1 IT WAS BECAUSE ?AT EMPIRE DID1 TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 PUT !SE IDEALS 9TO PRACTICE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ?\< IT US$ =CE ( >MS TO OP5 M>KETS1 IT REFUS$ ALL =MS ( PROTECTIONISM AT HOME4 ,S9CE *>T]$ MONOPOLIES LIKE ! ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY HAD BE5 DISMANTL$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 ,BRITI% CAPITALISM ( ?AT TIME ACTUALLY WAS L>GELY A MATT] ( RELATIVELY SMALL FAMILY FIRMS4 ,F9ALLY1 = ALL ! DEPR$ATIONS ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 LIB]ALS W]E ABLE TO SEE EV5 WAGE LABOR AS PROGRESS 9 ! DIRECTION ( FRE$OM :5 COMP>$ ) ! SLAV]Y1 DEBT PEONAGE1 & =C$ & BOND$ LABOR ON :I* CAPITALI/S HAD L>GELY DEP5D$ UP TO ?AT PO9T1 & ON :I*1 GLOBALLY1 TO SOME DEGREE !Y ALWAYS HAVE DEP5D$ & /ILL DO DEP5D4 

,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM BEGAN EV5 CLOS] TO ! LIB]AL IDEAL ?AN ,BRITI%1 BUT BY ! #a#h#gS & #a#h#hS IT HAD BEGUN TO TAKE A V]Y DIFF]5T DIRECTION4 ,ITS KEY 9NOVATION WAS ! CREATION ( ! MOD]N JO9T-/OCK CORPORATION4 ,CORPORATE *>T]S-- :I* POT5TIALLY ALL[$ JO9T-/OCK COMPANIES ) ?\S&S ( EMPLOYES TO BE TREAT$1 = LEGAL PURPOSES1 AS 9DIVIDUAL P]SONS--HAD = MO/ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BE5 CONSID]$ PRIVILEGES GRANT$ BY LOCAL GOV]NM5TS TO LOCAL BUS9ESSM5 9 A POSITION TO AF=D !M SOME SPECIFIC PUBLIC S]VICE1 SU* AS BUILD+ A CANAL OR RAILROAD4 ,BY ! #a#h#hS & #a#h#iS1 CORPORATIONS NOT ONLY HAD ATTA9$ P]MAN5T /ATUS BUT HAD COME TO DOM9ATE ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,AM]ICA L$ ! WAY 9 CREAT+ TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS ?AT EFFECTIVELY SPANN$ ! WORLD4 ,AS ,GIOVANNI ,>RI<I NOTES1 :5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REPLAC$ ,GREAT ,BRITA9 AS ! DOM9ANT WORLD P[]1 IT BR\<T ITS [N1 BUREAUCRATIC1 =M ( CAPITALISM4.<#b.> ,! TOR* WAS =MALLY PASS$ AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 & ONE ( ,PRESID5T ,ROOSEVELT'S FIR/ ACTS AT ! TIME WAS TO CREATE ! ORIG9AL FRAMEWORK = :AT ,I HAVE CALL$ ! EM]G+ GLOBAL BUREAUCRACY4 ,!SE CAME TO BE KN[N AS ! ,BRETTON ,WOODS 9/ITUTIONS1 AFT] ! SKI RESORT 9 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE :]E ! CONF]5CE WAS HELD AT :I* !Y W]E CREAT$3 ! ,I,M,F1 ! ,WORLD ,BANK1 & ! ,G,A,T,T1 ANCE/OR ( ! ,W,T,O4 ,TE*NICALLY UND] ! LEGAL UMBRELLA ( ! NEWLY CREAT$ ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 !Y SOON CAME TO OV]%AD[ IT AS AN EFFECTIVE SY/EM ( GLOBAL ADM9I/RATION4.<#b#a.> ,>RI<I ALSO NOTES ?AT UNLIKE ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AT ITS MO/ P[]FUL WAS NEV] P>TICUL>LY COMMITT$ TO FREE TRADE4 ,IT NEV] OP5$ ITS HOME M>KETS 9 ! WAY ?AT ,5GL& HAD4 ,EV5 TODAY1 R\<LY A ?IRD ( ALL TRANSACTIONS C\NT$ AS 09T]NATIONAL TRADE0 UND] ! ,AM]ICAN EGIS >E NOT TRADE AT ALL BUT SIMPLY TRANSF]S BETWE5 DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( CORPORATIONS ?AT1 9 !IR 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION1 >E (T5 B>ELY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM 5T]PRISES 9 ! OLD ,SOVIET ,UNION4.<#b#b.> 

,SO H[ DOES ! SECOND WAVE ( LIB]ALISM FIT 98 ,IT SEEMS TO ME IT CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY 9 ! LI<T ( :AT ,WALL]/E9 CALLS 0! WORLD REVOLUTION ( #a#i#f#h40 ,! RIOTS1 UPRIS+S1 & CAMPUS REVOLTS ?AT %OOK ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ WORLD 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS W]E REBELLIONS AGA9/ CAPITALISM BUT EQUALLY AGA9/ ! WELF>E /ATES ) :I* CAPITALI/S W]E !N ALLI$4 ,!Y ALSO T5D$ TO DECL>E A COMPLETE BREAK ) BO? ! 0RESPECTABLE0 ,M>XI/ OPPOSITION & ,L59I/ REGIMES ( ! DAY4 ,! REBELS ( ,MAY #aifh 9 ,P>IS WANT$ NO?+ TO DO ) ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY2 !IRS WAS A REVOLT 9 ! NAME ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]ATION1 PLEASURE1 & SELF-EXPRESSION AGA9/ EV]Y SORT ( /IFL+ SOCIAL CONV5TION & BUREAUCRATIC CON/RA9T4 ,& ! SAME WAS TRUE ( ! SPIRIT ( #aifh 9 ,AM]ICA AS WELL4 ,IT H>DLY SEEMS CO9CID5TAL ?AT NEOLIB]ALISM BECAME ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY AT PRECISELY ! MOM5T :5 ! G5]ATION ?AT ATT5D$ COLLEGE 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS BEGAN TO COME TO 9/ITUTIONAL P[]4 ,AS AN IDEOLOGY1 IT APPE>S DESIGN$ TO DO EXACTLY :AT ! LIB]ALISM ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAD DONE3 TO RECUP]ATE REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES1 IDEAS1 EV5 REVOLUTION>Y LANGUAGE1 = CAPITALISM4 

,PROBABLY ! BE/ EXAMPLE H]E IS ! HI/ORY ( ! WORD CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,A KEY ELEM5T 9 NEOLIB]AL RHETORIC HAS BE5 ! IDEA ?AT CAPITALISM IS1 ITSELF1 A REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,?IS K9D ( LANGUAGE IS ACTUALLY QUITE NEW--AT LEA/1 COM+ FROM CAPITALI/S4 ,CAPITALI/S HAVE HI/ORICALLY NEV] US$ ! WORD CAPITALISM AT ALL1 PREF]R+ T]MS LIKE FREE 5T]PRISE1 5TREPR5EURIALISM1 PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 OR ECONOMIC FRE$OM4 ,CAPITALISMWAS A T]M EMPLOY$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY BY ITS CRITICS TO DESCRIBE :AT !Y SAW AS A SORDID ECONOMIC REALITY1 ONE :]E PRODUCTIVE WEAL? WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! FEW = !IR [N B5EFIT4 0,SOCIALISM10 9 TURN1 WAS ! UNREALIZ$ IDEAL ( A WORLD :]E PRODUCTIVE WEAL? W\LD BE ADM9I/]$ DEMOCRATICALLY = ! COMMON GOOD4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC 9TELLECTUAL MOVES ( ! NEOLIB]AL ]A WAS TO FLIP ?IS >\ND4 ,CAPITALISM BECAME ! UNREALIZ$ IDEAL3 A UTOPIAN DREAM ( A P]FECTLY FREE1 SELF-REGULAT+ M>KET4 ,SOCIALISM WAS ! SORDID REALITY ( GOV]NM5T REGULATION4 ,ALL PROGRESS 9 HUMAN HAPP9ESS & FRE$OM C\LD !RE=E BE ATTRIBUT$ TO CAPITALISM & EV]Y?+ BAD TO ! L+]+ EFFECTS ( SOCIALISM4 

,?IS WAS NOT TRADITIONAL CAPITALI/ RHETORIC4 ,IT WAS1 RA!R1 A K9D ( ,M>XISM 9 REV]SE4 ,TELL+LY1 ! LANGUAGE WAS FIR/ EMPLOY$ L>GELY BY DEFECTORS FROM ! O!R SIDE3 MO/ NOTORI\SLY ,RUSSIAN EXILE ,AYN ,R&2 H] ,CAPITALISM3 ,! ,UNKN[N ,IDEAL1 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#d#f1 WAS A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON ! Y\NG ,ALAN ,GRE5SPAN1 :O1 AS HEAD ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]AL ,RES]VE BETWE5 #aihg & #b#f1 WAS TO BECOME ! V]ITABLE HI< PRIE/ ( NEOLIB]AL OR?ODOXY4 ,:AT BEGAN AS ! LANGUAGE ( ! H>D ,RI<T WAS SOON TO BE ADOPT$ ALMO/ EV]Y:]E4 ,BY ! #a#i#hS1 ! REVALIDATION ( ! WORD CAPITALISM SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ADOPT$ AS A SPECIAL CAUSE BY ! $ITORS ( ! SUPPOS$LY LEFT-LEAN+ ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 :I* PROBABLY RAN AT LEA/ A HUNDR$ DIFF]5T HEADL9ES & $ITORIALS DUR+ ?AT P]IOD ANN\NC+ ?AT SOME LEFT-W+ REGIME OR P>TY HAD BE5 =C$ TO EMBRACE 0CAPITALISM40 ,AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ,M>XI/ REGIMES1 ,TIMESCOLUMNI/S HAD BECOME SO 9TOXICAT$ ) ! IDEA ( CAPITALISM AS A RADICAL =CE ?AT !RE WAS A LIVELY DEBATE 9 ITS PAGES ON :E!R ,*E ,GUEV]A1 W]E HE ALIVE TODAY1 W\LD HAVE BECOME A FREE-M>KET RE=M] \T ( %E] REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM4 

,ONLY 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ,I ?9K1 CAN WE UND]/& H[ A RHETORIC ( ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUALISM C\LD EV] HAVE BECOME ! BASIS = AN EM]G+ BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT >RIV$ TUMBL$ BREA?LESSLY TOGE!R ) ! LANGUAGE ( REVOLUTION4 ,! PROBLEM WAS ?AT ?IS WAS NOT JU/ A LANGUAGE1 & ! ASPECTS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ?AT IT DREW ON W]E1 MO/LY1 ! MO/ DISA/R\S4 ,! ESS5CE ( ! NEOLIB]AL POSITION 9 FACT BE>S /UNN+ SIMIL>ITY TO ,/AL9ISM--?AT IS1 TO ! V]Y >GUM5TS US$ BY ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS TO JU/IFY ! CREATION ( A BUREAUCRATIC /ATE4 ,ONE MI<T SUMM>IZE IT LIKE ?IS3 0,SCI5CE HAS %[N ?AT !RE IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE WAY =W>D1 & IT IS ! SAME = ANY SOCIETY ON E>?4 ,!RE IS A SCI5TIFICALLY TRA9$ ELITE :O UND]/& ?IS & MU/ BE GIV5 ! P[] TO RE5G9E] SOCIETY APPROPRIATELY4 ,! ECONOMIC VIEWS ( ?OSE NOT TRA9$ 9 ?IS SCI5CE >E IRRELEVANT4 ,SO %UT UP & DO :AT Y\'RE TOLD1 BECAUSE1 EV5 IF 9 ! %ORT RUN ?IS MAY CAUSE TREM5D\S PA9 & DISLOCATION1 EV5 />VATION & DEA?1 SOME:]E D[N ! L9E 7WE'RE NOT QUITE SURE :57 IT WILL ALL LEAD TO A P>ADISE ( PEACE & PROSP]ITY40 

,! SAME L9E T\T$ BY ,SOVIET APP>AT*IKS TO ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS 9 ! #a#i#cS IS N[ BE+ T\T$ TO JU/ AB\T EV]YONE2 ! ONLY SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE IS ?AT N[ HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY ,MILTON ,FRI$MAN-/YLE FREE-M>KET ECONOMICS4 ,IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT S9CE #aihi SO MANY ACTUAL ,/AL9I/ APP>AT*IKS1 FROM ,POL& TO ,VIETNAM1 HAVE F\ND IT SO EASY TO SIMPLY SWIT* FROM ONE OR?ODOXY TO ! O!R4 ,IT DIDN'T REALLY REQUIRE MU* ( A FUNDAM5TAL LEAP4 

,OBVI\SLY1 NEOLIB]AL GLOBAL BUREAUCRACIES >E NOT NE>LY SO DIRECTLY H&S-ON AS OLD COMMUNI/ ONES W]E 9 TRY+ TO IMPOSE !IR UTOPIAN VISION4 ,BUT ! ULTIMATE IDEAL1 TO SUBJECT EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE TO ! LOGIC ( ! M>KET1 IS--AS DEFECTORS LIKE F9ANCI] ,GEORGE ,SOROS LIKE TO PO9T \T--IF ANY?+ JU/ AS TOTALIT>IAN 9 ITS AMBITIONS4 ,:AT'S MORE1 MANY ( ! EFFECTS HAVE BE5 CURI\SLY SIMIL>4 ,UND] ,SOVIET REGIMES1 POLITICAL LIFE--LET ALONE IDEOLOGICAL DEBATE--WAS \TLAW$4 ,ALL POLITICAL QUE/IONS W]E DEEM$ SETTL$2 ALL ?AT REMA9$ WAS ! ADM9I/RATION ( ECONOMIC AFFAIRS--SUPPOS$LY AIM$ AT EV5TUALLY CREAT+ A CONSUM] P>ADISE4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ONLY WAY ONE C\LD /AKE A POLITICAL CLAIM ON ! C5T] WAS BY PLAY+ TO SOME K9D ( E?NIC OR CULTURAL ID5TITY3 = EXAMPLE1 IF ! ,KHAZAKS GET A NUCLE> P[] PLANT1 SURELY WE ,UZBEKS DES]VE ONE TOO4 ,ID5TITY POLITICS WAS ! ONLY K9D ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS F\ND ACCEPTABLE4 ,ONE RESULT WAS ?AT :5 !SE /ATES DISSOLV$1 MANY 9/ANTLY DESC5D$ 9TO E?NIC W>F>E4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT SOME?+ RA!R SIMIL> IS N[ HAPP5+ ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 ,! FALL ( COMMUNISM 9 P>TICUL> WAS TAK5 TO MEAN ?AT IDEOLOGICAL--9 EFFECT1 POLITICAL--DEBATE WAS OV]4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT ID5TITY POLITICS NOT ONLY W]E SE5 AS LEGITIMATE BUT W]E 9 A V]Y REAL S5SE ! ONLY SORT ( POLITICS SE5 AS 5TIRELY LEGITIMATE4 ,9 SOME CASES ! L9K TO GLOBAL BUREAUCRACIES IS QUITE CLE>4 ,NEOLIB]ALISM1 AS ,I HAVE NOT$1 SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE ALL COLLECTIVE =MS ( PROP]TY--! ONLY EXCEPTION ?AT SEEMS TO BE ALL[ABLE IS = PEOPLE CLASSIFI$ AS 09DIG5\S40 ,ONE RESULT HAS BE5 A WORLDWIDE \TP\R+ ( ATTEMPTS BY GR\PS TO CLAIM 9DIG5\S /ATUS1 9CLUD+ MANY 7SU* AS ! PA/ORAL ,MAASAI 9 ,K5YA7 ?AT W\LD NEV] HAVE DREAM$ ( DESCRIB+ !MSELVES AS SU* BE=E4 ,ON A BROAD] SCALE1 ,SAMUEL ,HUNT+TON'S >GUM5T ?AT1 N[ ?AT ! AGE ( IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE IS OV]1 A 0W> ( CIVILIZATIONS0 7I4E41 RELIGI\S & CULTURAL ID5TITIES7 IS ALL ?AT REMA9S IS A P]FECT EXPRESSION ( ! LOGICAL RESULTS ( TRY+ TO DECL>E AN 5D TO ANY O!R K9D ( HI/ORY4 

,A,L,T,],N,A,T,I,V,E,S1 ,O,R 0 ,W,O,R,K,S ,T,O ,D ,O ,:,A,T8 0 

,)\T ?IS ,MANI*EAN FRAMEWORK1 BORR[$ FROM ! CRUD] V>IETIES ( ,M>XISM1 IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT1 S9CE 0COMMUNISM FAIL$10 !RE WAS NO ALT]NATIVE BUT TO /RIVE T[>D SOME IDEAL ( PURE FREE-M>KET CAPITALISM--ONE ?AT HAS NEV] ACTUALLY EXI/$ ANY:]E4 ,O!RWISE ! >GUM5T W\LD MAKE AB\T AS MU* S5SE AS ! >GUM5T ( SOMEONE :O1 WITNESS+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* AFT] A LONG /RUGGLE ) ,EPISCOPALIANISM1 CONCLUD$ ?AT !RE=E WE ALL HAD TO BECOME ,BAPTI/S 7OR MAYBE ,JEWS74 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT A MORE SOB] ASSESSM5T ( HI/ORY W\LD RA!R HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY TO W9 A COLD W> IS ?R\< LIMIT$ SOCIAL WELF>E PROGRAMS COMB9$ ) MASSIVE GOV]NM5T MILIT>Y SP5D+ TO /IMULATE ! ECONOMY2 ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY = POOR C\NTRIES TO PLAY ECONOMIC CAT*-UP ) RI* CAPITALI/ ONES IS BY COMB9+ M>KET =CES1 PROTECTION ( KEY 9DU/RIES1 /RATEGIC EXPORTS1 & MASSIVE GOV]NM5T 9VE/M5T 9 $UCATION & 9FRA/RUCTURE2 & ?AT IF ONE'S AIM IS TO CREATE ! RI*E/ POSSIBLE MAT]IAL LIFE & GREATE/ FRE$OM = AB\T #a P]C5T ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION :ILE TOSS+ ! BOTTOM ?IRD TO ! WOLVES1 NEOLIB]ALISM IS SURELY ONE'S BE/ BET4 ,IT ALSO SEEMS TO ME ?AT NONE ( ?IS HAS ANY NECESS>Y BE>+ ON O!R QUE/IONS1 SU* AS 0,:AT IS ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY TO BR+ AB\T A WORLD 9 :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE >E SECURE 9 !IR BASIC NE$S1 & ?US FREE TO PURSUE ! ?+S ?AT >E MO/ IMPORTANT TO !M80 OR 0,H[ DO WE 5SURE ?AT ! PLANET IS NOT DE/ROY$80 

,CAPITALISM ITSELF--9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM AT LEA/--HAS HAD A V]Y BRIEF HI/ORICAL RUN4 ,DUR+ A M]E TWO HUNDR$ YE>S1 H[EV]1 IT HAS NONE!LESS %[N A REM>KABLE ABILITY TO COME UP ) ?REATS TO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! SPECIES3 FIR/ NUCLE> DE/RUCTION1 N[ GLOBAL CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,!RE >E GOOD REASONS TO BELIEVE IT IS SIMPLY NOT A VIABLE LONG-T]M SY/EM3 MO/ OBVI\SLY1 BECAUSE IT IS PREMIS$ ON ! NE$ = CONT9UAL GR[?1 & ECONOMIC GR[? CANNOT CONT9UE =EV] ON A PLANET ) F9ITE RES\RCES4 ,CAPITALISM ?AT WAS NOT BAS$ ON ! NE$ TO CONT9UALLY EXP& PRODUCTION W\LD SIMPLY NOT BE CAPITALISM2 ITS FUNDAM5TAL DYNAMICS W\LD *ANGE2 IT W\LD BECOME SOME?+ ELSE4 ,:ATEV] ECONOMIC SY/EM PR$OM9ATES 9 FIFTY YE>S1 IT IS V]Y LIKELY TO BE SOME?+ O!R ?AN CAPITALISM4 ,( C\RSE1 ?AT SOME?+ MI<T BE EV5 WORSE4 ,?IS IS :Y IT SEEMS TO ME ?IS IS PRECISELY ! WRONG TIME TO GIVE UP ON IMAG9+ ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM3 ?AT IS1 TO COME UP ) IDEAS = :AT MI<T ACTUALLY BE BETT]4 

,?IS IS :Y1 = ME1 ! MOVEM5TS ( RESI/ANCE AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM HAVE BE5 SO CRUCIALLY IMPORTANT4 ,!SE BEGAN ALMO/ IMM$IATELY 9 ! #a#i#hS 9 MO/ P>TS ( ! WORLD1 L>GELY TAK+ =M >\ND GRASSROOTS CAMPAIGNS 9 DEF5SE ( ONE OR ANO!R =M ( COMMON PROP]TY4.<#b#c.> ,AT FIR/ !Y W]E L>GELY UNCONNECT$4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A REVOLT 9 ,*IAPAS 9 #aiid WAS A KEY MOM5T2 IT WAS ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 9 FACT1 :O SPONSOR$ ! FIR/ 9T]NATIONAL MEET+S ?AT EV5TUALLY GAVE BIR? TO :AT ! M$IA CAME TO CALL 0! ANTIGLOBALIZATION0 MOVEM5T--REALLY1 A GLOBAL MOVEM5T1 AS ! ,ZAPATI/AS PUT IT1 0= HUMANITY & AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM40 ,! SPECTACUL> MASS ACTIONS DUR+ ! ,W,T,O MEET+S 9 ,SEATTLE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#i#i1 !N AFT]W>DS 9 ,WA%+TON & ,PRAGUE 7V]SUS ! ,I,M,F71 ,QUEBEC 7V]SUS ! ,FREE ,TRADE ,AGREEM5T ( ! ,AM]ICAS .<,F,T,A,A.>71 & ,G5OA 7V]SUS ! ,GR\P ( ,EI<T71 W]E ALL 9T5D$ FIR/ & =EMO/ TO REVEAL TO ! WORLD ! UNDEMOCRATIC NATURE ( ! BODIES ?AT HAD COME TO CONTROL GLOBAL ECONOMIC POLICY4 ,!Y S]V$1 9 O!R WORDS1 TO PO9T \T ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ?IS NEW GLOBAL BUREAUCRACY1 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT MO/ PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD W\LD DRAW ! OBVI\S CONCLUSIONS4 ,9 ?IS !Y W]E /RIK+LY SUCCESSFUL3 )9 LESS ?AN TWO YE>S' TIME MO/ ( ! KEY T5ETS ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 TREAT$ AS SELF-EVID5T TRU?S 9 ! #a#i#iS1 HAD EV]Y:]E BEGUN TO BE CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION4 ,AMBITI\S PLANS TO EXP& ! ,W,T,O & CREATE NEW TRADE PACTS LIKE ! ,F,T,A,A TREATY /OPP$ DEAD 9 !IR TRACKS4 

,IT IS A BIT IRONIC1 9 FACT1 ?AT EV] S9CE ! W> ON T]ROR BEGAN DI/RACT+ ,U4,S4 ACTIVI/S & ! ,U4,S4 PUBLIC1 NO ONE SEEMS TO HAVE NOTIC$ ?AT MO/ ( ! ORIG9AL APP>ATUS ( NEOLIB]ALISM HAS 5T]$ 9TO A CRISIS4 ,! 0,DOHA R\ND0 ( ! ,W,T,O WAS DECL>$ A FAILURE 9 #b#f1 & ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! 9/ITUTION IS BE+ CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION4 ,! ,I,M,F IS IF ANY?+ 9 EV5 DEEP] CRISIS4 ,AFT] ! MELTD[N ( ! ,>G5T9E ECONOMY 9 #b#b1 & A V]ITABLE POPUL> UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! 5TIRE POLITICAL CLASS1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PRESID5T ELECT$ 9 #b#c1 ,NE/OR ,KIR*N]1 HAD TO MAKE A DRAMATIC MOVE TO RE/ORE ! LEGITIMACY ( ! V]Y IDEA ( GOV]NM5T4 ,SO HE DEFAULT$ ON ,>G5T9A'S =EIGN DEBT4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ! ,I,M,F IS SUPPOS$ TO 5SURE NEV] HAPP5S1 & 9T]NATIONAL BANK]S URG$ IT TO /EP 9 & PUNI% ! C\NTRY1 BUT = ONCE IT WAS UNABLE TO DO SO4 ,?IS WAS = V>I\S REASONS 7P>TLY ! FACT ?AT ! GLOBAL MOVEM5T HAD R5D]$ IT A P>IAH1 P>TLY ?AT EV]YONE KNEW ITS DISA/R\S ADVICE WAS L>GELY RESPONSIBLE = ! CRISIS 9 ,>G5T9A TO BEG9 )71 BUT AS A RESULT ! 5TIRE $IFICE ( P[]-?R\<DEBT HAS BEGUN TO CRACK4 ,>G5T9A & ,BRAZIL PAID (F !IR 5TIRE ,I,M,F DEBT2 SOON1 ) ! HELP ( ,V5EZUELA'S PETRODOLL>S1 SO HAD ! RE/ ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 7,BETWE5 #bc & #b#g1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA'S TOTAL DEBT TO ! ,I,M,F DECL9$ BY #i#h4#d P]C5T4 ,!Y BASICALLY [E NO?+47 ,RUSSIA1 ,9DIA1 ,*9A ALL FOLL[$ SUIT &1 ALONG ) C\NTRIES LIKE ,KOREA1 ,?AIL&1 ,MALAYSIA1 ,9DONESIA1 & ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 N[ REFUSE TO EV5 TALK AB\T NEW LOANS4 ,AS A RESULT ! ,I,M,F ITSELF1 R$UC$ L>GELY TO LORD+ IT OV] ,AFRICA1 IS RAPIDLY ITSELF GO+ BANKRUPT4 ,! ,WORLD ,BANK HOLDS ON1 BUT ITS REV5UE IS RADICALLY R$UC$4 

,ALL ?IS SEEMS TO BE HAPP5+ UND] ! RAD> ( ! ,U4,S4 PUBLIC4 ,MEAN:ILE1 9 MO/ ( ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 LIVELY >GUM5TS CONT9UE ON :AT A DIFF]5T1 MORE HUMANE WORLD ECONOMY MI<T ACTUALLY LOOK LIKE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! MOVEM5T HAS SE5 5ORM\S DEBATES BETWE5 RE=MI/ 70ANTICORPORATE07 & REVOLUTION>Y 70ANTICAPITALI/07 APPROA*ES4 ,9 MU* ( ! WORLD1 !SE >GUM5TS HAVE COME TO TURN MORE ON ! POT5TIAL ROLE ( ! /ATE3 PITT+ ?OSE ?AT WI% TO SEE ! CREATION ( NEW =MS ( COMMONS 7! RE/ORATION ( RI<TS 9 L&1 WAT]1 OIL1 AS COMMUNAL RES\RCES7 ?R\< ! EGIS ( NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS AGA9/ ?OSE ?AT REJECT ! /ATE 5TIRELY & DREAM ( A WORLD ( :AT IS SOMETIMES CALL$ 0TRUE GLOBALIZATION10 )\T NATIONAL BORD]S OR GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACIES1 BUILT ON CONF$]ATIONS ( FREE COMMUNITIES MANAG+ !IR RES\RCES ?R\< DIRECT DEMOCRACY--9 EFFECT1 ?R\< SOME =M ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4 ,IT IS F> TOO E>LY TO TELL :AT WILL EM]GE FROM !SE CONV]SATIONS1 :E!R NEW DEMOCRATIC =MS WILL ACTUALLY EM]GE OR :E!R WE WILL JU/ SEE A RE%UFFL+ ( ! >*ITECTURE ( GLOBAL BUREAUCRACY4 ,NEOLIB]ALISM IS BY NO MEANS DEAD3 SIMIL> RE=MS >E BE+ C>RI$ \T ON A MASSIVE SCALE )9 NEWLY EM]G+ P[]S LIKE ,9DIA & ,*9A1 :]E IT IS MU* H>D] TO MOBILIZE 9T]NATIONAL OPPOSITION4 ,BUT WE MI<T DO WELL TO PAY ATT5TION TO ! >GUM5TS1 BECAUSE !Y MAY WELL PROVE CRITICAL TO ! FUTURE HI/ORY ( HUMANITY4 

.<#a.> ,! S\RCES >E1 RESPECTIVELY1 ,ALEX ,EM]Y1 0,BOLIVIA'S ,MORALES TO ,*ALL5GE ,U4,S4 AFT] ,ELECTION0 7,UPDATE #c71 ,BLOOMB]G ,WIRE ,S]VICES1 ,DECEMB] #a#i1 #b#e1 WWW4BLOOMB]G4COM_/APPS_/NEWS8PID"7#a#h#f@& SID"7A,EB,M,ZE,NVI,H,P,E2 0,ALT]NATIVE ,LEFT ,P>TIES ,SIGN ,COOP]ATION ,AGREEM5T10 ,DEUTS*E ,WELLE1 ,DECEMB] #a#a1 #b#e1 WWW4DW-WORLD4DE_/DW_/>TICLE_/1#b#a#d#d1#a#h#a#a#g#d#f14HTML2 ,GEORGE ,DOR1 $41 0,ALT]NATIVES TO ,NEO-,LIB]ALISM10 SPECIAL ISSUE1 ,PAMBAZUKA ,NEWS1 NO4 #bcd 7,DECEMB] #a#e1 #b#e71 WWW4PAMBAZUKA4ORG_/ 5_/ISSUE_/#b#c#d4 

.<#b.> ,?AT WAS A P>APHRASE4 ,! EXACT QUOTE READS3 0,I FEEL AB\T GLOBALIZATION A LOT LIKE ,I FEEL AB\T ! ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ,I ?9K IT'S A GOOD ?+ ?AT ! SUN COMES UP EV]Y MORN+4 ,IT DOES MORE GOOD ?AN H>M ,BUT EV5 IF ,I DIDN'T MU* C>E = ! DAWN !RE ISN'T MU* ,I C\LD DO AB\T IT40 ,?OMAS ,FRI$MAN1 ,! ,LEXUS & ! ,OLIVE ,TREE7,NEW ,YORK3 ,AN*OR ,BOOKS1 #b71 XXI-XXII4 

.<#c.> ,DAVID ,H>VEY1 ,A ,BRIEF ,HI/ORY ( ,NEOLIB]ALISM7,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#e74 

.<#d.> ,?AT*] WAS SOME?+ ( AN EXCEPTION 9 ?IS REG>D1 ?\< IT IS TO BE NOT$ ?AT EV5 %E NEV] GOT MORE ?AN AB\T A ?IRD ( ! POPUL> VOTE4 

.<#e.> ,OR TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 9T]E/ W\LD NOT BE C\NT$ AS PR9CIPAL4 ,BY ! MID-#a#i#hS MO/ POOR C\NTRIES HAD 9 FACT PAID \T MU* MORE ?AN !Y HAD EV] BORR[$4 ,! 9T]E/ RATES1 H[EV]1 W]E SET SO HI< AS TO MAKE FULL REPAYM5T EFFECTIVELY IMPOSSIBLE4 

.<#f.> ,! IDEA ( TY+ DEBT RELIEF TO POLITICAL RE=MS WAS ! BRA9*ILD ( ,REAGAN'S SECRET>Y ( /ATE ,JAMES ,BAK] & BECOME KN[N AS ! ,BAK] ,PLAN4 

.<#g.> ,! CASE ( ,MADAGASC> IS ALL ! MORE TELL+ BECAUSE ,ZAFY1 A SURGEON :O WAS PLAC$ 9 P[] BY A NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION ?AT REPLAC$ =M] DICTATOR ,DIDI] ,RATSIRAKA1 HAD ! IMP]T95CE TO DEM& ?AT ! ,I,M,F PROVIDE ONE EXAMPLE ( A POOR C\NTRY ?AT HAD TAK5 !IR ADVICE & WAS N[ RI*4 ,AFT] HE REFUS$ TO SIGN1 ! ECONOMIC DEVA/ATION WAS SU* ?AT 9 ! NEXT ELECTION HE WAS DEFEAT$ BY ,RATSIRAKA1 :O V[$ TO REV]SE ! POLICY4 ,FIVE YE>S LAT] ,RATSIRAKA WAS \/$ BY ANO!R POPUL> UPRIS+1 BUT ?IS TIME BY A NEOLIB]AL YOGURT MAGNATE4 

.<#h.> ,ALL ! MORE SO CONSID]+ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ?AT SIGN$ ,N,A,F,T,A HAD NOT BE5 HONE/LY ELECT$ BUT HAD WON BY FRAUD4 

.<#i.> ,SEE ,JAN9E ,W$EL'S ,COLLISION & ,COLLUSION3 ,! ,/RANGE ,CASE ( ,WE/]N ,AID TO ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 #a#i#h#i- #a#i#i#h7,NEW ,YORK3 ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h74 ,W$EL WAS ! FIR/ AN?ROPOLOGI/ TO TELL ?IS REM>KABLE /ORY4 

.<#a.> ,! RELATION ( ?IS L>G] SY/EM & NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS HAS *ANG$ 9 SIGNIFICANT WAYS OV] ! C\RSE ( ! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD4 ,AT FIR/ GOV]NM5T ITSELF WAS WIDELY REPRES5T$ AS ! PROBLEM3 ITS SIMPLE REMOVAL WAS SUPPOS$ TO LEAD TO ! SPONTANE\S EM]G5CE ( M>KET ME*ANISMS4 ,9VE/ORS1 H[EV]1 SOON DISCOV]$ ?AT ! OP5 5C\RAGEM5T ( GRE$ & DISP>AGEM5T ( ! V]Y IDEA ( GOV]NM5T T5D$ TO FO/] EXTREME CORRUPTION1 :I* GOT 9 ! WAY ( BUS9ESS1 ALL ! MORE SO AFT] 0%OCK !RAPY0 9 MU* ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE L$ NOT TO FREE M>KETS BUT TO LAWLESS 0GANG/] CAPITALISM40 ,UND] ,CL9TON1 ! EMPHASIS %IFT$ TO ! IDEA ( 0GOOD GOV]NANCE10 EMPHASIZ+ ESPECIALLY ! NE$ TO MA9TA9 AN HONE/ LEGAL CLIMATE CONDUCIVE TO =EIGN 9VE/M5T4 

.<#a#a.> ,WORLD ,COMMISSION ON ! ,SOCIAL ,DIM5SION ( ,GLOBALIZATION1 ,A ,FAIR ,GLOBALIZATION3 ,CREAT+ ,OPPORTUNITIES = ,ALL 7,G5EVA3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,(FICE1 #b#d72 ,U,N ,DEVELOPM5T ,PROGRAM1 0,HUMAN ,DEVELOPM5T ,REPORT10 #a#i#i#i1 & 0,HUMAN ,DEVELOPM5T ,REPORT10 #b#c4 

.<#a#b.> ,*9A IS EXCLUD$ = SEV]AL REASONS3 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD1 ITS AUT>KIC POLICIES KEPT IT TO A C]TA9 DEGREE \TSIDE ! L>G] SY/EM2 9 ! SECOND1 ITS GOV]NM5T DRAMATICALLY FLAUNT$ MAJOR PR9CIPLES ( NEOLIB]AL POLICY1 /RATEGICALLY DEPLOY+ JU/ ! SORT ( PLANN+1 PROTECTIONS1 & EASY CR$IT >RANGEM5TS ?AT ! RE/ ( ! DEVELOP+ WORLD WAS BE+ =C$ TO AB&ON4 

.<#a#c.> ,ROB]T ,POLL91,CONT\RS ( ,DESC5T3 ,U4,S4 ,ECONOMIC ,FRACTURES & ! ,L&SCAPE ( ,GLOBAL ,AU/]ITY7,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #b#c74 

.<#a#d.> ,IF /ATI/ICS SOMETIMES SEEM AMBIGU\S1 IT IS L>GELY BECAUSE MANY ( !SE FIGURES IMPROV$ 9 MU* ( ,EA/ ,ASIA--USUALLY1 9 PRECISELY ?OSE C\NTRIES ?AT RESI/$ ,I,M,F PRESSURE TO P>E BACK OR PRIVATIZE HEAL? & $UCATION4 ,! DECL9ES 9 ,AFRICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 :]E FEW C\NTRIES W]E 9 A POSITION TO RESI/1 W]E QUITE DRAMATIC4 

.<#a#e.> ,IT HAS HELD PRIDE ( PLACE S9CE #b#d4 ,9 ! ,WORLD ,ECONOMIC ,=UM'S #b#d-#e RANK+S1 ,F9L& IS FOLL[$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !N ,SW$51 ,TAIWAN1 ,D5M>K1 & ,NORWAY4 ,NOTE ?AT ! TOP SIX DO NOT 9CLUDE A S+LE C\NTRY FOLL[+ NEOLIB]AL OR?ODOXY1 S9CE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ITSELF REGUL>LY DEFIES MO/ ( ! PRECEPTS IT URGES ON O!R GOV]NM5TS4 ,= ! FULL REPORT1 SEE ,WORLD ,ECONOMIC ,=UM1 0,GLOBAL ,COMPETITIV5ESS ,REPORT #b#d-#b#e10 ,OCTOB] #b#d1 WWW4WE=UM4ORG_/5_/9ITIATIVES_/GCP_/,GLOBAL.0 #b,COMPETITIV5ESS.0#b,REPORT_/,PA/,REPORTS_/9DEX4HTM4 

.<#a#f.> ,ONE MI<T CONSID] ?IS A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( ?AT HO>Y PIECE ( ECONOMIC WISDOM3 0IF Y\ [E ! BANK A MILLION DOLL>S1 ! BANK [NS Y\4 ,IF Y\ [E ! BANK A HUNDR$ MILLION1 Y\ [N ! BANK40 

.<#a#g.> ,WALD5 ,BELLO1 ,FUTURE 9 ! ,BALANCE3 ,ESSAYS ON ,GLOBALIZATION & ,RESI/ANCE 7,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,FOOD ,FIR/ ,BOOKS1 #b#a74 ,SEE ALSO ,WALD5 ,BELLO1 ,D>K ,VICTORY3 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,/RUCTURAL ,ADJU/M5T1 & ,GLOBAL ,POV]TY7,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,9/ITUTE = ,FOOD & ,DEVELOPM5T ,POLICY1 #a#i#i#d74 

.<#a#h.> ,BELLO1 ,D>K ,VICTORY2,H>VEY1 ,BRIEF ,HI/ORY ( ,NEOLIB]ALISM2 ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E91 ,! ,DECL9E ( ,AM]ICAN ,P[]3 ,! ,U4,S4 9 A ,*AOTIC ,WORLD7,NEW ,YORK3 ,NEW ,PRESS1 #b#c74 

.<#a#i.> ,! L9E IS FROM ,RI*>D ,OV]TON'S ,AN ,>R[ AGA9/ ,ALL ,TYRANTS 7,EXET]3 ,ROTA1 #a#i#g#f74 ,! BE/ DISCUSSION ( ! POLITICAL !ORY ( POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM IS 9 ,C4 ,B4 ,MAC,PH]SON1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,!- ORY ( ,POSSESSIVE ,9DIVIDUALISM7,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#b74 

.<#b.> ,GIOVANNI ,>RI<I1 ,! ,LONG ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY3 ,MONEY1 ,P[]1 & ! ,ORIG9S ( ,\R ,TIMES7,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #a#i#i#d74 

.<#b#a.> ,! FACT ?AT ! ,I,M,F OP]ATES UND] ! ,U,N UMBRELLA IS P>TICUL>LY IRONIC :5 ONE CONSID]S ?AT ! ,U,N'S ,UNIV]SAL ,*>T] ( ,HUMAN ,RI<TS SPECIFIES ?AT ALL HUMAN BE+S HAVE A RI<T TO FOOD & %ELT]4 ,IT HAS NEV] %[N MU* ABILITY TO 5=CE SU* RI<TS4 ,! ,I,M,F1 H[EV]1 HAS 9T]V5$ QUITE SY/EMATICALLY & EFFECTIVELY AGA9/ ANY C\NTRY ?AT HAS ATTEMPT$ TO 5ACT POLICIES 9SPIR$ BY SU* PR9CIPLES4 

.<#b#b.> ,! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS C]TA9LY SAW MORE M>KET ELEM5TS 9TRODUC$ 9TO SOME ( !SE BUREAUCRACIES1 P>TICUL>LY ) \TS\RC+ ( PRIM>Y PRODUCTION1 & NEW1 ,ASIAN-9SPIR$ 0JU/ 9 TIME0 PRODUCTION /RATEGIES4 ,ON ! O!R H& IT ALSO SAW UNPREC$5T$ CONC5TRATION ( [N]%IP4 ,FEW ,AM]ICANS >E AW>E ?AT ALMO/ ALL DEP>TM5T /ORES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 = 9/ANCE1 >E N[ [N$ BY ONE COMPANY1 ,MACY'S ,RETAIL ,HOLD+S4 ,SO 9 EFFECT CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES BECAME MORE FLEXIBLE BUT F> L>G]4 

.<#b#c.> ,! MO/ 9CISIVE ANALYSIS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( DIFF]5T SORTS ( 0COMMONS0 TO CAPITALISM HAS BE5 MADE BY ! ,MIDNI<T ,NOTES ,COLLECTIVE3 !Y W]E ! FIR/ TO EMPHASIZE ?AT :ILE CAPITALI/S PREF]R$ TO SEE A WORLD 9 :I* ALL =MS ( COMMON PROP]TY ADM9I/]$ BY COMMUNITIES = !IR [N COLLECTIVE B5EFIT W\LD BE PRIVATIZ$ OR O!RWISE ELIM9AT$1 !Y ALSO PROMOT$ ! CREATION ( NEW =MS ( COMMONS = !IR [N B5EFIT3 = 9/ANCE1 COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES = RESE>*1 TRANSPORT1 WA/E DISPOSAL1 & NEW & ELABORATE SECURITY FUNCTIONS4 ,/RUGGLES OV] ! DEF9ITION & MANAGEM5T ( COLLECTIVE RES\RCES >E ?US ! COMMON !ME ( GLOBAL RESI/ANCE /RUGGLES ?AT MI<T O!RWISE SEEM TO HAVE NEXT TO NO?+ TO DO ) ONE ANO!R1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ! ,TW5TY-FIR/ ,C5TURY ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA & ( ,ISLAMIC MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,SEE 0,MIDNI<T ,NOTES ,COLLECTIVE10 LA/ UPDAT$ ,JANU>Y #d1 #b#e1 WWW4MIDNI<TNOTES4ORG_/9DEX#b4HTL1 = ! BE/ 9TRODUCTION TO ?IS L9E ( ?\<T4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#h? ,NOVEMB] #bba FROM DAVIDGRAEB]4ORG47 

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