,*APT] #d 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,BOB ,BLACK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #d4 ,?IS ,SIDE ( ,P>ADISE 

  

,BOOK*9 MI<T HAVE BEGUN HIS DISCUSSION ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETY AS DID ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU3 0,LET US BEG9 BY LAY+ ! FACTS ASIDE1 AS !Y DO NOT AFFECT ! QUE/ION40.<#h#g.> ,= ALL HIS HUFF+ & PUFF+1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ADDS NO?+ TO ! 9ADEQUATE & DI%ONE/ 0EVID5TIALITY0 7ONE ( HIS GRATUIT\S NEOLOGISMS7 :I* ,WATSON & ,I HAVE ALREADY %[N TO BE WANT+ 9 ,S,A,L,A4 ,HE CONT9UES TO IGNORE ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL /UDIES SUMM>IZ$ 9 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN'S ,FUTURE ,PRIMITIVE1 ,WATSON'S ,BEYOND ,BOOK*91 & MY ,FRI5DLY ,FIRE.<#h#h.> & ,AN>*Y AFT] ,LEFTISM4 ,HE CONT9UES TO PRET5D ?AT ! !SIS ?AT /ATELESS HUNT]-GA!R]S 5JOY$ A SORT ( PRIMITIVE AFFLU5CE WAS A %ORT-LIV$ #fS FAD1 LIKE SMOK+ BANANA PEELS -- LITTLE MORE ?AN ! REBELLI\S1 EUPHORIC ROMANTICIZ+ ( NON-,WE/]N PEOPLES BY TRIPP$-\T HIPPIES1 LIKE ! ONES :O FELL = ,C>LOS ,CA/5$A'S 0,DON ,JUAN0 HOAX4 ,?IS AN?ROPOLOGICAL AB]RATION1 HE AGA9 ASSURES US1 HAS BE5 CORRECT$ BY ! SOB] S*OL>%IP ( ! P]IOD ( SOCIAL REACTION4 

,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS P]SI/S 9 HIS DOGG$ & DOGMATIC REIT]ATION ( ! B\RGEOIS ,HOBBESIAN MY? ( ! LIVES ( PRE-URBAN AN>*I/ =AG]S AS SOLIT>Y1 POOR1 NA/Y1 BRUTI%1 & %ORT1 9 DRAMATIC CONTRA/ TO ! LIFE ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 NA/Y1 BRUTI%1 & LONG4 ,HOBBES HIMSELF DID NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL DESCRIB$ ! ORIG9AL CONDITION ( ALL SOCIETIES4.<#h#i.> ,:5 Y\R ,HOBBESIAN >GUM5T IS REFUT$ BY ,HOBBES1 Y\ >E (F TO A BAD />T4 

,AGA91 :AT >E ! IMPLICATIONS = ,BOOK*9'S [N !ORY ( A PROTRACT$ P]IOD ( 0SOCIAL REACTION0 AS ! EXPLANATION :Y DECAD5T ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM HAS SUPPLANT$ H]OIC ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OV] ! LA/ #c YE>S8 ,APP>5TLY P]IODS ( -- :AT8 SOCIAL PROGRESS8 POLITICAL TURBUL5CE8 -- FO/] !ORETICAL PROGRESS1 SU* AS ?AT S+LEH&L$LY ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS4 ,BY IMPLICATION ! #fS W]E NOT A P]IOD ( SOCIAL REACTION4 ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! EX-,DIRECTOR CAME 9TO HIS [N AS AN AN>*I/ !ORI/ -- PRO( 5\< ( ! FRUCTIFY+ 9FLU5CE ( ?OSE HEADY TIMES4.<#i.> ,YET ?IS WAS ALSO :5 ! HIPPIE AN?ROPOLOGI/S CONCOCT$ !IR LUDICR\S 0PRIMITIVE AFFLU5CE0 !SIS BAS$ ON LITTLE MORE ?AN 9T5SIVE E?NOGRAPHIC FIELDWORK & C>EFUL HI/ORICAL RESE>*4 ,9CR$IBLY1 ?IS ABSURD1 EMPIRICALLY-GR\ND$ CONCEPTION PREVAIL$ AS AN?ROPOLOGICAL OR?ODOXY1 AS ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS COMPLA9S1 WELL 9TO ! #hS4 ,UND\BT$LY IT [$ MU* ( ITS UNDUE 9FLU5CE TO ITS QUALIFI$ 5DORSEM5T BY ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS HIMSELF 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7#a#i#h#b71 AN EPO*AL WORK :I* -- AS ,I DEMON/RAT$ 9 ,A,A,L BY SURVEY+ ALL ITS ACADEMIC REVIEWS 7BO? ( !M7.<#i#a.> -- TOOK ! WORLD ( SOCIAL SCI5CE BY /ORM4 ,IF1 & 9S(> AS1 !RE HAS BE5 A PR(ESSIONAL REACTION AGA9/ ! PRIMITIVE-AFFLU5CE !SIS1 IT IS 5TIRELY1 LIKE ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM1 A PRODUCT ( ! P]IOD ( SOCIAL REACTION4 ,H[ ODD 7& YET1 H[ DIALECTICAL7 ?AT FROM DECAD5CE1 FROM DECAY1 ! LIFE-=CE1 CONSCI\S 0SECOND NATURE0 -- R5EW$ BY ROT & REACTION -- IS RESURG5T 9 ! P]SON & ! PRAXIS ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR ( DIRECTIONALITY & SU* LACKEYS AS HE F9DS USEFUL FROM TIME TO TIME4 

,TO SUPPORT HIS CLAIM ?AT ,HOBBESIANISM HAS BE5 RE/OR$ TO AN?ROPOLOGICAL OR?ODOXY1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS CIT$ 9 ,S,A,L,A ONE HI<LY CONTROV]SIAL BOOK 7DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] #f71 ONE REVIEW ( ?AT BOOK1 & A POP SCI5CE /ORY1.<#i#b.> NONE ( :I* WAS ( V]Y REC5T V9TAGE :5 HE WROTE4 ,9 HIS LATE/ \T+1 9 ! FACE ( ! *ALL5GE ( ! MASS$ EVID5CE ASSEMBL$ BY ,WATSON & MYSELF1 ,BOOK*9 DOES NOT CITE A S+LE NEW S\RCE4 ,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ,BOOK*9'S SCRUPUL\SLY SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ?AT HE AFFIRMS AS ! NEW CONS5SUS -- BECAUSE IT SUITS HIS POLITICAL PURPOSES -- ! MO/ EXTREME /ATEM5T ( ONE POL> POSITION 7,$W9 ,WILMS5'S7 9 AN ONGO+ CONTROV]SY4 ,MAKE ?AT 0CONTROV]SIES03 AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E DEBAT+ A NUMB] ( ISSUES 9VOLV+ =AG]S1 ISSUES P>TLY OR :OLLY 9DEP5D5T ( ONE ANO!R4 ,:AT MO/ EX]CISES ! SPECIALI/S TURNS \T TO BE :AT'S LEA/ RELEVANT TO AN>*I/S4 ,TO SAY1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 0! 6,KUNG .<,SAN.> MODEL ( ! =AG+ LIFEWAY -- SMALL1 NOMADIC B&S -- IS NO LONG] TAK5 AS TYPICAL ( PREAGRICULTURAL HUMAN SOCIETIES0.<#i#c.> 9VITES ! QUE/ION1 0,9 :AT RESPECTS80 ,AS ( #aiib !RE W]E ALREADY AT LEA/ #ehb ITEMS PUBLI%$ RELAT+ TO ! ,KALAH>I =AG]S ALONE.<#i#d.> -- AMPLE EVID5CE ( CONTROV]SY4 ,EI<TE5 YE>S LAT]1 !RE >E MANY MORE4 

,!RE'S ONE ?+ ?AT BO!RS ME4 ,IF PREHI/ORIC HUMANS W]5'T =AG]S1 LIKE ALL O!R PRIMATES1.<#i#e.> :AT W]E !Y8 ,FACTORY WORK]S8 

,9S(> AS ANY G5]ALIZATION IS POSSIBLE1 EV5 A LEAD+ REVISIONI/1 ,?OMAS ,N4 ,HEADL&1 APPROV+LY QUOT$ BY ! EX-,DIRECTOR ON ! SAME SUBJECT1.<#i#f.> WROTE 9 #aiig ?AT 0:ILE WE N[ D\BT ?AT PREHI/ORIC HUNT]-GA!R]S W]E AS AFFLU5T AS ,SAHL9S1 ,LEE & O!RS FIR/ SUGGE/$1 WE DO NOT WANT TO RETURN TO ! PRE-#a#i#f#f ,HOBBESIAN IDEA ?AT !IR LIVES W]E NA/Y1 BRUTI% & %ORT 4440 ,SAHL9S HIMSELF HAD ALREADY WRITT5 ?AT ! ,HOBBES CLI*E 0BECOMES N[ A SUBJECT = TEXTBOOK BURLESQUE10 BUT ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS DOESN'T GET ! JOKE4.<#i#g.> ,HE NEV] DOES4 ,SIMIL> CONCLUSIONS >E COMMON 9 ! LIT]ATURE4.<#i#h.> ,! MO/ REC5T /ATEM5T ,I LOCAT$ IS BY A CRITIC ( ! ,SAHL9S !SIS :O NONE!LESS CONC$ES ?AT ,SAHL9S 0APPE>S TO HAVE C>RI$ ! DAY & HAS COME TO REPRES5T ! NEW 5LI<T5$ VIEW ( HUNT+-GA!R+ SOCIETIES40.<#i#i.> ,9 ,AN>*Y AFT] ,LEFTISM ,I ALREADY QUOT$ ,M4,A4,P4 ,R5\F1 WRIT+ 9 #a#i#i#a1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT 0AL?\< ! MORE IDEALIZ$ ASPECTS ( ! ,LEE & ,DE,VORE MODEL >E COMMONLY ACKN[L$G$1 ,I ?9K IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT NO FUNDAM5TAL REVISION ( IT HAS BE5 MADE40.<#a.> ,REVIEW+ ! S*OL>%IP ( ! N9E YE>S SUBSEQU5T TO ,A,A,L1 ,I F\ND NO?+ TO REFUTE OR DILUTE ?IS JUDGM5T4 ,BY ! LATE #a#i#hS1 =AG] 7& SPECIFICALLY ,SAN7 CONTROV]SIES W]E TURN+ TO SU* QUE/IONS AS :E!R >*AEOLOGY & ! HI/ORICAL RECORD PROVIDE EVID5CE ( AN ,IRON ,AGE ,SAN CULTURE & TO :AT EXT5T ! ,SAN >E1 OR W]E1 SUBORD9AT$ BY S$5T>Y ,BANTUS4 ,NEW FIELD /UDIES ALSO MAKE CLE> ! DIV]SITY ( ,SAN ADAPTATIONS4.<#a#a.> ,?US1 ! G5]AL VALIDITY ( AT LEA/ A MOD]ATE V]SION ( :AT ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS CALLS 0! PREPO/]\S !ORY ( AN 'ORIG9AL AFFLU5T SOCIETY'0.<#a#b.> IS /ILL ! CURR5T OR?ODOXY4 ,IT APPE>S 9 CURR5T COLLEGE TEXTBOOKS1 SU* AS ,AN?ROPOLOGY BY ,EMB]1 ,EMB] & ,P]EGR9E 7#b#b71 :I* CITES ,RI*>D ,B4 ,LEE'S CALCULATION ( 6,KUNG H\RS ( WORK & REM>KS ?AT ! 6,KUNG ,SAN HAVE MORE LEISURE ?AN MANY AGRICULTURI/S4.<#a#c.> 

,= PRES5T PURPOSES1 AS 9 ,A,A,L1 ,I AM ONLY ADDRESS+ ASPECTS ( =AG] SOCIETY ( DIRECT RELEVANCE TO AN>*ISM4 ,REVISIONI/ CORRECTIONS1 VALID OR NOT1 MO/LY RELATE TO O!R ISSUES4 ,IT DOESN'T MATT] TO AN>*I/S1 = 9/ANCE1 IF CONTEMPOR>Y =AG]S >E 0LIV+ FOSSILS0 :O HAVE ALWAYS LIV$ AS !Y DO N[1 9 0PRI/9E0 SOCIETIES4 ,! M$IA1 NOT ! AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 >E MA9LY RESPONSIBLE = ?AT PUBLIC MISP]CEPTION4.<#a#d.> ,IT DOESN'T MATT] ?AT =AG]S HAVE HI/ORIES 7:O EV] D\BT$ IT871 9CLUD+ HI/ORIES ( TRADE & O!R 9T]ACTIONS ) AGRICULTURI/S & H]D]S4 ,IT DOESN'T MATT] IF =AG]S >5'T ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E ! B5IGN C>ETAK]S ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT DOESN'T MATT] IF PREHI/ORIC HUMANS W]E SCAV5G]S 7NOT A REVISIONI/ !SIS1 BY ! WAY1 BUT RA!R A QUIRKY ,BOOK*9I/ !SIS.<#a#e.>74 ,SO :AT DOES MATT] TO AN>*I/S AB\T !SE PEOPLE8 ,9 TWO ( MY BOOKS ,I SPECIFI$ TWO CRUCIAL PO9TS3  
  

0,!Y OP]ATE ! ONLY KN[N VIABLE /ATELESS SOCIETIES40  

 0,& !Y DON'T1 EXCEPT 9 OCCASIONAL EM]G5CIES1 WORK 4440.<#a#f.>  
  

,TO !SE ,I W\LD N[ ADD 7OR RA!R1 MAKE EXPLICIT7 TWO MORE4 ,! FIR/ -- C\RTESY ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR -- IS ! EGALIT>IAN COMMUNISM ( HUNT]-GA!R]S3  
  

0,!RE IS V]Y MU* WE CAN LE>N FROM PRELIT]ATE CULTURES 444 !IR PRACTICES ( USUFRUCT & ! 9EQUALITY ( EQUALS .<8.> >E ( GREAT RELEVANCE TO AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY40.<#a#g.>  
  
  

,& F9ALLY1 A SOME:AT G5]AL1 SUMM>Y CONT5TION3  
  

,=AG]S 5JOY A RELATIVELY HI< QUALITY ( LIFE1 :5 ! BLESS+S ( AN>*Y1 LEISURE1 EQUALITY & COMMUNITY >E CONSID]$ ALONG ) RELATIVE GOOD HEAL? & LONGEVITY4  
  

,IT IS ONLY C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ?IS LA/ CONT5TION 7( ?OSE ( ANY 9T]E/ TO AN>*I/S7 :I* SOME REVISIONI/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S W\LD S]I\SLY DISPUTE1 BUT EV5 IF WE HAD TO BID F>EWELL TO IT1 ! FIR/ ?REE PO9TS W\LD /ILL /&4 

,=AG+ AS ,AN>*Y 

  

,SO F> AS ,I CAN DET]M9E1 NONE ( ! RESE>* OR >GUM5T ( ! REVISIONI/S EV5 PURPORTS TO D5Y ! LONG-E/ABLI%$ & UNANIM\S AN?ROPOLOGICAL CONS5SUS ?AT NONS$5T>Y HUNT]-GA!R]S1 AT LEA/ -- & AT LEA/ MO/ ( ! S$5T>Y ONES -- HAVE ALWAYS BE5 /ATELESS4.<#a#h.> ,?IS WAS COMMON GR\ND BETWE5 !M & ! ,LEE_/,DE,VORE S*OOL & ALL !IR PR$ECESSORS1 JU/ AS IT WAS COMMON GR\ND BETWE5 ,M>X & ,KROPOTK94 ,NOT EV5 ,BOOK*9 SEEMS TO DISPUTE ! PRIMITIVE-AN>*Y !SIS1 ! !SIS MO/ IMPORTANT TO AN>*I/S4 

,=AG+ AS ,Z][ORK 

  

,9 0,! ,ORIG9AL ,AFFLU5T ,SOCIETY0 -- :I* ,BOOK*9 HAS APP>5TLY NOT READ1.<#a#i.> AL?\< HE =M]LY PRAIS$ IT AS 0ONE ( ! MORE READABLE & WELL->GU$ ACC\NTS ( ! HUNT]+-GA!R+ CASE0.<#a#a.> -- ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S WROTE3 0,A GOOD CASE CAN BE MADE ?AT HUNT]S & GA!R]S WORK LESS ?AN WE DO2 &1 RA!R ?AN A CONT9U\S TRAVAIL1 ! FOOD QUE/ IS 9T]MITT5T1 LEISURE ABUNDANT1 & !RE IS A GREAT] AM\NT ( SLEEP 9 ! DAYTIME P] CAPITA P] YE> ?AN 9 ANY O!R CONDITION ( SOCIETY40.<#a#a#a.> ,CIT+ ! !N-UNPUBLI%$ RESULTS ( ,RI*>D ,B4 ,LEE'S FIELDWORK AMONG ! 6,KUNG ,SAN 70,BU%M5071 ,SAHL9S E/IMAT$ ?AT ! ,SAN WORK$ A F\R-H\R DAY4 ,9 !IR REF9$1 PUBLI%$ V]SION1 ,LEE'S FIGURES W]E EV5 L[]1 #b4#b TO #b4#d H\RS A DAY4.<#a#a#b.> ,SU* EVID5CE R5D]S RIDICUL\S :AT ,BOOK*9 IS /ILL SP\T+ TODAY1 ! ,M>XI/ DOGMA AB\T 0TOIL & MAT]IAL UNC]TA9TIES 7AS WELL AS NATURAL ONES7.<#a#a#c.> ?AT HAVE 9 ! PA/ %ACKL$ ! HUMAN SPIRIT TO A NE>LY EXCLUSIVE CONC]N = SUBSI/5CE40 ,! =AG+ ,SAN W]E NOT PREOCCUPI$ ) SUBSI/5CE4 ,!Y HAD NO REASON TO BE4 

,! QUANTITATIVE DATA1 AS />TL+ AS !Y >E1 ONLY BEG9 TO DISCLOSE ! QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PRIMITIVE & MOD]N WORK1 9 RESPECTS ,I SUMM>IZ$ 9 ,FRI5DLY ,FIRE3  
  

,9 ADDITION TO %ORT] H\RS1 0FLEXTIME0 & ! MORE RELIABLE 0SAFETY NET0 AF=D$ BY G5]AL FOOD %>+1 =AG]S' WORK IS MORE SATISFY+ ?AN MO/ MOD]N WORK4 ,WE AWAK5 TO ! AL>M CLOCK2 !Y SLEEP A LOT1 NI<T & DAY4 ,WE >E S$5T>Y 9 \R BUILD+S 9 \R POLLUT$ CITIES2 !Y MOVE AB\T BREA?+ ! FRE% AIR ( ! OP5 C\NTRY4 ,WE HAVE BOSSES2 !Y HAVE COMPANIONS4 ,\R WORK TYPICALLY IMPLICATES ONE1 OR AT MO/ A FEW HYP]-SPECIALIZ$ SKILLS1 IF ANY2 !IRS COMB9ES H&WORK & BRA9WORK 9 A V]SATILE V>IETY ( ACTIVITIES1 EXACTLY AS ! GREAT UTOPIANS CALL$ =4 ,\R 0COMMUTE0 IS DEAD TIME1 & UNPAID TO BOOT2 =AG]S CANNOT EV5 LEAVE ! CAMPSITE )\T 0READ+0 ! L&SCAPE 9 A POT5TIALLY PRODUCTIVE WAY4.<#a#a#d.>  
  

,TO :I* ,I MI<T ADD ?AT HUNT+1 9 ,EUROPE AS ELSE:]E1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! 0SPORT ( K+S0 -- PLAY1 NOT WORK -- *>ACT]IZ$ BY :AT ,KI]KEGA>D CALL$ 0! LOVABLE S]I\SNESS :I* BELONGS ESS5TIALLY TO PLAY40.<#a#a#e.> ,! SYN!SIS ( WORK 7PRODUCTION = ITS [N SAKE7 & PLAY 7ACTIVITY = ITS [N SAKE7 IS :AT ,I HAVE LONG CALL$1 & LONG CALL$ =1 ! ABOLITION ( WORK4 ,SOMEONE ELSE MI<T PHRASE ! GOAL DIFF]5TLY1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 0A JOY\S >TFULNESS 9 LIFE & WORK0 -- AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ONCE DID4.<#a#a#f.> 

,ACCORD+ TO AN AU?OR HI<LY REG>D$ BY ,BOOK*91 0! LABOR ( PA/ORAL PEOPLES IS SO LI<T & SIMPLE ?AT IT H>DLY REQUIRES ! LABOR ( SLAVES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY WE SEE ?AT = NOMADIC & PA/ORAL PEOPLES ! NUMB] ( SLAVES IS V]Y LIMIT$1 IF NOT Z]O4 ,?+S >E O!RWISE ) AGRICULTURAL & SETTL$ PEOPLES4 ,AGRICULTURE REQUIRES ASSIDU\S1 PA9FUL1 HEAVY LABOR4 ,! FREE MAN ( ! =E/S & PLA9S1 ! HUNT] AS WELL AS ! H]DSMAN1 TAKES TO AGRICULTURE ONLY ) GREAT REPUGNANCE40 ,! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS =M]LY 5DORS$ ?IS PO9T ( VIEW4.<#a#a#g.> ,! AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/ CRAZY :O WROTE !SE WORDS WAS ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 

,IT IS NOT JU/ ?AT =AG]S WORK MU* LESS ?AN ! MEMB]S ( AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 IF BY WORK IS MEANT PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS NOT JU/ ?AT !Y WORK DIFF]5TLY1 9 MORE V>I$ & MO/LY MORE *ALL5G+ & SATISFY+ WAYS4.<#a#a#h.> ,IT IS NOT JU/ ?AT !Y WORK 9 COOP]ATION1 NOT 9 COMPETITION4 ,IT IS NOT JU/ ?AT !Y >E ALMO/ ALWAYS FREE ( TIME-DISCIPL9E1 I4E41 AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME !Y LIT]ALLY DON'T HAVE TO DO ANY?+4.<#a#a#i.> ,IT IS NOT JU/ ?AT !Y SLEEP 9 AS LATE AS !Y LIKE & LOAF A LOT4 ,9 EV]Y ONE ( !SE P>TICUL>S1 =AG] WORK+ LIFE IS SUP]IOR TO \RS1 BUT MORE IMPORTANT IS :AT !IR CO9CID5CE IMPLIES AB\T ! =AG+ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,AT SOME PO9T1 LESS WORK PLUS BETT] WORK 5DS UP AS ACTIVITY IT NO LONG] MAKES S5SE TO CALL WORK AT ALL1 AL?\< IT FURNI%ES ! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,=AG]S >E AT ?AT PO9T4 ,!Y DON'T WORK1 NOT IF WORK MEANS =C$ LABOR1 COMPULSORY PRODUCTION1 OR ! SUBORD9ATION ( PLEASURE TO PRODUCTION :5 !SE OBJECTIVES DIV]GE4 

,N[ IT IS POSSIBLE TO DEF9E WORK 9 O!R WAYS ?AN ,I DO4 ,NO ONE [NS ! WORD4 ,I DON'T HIJACK WORDS ! WAY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 DOES4 ,BUT AN IMPORTANT REVOLUTION>Y CURR5T1 BY N[ ROOT$ MA9LY 9 AN>*ISM1 IS EXPLICITLY ANTI-WORK 9 APPROXIMATELY ! S5SE ,I'VE DEF9$ WORK 9 SEV]AL ESSAYS1 ONE ( !M WELL-KN[N1.<#a#b.> GO+ BACK TW5TY FIVE YE>S4 .<#a#b#a.> ,BY N[1 MANY AN>*I/S APPRECIATE ?AT ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE )\T ! ABOLITION ( WORK IS AS FATALLY 9COMPLETE -- & AS FAT$ = FAILURE -- AS ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE )\T ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 HIS E>LY AN>*I/ ESSAYS1 ,BOOK*9 SEEM$ 7TO MANY ( US7 TO SAY SO TOO :5 HE CONDEMN$ NE$LESS & /ULTIFY+ 0TOIL40.<#a#b#b.> 0,! DI/9CTION ( PLEASURABLE WORK & ON]\S TOIL %\LD ALWAYS BE KEPT 9 M9D10.<#a#b#c.> HE SAID1 & HE MADE IT H>D TO =GET BY REPEAT+ IT (T51 ?\< NOT REC5TLY4 ,I ( C\RSE PREF] MY [N DEF9ITIONS -- TO :I* ,I HAVE DEVOT$ SOME YE>S ( C>EFUL ?\<T -- & :I* ,I LIKE TO ?9K ID5TIFY ! ESS5TIALS ( WORK :ILE /ILL CORRESPOND+ TO COMMON USAGE4 ,BUT IF SOMEBODY ELSE PREF]S A DIFF]5T T]M9OLOGY1 ?AT'S F9E1 AS LONG AS HE MAKES ITS MEAN+ EXPLICIT & REFRA9S FROM SP\T+ ECC5TRIC V]BIAGE TO MUDDLE ! MATT]4 ,:ATEV] Y\ CALL IT1 =AG]S USUALLY HAD IT4 ,!Y W]E Z][ORK]S4 

,) RESPECT TO ! ,SAN1 ,BOOK*9 FUDGES ! FIGURES = WORK+ TIME 9 A CRUDE WAY :I* IS EXTRAORD9>ILY1 & BLATANTLY1 DI%ONE/ EV5 BY ! RELAX$ /&>DS ( HIS DOTAGE4 ,HE CLAIMS ?AT 0.<,RI*>D ,B4.> ,LEE HAS GREATLY REVIS$ ! L5G? ( ! WORKWEEK HE =M]LY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ,ZHU .<SIC.<#a#b#d.>.>02 ! AV]AGE WORKWEEK = BO? SEXES1 HE WROTE 9 #a#i#g#i1 IS NOT EI<TE5 BUT #d#b4#c H\RS40.<#a#b#e.> ,N[ ,I CANNOT DO BETT] ?AN ,I DID 9 ,FRI5DLY ,FIRE TO REFUTE1 9 ADVANCE1 ?IS CLUMSY LIE4 ,ORIG9ALLY1 0,LEE /UDI$ ! ,SAN EQUIVAL5T ( :AT IS CONV5TIONALLY ACC\NT$ WORK 9 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY -- HUNT+ & GA!R+ 9 !IR CASE1 WAGE-LABOR 9 \RS40.<#a#b#f.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 AS ,I DISCUSS 9 ,FRI5DLY ,FIRE1 H\SEWORK -- A =M ( 0%AD[ WORK0.<#a#b#g.> -- WAS ORIG9ALLY EXCLUD$ FROM ! COMP>ISONS ,SAHL9S MADE1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ,LEE HAD YET TO MEASURE H\SEWORK1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE H\SEWORK HAD ALWAYS BE5 EXCLUD$ BY \R ECONOMI/S FROM :AT !Y MEASURE AS WORK BECAUSE IT IS UNPAID1 & ANY?+ NOT MEASUR$ 9 MONEY IS 9VISIBLE TO ECONOMI/S4 ,?IS DOES NOT1 AS ,I WROTE 9 ,FRI5DLY ,FIRE1 9VALIDATE ! COMP>ISON1 AL?\< IT 9VITES ! MORE EXPANSIVE COMP>ISON :I* ,LEE RETURN$ TO ! FIELD TO RECORD1 & :I* ,I SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S3  
  

,UPON RETURN+ TO ! FIELD1 ,LEE BROAD5$ HIS DEF9ITION ( WORK TO 5COMPASS ALL 0?OSE ACTIVITIES ?AT CONTRIBUTE TO ! DIRECT APPROPRIATION ( FOOD1 WAT] OR MAT]IALS FROM ! 5VIRONM5T0 -- ADD+ TO SUBSI/5CE ACTIVITY TOOL-MAK+ & -- FIX+ & H\SEWORK 7MA9LY FOOD PREP>ATION74 ,!SE ACTIVITIES DIDN'T 9CREASE ! ,SAN WORKLOAD AS MU* AS !IR EQUIVAL5TS 9 \R SORT ( SOCIETY 9CREASE \RS -- RELATIVELY WE FALL EV5 F.<U.>R!R BEH9D4 ,P] DIEM ! MANUFACTURE & MA9T5ANCE ( TOOLS TAKES #fd M9UTES = M51 #de M9UTES = WOM540.<#a#b#h.> ,SAN WOM5 DEVOTE #b#b4#d H\RS A WEEK TO H\SEWORK1 #d4#a H\RS TO ALL WORK4.<#a#b#i.> ,AM]ICAN WOM5 ) FULL-TIME JOBS DEVOTE #d-PLUS H\RS A WEEK TO !M 9 ADDITION TO DO+ #b#e-#c#e H\RS ( H\SEWORK4.<#a#c.>  
  

,9 O!R WORDS1 ,BOOK*9 IS COMP>+ ,SAN DIRECT SUBSI/5CE WORK PLUS %AD[ WORK ) ,AM]ICAN DIRECT SUBSI/5CE WORK )\T %AD[ WORK4 

,AFT] ! DECEPTIVE CITATION TO ,LEE1 ! EX-,DIRECTOR ADDS1 AS IF TO CL9* ! PO9T3 0,IRV5 ,DE,VORE1 ! ,H>V>D AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O %>$ ,LEE'S CONCLUSIONS ON ! ,BU%M5 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 HAS OBS]V$3 ',WE W]E BE+ A BIT ROMANTIC444 ,\R ASSUMPTIONS & 9T]PRETATIONS W]E MU* TOO SIMPLE4'0.<#a#c#a.> ,!RE IS NO 9DICATION ( :AT EXACTLY ,DE,VORE & HIS COLLEAGUES ?\<T !Y HAD BE5 ROMANTIC OR SIMPLI/IC AB\T4 ,?IS WAS JU/ A J\RNALI/IC S\ND-BITE4 ,NO?+ 9 ! >TICLE BY ,ROG] ,LEW9 7QUOT+ ,DE,VORE7 SUGGE/S ?AT ,DE,VORE IS REF]R+ TO ! DATA ON WORK+ TIME4 ,! >TICLE'S ONLY REF]5CE TO =AG] WORK+ TIME IS TO SUMM>IZE ! ORIG9AL ,LEE_/,DE,VORE F9D+ 0?AT ! 6,KUNG W]E ABLE TO SATISFY !IR MAT]IAL NE$S ) JU/ A FEW H\RS WORK EA* DAY1 !IR EF=T BE+ DIVID$ BETWE5 MALE HUNT+ & FEMALE GA!R+ ( PLANT FOODS40.<#a#c#b.> ,LEW9 REPORTS *ALL5GES TO SEV]AL ASPECTS ( ! ,LEE_/,DE,VORE MODEL1 & IT MU/ HAVE BE5 TO !SE ?AT ,DE,VORE REF]R$1 BUT NONE TO ! F9D+S ON WORK+ TIME4 

,LEE /UDI$ ! =AG+ 6,KUNG ,SAN ( ! ,DOBE >EA ( ! ,KALAH>I4 ,SUSAN ,K5T /UDI$ ! ,KUTSE GR\P ( REC5TLY S$5T>IZ$ ,SAN 9 S\!A/ ,BOTSWANA4 ,AL?\< SOME ( !M KEPT A FEW GOATS & *ICK5S1 #i-#i#e.0 ( !IR MEAT WAS OBTA9$ BY HUNT+4 ,P] DIEM ! ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE M5 ON AV]AGE DEVOT$ B>ELY TWO H\RS TO HUNT+1 #bb M9UTES TO T5D+ GOATS1 & LESS ?AN T5 M9UTES TO MAK+ TRAPS1 = A TOTAL ( #c4#i H\RS WORK4.<#a#c#c.> ,JIRI ,TANAKA1 :O WAS ALSO NOT 9 ! ,LEE-,DE,VORE GR\P1 /UDI$ ANO!R GR\P ( ,SAN 9 ! 6"7,KADE >EA ( ! ,KALAH>I 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS & E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,HIS FIGURES ON WORK+ TIME1 ?\< SLI<TLY HI<] ?AN ,LEE'S1 9 G5]AL PROVIDE 9DEP5D5T SUPPORT = ! PRIMITIVE-Z][ORK !SIS4 ,! DAILY AV]AGE ( TIME AWAY FROM CAMP1 HUNT+ & GA!R+1 IS #d H\RS & #ci M9UTES2 ?IS 9CLUDES LONG BREAKS1 AS 0! SUN'S RAYS BEAT D[N M]CILESSLY ON ! ,KALAH>I MO/ ( ! YE>1 .<SO.> ! ,SAN (T5 /OP TO RE/ 9 ! %ADE DUR+ !IR DAY'S WORK 4440 ,9-CAMP *ORES ADD AB\T TWO H\RS A DAY4.<#a#c#d.> ,?AT MAKES = A WORKWEEK ( #df H\RS & #cc M9UTES1 A BIT HI<] ?AN ,LEE'S E/IMATE 7#d#d4#e H\RS = M51 #d4#a H\RS = WOM571 BUT !N ,TANAKA ACQUIR$ HIS DATA AT A TIME ( SEV]E DR\<T4.<#a#c#e.> ,TANAKA IS ,JAPANESE1 FROM A NATION ( WORKAHOLICS4 ,IT IS UNLIKELY HE WAS SUBJECT TO ! C\NT]-CULTURAL 9FLU5CES :I* ,BOOK*9 IMPROBABLY BLAMES = ! PRIMITIVE-AFFLU5CE !ORY4 ,TANAKA DID NOT COME TO ! ,KALAH>I AS A BELIEV] 9 ?AT !ORY3 ! FIGURE HE >RIV$ AT 0IS LESS ?AN .<HE.> EXPECT$40.<#a#c#f.> ,F9ALLY1 ,LORNA ,J4 ,M>%ALL1 :O /UDI$ ! 6,KUNG ,SAN 9 ! #eS1 A DECADE BE=E ,RI*>D ,B4 ,LEE & O!RS FROM ! ,H>V>D ,KALAH>I PROJECT >RIV$1 REPORTS ?AT ! ,SAN HUNT]S WORK LESS ?AN TWO H\RS A DAY4 ,DUR+ ! DRY SEASON1 :I* IS SIX MON?S ( ! YE>1 ?REE WOM5 %E KNEW SP5T #d#c.0 ( !IR TIME 9 CAMP4 ,& :5 ! 6,KUNG >E 9 CAMP1 0MORE TIME IS SP5T 9 LEISURE ?AN 9 TASKS40.<#a#c#g.> 

,SO F> AS ,I CAN TELL1 NONE ( ! EX-,DIRECTOR'S CIT$ S\RCES OV]TURNS OR EV5 QUALIFIES ! PRIMITIVE-Z][ORK !SIS4 ,! ,LEW9 >TICLE ,I HAVE ALREADY DEALT )4 ,WILMS5'S POLEMIC ,L& ,FILL$ ) ,FLIES IS A FI]CE CRITIQUE ( MO/ ASPECTS ( ! ,LEE_/,DE,VORE MODEL1 BUT IT DOES NOT ADDRESS =AG] WORK+ TIME4 ,BOOK*9 RELIES HEAVILY ON ,HEADL&'S REVIEW ( ,WILMS51 0,P>ADISE ,REVIS$10 AS 0SUMM>IZ+ CURR5T RESE>*10 SOME?+ ,HEADL& DID NOT PURPORT TO DO1 & F\RTE5 YE>S LAT]1 :5 ,I FIR/ WROTE ?IS PASSAGE1 SU* A SUMM>Y W\LD BE OBSOLETE ANYWAY4.<#a#c#h.> ,RA!R1 HE SPOKE ( AN AWAK5+ 9 AN?ROPOLOGY 0?AT IS /ILL TAK+ PLACE40.<#a#c#i.> ,AS SO (T5 HAPP5S1 SOON ! CUTT+ $GE GREW DULL4 ,BY #aiig ,HEADL&1 AS QUOT$ ABOVE1.<#a#d.> /AT$ ?AT ! PREVAIL+ VIEW IS A MOD]ATE V]SION ( ! PRIMITIVE-AFFLU5CE !SIS4 

,IT IS NOT H>D TO SEE :Y ,HEADL& W\LD BACK (F FROM HIS #aii POSITION 9 JU/ SEV5 YE>S4 ,AFT] M5TION+ ,LEE'S CONT5TION ?AT 0! ,DOBE 6,KUNG W]E ABLE TO SUPPLY !IR NE$S EASILY BY WORK+ ONLY TWO OR ?REE H\RS A DAY10 HE W5T ON TO MAKE ! PO9T ?AT ,LEE'S ORIG9AL 0CALCULATIONS ( ! AM\NT ( WORK ! 6,KUNG DEVOT$ TO SUBSI/5CE IGNOR$ ! TIME SP5T 9 PREP>+ FOOD1 :I* TURN$ \T TO BE SUB/ANTIAL40.<#a#d#a.> ,HE DOES NOT EXPLA9 :Y HE DID NOT USE ,LEE'S LAT] CALCULATIONS1 :I* DID 9CLUDE FOOD PREP>ATION1 & :I* HAD BE5 PUBLI%$ ELEV5 YE>S PREVI\SLY4 ,! AUGM5T$ DATA ONLY WID5 ! GAP BETWE5 ! ,SAN & \RSELVES TO \R DISADVANTAGE4 ,HEADL& DOES NOT SAY H[ MU* TIME DEVOT$ TO FOOD PREP>ATION HE CONSID]S SUB/ANTIAL1 BUT ! TIME ?AT ,SAN =AG]S DEVOTE TO FOOD PREP>ATION 7AB\T TWO H\RS A DAY7 IS NOT MU* DIFF]5T FROM ! TIME WE DEVOTE TO IT1 ESPECIALLY IF WE FACTOR 9 %OPP+4 ,:]EAS ! TIME !Y DEVOTE TO DIRECT FOOD ACQUISITION IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 F> LESS4 ,HEADL&'S 9ITIAL REVISIONISM IS EXPLA9$1 IF NOT EXCUS$1 BY ! CONDITION ( ! =AG]S HE /UDI$1 ! ,AGTA ( ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 :O SUFF] FROM HI< MORTALITY1 POOR NUTRITION1 & L[ =AG+ RETURN1 0BUT S9CE ?IS APPE>S TO BE DUE PRIM>ILY TO 5CROA*M5T BY AGRICULTURI/S ! RELEVANCE TO ,SAHL9S'S !SIS IS LIMIT$40.<#a#d#b.> 

,! ,SAN >E NOT ! ONLY EXAMPLE ( PRIMITIVE LEISURE1 JU/ ! BE/ QUANTIFI$4 ,US+ HI/ORICAL S\RCES & ! REPORTS ( FIELDWORK1 ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S HELD UP ! ,AU/RALIAN ABORIG9ES1 ALONG ) ! ,SAN1 AS EXEMPL>S ( PRIMITIVE AFFLU5CE4.<#a#d#c.> ,! ,HADZA 9 ,EA/ ,AFRICA1 :O >E SURR\ND$ BY AGRICULTURI/S & PA/ORALI/S1 NONE!LESS P]SI/ 9 =AG+ -- MA9LY BECAUSE1 AS !Y EXPLA91 !Y DO NOT LIKE H>D WORK4 ,! M5 SP5D+ MORE TIME GAMBL+ ?AN WORK+4 ,SAHL9S QUIPS ?AT !Y 0SEEM MU* MORE CONC]N$ ) GAMES ( *ANCE ?AN ) *ANCES ( GAME40 ,! HUNT]S SP5D LESS ?AN TWO H\RS A DAY OBTA9+ FOOD4.<#a#d#d.> ,ANO!R CASE3 ! ,GUAYAKI ,9DIANS ( ,P>AGUAY1 M5 & WOM51 WORK LESS ?AN TWO H\RS A DAY4.<#a#d#e.> ,9 PRE-CONTACT CONDITIONS ! ,TIWI ( NOR? ,AU/RALIA 5JOY$ 0AN ABUNDANCE ( NATIVE FOOD AVAILABLE ! :OLE YE> R\ND0 -- SO MU* ?AT MALE 9ITIATES AG$ #ad TO #be DESI/$ FROM FOOD PRODUCTION = LONG P]IODS ( ! YE>1 SOME?+ 0ONLY A V]Y WELL-(F TRIBE C\LD AF=D TO ALL[40.<#a#d#f.> ,BUT PRIMITIVE AFFLU5CE IS NOT CONF9$ TO =AG]S4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY 7NOT UNIV]SALLY7 TRUE ?AT UND]PRODUCTION IS TYPICAL ( PRIMITIVES1 NOTABLY %IFT+ CULTIVATORS4 ,!Y C\LD PRODUCE MORE1 AS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT1 PRESS$ BY POPULATION 9CREASE OR CONQUI/ADOR CO]CION1 !Y DID PRODUCE MORE4.<#a#d#g.> ,)\T AT LEA/ POT5TIAL PRIMITIVE AFFLU5CE1 CIVILIZATION C\LD NOT HAVE >IS54 

,)\T RHYME OR REASON1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS ABRUPTLY FA/-=W>DS 7OR -BACKW>DS7 TO M$IEVAL ,EUROPE3 0,GIV5 ! DEM&S ( HI<LY LABOR-9T5SIVE F>M+1 :AT K9D ( FREE TIME1 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 DID SMALL-SCALE F>M]S HAVE8 ,IF HI/ORY IS ANY GUIDE1 IT WAS A LUXURY !Y R>ELY 5JOY$1 EV5 DUR+ ! AGRICULTURALLY DORMANT W9T]S4 ,DUR+ ! MON?S :5 F>M]S W]E NOT TILL+ ! L& & H>VE/+ ITS PRODUCE1 !Y /RUGGL$ 5DLESSLY TO MAKE REPAIRS1 T5D ANIMALS1 P]=M DOME/IC LABOR1 & ! LIKE40.<#a#d#h.> ,?IS IS 5TIRELY BESIDE ! PO9T -- ANY PO9T -- AT ISSUE4 ,! APPEAL TO HI/ORY IS UNACCOMPANI$ BY ANY REF]5CE TO :AT HI/ORIANS ACTUALLY SAY AB\T WORK 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE4 ,!SE PEASANTS W]E WORK+ TO SUPPORT ! CITIES ,BOOK*9 CELEBRATES1 AS WELL AS A P>ASITIC NOBILITY & *UR*4 ,EV5 SO1 H[ MANY WEEKS ( WORK A YE> DID ,5GLI%M5 DEVOTE TO SUBSI/5CE 9 #a#d#i#e8 ,T56.<#a#d#i.> ,M>XI/ ?AT HE IS1 ,BOOK*9 %\LD REMEMB] ?AT ,PAUL ,LAF>GUE 9 ,! ,RI<T TO ,BE ,LAZY WROTE ?AT #b#e.0 ( ! PRE-9DU/RIAL ,FR5* PEASANT'S CAL5D> CONSI/$ ( WORK-FREE ,SUNDAYS & HOLIDAYS4.<#a#e.> ,FAMILY CELEBRATIONS SU* AS BETRO?ALS1 W$D+S & FUN]ALS SUBTRACT$ ANO!R DAY FROM WORK 9 A TYPICAL MON?4.<#a#e#a.> ,BUT1 = PEASANTS AS = =AG]S -- AL?\< TO A LESS] DEGREE -- SIMPLY C\NT+ DAYS ( WORK & DAYS ( LEISURE UND]/ATES ! SUP]IOR QUALITY ( L[-5]GY MODES ( PRODUCTION = ! DIRECT PRODUC]S4 0,! RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES10 WRITES HI/ORIAN ,KEI? ,?OMAS1 0RECALL ! OLD PRIMITIVE CONFUSION AS TO :]E WORK 5D$ & LEISURE BEGAN40.<#a#e#b.> 

,=AG+ AS ,EGALIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM 

  

,?IS IS ! ONE ASPECT ( =AG] SOCIETY :I* ,BOOK*9 EV5 N[ ACCEPTS & APPROVES (4 ,! REVISIONI/S HAVE NOT GONE V]Y F> 9 DISPELL+ ?IS CONCEPTION1 TO :I* BO? ,M>X & ,KROPOTK9 SUBSCRIB$3 !Y HAVE JU/ ID5TIFI$ A FEW MORE EXCEPTIONS TO ! G5]AL RULE ( EQUALITY & FOOD-%>+4 ,! MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 B&S1 TRIBES1 & SOME *IEFDOMS IS PRECISELY ! 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM0 ( :I* ,M>X & ,KROPOTK9 WROTE4.<#a#e#c.> ,USUALLY1 AS ,I PO9T$ \T 9 ,AN>*Y AFT] ,LEFTISM1 IT IS ! S$5T>Y HUNT]-GA!R]S :O MAY 7BUT (T5 DO NOT7 DEVELOP SOME SOCIAL /RATIFICATION1 AS DID ! ,NOR?WE/ ,COA/ ,9DIANS ) P]MAN5T VILLAGES ADJO9+ SALMON RUNS 9 :I* PROP]TY RI<TS W]E RECOGNIZ$4 ,!IR AN>*Y IS A BORD]L9E CASE4.<#a#e#d.> 

,IT'S NOT IMPOSSIBLE1 H[EV] -- JU/ EXTREMELY R>E -- = EV5 NOMADIC HUNT]-GA!R]S TO DI/RIBUTE WEAL? UNEQUALLY OR ASS]T [N]%IP RI<TS TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,A #a#i? C5TURY EXAMPLE IS ! ,TUT*ONE1 A NOMADIC ,A?APASKAN ,9DIAN PEOPLE 9 ! ,YUKON4 ,DESPITE !IR G5]AL POV]TY1 !Y ALLOCAT$ FOOD RES\RCES UNEQUALLY & EV5 MA9TA9$ A =M ( DOME/IC SLAV]Y1 ALLEG$LY )\T BORR[+ !SE PRACTICES FROM O!R /RATIFI$ SOCIETIES4 ,9 ,S,A,L,A1 ,BOOK*9 CIT$ ANO!R AB]RANT1 PA?OLOGICAL EXAMPLE1 ! ,YUQUI -- ALL #dc ( !M4.<#a#e#e.> ,BUT ?AT'S JU/ 0! 'NOT-SO-9-,BONGOBONGOL&' /YLE ( >GUM5T40 ,PROBABLY ALL ,S\? ,AM]ICAN =AG]S1 9CLUD+ ! MIS]ABLE ,YUQUI1 >E DEVOLV$ FROM MORE COMPLEX SOCIETIES DE/ROY$ BY ,EUROPEAN CONTACT4.<#a#e#f.> ,?AT WAS NOT AN ISSUE 9 PREHI/ORIC TIMES4 ,IF =AG] EGALIT>IANISM IS NOT UNIV]SAL1 IT ALMO/ IS1 & EV]Y O!R =M ( SOCIETY DEP>TS FROM EQUALITY TO ! EXT5T ( ITS GREAT] COMPLEXITY4 

,TO S]I\SLY *ALL5GE ! !SIS ( =AG] EGALIT>IANISM1 ! REVISIONI/S W\LD HAVE TO F9D 9EQUALITY AMONG ! MANY =AG+ PEOPLES :]E E?NOGRAPH]S HAVE HI!RTO F\ND EQUALITY4 ,SO F> AS ,I KN[1 ! ONLY REVISIONI/ TO MAKE SU* A CLAIM IS ,$W9 ,WILMS5 9 ,L& ,FILL$ ) ,FLIES4 ,HIS PROVOCATIVE EXAMPLE IS1 IMPROBABLY1 ! ,SAN4 ,WILMS5 ASS]TS ?AT 0MEAT %>+ -- ! PUTATIVE S9E QUA NON ( ,SAN EGALIT>IANISM -- IS ?OR\<LY CONTROLL$ TO MEET ! POLITICAL 5DS ( ! DI/RIBUTORS40.<#a#e#g.> ,!RE >E SEV]AL DIFFICULTIES H]E4 ,! DI/RIBUTOR ( MEAT 7! [N] ( ! >R[ :I* KILL$ ! ANIMAL7 HAS NO POLITICAL 5DS1 = ! ,SAN >E AN>*I/S4 ,:AT HE DOES HAVE IS EXPECTATIONS TO SATISFY :I* >E DET]M9$ MA9LY BY K9%IP4 ,TO 9F] 9EQUALITY FROM ?IS IS A NON SEQUITUR1 = FEW IF ANY ,SAN >E 5TIRELY )\T FAMILY & FRI5DS AT A CAMPSITE3 0VIRTUALLY ALL MEMB]S 9 A B& >E DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO A CORE MEMB] & ?US HAVE FREE ACCESS TO ! >EA'S RES\RCES40.<#a#e#h.> ,SAN PR9CIPLES ( FOOD-%>+ PRIORITIES DO NOT MA!MATICALLY GU>ANTEE ABSOLUTE DI/RIBUTIVE EQUALITY1 BUT 9 PRACTICE !Y APPROXIMATE IT4 ,! SAME HAS BE5 SAID ( ANO!R =AG+ PEOPLE1 ! ,PALIYANS3 !Y DO NOT A*IEVE P]FECT EQUALITY1 0BUT !Y COME CLOS] TO DO+ SO ?AN MO/ SOCIAL PHILOSOPH]S D>E DREAM (40.<#a#e#i.> ,G5]ALLY1 HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES REPRES5T 0! CLOSE/ APPROXIMATION TO EQUALITY KN[N 9 ANY HUMAN SOCIETIES40.<#a#f.> 

,H[EV]1 EV5 >GUM5TS AT ?IS MODE/ LEVEL ( SOPHI/ICATION >E UNNECESS>Y TO DISPOSE ( ,WILMS5'S EXAMPLE -- = ?AT'S ALL IT IS3 A S+LE 0ANECDOTE0 7HIS WORD7 AB\T A ,SAN :O COMPLA9$ ( RECEIV+ NO MEAT FROM A B& 9 :I* %E HAD NO RELATIVES4 ,EV5 ?AT S\NDS FI%Y1 OR AT LEA/ NONTRADITIONAL1 BECAUSE ! PRACTICE IS ?AT EV]YONE 9 CAMP GETS SOME MEAT1 & SOME ( IT 7NOT ! *OICE/ CUTS7 IS %>$ ) NON-RELATIVES4.<#a#f#a.> ,PROBABLY %E JU/ GOT LESS ?AN %E WANT$4 ,!SE ,SAN >E1 9 FACT1 NONTRADITIONAL4 ,!Y >E NOT =AG]S1 !Y >E PA/ORALI/S :O HUNT1 P>T-TIME1 FROM HORSEBACK1 & P>TLY ) RIFLES4.<#a#f#b.> 

,WILMS5'S CLAIM = CLASS DI/9CTIONS AMONG =AG+ ,SAN IS HIS 0MO/ CONT5TI\S10 OV]/AT$1 & LEA/ ACCEPT$ PROPOSITION4.<#a#f#c.> ,SEV]AL AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 EV5 ,WILMS5'S MA9 T>GET ,RI*>D ,B4 ,LEE1 CR$IT ,WILMS5 ) PLAC+ EMPHASIS ON ! HI/ORICAL DIM5SION ( ,SAN /UDIES1 BUT !Y CONTE/ ! F9D+S ( HIS FIELDWORK1 :I* COMM5C$ ONLY 9 #a#i#g#c1 AS 0SO AT ODDS ) PREVI\S WORKS ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO RECONCILE ONE'S PRIOR KN[L$GE ( ! ,KALAH>I ) :AT ,WILMS5 PRES5TS40.<#a#f#d.> ,EV5 A FELL[ REVISIONI/ LIKE ,?OMAS ,HEADL&1 9 A REVIEW :I* ,BOOK*9 CITES APPROV+LY1 CONCLUDES ?AT 0ONE CAN BE G5]ALLY CONV9C$ BY ,WILMS5'S ACC\NT ( \TSIDE 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,KALAH>I DES]T :ILE BE+ TR\BL$ BY HIS COMPLETE REJECTION ( E>LI] PORTRAITS ( ! 6,KUNG40.<#a#f#e.> 

,WILMS5'S EMBRACE ( HI/ORY 7& >*AEOLOGY1 HIS SPECIALTY.<#a#f#f.>7 AT ! EXP5SE ( E?NOGRAPHY LOOKS LIKE S\R GRAPES4 ,HE >RIV$ 9 ! FIELD 9 #a#i#g#c1.<#a#f#g.> TOO LATE TO /UDY VIABLE ,SAN =AG]S1 AS ,M>%ALL1 ,LEE1 ,H[ELL1 ,TANAKA1 ,%O/ACK & O!RS HAD DONE4 ,9/EAD1 HE RUMMAG$ ! >*IVES TO PROVE ?AT !RE'D NEV] BE5 ANY SU* =AG]S1 ONLY ! SAME IMPOV]I%$ UND]CLASS HE F\ND 9 ! #a#i#gS4 ,BUT ,M>JORIE ,%O/ACK OBS]V$ RAPID *ANGE FROM #aifi ONW>DS4.<#a#f#h.> ,SUSAN ,K5T1 ANO!R AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O HAS /UDI$ ! ,SAN1 SURELY HAD ,WILMS5 9 M9D :5 %E WROTE3 0,= PEOPLE NOT EXP]I5C+ SU* RAPID *ANGE1 IT SOMETIMES IS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ?AT IT CAN OCCUR SO QUICKLY4 ,SOME RESE>*]S >E CONSEQU5TLY SKEPTICAL AB\T DESCRIPTIONS ( A PEOPLE !Y KN[ TODAY ?AT W]E WRITT5 ONLY A DECADE AGO40.<#a#f#i.> 

,/ILL ANO!R ( ,WILMS5'S REVIEW]S NOTES ?AT 0PAGE AFT] PAGE D5\NCES ,RI*>D ,LEE & A HO/ ( O!R E?NOGRAPH]S ) UNNECESS>Y /+S1 :ILE SOME O!R PAGES RELY ON ! F9D+S ( !SE V]Y S*OL>S40.<#a#g.> ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 IS RI<T TO RECOGNIZE 9 ,WILMS5 A K9DR$ SPIRIT1 ANO!R LAWY] TRAPP$ 9 ! BODY ( A S*OL>1 EXCEPT ?AT ,BOOK*9 ISN'T EV5 A S*OL>4 0,S*OL>%IP10 NOTIC$ ONE ( ,BOOK*9'S R>E S*OL>LY REVIEW]S1 0IS NOT HIS PO9T1 OR HIS A*IEVEM5T10 & HIS 0ME?OD IS TO RANSACK WORLD HI/ORY -- MORE OR LESS AT R&OM0 = EXAMPLES ?AT SEEM TO SUPPORT HIS POSITION4.<#a#g#a.> ,BOOK*9 RELIES ON ,WILMS5 9 EXACTLY ! OPPORTUNI/IC WAY ,WILMS5 RELIES ON ,LEE 0& A HO/ ( O!R E?NOGRAPH]S10 GRABB+ :ATEV] S\NDS LIKE SUPPORT = AN ADVOCACY POSITION1 & NEV] M9D :AT IT REALLY MEANS OR ! CONTEXT OR ! RE/ ( ! /ORY4 ,:5 LAWY]S PILLAGE HI/ORY ?IS WAY1 HI/ORIANS REF] TO ! RESULT CONTEMPTU\SLY AS 0LAW-(FICE HI/ORY40.<#a#g#b.> ,BOOK*9 WRITES LAW-(FICE HI/ORY1 LAW-(FICE AN?ROPOLOGY1 & LAW-(FICE PHILOSOPHY1 :I* IS TO SAY1 PSEUDO-HI/ORY1 PSEUDO-AN?ROPOLOGY1 & PSEUDO-PHILOSOPHY4 

,=AG+ AS ! ,GOOD ,LIFE4 

  

,BY ! CAT*ALL PHRASE 0! GOOD LIFE0 ,I REF] TO V>I\S FUR!R FEATURES ( =AG+ SOCIETY :I* >E SIGNIFICANT = :AT ,I CAN ONLY REF] TO1 VAGUELY AT ! \TSET1 AS ! QUALITY ( LIFE4 ,NECESS>ILY1 9T]PRETATION & VALUE JUDGM5TS 5T] 9TO ! ASSESSM5T ( ?IS DIM5SION EV5 MORE OP5LY ?AN 9 ! ASSESSM5T ( ! FIR/ ?REE1 BUT JU/ AS NECESS>ILY !RE IS NO AVOID+ !M 9 A FULL APPRAISAL4 ,VIABLE AN>*O-COMMUNI/ SOCIETIES NATURALLY 9T]E/ AN>*I/S1 BUT IF HUNT]-GA!R]S 5JOY LITTLE MORE ?AN ! FRE$OM TO SUFF]1 & EQUALITY 9 POV]TY1 !IR EXAMPLE IS NOT V]Y 9SPIR+4 ,IF ?AT IS ALL ?AT AN>*Y (F]S1 AN>*ISM HAS NO APPEAL EXCEPT TO ! FANATIC FEW4 ,ABUNDANCE & GOOD HEAL?1 = 9/ANCE1 MAY NOT BE SUPREME VALUES1 BUT VALUES !Y >E4 ,IF !Y >E TOO LACK+ = TOO LONG1 ! WIDE/ LIB]TY1 EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY LOSE !IR SAVOR4 ,BUT = =AG]S1 ! PRICE ( LIB]TY1 EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY IS NOT NE>LY SO HI<4 

,:5 ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S *>ACT]IZ$ HUNT]-GA!R]S AS ! ORIG9AL AFFLU5T SOCIETY1 HE MEANT TO MAKE SEV]AL PO9TS4 ,ONE ,I HAVE ALREADY DEALT )3 RELATIVELY %ORT WORK+ TIME4 ,! O!R1 :I* HAS ALWAYS ATTRACT$ MORE ATT5TION1 IS ! CONT5TION ?AT =AG]S TYPICALLY 5JOY A FOOD SUPPLY NOT ONLY ABUNDANT BUT RELIABLE4 ,!Y DO NOT WORK V]Y MU* BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO NE$ TO WORK ANY LONG] OR ANY H>D] 9 ORD] TO HAVE ALL ?AT !Y WANT TO CONSUME4 ,!Y DO NOT /ORE MU* FOOD OR = LONG1 P>TLY = LACK ( ! REQUISITE TE*NOLOGY1 BUT FUNDAM5TALLY BECAUSE ( !IR CONFID5CE ?AT !Y CAN ALWAYS GO \T & GET SOME MORE4 ,9/EAD ( ! DESP]ATE PREOCCUPATION ) SURVIVAL :I* ,BOOK*9 ATTRIBUTES TO !M1 ! =AG]S' ATTITUDE T[>D ! QUE/ = SUBSI/5CE1 IS1 AS ,SAHL9S SAYS1 ONE ( 0NON*ALANCE40.<#a#g#c.> 

,AS EV]YONE ACKN[L$GES -- ,WATSON & ,I 9CLUD$.<#a#g#d.> -- AL?\< ABUNDANCE IS ! NORM AMONG CONTEMPOR>Y HUNT]-GA!R]S1 !Y MAY GO HUNGRY OCCASIONALLY4 ,!RE'S A TWO-MON? P]IOD ( ! YE>1 = 9/ANCE1 9 :I* ,SAN FOOD 9TAKE DECL9ES4 ,?AT DOES NOT VALIDATE ! ,HOBBESIAN VIEW1 :I* IS EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE3 ?AT = =AG]S1 HUNG] IS ! NORM4 ,LEE & DEMOGRAPH] ,NANCY ,H[ELL MEASUR$ A #a.0 TO #b.0 LOSS 9 ,SAN BODY WEI<T DUR+ ! L[ PO9T1 0F> %ORT ( .<!.> #d TO #f4#e P]C5T AV]AGE LOSS OBS]V$ AMONG AGRICULTURI/S40.<#a#g#e.> ,& AL?\< SAY+ SO 9C5SES ! EASILY IRK$ ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS1 IT IS OBVI\SLY RELEVANT TO ! PRIMITIVE-AFFLU5CE !SIS ?AT 9 PREHI/ORIC TIMES1 =AG]S HAD ALL ! WORLD'S HABITATS TO 5JOY1 NOT JU/ ! M>G9AL WA/ES TO :I* CONTEMPOR>Y =AG]S >E RELEGAT$ BY CIVILIZ$ TE*NO-VIOL5CE4 ,IT IS REASONABLE TO 9F] ?AT :5 =AG]S HAD ! :OLE WORLD TO !MSELVES1 !Y 5JOY$ EV5 GREAT] EASE & AFFLU5CE1 ! MAT]IAL BASE ( !IR SUCCESSFUL AN>*Y4.<#a#g#f.> ,I D>ESAY ?AT MORE ,AM]ICANS ?AN =AG]S WILL GO TO B$ HUNGRY TONI<T4 

,! WORLD ( ! =AG]S IS NOT1 ANY MORE ?AN \RS IS1 ABSOLUTELY SECURE4 ,SU* WORDS AS 0P>ADISE0 & 0$5IC0 >E NEV] US$ BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S & NOT (T5 US$1 & !N USUALLY METAPHORICALLY1 BY AN>*O-PRIMITIVI/S4 ,IT IS !IR CRITICS1 ABOVE ALL ,BOOK*91 :O PUT !SE WORDS 9 !IR M\?S1 COMP\ND+ ! DECEPTION BY PUTT+ !SE NONEXI/5T QUOTATIONS 9 QUOTATION M>KS -- A ,BOOK*9 ABUSE ,I T>GET$ 9 ,AN>*Y AFT] ,LEFTISM BUT :I* ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS N[ 9DULGES 9 MORE RECKLESSLY ?AN EV]4.<#a#g#g.> ,LIKE ,BOOK*91 BUT UNLIKE A F9E W9E1 IT HAS NOT IMPROV$ ) AGE4 ,9V]T$ COMMAS >E A 0/YLI/IC TIC0 ) :I*1 AS ,BOOK*9 DOES1 0'TR5DY LEFTIES' MAKE QUOTATION M>K SIGNS 9 ! AIR AT EV]Y ?IRD WORD40 ,AS ,K>L ,KRAUS WROTE3 0,IT IS A PITIFUL =M ( MOCK]Y ?AT EXP5DS ITSELF 9 PUNCTUATION -- EMPLOY+ EXCLAMATION M>KS1 QUE/ION M>KS1 & DA%ES AS IF !Y W]E :IPS1 SN>ES1 & GOADS40.<#a#g#h.> ,AS ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN SAYS1 0Y\ SEE PRETTY MU* EV]Y?+ 9 QUOTES :5 Y\ LOOK AT PO/MOD]N WRIT+4 ,SO IT'S A LOT ( IRONY1 ( C\RSE40.<#a#g#i.> 

,= ,BOOK*91 ! WORLD ( IDEAS IS A FRAGILE & FE>FUL PLACE4 ,IF AN IDEA IS WRONG1 IT IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 & VISE V]SA4 ,?AT IS :Y IT NEV] OCCURS TO HIM ?AT ANY ( ! IDEAS HE ASSAILS1 EV5 IF HIS CRITICISMS >E COG5T1 >E JU/ TRIVIAL4 ,TO BE WRONG AB\T ,GOYA OR ,TAOISM IS AS CALAMIT\S AS BE+ WRONG AB\T LIB]ATORY 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY OR ! POLIS AS HUMAN DE/9Y4 ,EV]Y ]ROR1 NO MATT] H[ SEEM+LY REMOTE FROM POLITICAL PRACTICE1 IS EV5 MORE CATA/ROPHIC ?AN EV]Y O!R ]ROR1 & !Y ALL =M ONE VA/1 MALIGNANT PATT]N4 ,TO BELIEVE 7AS ALL REFLECTIVE SCI5TI/S DO7 ?AT !RE >E NO DEF9ITIVE EXPLANATIONS -- NO ONE C\LD 0HAVE =MULAT$ A MORE DISA/R\S NOTION06 ,AS USUAL1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS BLAMES ,NIETZS*E & ! ,PO/-,MOD]NI/S = A PO9T ( VIEW ) MULTIPLE ORIG9S1 AMONG !M ,PRAGMATISM1 :I* HAS PREVAIL$ AMONG SCI5TI/S = A C5TURY4 ,AT ONE TIME HE ADMITT$ HIMSELF ?AT !RE >E NO 0BRUTE FACTS0 9DEP5D5T ( 9T]PRETATION4.<#a#h.> ,:AT PRACTICAL DIFF]5CE DOES IT MAKE IF ONE UPHOLDS AN ABSOLUTI/ OR1 AS SCI5TI/S DO1 A PROBABILI/IC CONCEPTION ( KN[L$GE8 ,PRACTICALITY BE DAMN$ :5 ! S\L IS 9 P]IL4 

,& ?AT IS ALSO :Y HE CALLS EV]Y?+ HE OPPOSES 0B\RGEOIS10 AS ! T]M SEEMS TO EXPLA9 & JU/IFY A RANGE ( REJECTIONS :I* W\LD O!RWISE LOOK >BITR>Y & IDIOSYNCRATIC4 ,9 HIS ,/AL9I/ Y\?1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS LE>N$ H[ TO SAY ?AT :ATEV] ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY OPPOS$ ?AT WEEK WAS 0OBJECTIVELY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y40 ,AS ?AT EXPRESSION HAS ACQUIR$ NOTORIETY1 ,BOOK*9 TURNS TO 0B\RGEOIS0 AS A SUB/ITUTE4 ,HE NEV] EXPLA9S :AT IS B\RGEOIS AB\T ?IS OR ?AT HOBBY-HORSE BECAUSE !RE IS NEV] ANY SOCIAL BASIS TO REF] TO4 ,:5 HE SAYS ?AT 0PRIMITIVISM IS PRECISELY ! PRIVILEGE ( AFFLU5T URBANITES10 HE LIES1 BECAUSE HE KN[S ?AT ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN1 = 9/ANCE1 IS NOT AFFLU5T1 & NEI!R >E MANY O!R PRIMITIVI/S4.<#a#h#a.> ,HE NEV] EXPLA9S H[ A/ROLOGY1 DEEP ECOLOGY1 ,TEMPOR>Y ,AUTONOM\S ,ZONES1 SITUATIONI/ !ORY1 ,TAOISM1 & ! PRIMITIVE-AFFLU5CE !SIS S]VE ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,:5 ! EX-,DIRECTOR V5TURES AN EXPLANATION1 AS ) ,TAOISM & ! SITUATIONI/S1 IT IS ?AT ! (F5D+ IDEA PROMOTES PASSIVITY & 9DIFF]5CE TO ! 0POLITICAL SPH]E10 9 O!R WORDS1 IT DEPRIVES HIM ( CADRE4 ,BUT ?AT W\LD NOT MAKE SITUATIONI/S & ,TAOI/S B\RGEOIS1 NOR ALT] ! REALITY ?AT ! POLITICAL SPH]E IS OV]:ELM+LY B\RGEOIS4 ,! PASSIVITY !SIS F\ND]S ON FAMILI> FACTS4 ,OV] #i.0 ( ,AM]ICANS BELIEVE 9 ,GOD.<#a#h#b.> -- & ?IS IS NOT SOME?+ NEW 9 ! P]IOD ( SOCIAL REACTION -- YET ! ,RELIGI\S ,RI<T SURPASSES ALL O!R 9T]E/ GR\PS 9 POLITICAL ACTIVISM4 ,TAOISM IS SUPPOS$ TO 9DUCE POLITICAL QUIETISM1 YET ,JOHN ,P4 ,CL>K IS RA!R TOO ACTIVE POLITICALLY TO SUIT ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS4.<#a#h#c.> ,TO SPEAK ( ! SITUATIONI/S AS POLITICALLY QUIESC5T IS BELI$ BY !IR ACTIVITY 9 ,P>IS 9 ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#f#h1 :5 ,BOOK*9 WAS 9 ,NEW ,YORK WAIT+ \T ! G5]AL /RIKE 7SEE ,APP5DIX74.<#a#h#d.> 

,AS (T5 AS NOT1 IT IS ,BOOK*9'S IDEOLOGY :I* IS ! MORE PLAUSIBLE C&IDATE = RE9=C+ ! /ATUS QUO4 0,! T[N MEET+ IDEAL10 /ATES A POLITICAL SCI5TI/ :O DOES NOT MEAN TO BE CRITICAL1 0PLA9LY T\*ES SOME?+ V]Y CLOSE TO ! HE>T ( ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY40.<#a#h#e.> ,TO BE PRO-TE*NOLOGY IS TO REMOVE A BASIS = OPPOS+ ?OSE :O [N ! TE*NOLOGY & :AT !Y DO ) IT4 ,TE*NOLOGY MAY BE LIB]ATORY POT5TIALLY1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT TR\BLE ! CAPITALI/S SO LONG AS IT IS PR(ITABLE ACTUALLY4 0,POT5TIALLY0 MAY NEV] COME &1 AFT] ALL1 IT NEV] HAS4 ,TO BE PRO-ELECTORAL REPRODUCES ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM AT ALL LEVELS1 NOT JU/ ! ONE NOT AB/A9$ FROM1 & DIV]TS OPPOSITIONAL =CES FROM DIRECT ACTION4 ,TO CRITICIZE ALL O!R AN>*I/S :O DIFF] EV5 SOME:AT FROM ONESELF 9 GOALS & ME?ODS AS DELUSIONAL OR VICI\S IS TO SPLIT ! MOVEM5T1 :I* IS EXACTLY :AT ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS TRY+ TO DO1 S9CE HE CANNOT HOPE TO PLACE HIMSELF AT ITS HEAD4 ,! ,GRE5S W\LD NOT RALLY BEH9D HIS LEAD]%IP &1 ) UN*>ACT]I/IC REALISM1 ,BOOK*9 HAS F9ALLY FIGUR$ \T ?AT NEI!R W\LD ! AN>*I/S4 ,9 APPE>ANCE1 ! ,DIRECTOR ,EM]ITUS IS AN AN>*I/2 9 ESS5CE1 HE IS A ,TROTSKYI/4 

,IT MAKES NO S5SE TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! MY? ( ! ,NOBLE ,SAVAGE B5EFITS ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,TODAY1 AS 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY1 ! PR9CIPAL POLITICAL USE ( ! MY? IS TO CRITICIZE CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY 7A FUNCTION TO :I* IT WAS PUT BY ,DID]OT1 ,R\SSEAU & O!RS :O MADE EXPLICIT ?AT !Y DID NOT CALL = A RETURN TO PRIMITIVE WAYS74 ,PRIMITIVE SOCIETY IS ACTUALLY PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM1 &1 0OBVI\SLY1 ! CONCEPT IS \T ( /EP ) B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 ,B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE ?AT PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM DOES NOT EXI/4 ,9 POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS IT IS LUMP$ ) ROMANTICISM1 EXOTICISM3 ! NOBLE SAVAGE444 ,!RE IS A CONSID]ABLE 9DU/RY 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 & ESPECIALLY POP AN?ROPOLOGY1 TO %[ ! PRIMITIVE AS A ,HOBBESIAN BE+ -- ) A LIFE ?AT IS 'NA/Y1 BRUTI% & %ORT4' ,9 ! CURR5T CLIMATE ( OP9ION 9 ! ,WE/1 NO ONE IS GO+ TO GO BROKE BY APPEAL+ TO ! CYNICISM & SOPHI/ICATION ( ! 9TELLECTUAL 9 LATE CAPITALISM0 7,RI*>D ,B4 ,LEE74.<#a#h#f.> 

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