,NIHILISM1 ,AN>*Y1 & ! #b#a/ C5TURY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>AGORN6 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,?IS PAMPHLET AB\T NIHILISM IS 9T5D$ = AN AN>*I/ AUDI5CE4 ,?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( COMPIL+ ?IS !RE WAS A C]TA9 TEMPTATION TO PREFACE S5T5CE AFT] S5T5CE ) ',FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE' OR ',AS AN AN>*I/' BECAUSE MY EVALUATION ( ?IS SUBJECT MAT]IAL COMES FROM AN AN>*I/ ORI5TATION4 ,I RESI/$ MAK+ SU* A P$ANTIC /ATEM5T OV] & OV] AGA9 )9 !SE PAGES BUT ,I W\LD REM9D ! READ] ?AT ! ASSUMPTION HOLDS4 

,A FEW NOTES AB\T ! N>RATIVE >C ?AT ,I 9T5D H]E4 ,MY 9T5TION IS TO EXPOSE AN>*I/S 7:O MI<T NOT BE O!RWISE7 TO ! BREAD? ( ! NIHILI/ CONTRIBUTION4 ,I HAVE GONE FUR!R AFIELD ?AN ,I G5]ALLY W\LD4 ,NORMALLY ,I W\LD BE SATISFI$ PROVID+ ?READS ?AT AN 5GAG$ READ] C\LD FOLL[ ON !IR [N )\T MAK+ ! CONNECTIONS ?AT SEEM OBVI\S TO ME4 ,I G5]ALLY SEE MY WRIT+ AS LIV+ )9 ! CONTEXT ?AT IT DOES & !RE=E DO NOT SP5D A LOT ( TIME EXPLA9+ :Y ,I HAVE >RIV$ :]E ,I HAVE4 

,H]E9 ,I HAVE MADE DIFF]5T *OICES4 ,I BEG9 ) A L5G?Y DISCUSSION AB\T ! HI/ORY ( NIHILISM4 ,I AM NOT A P>TICUL> FAN ( ! FACTS1 NAMES1 & DATES ?AT MAKES A USEFUL HI/ORY1 BUT MADE AN EXCEPTION 9 ?IS CASE BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! 9=MATION %\LD BE ACCESSIBLE TO MORE PEOPLE ?AN JU/ ?OSE :O >E WILL+ TO SLOG ?R\< ! MANY BOOKS ON ! SUBJECT ?AT ,I HAVE4 ,) ?AT SAID1 ,I HAVE MADE MANY ]RORS ( OMISSION4 ,IF ,I EV] DO DECIDE TO WRITE A BOOK ON HI/ORY1 IT MAY V]Y WELL BE ON NIHILISM1 BECAUSE ! AM\NT ?AT ,I LEFT \T ( ?IS BRIEF HI/ORY /ILL WEI<S ON MY M9D4 

,I !N PROVIDE SOME ?\<TS ON ! CONNECTION1 OR LACK ( CONNECTION1 ( NIHILISM TO ! SOCIALI/ TRADITION4 ,I WILL SAY1 EV5 ?\< ,I WILL REGRET SAY+ IT LAT]1 ?AT P>T ( MY 9T5TION IS TO APPROA* C]TA9 TOPICS ) A /RONG] LANGUAGE ?AN ! CURR5T LEFT OR NOT-LEFT DISC\RSE4 ,I MAKE ! ISSUE AB\T SOCIALISM4 ,I HAVE 9CLUD$ A PREVI\SLY PUBLI%$ ESSAY ?AT MAKES A FIR/ PASS AT DRAW+ \T CONNECTIONS BETWE5 NIHILISM & ACTION 9-?IS-WORLD ?AT MAY BE USEFUL TO ?OSE EAG] TO DEVELOP CONCLUSIONS ALONG !SE L9ES 9 REAL-TIME4 ,F9ALLY ,I HAVE 9CLUD$ A REC5T RANT ?AT WILL S]VE AS AN EXCLAMATION PO9T TO ?IS PAMPHLET & A COMMA TO \R DISCUSSION AB\T NIHILISM & AN>*Y4 

,>AGORN6 

,*APT] #a3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN ,NIHILISM 

,AN UND]/&+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN NIHILISM ( ! #a#h#fS BEG9S ) AN ATTEMPT TO UND]/& ! CONCEPT ( NIHILISM4 ,?IS IS NATURALLY DIFFICULT BECAUSE IF !RE IS A WORD ?AT HAS EV5 MORE LOAD$1 & NEGATIVE1 CONNOTATIONS ?AN AN>*ISM IT W\LD BE NIHILISM4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE ! PRIM>Y VEHICLE ( \R MOD]N UND]/&+ ( NIHILISM IS ?R\< ! FICTION ( ,TURG5EV & ,DO/OEVSKY4 ,NEI!R ( !SE AU?ORS W]E P>TICUL>LY SYMPA!TIC TO NIHILISM & PROVID$ NIHILI/ *>ACT]S PRIM>ILY AS A FRAME ) :I* TO DRAPE !IR MORALITY TALES4 ,! V]SION ( NIHILISM (F]$ BY !SE AU?ORS IS !N1 PRIM>ILY1 A SNAP%OT ( ! POPUL> CULTURE 9 :I* NIHILISM DWELT AS MU* AS IT IS A RECOLLECTION ( ! TR5D4 ,?IS TIME 9 ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY IS P>T ( ! /ORY ( NIHILISM & WILL BE P>T ( ! /ORY 9 BRIDG+ ! GAP BETWE5 ! MY?OLOGICAL ,BAZ>OV1 ,V]KHOV5SKY1 OR ,RASKOLNIKOV & FIGURES LIKE ,NI*OLAS ,*]NY%EVSKY1 ,DMITRY ,PIS>EV1 & TO SOME EXT5T ,S]GEY ,NE*AYEV4 

,:AT !N WAS NIHILISM8 ,NIHILISM WAS A Y\? MOVEM5T1 A PHILOSOPHICAL T5D5CY1 & A REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE4 ,NIHILISM WAS ! VALORIZATION ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,NIHILISM WAS A SPECIFIC FA%ION /YLE4 ,NIHILISM WAS A NEW APPROA* TO ES!TICS1 CRITICISM & E?ICS4 ,NIHILISM WAS ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 A /UDI$ MAT]IALISM & ! DESIRE TO ANNIHILATE ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,NIHILISM WAS ALSO A P>TICUL>LY ,RUSSIAN RESPONSE TO ! CONDITIONS ( ,CZ>I/ RE=M & REPRESSION4 ,NIHILISM HAS BECOME MU* MORE ?AN IT ORIG9ALLY W\LD HAVE BE5 CAPABLE ( BECAUSE ( ! VIRAL NATURE ( ITS VALUE-SY/EM1 PRACTICE1 & CONCLUSIONS4 ,NIHILISM'S EFFECT IS TRACEABLE ?R\< ! HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM1 ?R\< ! =MATION & MOD]N PRACTICE ( T]RORISM1 & ?R\< PHILOSOPHICAL TR5DS FROM DECON/RUCTION TO EXI/5TIALISM4 

,RUSSIA 9 ! MID N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS A PLACE ( 9CREAS+ T5SION4 ,! REVOLUTION ( #ahdh ?AT T\*$ MO/ ( ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T DID NOT DRA/ICALLY AFFECT ,RUSSIA4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! ,RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN TO SUBDUE ,NAPOLEON 7#a#h#a#b-#a#h#a#e7 WE/]N IDEAS W]E BR\<T TO ,RUSSIA4 ,!SE IDEAS MO/ CLE>LY >TICULAT$ !MSELVES AS A DESIRE = A CON/ITUTION DEF5D+ VALUES LIKE HUMAN RI<TS1 A REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 & DEMOCRACY4 ,:5 ! ,CZ> 7,ALEX&] ,I7 DI$ 9 #ahbe A REGIM5T ( SOLDI]S REFUS$ TO PAY ALLEGIANCE TO ! NEW CR[N1 WANT+ 9/EAD ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,RUSSIAN CON/ITUTION4 ,!SE WE/]NIZ$ ,RUSSIANS W]E P>TICUL>LY FRU/RAT$ BECAUSE ! COLONY ( ,POL& WAS AW>D$ A CON/ITUTION BY ! ,CZ>4 ,! ',DECEMBRI/S1' AS !Y W]E CALL$1 W]E SUPPRESS$ & REMA9$ A SYMBOL ( ! POSSIBILITY ( SOCIAL *ANGE ?R\<\T ! C5TURY4 ,ALEX&]'S SUCCESSOR1 HIS BRO!R ,NI*OLAS ,I1 WAS AN AUTOCRAT4 ,HE RUL$ ,RUSSIA 7#a#h#b#e-#a#h#e#e7 ) A COMB9ATION ( SECRET POLICE 7! ,?IRD ,SECTION71 C5SOR%IP1 NATIONALISM1 & COLONIALISM4 ,AFT] ! FAILURE 9 ! ,CRIMEAN W> AGA9/ ! COMB9$ MI<T ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE1 ,BRITA91 & ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA WAS 9 ! DIRE SITUATION ( BE+ =C$ TO MAKE MAJOR RE=MS OR NO LONG] BE CONSID]$ A PLAY] ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,! TIM+ ( ?IS MILIT>Y FAILURE BY ,RUSSIA CO9CID$ ) ! DEA? ( ,NI*OLAS ,I4 

,HIS SON1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 ASSUM$ ! ?RONE 7#a#h#e#e-#a#h#h#a74 ,HIS REIGN BEGAN ) ! NEGOTIATION ( A PEACE DEAL ) ! MAJOR P[]S ( ,EUROPE & A MAJOR DOME/IC RE=M4 ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 9 ! SIX? YE> ( HIS REIGN1 FRE$ ! PEASANTS4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT AS A CLASS ! PEASANTS BECAME 0TRANS=M$ 9TO A CLASS ( 9DEP5D5T COMMUNAL PROPRIETORS0 :I* MEANT ?AT !Y HAD RI<TS F> BEYOND ANY O!R PEASANTRY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS RE=M WAS C\PL$ ) *ANGES TO ! MILIT>Y1 JUDICI>Y1 & LOCAL SELF-GOV]NANCE4 ,?IS SPIRIT ( *ANGE WAS DAMP5$ BY ! COMP>ISON ( ! TRANS=MATIONS NOT TO ! PA/1 BUT TO A MY?OLOGICAL /ATE4 ,?IS SETS ! /AGE = NIHILISM4 

,! ,NEW ,PEOPLE1 AS !Y W]E CALL$1 EXI/$ BE=E ! PUBLI%+ ( ! BOOK ,FA!RS & ,SONS 7#a#h#f#b7 BY ,TURG5EV BUT F\ND A H]O 9 ! *>ACT] ( ,BAZ>OV4 ,IT IS WOR? NOT+ ! ROLE ( LIT]ATURE 9 ,RUSSIAN CULTURE4 ,PROSE ROSE TO PROM95CE 9 ! #a#h#dS AS ! RISE 9 PUBLICATIONS ( LIT]>Y J\RNALS ?AT PR9T$ NOVELS 9 S]IAL4 ,?IS =M AFFECT$ ,RUSSIAN CULTURE SO DRAMATICALLY ?AT ,ALEX&]'S EMANCIPATION ( ! PEASANTS IS ATTRIBUT$1 9 P>T1 TO HIS REACTION TO ,IVAN ,TURG5EV'S COLLECTION ( ,SPORTSMAN'S ,SKET*ES ?AT DEPICT$ ! LIFE ( ! PEASANT4 ,LIT]ATURE WAS A RESPECT$ =M ( SOCIAL COMM5T>Y ?AT BROA*$ ISSUES FROM ! G5]ATION GAP 79 ,FA!RS & ,SONS7 TO ! PSY*OLOGY ( M5 & WOM5 UND] GREAT DURESS 7,DO/OYEVSKY7 & 9 DAILY LIFE 7,TOL/OY74 ,?IS /YLE ( LIT]ATURE BECAME KN[N AS REALISM DUE TO ITS UNFL9*+ PORTRAYAL ( CONTEMPOR>Y LIFE4 ,! REALI/ NOVEL PORTRAY$ ! EXP]I5CE ( :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ,RUSSIAN CULTURE & 9 ! #a#h#fS ?AT WAS NIHILISM4 

,F\NDATIONAL ,NIHILISM 

,RUSSIAN NIHILISM CAN BE DISSECT$1 P]HAPS UNNATURALLY1 9TO TWO P]IODS4 ,! F\NDATIONAL P]IOD 7#a#h#f-#a#h#f#i7 :]E ! 'C\NT]-CULTURAL' ASPECTS ( NIHILISM SC&ALIZ$ ,RUSSIA1 :]E EV5 ! SMALLE/ ( 9DISCRETIONS RESULT$ 9 NIHILI/S BE+ S5T TO ,SIB]IA OR IMPRISON$ = L5G?Y P]IODS ( TIME1 & :]E ! PHILOSOPHY ( NIHILISM WAS =M$4 ,! O!R P]IOD W\LD BE ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ( ,NIHILISM 7#a#h#g-#a#h#h#a7 :5 ! PAMPHLET ,! ,CATE*ISM ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/ 9SPIR$ ! MOVEM5T-9-WAIT+ 9TO A MOVEM5T-)-TEE? ) DOZ5S ( ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD 5DS1 ( C\RSE1 ) ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I 7,M>* #a#c?1 #a#h#h#a71 BY A S]IES ( BOMBS1 & ! CONSEQU5TIAL CRU%+ ( ! NIHILI/ MOVEM5T4 

,IT IS >GUABLE ?AT ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9'S 7#a#h#a#d-#a#h#g#f7 0,REACTION 9 ,G]MANY0 7#a#h#d#b7 ) ITS FAM\S DICTUM 0,LET US !RE=E TRU/ ! ET]NAL ,SPIRIT :I* DE/ROYS & ANNIHILATES ONLY BECAUSE IT IS ! UNFA?OMABLE & ET]NAL S\RCE ( ALL LIFE4 ,! PASSION = DE/RUCTION IS A CREATIVE PASSION1 TOO60 BO? ANTICIPAT$ & 9/IGAT$ ! IDEAS ( ! NIHILI/S4 ,BAKUN9 WAS CONSID]$1 9 ,RUSSIA1 A ,WE/]NIZ] BECAUSE ( HIS 9FLU5CES BY ! ?9K]S ( ! DAY FROM ! ,CONT95T PROP]4 ,9 0,REACTION0 ,BAKUN9 5GAG$ ) ! ,HEGELIAN VIEW BY ASS]T+ ?AT ! NEGATIVE1 & NOT ! POSITIVE1 IS ! CREATIVE DRIV+ =CE ( DIALECTICS4 ,:ILE HE IS 9EXORABLY L9K$ TO BO? ! F\NDATIONAL & REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS ( NIHILISM1 ,BAKUN9 WAS A PRODUCT ( ! E>LI] G5]ATION :OSE VISION1 ULTIMATELY1 WAS NOT ! SAME AS ! NIHILI/ VIEW4 ,HE /AT$ ?IS BE/ AS 0,I AM A FREE MAN ONLY SO F> AS ,I RECOGNIZE ! HUMANITY & LIB]TY ( ALL M5 >\ND ME4 ,9 RESPECT+ !IR HUMANITY1 ,I RESPECT MY [N40 ,?IS G5]AL HUMANIT>IAN 9/9CT IS 9 CONTRA/ TO ! NIHILI/ PROCLAMATIONS ( HAV+ A 0HATE ) A GREAT & HOLY HATR$0 OR CALL+ = ! 0ANNIHILATION ( ES!TICS0 7,PIS>EV74 

,NIHILISM WAS NEV] A S+UL>1 OR EV5 A P>TICUL>LY DISCIPL9$1 BODY ( ?\<T4 ,?IS IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! REALITY A7 ?AT ! MA9 NIHILI/ PHILOSOPH]S 7,*]NY%EVSKY & ,PIS>EV7 NEV] HELD ACADEMIC POSITIONS1 B7 ?AT PUBLI%+ WAS HEAVILY C5SOR$ UND] ! ,CZ> OR1 AS IS MO/ LIKELY1 C7 ( ! NATURE ( NIHILISM ITSELF4 ,NIHILISM NEV] HAD 5\< MOM5TUM1 5\< TIME1 OR ! RI<T CONDITIONS TO BECOME A MATURE PHILOSOPHY4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 IT BE+ AN APPROXIMATION TO A BODY ( IDEAS RA!R ?AN A BODY ( IDEAS4 ,:ILE /RONG POSITIONS W]E TAK5 ALONG SEV]AL !ORETICAL L9ES1 NONE W]E DEVELOP$ 9 ! G5]ATIONAL ME?OD NECESS>Y = !SE IDEAS TO HOLD HI/ORICAL PUR*ASE4 ,:ILE NATURAL SCI5CE WAS SE5 AS ! MO/ POT5T 9TELLECTUAL TOOL1 MORE NIHILI/ COMM5T>Y WAS MADE 9 ! FIELD ( ES!TICS1 ?IS BE+ RELAT$ TO ! OBSCURITY PR9CIPLE4 ,! OBSCURITY PR9CIPLE SAYS ?AT 9 TIMES ( REPRESSION ! MO/ COG5T SOCIAL COMM5T>Y HAPP5S 9 ! VEHICLE ( FICTION1 :]E Y\R 9T5TION IS 'OBSCUR$' BECAUSE Y\ APPE> TO BE TALK+ AB\T SOME?+ 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ?AN Y\ >E4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! NIHILI/S1 >T WAS ANA!MA BECAUSE IT AGGREGAT$ S5TIM5TALISM1 EMOTIONALISM1 IRRATIONALISM1 SPIRITUALISM1 & WAS A WA/E ( RES\RCES4 ,?IS OBSCUR$ ! FACT ?AT NIHILI/S W]E ACTUALLY TALK+ AB\T ! VALUES ( ! CURR5T ORD] EMB$D$ 9 ! VEHICLE ( >T BUT ?IS CONNECTION C\LDN'T BE MADE MORE CLE>LY 9 A CONTEXT ( C5SOR%IP4 

,AS A POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY ,NIHILISM TOOK POSITIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( E/ABLI%$ PHILOSOPHY4 ,NIHILI/ MAT]IALISM BOIL$ D[N TO ! VIEW ?AT 0ONLY :AT IS P]CEPTIBLE EXI/S04 ,MAN1 !N1 WAS 0A COMPLEX *EMICAL COMP\ND1 GOV]N$ /RICTLY BY ! LAW ( CAUSALITY40 ,E?ICS1 AS >GU$ BY ,*]NY%EVSKY & ,PIS>EV1 CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS ! 'SCI5TIFIC' JU/IFICATION = H$ONISM4 ,! NIHILI/ POSITION ON EPI/EMOLOGY WAS REALI/ & CONTR>Y TO ! PH5OM5ALISM ( ! TIME4 ,>T WAS VALUABLE 9 DIRECT RELATION%IP TO ITS 'SOCIAL USEFULNESS'1 H[EV] ?AT IS DEF9$ 7:I* IT WAS NOT74 ,AS !SE POSITIONS REFLECT1 ,NIHILISM WAS NOT AT ITS /RONGE/ AS A POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY & DUE TO ! TRANS=MATION ( ,NIHILISM FROM A POSITION TO AN ACTION !RE WAS NEV] A P>TICUL>LY FOCUS$ DEVELOPM5T ( !SE IDEAS4 

,AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 NIHILISM BECAME A MORE COH]5T POSITION ONLY 9 BANN$ TEXTS1 SMUGGL$ 9TO ,RUSSIA FROM EMIGRES4 ,! MO/ PROLIFIC ( !SE EMIGRE'S WAS ,ALEX&] ,H]Z5 7#a#h#a#b-#a#h#g7 :O E/ABLI%$ ! ,FREE ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS 9 ,LONDON :]E HE PUBLI%$ UNTIL HIS DEA?4 ,! ,PRESS WAS WELL KN[N = ITS PUBLICATIONS ( RADICAL LIT]ATURE ?AT RANG$ FROM ,TO ! ,Y\NG] ,G5]ATION 7#a#h#f#a71 ?AT >GU$ = ! REPLACEM5T ( ! ,CZ> BY AN EMPLOYEE ( ! /ATE1 TO ! J\RNALS ,! ,POL> ,/> & ,VOICES FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,HIS MO/ WELL KN[N J\RNAL WAS ,! ,BELL :I* WAS SMUGGL$ 9TO ,RUSSIA :]E IT WAS QUITE POPUL> ?R\< ! F\NDATIONAL NIHILI/ P]IOD BY ?OSE :O DESIR$ SOCIAL RE=M4 ,9 H9DSI<T HIS VIEWS W]E RA!R CONS]VATIVE1 ESPECIALLY 9 LI<T ( :AT NIHILISM W\LD BECOME4 ,FROM ,! ,BELL 9 #a#h#f#e1 0,SOCIAL PROGRESS IS POSSIBLE ONLY UND] COMPLETE REPUBLICAN FRE$OM1 UND] FULL DEMOCRATIC EQUALITY40 

,IT IS AS A POLITICAL POSITION ?AT NIHILISM ATTRACT$ ATT5TION & WAS TRANS=M$ FROM A DISCUSSION BETWE5 LE>N$ M5 9TO A SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 ,NIHILI/ POLITICS BEG9 AS A BRAN* ( ! ,SOCIALI/ TREE4 ,!Y W]E MO/ 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALISM ( ! TIME1 ,*>LES ,F\RI] 7#a#g#g#b-#a#h#c#g71 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA* 7#a#h#d-#a#h#g#b71 ,AUGU/E ,COMTE 7#a#g#i#h-#a#h#e#g71 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL 7#a#h#f-#a#h#g#c71 & OBSCURE ,G]MAN MAT]IALI/S 7,BU*N]1 ,MOLES*OTT1 & ,VOGT74 ,! NIHILI/ CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL WAS ! CONCEPT ?AT ! PEASANT WAS AN AG5T ( SOCIAL *ANGE 7,*]NY%EVSKY1 ,A ,CRITICISM ( ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,PREJUDICES ,AGA9/ ! ,OB%*9A 7#a#h#e#h771 & NOT JU/ ! B\RGEOIS RE=M]S ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h1 OR ! PROLET>IAT ( ,M>X 7A CONCEPT ?AT W\LDN'T REA* ,RUSSIA UNTIL LAT]74 ,AGITATION = ?IS POSITION L&$ ,*]NY%EVSKY 9 PRISON & EXILE 9 ,SIB]IA = ! NEXT #be YE>S 7AL?\< ! SPECIFIC ACCUSATIONS ) :I* HE WAS CONVICT$ W]E A CONCOCTION7 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,! FIR/ GR\P1 9SPIR$ BY NIHILI/ IDEAS1 TO =M & WORK T[>DS SOCIAL *ANGE1 DID SO AS A SECRET SOCIETY & W]E CALL$ ,L& & ,FRE$OM4 ,?IS GR\PS NAME WAS ALSO TAK5 BY ANO!R1 5TIRELY SEP>ATE GR\P1 DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,NIHILI/ P]IOD4 ,! FIR/ ,L& & ,FRE$OM CONSPIR$ TO SUPPORT ! ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T & TO AGITATE ! PEASANTS :O W]E BURD5$ ) DEBT AS A RESULT ( ! CRIPPL+ R$EMPTION PAYM5TS REQUIR$ BY ! EMANCIPATION ( ! S]FS 9 #a#h#f#a4 ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE WAS NOT ( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ TO ! NIHILI/S1 & AFT] A PLOT TO 9CITE ,KAZAN PEASANTS TO REVOLT FAIL$1 ,L& & ,FRE$OM FOLD$ 7#a#h#f#c74 

,?US BEG9S ! FIR/ P]IOD ( NIHILI/ SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,! ,ORGANIZATION CREAT$ A BOY'S S*OOL 9 A ,MOSC[ SLUM 9 ORD] TO TRA9 REVOLUTION>IES4 ,9 ADDITION !Y HAD A SECRET SUB-GR\P CALL$ ,HELL :OSE PURPOSE WAS POLITICAL T]RORISM1 ) ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,CZ> AS ! ULTIMATE GOAL4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 ! FAIL$ ATTEMPT BY ,DMITRY ,K>AKOZOV ON ! #d? ( ,APRIL #a#h#f#f4 ,DMITRY FIR$ A REVOLV]1 BUT HAD HIS >M JO/L$ BY AN >TISAN 7:O DI$1 BE=E ! POT5TIAL ASSASS91 ( ! EXCESSES ( DR9K AS A RESULT ( HIS *ANGE ( SOCIAL /ATUS7 AT ! LA/ M9UTE4 ,DMITRY WAS TRI$ & HANG$ AT ,SMOL5SK ,FIELD 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG4 ,! LEAD] ( ,! ,ORGANIZATION1 ,NI*OLAS ,I%UT91 WAS ALSO TRI$ & WAS TO BE EXECUT$ BE=E BE+ EXIL$ TO ,SIB]IA = LIFE4 ,?US 5D$ ,! ,ORGANIZATION & BEGAN ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR ( ! RE/ ( ! #a#h#fS4 

,! ,:ITE ,T]ROR BEGAN BY ! ,CZ> PUTT+ ,C\NT ,MI*AEL ,MURAVYOV 7',HANG] ,MURAVYOV' DUE TO HIS TREATM5T ( ,POLI% REBELS 9 PRIOR YE>S7 9 *>GE ( ! SUPPRESSION ( ! NIHILI/S4 ,! TWO LEAD+ RADICAL J\RNALS 7,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y & ,RUSSIAN ,WORD7 W]E BANN$1 LIB]AL RE=MS W]E M9IMIZ$ BY REACTION>Y AFT]?\<TS1 & ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM WAS RE=M$ TO /IFLE ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ?AT LIV$ !RE4 ,?IS ACTION BY ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE M>KS ! 5D ( ! F\NDATIONAL P]IOD ( NIHILISM4 

,! LIFE/YLE ( ! NIHILI/1 OR ,NEW ,PEOPLE1 IS WOR? REVIEW+1 IF = NO O!R REASON1 BECAUSE ( ITS SIMIL>ITY TO Y\? MOVEM5TS ( ! MOD]N ]A4 ,:ILE ADVOCAT+ = A CALL\S H$ONISM & RADICAL SUBJECTIVITY1 9 PRACTICE NIHILI/S ACTUALLY T5D$ T[>DS A UTILIT>IAN & ASCETIC LIFE/YLE4 ,! FA%ION IS A CASE 9 PO9T4 0,BO? SEXES FAVOR$ BLUE-T9T$ SPECTACLES & HI< BOOTS4 ,O!R COMMON FEATURES W]E A HEAVY WALK+-/ICK & A RUG FLUNG OV] ! %\LD]S 9 COLD WEA!R2 !Y CALL$ IT A PLAID1 BUT IT WAS NOT NECESS>ILY A T>TAN40 7,H+LEY7 ,?IS1 C\PL$ ) HUGE BE>DS = M5 & BOBS = WOM51 A VORACI\S APPETITE = CIG>ETTES1 AN UNWA%$ DIRTY APPE>ANCE1 & RUDE & \TSPOK5 BEHAVIOR MADE ! ,NEW ,PEOPLE A SI<T TO BEHOLD4 ,! NIHILI/S ATTEMPT$ TO *ALL5GE ! VALUES ( ! DAY 9 A MORE MEAN+FUL WAY TOO4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! QUE/ION ( WOMAN'S EMANCIPATION WAS ( GREAT 9T]E/ TO RE=M]S4 ,= ! NIHILI/ ! ISSUES W]E REG>D+ WORK & SEXUAL FRE$OM4 ,BECAUSE A WOMAN'S PASSPORT 7:I* WAS US$ = G5]AL TRAVEL & NOT JU/ TRAVEL ABROAD7 WAS LEGALLY CONTROLL$ BY M5 -- A FA!R1 OR HUSB&1 HAD ULTIMATE CONTROL ( A WOMAN'S LIFE4 ,! NIHILI/S SOLV$ ?IS PROBLEM BY HAV+ 'FICTITI\S' M>RIAGES4 ,?IS ALL[$ = AN EMANCIPATION ( WOM5 DE JURE IF NOT DE FACTO4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 WOM5 HAV+ ! FRE$OM ( MOBILITY TO PURSUE SOME ACADEMIC PURSUITS 7:I* W]E CURTAIL$ DUR+ ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR7 & SOME 5T]PRISE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! NIHILI/S ADOPT$ ! CR$O ?AT ADULT]Y WAS A NATURAL1 & EV5 DESIRABLE TRAIT1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! SPIRIT ( !IR TIME1 OR !IR [N CULTURAL COMPOSITION 7I4E4 !Y W]E PRUDES74 

,MORE 9FLU5TIAL = ! ,NEW ,PEOPLE ?AN PHILOSOPHY1 OR POLITICAL TEXTS1 WAS LIT]ATURE4 ,! EXPRESSION ( ! T5SION BETWE5 G5]ATIONS BY ,BAZ>OV 9 ,FA!R'S & ,SONS AS ! REJECTION ( ! ROMANTIC & IDEALI/IC PO/URES1 GU>ANTE$ HIS POSITION AS AN ICON ( ! NIHILI/ MOVEM5T4 ,?IS WAS EV5 ?\< ,TURG5EV'S 9T5TION WAS TO PORTRAY ! ,NEW ,PEOPLE 9 A LESS ?AN FLATT]+ LI<T4 ,! PUBLICATION ( ,*]NY%EVSKY'S ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 7#a#h#f#c71 :I* WAS WRITT5 9 PRISON1 BECAME ! GUID+ LI<T TO ! MOVEM5T4 ,)9 ITS PAGES WAS A VISION ( ! SOCIALI/ VALUES ( ! NIHILI/1 AN EXPOSITION ( H[ TO LIVE ) RADICAL VALUES 9TACT1 & H[ TO PRACTICE NIHILI/ NON-MONOGAMY4 ,! P[] ( LIT]ATURE ON ! MOVEM5T IS IRONIC BECAUSE1 ( C\RSE1 MO/ ( \R MOD]N UND]/&+ ( ! NIHILI/ MOVEM5T COMES FROM ! NOVELS ( ,TURG5EV & ,DO/OYEVSKY4 ,:ILE ,TURG5EV WAS NON-JUDGM5TAL 9 HIS DEPICTION ( ! ,NEW ,PEOPLE 7& RESPECT$ BY ! NIHILI/S1 ,*]NY%EVSKY HAV+ HELD CORRESPOND5CE ) HIM71 ,DO/OYEVSKY WAS 9 VIOL5T REACTION TO !M4 ,:ILE ,DO/OYEVSKY WAS 9VOLV$ 9 RADICAL ACTIVITY AGA9/ ! ,CZ> 9 ! #a#h#d'S1 DUR+ HIS EXILE 9 ,SIB]IA HE BECAME A ,OR?ODOX ,*RI/IAN1 UPON HIS RETURN HE BECAME QUITE UPSET AT NIHILISM 9 G5]AL & ,*]NY%EVSKY SPECIFICALLY4 ,! LA/ FIVE NOVELS ( ,DO/OYEVSKY DEALT ) NIHILISM TO SOME DEGREE EI!R C5TRALLY OR AS A MAJOR !ME4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,NIHILISM 

,! 5TRANCE ON ! SC5E ( ONE P]SON SYMBOLIZES ! TRANS=MATION FROM ! F\NDATIONAL P]IOD TO ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,S]GEI ,NE*AEV1 ! SON ( A S]F 7:I* WAS UNUSUAL AS MO/ NIHILI/S CAME FROM A SLI<TLY HI<] SOCIAL CLASS1 :AT WE W\LD CALL L[] MIDDLE CLASS71 DESIR$ AN ESCALATION ( ! DISC\RSE ON SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,NE*AEV >GU$ ?AT JU/ AS ! ,EUROPEAN MON>*IES US$ ! IDEAS ( ,MA*IAVELLI1 & ! ,CA?OLIC ,JESUITS PRACTIC$ ABSOLUTE IMMORALITY TO A*IEVE !IR 5DS1 !RE WAS NO ACTION ?AT C\LD NOT BE ALSO US$ = ! SAKE ( ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION4 0,HIS APP>5T IMMORALITY .<MORE AN AMORALITY.> D]IV$ FROM ! COLD REALIZATION ?AT BO? ,*UR* & ,/ATE >E RU?LESSLY IMMORAL 9 !IR PURSUIT ( TOTAL CONTROL4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ SU* P[]S MU/ !RE=E BE C>RI$ \T BY ANY MEANS NECESS>Y40 7,CLEAV]7 ,NE*AEV'S SOCIAL CA*E WAS GREATLY 9CREAS$ BY HIS ASSOCIATION ) ,BAKUN9 9 #ahfi & EXTRACTION ( FUNDS FROM ! ,BAKHMETIEV ,FUND = ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A4 

,! IMAGE ( ,NE*AEV IS AS MU* A RESULT ( HIS ,CATE*ISM ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/7#a#h#f#i7 AS ANY ACTIONS HE ACTUALLY TOOK 9 LIFE4 ,! ,CATE*ISM IS AN IMPORTANT DOCUM5T AS IT E/ABLI%ES ! CLE> BREAK BETWE5 ! =MATION ( NIHILISM AS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY & :AT IT BECOMES AS A PRACTICE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,IT DOCUM5TS ! ,REVOLUTION>Y AS A V]Y TRANS=M$ FIGURE FROM ! NIHILI/ ( ! PA/ DECADE4 ,:]EAS ! NIHILI/ MAY HAVE PRACTIC$ ASCETICISM1 !Y >GU$ = AN UN9HIBIT$ H$ONISM4 ,NE*AEV >GU$ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION>Y1 BY DEF9ITION1 MU/ LIVE DEVOT$ TO ONE AIM & NOT ALL[ = DI/RACTIONS ( DESIRE1 COMPASSION1 OR FEEL+S4 ,FRI5D%IP WAS CONT+5T ON ,REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR1 RELATION%IPS ) /RANG]S WAS QUANTIFI$ 9 T]MS ( :AT RES\RCES !Y (F]$ REVOLUTION1 & EV]YONE HAD A ROLE DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T ?AT BOIL$ D[N TO H[ SOON !Y W\LD BE L9$ UP AGA9/ ! WALL OR :5 !Y W\LD ACCEPT ?AT !Y HAD TO DO ! %OOT+4 ,! UNCOMPROMIS+ TONE & CONT5T ( ! ,CATE*ISM WAS 9FLU5TIAL F> BEYOND ! *>ACT] ( ,NE*AEV4 ,P>T ( ! REASON = ?IS IS BECAUSE ( ! WAY 9 :I* IT EXT5D$ NIHILI/ PR9CIPLES 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 ,! RE/ ( ! REASON WAS ?AT IT GAVE ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT A MA*O WEI<T9ESS ?AT ! M5 '( ! SIXTIES' DID NOT4 

,9 T]MS ( :AT ! ,CATE*ISM (F]$ NIHILISM1 A QUOTE3 

0,BY 'REVOLUTION1' \R ,ORGANIZATION DOES NOT MEAN A REGULAT$ PATT]N 9 ! CLASSICAL1 WE/]N S5SE1 A MOVEM5T ?AT ALWAYS /OPS & B[S ) RESPECT BE=E PRIVATE PROP]TY RI<TS & BE=E TRADITIONS ( PUBLIC ORD] & SO-CALL$ CIVILIZATION & MORALITY -- ONE :I* UNTIL N[ HAS LIMIT$ ITSELF TO OV]?R[+ ONE POLITICAL =M TO REPLACE IT ) ANO!R ?AT TRI$ TO CREATE A SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y-/ATE4 ,! ONLY REVOLUTION ?AT C\LD BE B5EFICIAL = ! PEOPLE W\LD BE ?AT REVOLUTION :I* DE/ROY$ AT ITS ROOTS ANY ELEM5TS ( ! /ATE & :I* W\LD EXT]M9ATE ALL ! /ATE TRADITIONS1 SOCIAL ORD]1 & CLASSES 9 ,RUSSIA40 7,!SIS #b#c1 ,CATE*ISM ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y7 

,NE*AEV APPE>S TO BE ATTEMPT+ TO BRIDGE ! GAP BETWE5 ,MA*IAVELLI & A NIHILI/IC AN>*ISM 9 ?IS !SIS4 ,:I*1 BEYOND AN>*I/ H&-WR++ TO ! CONTR>Y1 IS A SOB]+ TAKE ON :AT HORRORS MAY BE NECESS>Y = ! ABOLITION ( ! /&+ ORD]4 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !RE IS MU* TO RECLAIM FROM ! P]SONALITY ( ,NE*AEV 9 G5]AL4 ,! FACTS >E CLE>4 ,NE*AEV IMAG9$ A SECRET REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE1 ) HIMSELF AS ! FUGITIVE MEMB] FROM :I* HE WAS TAK+ REFUGE 9 ,G5EVA1 :]E HE MET ,BAKUN94 ,BAKUN91 AN ADMIR] ( ,NE*AEV'S ZEAL & /ORIES ( HIS ORGANIZATION'S SUCCESS1 PROVID$ CONTACTS & RES\RCES TO S5D ,NE*AEV BACK TO ,RUSSIA AS HIS REPRES5TATIVE 7HE GAVE HIM ! NUMB] #b#g#g#a7 ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SECTION ( ! ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE 7ALSO AN IMAG9>Y ORGANIZATION74 ,UPON HIS RETURN TO ,RUSSIA ,NE*AEV =M$ ! SECRET1 CELL BAS$ ORGANIZATION1 ,PEOPLE'S ,V5GEANCE4 ,ONE /UD5T MEMB] ( ! ORGANIZATION ,IVAN ,IVANOVI* ,IVANOV QUE/ION$ ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,SECRET ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE ?AT ,NE*AEV CLAIM$ TO BE ! REPRES5TATIVE (4 ,?IS HONE/ APPRAISAL ( ,NE*AEV'S MODUS OP]ANTI REQUIR$ ACTION4 0,ON ! EV5+ ( #ba ,NOVEMB] #ahfi ! VICTIM WAS ACCORD+LY LUR$ TO ! PREMISES ( ! ,MOSC[ ,S*OOL ( ,AGRICULTURE1 A HOTB$ ( REVOLUTION>Y S5TIM5T1 :]E ,NE*AYEV DID HIM TO DEA? BY %OOT+ & /RANGULATION1 ASSI/$ )\T GREAT 5?USIASM BY ?REE DUPES444 ,NE*AYEV'S ACCOMPLICES W]E >RE/$ & TRI$40 7,H+LEY7 ,UPON HIS RETURN TO ,SWITZ]L& ,NE*AEV WAS REJECT$ BY ,BAKUN9 7= MO/ ( ! OBVI\S REASONS7 & WAS EV5TUALLY EXTRADIT$ BACK TO ,RUSSIA :]E HE SP5T ! REMA9D] ( HIS LIFE AT ! ,PET] & ,PAUL ,=TRESS4 ,HE DID1 DUE TO HIS *>ISMA & =CE ( WILL1 CONT9UE TO 9FLU5CE EV5TS1 MA9TA9+ A RELATION%IP TO ,PEOPLE'S ,WILL & WEAV+ EV5 HIS JAIL]S 9TO HIS PLOTS & LIES4 ,HE WAS F\ND DEAD 9 HIS CELL 9 #ahhb UND] MY/]I\S CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 7NIHILI/ OR NOT7 9 ! PO/-,NE*AEV P]IOD !RE WAS A CLE> DIVISION4 ,?IS SPLIT WAS BETWE5 ! PROPAG&I/S 7:O FOLL[$ ,RUSSIAN EMIGRE ,PET] ,LAVROV :O PUBLI%$ ,=W>D6 9 ,P>IS7 & :AT WAS CALL$ ! ,BAKUN9I/S :O BELIEV$ 9 PU%+ ! PEASANTS 9TO IMM$IATE SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! FOCUS ( BO? GR\PS WAS ON 'ORGANIZ+' ! PEASANTS4 ,?IS 9CLUD$ A ,RUSSIAN V]SION ( ',FRE$OM ,SUMM]' 7:I* ACTUALLY /RET*$ TO TWO YE>S #ahgc & #a#h#g#d1 ! SECOND ( :I* WAS CO9$ 'MAD SUMM]'7 :]E Y\NG M5 & WOM51 9 GR\PS ( #c & #d1 TRAVEL$ TO ! RURAL VILLAGES TO LIVE1 WORK & AGITATE AMONG ! PEASANTS4 ,?IS WAS 9SPIR$1 9 L>GE P>T1 BY ! BELIEF ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN 9/ITUTION ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNE WAS ! %ORTE/ PA? TO ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM4 ,! COMMUNE WAS A SELF-GOV]N+ BODY ?AT MANAG$ SOME VILLAGE AFFAIRS & MADE DECISIONS COLLECTIVELY4 

,! RURAL EF=T WAS A COMPLETE FAILURE4 ,! PEASANTS (T5 H&$ ! NIHILI/S OV] TO ! POLICE BE=E EV5 GETT+ A S5SE ( :AT !Y W]E >\ND =4 ,! NIHILI/S 'DISGUIS$' !MSELVES AS PEASANTS ) ! UNSURPRIS+ RESULT ( BE+ 5TIRELY OBVI\S FROM ! MOM5T !Y WALK$ 9TO A VILLAGE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! CONCEPT ( RURAL REVOLT WAS A-HI/ORICAL AT ! LEA/1 AS ! PEASANTS DID NOT HAVE ! ABILITY TO >M !MSELVES 9 A MEAN+FUL WAY & DID NOT ACTUALLY HAVE A TRADITION ( SUCCESSFUL UPRIS+4 ,! ,RUSSIAN1 ,UKRA9IAN1 & ,COSSACK REVOLTS 9 ! #a#g? & #a#h? C5TURIES W]E QUICKLY SUPPRESS$4 ,! ONLY NE> SUCCESS1 :I* BEGAN BE=E ! NIHILI/S >RIV$ ON ! SC5E1 WAS 9 ! ,*IGIR9 >EA ON ! ,RIV] ,DNIEP] NE> ,KIEV4 ,9 #ahgg ?REE REVOLUTION>IES1 ,/EFANOVI*1 ,DEUTS* & ,BOKHANOVSKY1 DRAFT$ A *>T] PURPORT+ TO COME FROM ! ,CZ> CALL+ ON ! PEASANTS TO TAKE UP >MS -- :I* !Y DID1 9 ! =M ( 7ANTIQUAT$7 PIKES1 O!R F>M+ EQUIPM5T & A BODY ( PEASANTS ONE ?\S& /RONG4 ,HUNDR$S ( PEASANTS W]E >RE/$ & S5T TO ,SIB]IA1 & ! ?REE NIHILI/S W]E IMPRISON$ 9 ! ,KIEV JAIL 9 :AT BECAME KN[N AS ! ,*IGIR9 AFFAIR4 

,A PRELIM9>Y NOTE ON ! ROLE ( WOM5 9 ! NIHILI/ ORGANIZATION IS 9 ORD]4 ,:ILE1 GIV5 !IR T5U\S SOCIAL GA9S UND] ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 WOM5 W]E LESS EASILY CONV9CIBLE TO JO9 ! PROJECT ( DISMANTL+ SOCIETY1 ONCE 5GAG$ W]E1 IF ANY?+1 MORE COMMITT$ TO ACTION1 VIOL5CE1 & SEE+ ! PROJECT ?R\<1 !N !IR MALE C\NT]P>TS4 ,?IS IS BE/ EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! DIRECT TAK+ UP ( >MS DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD BEG9N+ ) ! ACTION ( ONE WOMAN1 ,V]A ,ZASULI*4 ,ONCE ! TAK+ UP ( >MS & ! =MATION ( SECRET SOCIETIES WAS 9 FULL SW+1 WOM5 TOOK NO SMALL P>T 9 ! PROCE$+S4 ,AN ACC\NT+ 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,WILL1 ! MO/ FAM\S ( ! NIHILI/ SECRET SOCIETIES1 /ATES ?AT #a_/#d TO #a_/#c ( ! ORGANIZATION W]E WOM54 ,NE>LY HALF ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE W]E WOM54 ,:ILE ! SOCIAL MORES ( ! CULTURE ?AT ! NIHILI/S CAME FROM W]E NOT 5TIRELY UPSET1 :I* MEANT ?AT !RE WAS /ILL 'WOM5'S WORK' -- NAMELY H\SEWORK & TYPESETT+1 ON ! :OLE WOM5 HAD EGALIT>IAN RELATION%IPS ) ! M54 

,!RE W]E MANY SECRET SOCIETIES =M$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,TWO ( !M1 ! ,TROGLODYTES & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y-,POPULI/ ,GR\P ( ! ,NOR? EV5TUALLY SETTL$ 9TO =M+ ! SECOND IT]ATION ( ,L& & ,FRE$OM 9 #ahgf 7AL?\< ! NAME WAS NOT SETTL$ UNTIL #a#h#g#h74 ,?IS GR\P RESOLV$ ITSELF AS FIRMLY 9 ! ,BAKUN9I/ CAMP 9 REACTION TO ! FAILURES ( ! RURAL CAMPAIGNS ( YE>S PA/4 ,! NOTABLE EV5TS ( ! SEV5TIES ORIG9AT$ 9 ?IS REACTION4 

,9 ,DECEMB] ( #ahgf !RE WAS A POLITICAL DEMON/RATION 9 ! ,SQU>E ( ,\R ,LADY ( ,KAZAN 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,:5 ! POLICE BROKE UP ! MEET+ !Y >RE/$1 & CONVICT$ TO #ae YE>S ( PRISON1 A LATECOM] TO ! PROTE/1 A KN[N REVOLUTION>Y NAM$ ,BOGOLYUBOV4 ,HE !N1 9 AN UNEXPLA9ABLE ACT ( 9TRANSIG5CE1 REFUS$ TO TAKE (F HIS CAP = ! VISIT+ ,G5]AL ,TREPOV :O WAS REVIEW+ ! PRISON HE %>$ ) ! POLITICAL PRISON]S ( ! TRIAL ( '#a#i#c'4 ,! 9FURIAT$ ,G5]AL BEAT HIM ON ! SPOT & DEM&$ HE BE FLOGG$ ! NEXT DAY1 :I* WAS DONE ) SU* VIGOR ?AT ,BOGOLYUBOV W5T MAD4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 A PRISON RIOT4 

0,B>S ( CELL W9D[S W]E TORN (F & BEAT5 AGA9/ ! DOORS1 & PRISON]S W]E REPUT$LY TI$ UP BY W>D]S1 BEAT51 KICK$ & HAUL$ UNCONSCI\S TO ! PUNI%M5T CELLS4 ,\TSIDE ! PRISON ,TREPOV'S ACT CREAT$ WIDESPREAD 9DIGNATION BY NO MEANS CONF9$ TO PR(ESS$ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,A ,RUSSIAN G5TLEMAN'S HONOR WAS ESPECIALLY S5SITIVE :]E ! /RIK+ ( BL[S WAS 9VOLV$1 & SO ,BOGOLYUBOV'S PUNI%M5T WAS TAK5 AS A MON/R\S AFFRONT TO ! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 /AFF$ AS IT V]Y L>GELY WAS BY Y\NG PEOPLE :O RETA9$ C]TA9 SOCIAL PRET5SIONS40 7,H+LEY7 

,V]A ,ZASULI* WAS NOT P]SONALLY ACQUA9T$ ) ! PR9CIPLE ACTORS BUT TOOK IT UPON H]SELF TO TAKE ACTION4 ,%E S\<T AN AUDI5CE ) ! ,G5]AL 9 A RECEPTION ROOM ( ,RUSSIAN (FICIALS :]E UPON %E DREW A REVOLV] FROM H] MUFF & FIR$1 KILL+ HIM4 ,9 AN UNEXPECT$ MOVE ! REGIME ALL[$ = ,ZASULI* TO BE TRI$ BY A JURY1 ASSUM+ ?AT BECAUSE %E CONFESS$ TO ! ACT1 !Y HAD ! WEAPON1 & !RE W]E WITNESSES1 ?AT ! RESULT WAS GU>ANTE$4 ,9/EAD ! JURY ACQUITT$ H] & UPON LEAV+ ! C\R?\SE1 :]E ! POLICE AWAIT$ H] = ADDITIONAL >RE/1 A SMALL RIOT OCCURR$ RESULT+ 9 H] BE+ :ISK$ AWAY BY H] COMRADES4 ,?IS ACT1 & ! ACCOMPANY+ SC&AL1 LAUN*$ A SEV]AL-YE> WAVE ( ACTION FROM ! NIHILI/S AGA9/ AG5TS ( ! /ATE1 & ATTEMPTS1 MO/LY FAIL$1 AT REPRESSION BY ! /ATE4 

,9 ,JANU>Y ( #ah< ! ,ODESSA POLICE RAID$ ! PR9T+ PRESS ( ,IVAN ,KOVALSKY :O DEF5D$ HIMSELF & HIS PRESS ) REVOLV] & DAGG] 7!REBY CREAT+ A TRADITION ( NIHILI/S FI<T+ IT \T TILL ! 5D ) ! POLICE7 :ILE HIS COMRADES BURNT 9CRIM9AT+ DOCUM5TS & ATTEMPT$ TO 9CITE ! CR[D GA!R$ >\ND = ! SPECTACLE4 ,KOVALSKY WAS EV5TUALLY CAPTUR$1 TRI$1 & PUT TO DEA? AS ! FIR/ ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL EXECUTION ( ! TIME4 

,ON ! FIR/ ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#h#g#h1 A POLICE 9FILTRATOR WAS KILL$ BY REVOLUTION>IES1 & A NOTE 9=M+ ! PUBLIC ( ! EXECUTION WAS PO/$ 9 ,KIEV1 BE>+ ! SEAL ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY 7AN IMAG9>Y ORGANIZATION74 ,ON ! #b#cRD ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ,VAL]IAN ,OS9SKY A NIHILI/ FROM ! S\?1 %OT ! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ( ,KIEV TWICE4 ,! VICTIM WAS UNHURT 7P]HAPS DUE TO ! ?ICKNESS ( HIS FUR COAT74 ,ON ,MAY #b#e?1 ,GREGORY ,POPKO /ABB$ TO DEA? ,CAPTA9 ,GEYK+ ( ! ,KIEV G5D>M]IE ON A CORN] ( ! MA9 ?OR\<F>E ( ! CITY1 & !N ESCAP$ BY FATALLY %OOT+ A DOORKEEP] :O TRI$ TO /OP HIM & W\ND+ A POLICEMAN4 ,MI*AEL ,FROL5KO1 A S\!RN NIHILI/1 BECAME AN EMPLOYEE ( ! 'IMPREGNABLE' ,KIEV JAIL & QUICKLY ROSE TO ! RANK ( *IEF W>D]4 ,ON ,MAY #b#g? HE WALK$ ,/EFANOVI*1 ,DEUTS* & ,BOKHANOVSKY 7( ! ,*IGIR9 AFFAIR7 \T ( ! PRISON WALLS :]E !Y SP5T A WEEK ON ! ,DNIEP] ,RIV] R[+ TO SAFETY4 

,! NOR!RN NIHILI/S BEGAN CAT*+ UP TO ! EXPLOITS ( ! S\!RN]S 9 ,AUGU/4 

,AT N9E O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+ ON ONE ( ! MA9 /REETS ( ,/ ,PET]SBURG1 ,S]GEY ,KRAV*9SKY WALK$ T[>DS ,G5]AL ,MEZ5TSOV1 ,*IEF ( ,G5D>MES & ,HEAD ( ! ,?IRD ,SECTION1 :O WAS ON ! WAY TO HIS (FICE4 ,KRAV*9SKY HELD A DAGG] LI<TLY WRAPP$ 9 NEWSPAP]2 AFT] PASS+ ! ,G5]AL1 HE ?RU/ IT 9 HIS BACK & TWI/$ IT1 !N LEAP$ 9TO A C>RIAGE DRAWN BY ,B>B>IAN1 A FAM\S TROTT]1 & ESCAP$4 7,H+LEY7 

,?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY NOTABLE BECAUSE IT HAPP5$ TWO DAYS AFT] ! EXECUTION ( ,KOVALSKY BY ! /ATE4 

,FEBRU>Y #i? ( #ahgi WAS ! DATE ( ! %OOT+ ( ,GOV]NOR ,G5]AL ,DMITRY ,KROPOTK9 9 ,KH>KOV1 C\S9 TO ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 BY ,GREGORY ,GOLD5B]G4 ,ALSO 9 ,FEBRU>Y ( ?AT YE> WAS ! DEA? ( ANO!R POLICE 9FILTRATOR & ANO!R GUN BATTLE ) ! POLICE 9 ,KIEV4 ,APRIL #bND WAS ! ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,CZ> BY ,ALEX&] ,SOLOVYOV :O FIR$1 & MISS$1 FIVE TIMES1 ! ,CZ> SUFF]+ NO?+ MORE ?AN A HOLE 9 HIS \T] COAT4 ,SOLOVYOV WAS HANG$ ON ,MAY #b#h4 

,! REPRESSION OV] ! NEXT #h MON?S WAS SEV]E1 ) #af ,NIHILI/S BE+ HANG$ ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA 9CLUD+ #ad 9 ! REGION ( ,KIEV4 ,REM>KABLY1 ! ONLY ?REE NIHILI/S 7,POPKO1 ,KRAV*9SKY & ,GOLD5B]G7 :O ACTUALLY KILL$ PEOPLE ESCAP$ ! SCAFFOLD4 ,POPKO ESCAP$1 ,KRAV*9SKY ESCAP$ TO ,LONDON 7TO BE RUN OV] BY A TRA97 & ,GOLD5B]G HUNG HIMSELF AFT] CONFESS+ HIS CRIMES TO A FELL[ 'REVOLUTION>Y' 7ACTUALLY POLICE AG5T7 :O WAS PLANT$ 9 ! CELL ) HIM4 ,ON ! #b? ( ,FEBRU>Y #ahh A NIHILI/ NAM$ ,MIODETSKY TOOK A %OT AT ONE ( ! TWO ,GOV]NOR ,G5]ALS 9 *>GE ( ! REPRESSION1 ,GOV]NOR ,G5]AL ,LORIS-,MELIKOV4 ,ONCE AGA9 HE MISS$ HIS %OT & WAS EXECUT$ TWO DAYS LAT]4 ,NIHILI/S MADE UP 9 5?USIASM :AT !Y LACK$ 9 M>KSMAN%IP4 

,! REPRESSION ( ! /ATE RAIS$ ! QUE/ION1 9 />K T]MS1 AS TO H[ EFFECTIVE ! CURR5T /RATEGY ( ,L& & ,FRE$OM WAS4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#h#g#i1 A CONF]5CE WAS HELD TO EVALUATE ! ME?ODS ( VIOL5CE US$ BY ! GR\P4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 ! DISSOLUTION ( ,L& & ,FRE$OM & ! CREATION ( ,BLACK ,REP>TITION1 :I* HELD ?AT MILITANT PROPAG&A WAS ! APPROPRIATE ME?OD = MOV+ =W>D1 & ! ,PEOPLE'S ,WILL1 :I* CONDEMN$ ! ,CZ> TO DEA?4 ,BLACK ,REP>TITION EXITS ! /AGE AS !Y LEAVE ! >5A ( DIRECT CONTE/ATION ) ! /ATE1 BUT !Y >E ( NOTE AS ! LOCATION ( ,GEORGE ,PLEKHANOV1 ! MO/ NOTABLE ,M>XI/ ( ! TIME & UP TO ! P]IOD ( #a#i#e44 

,BE=E ! EXPOSITION ( ! F9AL ACT ( ! ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/S PLAY1 IT IS WOR?:ILE TO TAKE PAUSE4 ,BEYOND JU/ ASSASS9ATION PLOTS & READ+ LIT]ATURE1 ! NIHILI/S W]E 5GAG$ 9 :AT !Y BELIEV$ WAS A DEEP *ALL5GE TO ALL ASPECTS ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE4 ,ALONG ) A!ISM1 NON-MONOGAMY1 BANK ROBB]Y 7) SEV]AL TUNNEL+ EPISODES TO !IR CR$IT71 & =G]Y 7ESPECIALLY ( ! 'PASSPORT' DOCUM5TATION ?AT S]V$ AS ! ,RUSSIAN'S PRIM>Y ID5TIFICATION PAP]S7 ! NIHILI/S LIV$ 9 COMMUNAL AP>TM5TS ) PEOPLE !IR [N AGE1 %>+ RES\RCES1 & DEVOT+ !IR LIVES TO '! CAUSE'4 ,! /ATE MADE ATTEMPTS TO 9FILTRATE ! NIHILI/S2 9 RETURN ! NIHILI/S ALSO 9FILTRAT$ ! /ATE4 ,!IR SUBT]FUGE ( ! ,KIEV JAIL HAS ALREADY BE5 M5TION$1 BUT F> MORE SIGNIFICANT WAS ! NIHILI/ BY ! NAME ( ,NI*OLAS ,KLETO*NIKOV1 :O ACTUALLY 9FILTRAT$ ! SECRET POLICE 7! ,?IRD ,SECTION71 FE$+ ! NIHILI/S NAMES ( 9=M]S1 LOCATIONS ( PLANN$ RAIDS & COPIES ( (FICIAL SEALS4 ,! POPUL>ITY ( ! SECRET SOCIETY GAVE ! NIHILI/S A DEGREE ( S]I\SNESS ?AT DOESN'T EXI/ 9 ! MORE 'C\NT]-CULTURAL' P>ALLELS TO !IR LIFE/YLE TODAY1 BUT ! ATTEMPTS AT LIV+ BO? )9 & AGA9/ ! CURR5T ORD] CONT9UES TO BE POPUL> 9 ! SAME WAY4 

,! LA/ ACT ( ! ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/S 

,AFT] ! DISSOLUTION ( ,L& & ,FRE$OM1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,WILL DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,CZ>4 ,!Y DID NOT SEE ?IS DEA? AS L9K$ TO A L>G] SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,!Y DID NOT HAVE ! 9FRA/RUCTURE1 SOCIAL SOLUTION1 OR DESIRE TO ASSUME P[]1 & BELIEV$ ?AT ! 9/ITUTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY WAS FIRMLY 9 PLACE4 ,!IR DESIRE WAS NOT A C\P1 IT WAS V5GEANCE4 ,! NIHILI/S ALSO HELD ON TO ! BELIEF ?AT IF !IR POSITIVE ACTIONS T[>DS SOCIAL *ANGE 7LIKE !IR ORGANIZ+ ( ! PEASANTS7 W]E SO EASILY ?W>T$ BY ! MALEVOL5CE-(-NEGLECT BY ! /ATE ?AN NEGATIVE ACTION 7LIKE ASSASS9ATION7 W\LD MORE LIKELY RESULT 9 SUB/ANTIVE *ANGE 9 ! SY/EM4 ,F9ALLY !RE WAS A FATALI/ & DEEPLY-HELD BELIEF ?AT DE/RUCTION WAS WOR?:ILE = ITS [N SAKE1 & NOT BECAUSE ( HUMANIT>IAN1 POLITICAL1 OR SOCIAL REASONS4 

,AFT] ASSESS+ ! FAILURES ( NIHILI/ %>P%OOT]S ! DECISION WAS MADE TO ATTACK ! ,CZ> ) DEMOLITIONS4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] ( #ahgi ! NIHILI/S ATTEMPT$ TO M9E ! TRA9 R\TE ?AT ! ,CZ> W\LD TAKE FROM ,LIVADIA1 ON ! ,CRIMEAN COA/ NE> ,YALTA1 TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG AT ?REE DIFF]5T PO9TS4 ,! FIR/ WAS MADE NE> ,ODESSA1 ORGANIZ$ BY ,VIRA ,FIGN]1 & 9VOLV$ ! ATTEMPT TO 9S]T A NIHILI/ 9TO ! POSITION ( RAILWAY WAT*MAN1 BUT :5 ! ,CZ> TOOK A DIFF]5T R\TE ?IS PLAN WAS AB&ON$4 ,! SECOND HAPP5$ JU/ \TSIDE ,ALEKS&ROVSK & 9VOLV$ AN 9TRICATE PLAN ( NIHILI/ ,&REI ,ZHELYABOV 7#a#h#e-#a#h#h#a7 TO PORTRAY ! LAUN*+ ( A TANN]Y BUS9ESS BY DAY & TO PLANT DYNAMITE BY NI<T4 ,:5 ! TRA9 C>RY+ ! ,CZ> CAME ?R\< ! EXPLOSIVES REFUS$ TO IGNITE4 ,! F9AL PO9T WAS ORGANIZ$1 BY ,ALEX&] ,MIKHAYLOV1 NE> ,MOSC[4 ,IT 9VOLV$ ! R5T+ ( AN AP>TM5T A M]E #e Y>DS FROM ! RAIL L9E1 ! DIGG+ ( A TUNNEL FROM ! AP>TM5T TO ! L9E & ! SETT+ ( ! *>GE AT ! TRA9 L9E4 ,NATURALLY ?IS PLAN S\NDS BETT] ON PAP] ?AN 9 PRACTICE4 ,! DIGG+ 9VOLV$ SEV]AL MORE PEOPLE ?AN ! NEI<BORS BELIEV$ LIV$ 9 ! AP>TM5T1 :I* PROMPT$ ! RESPONSE TO ! QU]IES AB\T ! H\SEHOLD'S FOOD CONSUMPTION TO BE LEVI$ AGA9/ A LEG5D>Y CAT & NOT A GR\P ( NIHILI/S DIGG+ A TUNNEL TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,CZ>4 ,AS ) MO/ TUNNEL DIGG+1 DISPOS+ ( ! DIRT FROM ! TUNNEL 9VOLV$ A SY/EM ( DRAGG+ ! DIRT \T ( ! TUNNEL & 9TO A SP>E B$ROOM & !N SCATT]$ ?R\< ! Y>D AT NI<T4 ,NATURALLY ! L& ?R\< :I* ! TUNNEL LAY WAS S&Y & EASILY FLOOD$ RESULT+ 9 AN 5TIRELY MIS]ABLE EXP]I5CE4 ,AS !Y APPROA*$ ! TRACKS ! DEAF5+ S\ND ( EA* PASS+ TRA9 CONFIRM$ EA* DIGG]S WOR/ SUSPICION ?AT !Y W]E AB\T TO BE CAV$ 9 UPON4 ,NATURALLY ! TRA9 CONTA9+ ! ,CZ> WAS NOT ! ONE D]AIL$ BY ! FIR+ ( ! EXPLOSIVE2 ! ONLY CASUALTY WAS ! ,CZ>'S JAM FROM HIS ,CRIMEAN E/ATE4 

,AS NO NIHILI/ WAS CAPTUR$ & ! EXPLOSION WAS A CLOSE CALL !RE WAS A G5]AL CONS5SUS ?AT ?IS WAS ! RI<T APPROA*4 ,! NEXT ATTEMPT WAS MADE AT ! ,CZ>'S ,W9T] ,PALACE ON ! #e? ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#h4 ,IT 9VOLV$ A NIHILI/ TAK+ A JOB )9 ! PALACE1 SMUGGL+ AM\NTS ( DYNAMITE 9TO ! CELL>1 & AT ! APPROPRIATE TIME IGNIT+ ?IS EXPLOSIVE1 TAK+ \T ! GU>D'S QU>T]S 9 BETWE54 ,ONCE AGA9 ! TIM+ ( ! ACTION WAS (F4 ,! S*$UL$ >RIVAL ( ! ,CZ> WAS DELAY$ :I* MEANT ?AT ! EXPLOSIVES W5T (F PRIOR TO ,ALEX&]'S >RIVAL4 ,ELEV5 PEOPLE W]E KILL$ & FIFTY 9JUR$4 ,! NEXT ATTEMPT 9VOLV$ ! SUBM]SION ( A HUNDR$WEI<T ( EXPLOSIVE UND] ! ,KAM5NY ,BRIDGE ON ! ,CA!R9E ,CANAL1 :I* ! ,CZ> HAD TO PASS TO TRAVEL TO ! TRA9 /ATION1 :I* WAS ?W>T$ BY ! T>D9ESS ( ONE ( ! CONSPIRATORS4 ,ANO!R ATTEMPT BEGAN AS ! AMBITI\S M9+ ( A ROAD ?AT ! ,CZ> W\LD PASS FROM ! H>BOR TO ! TRA9 9 ,ODESSA4 ,:5 ! ,CZ>S TRAVEL PLANS *ANG$ ! EF=T WAS AB&ON$4 

,! RE/ ( #ahh F\ND ! NIHILI/S CONC]N$ ) TRACK+ ! TRAVEL+ >RANGEM5TS ( ! ,CZ>4 ,!Y F\ND ?AT ,SUNDAY WAS ! BE/ DAY TO /RIKE1 AS ! ,CZ> USUALLY FOLL[$ A S+UL> R\TE TO & FROM ! MILIT>Y REVIEW+ GR\NDS4 ,IT WAS ON ! CORN] ( ! ,NEVSKY ,PROSPEKT & ,MALAYA ,SADOVAYA ,/REET :]E ! NIHILI/S W\LD /RIKE4 ,?IS 9VOLV$ R5T+ AN AP>TM5T1 DIGG+ A TUNNEL & ATTEMPT+ TO ACT LIKE PROP] CITIZ5S4 ,!IR FAILURE TO CONV9CE !IR NEI<BORS RESULT$ 9 A RAID ON !IR PREMISES BY AN 9SPECT+ P>TY :O DID NOT HAPP5 TO NOTICE ! PILES ( WET E>? COV]$ BY /RAW & COKE4 ,ON ! #b#g? ( ,FEBRU>Y1 ,ZHELYABOV1 ! ORGANIZ] ( ! OP]ATION1 WAS >RE/$ -- :I* ALMO/ BR\<T D[N ! OP]ATION4 

,AFT] ! ,CZ> REVIEW$ ! TROOPS1 ON ,M>* #a/1 HE VISIT$ HIS C\S9 ! ,GR& ,DU*ESS ,CA!R9E4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT HE W\LD NOT LIKELY TRAVEL ! 9T]SECTION :]E ! NIHILI/ PLOT WAS FOCUS$ & 9/EAD REQUIR$ ! USE ( ! SMALL 7FIVE P\ND7 HOMEMADE H& GR5ADES ?AT W]E PREP>$ = SU* A POSSIBILITY4 ,F\R NIHILI/S PUT !MSELVES 9TO POSITION2 TWO W]E ABLE TO LAUN* !IR BOMBS1 ! SECOND CAT*+ BO? ! ,CZ> & ,IGNATEI ,GR9EVITSKI1 :O ?REW ! BOMB1 BO? ( :OM DI$4 ,FIVE MEMB]S ( ! PLOT TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,CZ> W]E C]EMONI\SLY HUNG ON ,APRIL ! #cRD1 WE>+ A PLAC>D /AT+ ',TS>ICIDE'4 ,?OSE HUNG 9CLUD$ ,&REI ,ZHELYABOV1 ,NI*OLAS ,RYSAKOV1 ,SOPHIA ,P]OVSKY1 ,NIKOLAI ,KIBAL*I* & ,TIMO?Y ,MIKHAYLOV4 ,!IR HANG+ WAS NOT BY ! DROPP+ ( ! FLOOR1 OR ! BREAK+ ( !IR NECK1 BUT BY ! SL[ SUFFOCATION ( ?OSE HUNG4 ,! DEA?S TOOK SU* A LONG TIME1 & W]E SO PUBLIC1 ?AT ! RESULT WAS A LOSS ( FACE = ! REGIME4 

,?US 5DS ! P]IOD ( ,RUSSIAN NIHILISM4 ,! HEIR TO ! ?RONE ( ,RUSSIA1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I 7#a#h#h#d-#a#h#i#d7 WAS AN AUTOCRAT 9 ! OLD /YLE1 BRUTALLY SUPPRESS$ ANY REMA9+ NIHILI/S :O D>$ %[ !MSELVES AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,CZ>4 ,HE BELIEV$ 9 RUL+ ! EMPIRE BY 'NATIONALISM1 ,EA/]N ,OR?ODOXY & AUTOCRACY' ) :I* HE WAS SUCCESSFUL UNTIL HIS DEA?4 ,AT :I* TIME HIS SON ,NI*OLAS ,I,I TOOK ! ?RONE TO BE TOPPL$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 

,?AT NIHILISM HAS CONT9U$ TO BE AN OV]LOOK$ BRAN* ( ! SOCIALI/ TREE IS SURPRIS+ GIV5 ! 9NOVATIONS ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,BEYOND JU/ ! NIHILI/ APPROA* TO SOCIAL *ANGE1 :I* HAS CLE>LY BE5 9FLU5TIAL F> BEYOND ! SOCIALI/ TRADITION1 IS ! SY/EMATIC WAY 9 :I* NIHILI/S ATTEMPT$ TO EXT5D !IR IDEAS BEYOND JU/ !IR POLITICS4 ,GIV5 ! REPRESSIVE 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !IR IDEAS FL\RI%$1 ! BREAD? & SCOPE ( ! ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/S CONT9UE TO BE> ! FRUIT ( COMMITT$ 9DIVIDUALS BRIDG+ ! GAP BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,NIHILI/S2 ,RUSSIAN RADICALS & REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 #a#h#e#e-#h#a  ,H+LEY1 ,RONALD4 ,NEW ,YORK 3 ,DELACORTE ,PRESS1 .<#a#i#f#i1 C#a#i#f#g.> 

,RUSSIAN ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 ,$IT$ BY ,JAMES ,M4 ,$IE & ,M>Y-,B>B>A ,ZELD91 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,T5NESSEE ,PRESS .<,M>* #a#i#i#d.> 

,BRITANNICA #bc 

,PET] ,M>%ALL1 9 HIS BOOK ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM 

,ELDRIDGE ,CLEAV]1 ,S\L ON ,ICE 

,BROIDO1 ,V]A4 7#a#i#g#g74 ,APO/LES ,9TO ,T]RORI/3 ,WOM5 & ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,RUSSIA ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,VIK+ ,PRESS4 

,*APT] #b3 ,:AT IS ,LEFT8 ,NIHILISM VS4 ,SOCIALISM 

,! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM IS A NOBLE TRADITION4 ,IT HAS BE5 AN EPI!T US$ BY TYRANTS TO CURSE !IR 5EMIES & A FLAG BY :I* WORK+ PEOPLE TRANS=M$ !IR WORKPLACE & ! SOCIETIES ?AT !Y LIV$ 94 ,ALMO/ EV]Y /ORY WE HE> ?AT 9VOLVES SOMEONE /&+ UP TO AU?ORITY 9VOLVES SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS ! VALIANT /ORY ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS :O ATTEMPT$ TO TRANS=M ! /ATUS QUO ( !IR TIME AGA9/ OV]:ELM+ ODDS4 ,SOCIALISM HAS *ANG$ PEOPLES' EXPECTATIONS ( RI<TS1 FAIRNESS1 WORK1 & ! K9D ( LEAD]%IP !Y %\LD EXPECT4 

,ON ! ONE H&1 SOCIALISM HAS COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ SOCIETY OV] ! PA/ #b YE>S4 ,MORE ?AN JU/ ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE HAD SOME SUCCESS 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ! WORLD UND] A SOCIALI/ FLAG1 SOCIALISM CAN BE DIRECTLY CR$IT$ = ! EXI/5CE ( UNIONS ?AT DEF5D WORK]S RI<TS1 A UNIV]SAL $UCATION SY/EM 9 MO/ P>TS ( ! WORLD1 A G5]AL HEAL? C>E SY/EM 7ESPECIALLY 9 MANY ,WE/]N C\NTRIES71 & A SY/EM ?AT HYBRIDIZ$ ELEM5TS ( ,/ATE PROTECTIONISM & LAISSEZ FAIR CAPITALISM4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 SOCIALISM HAS BE5 AN ABJECT FAILURE4 ,SOCIALISM HAS NEV] USURP$ ,CAPITALISM1 9 A MEAN+FUL OR LONG LA/+ WAY1 AS AN ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,MO/ SOCIALIZ$ SY/EMS ( C>E BALANCE ! CRUELTY ( B5IGN NEGLECT ) ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! QUEUE4 ,EV5 ,LIBRATORY ,SOCIALISM CONC]NS ITSELF PRIM>ILY ) NAVEL GAZ+1 ! CACOPHONY ( ! MOB OR ! SELFI%NESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,SOCIALISM HAS S]V$ BETT] AS A CORRECTIVE TO A WORLD-SY/EM ?AN IT HAS AS ! TRANS=MATION ( ONE SY/EM = ANO!R4 

,! FAMILY TREE 

,SOCIALISM COMES \T ( A HI/ORICAL L9EAGE ( IDEAS ?AT /RET*ES FROM ! ,ANCI5T ,GREEKS1 ! ,POLI% ,SOC9IANS1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T & CLASSIC LIB]ALISM4 ,:ILE IT IS PRIM>ILY UND]/OOD AS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 9 RESI/ANCE TO ! /ATUS QUO ( ! #a#i? & #b? C5TURIES IT ACTUALLY AGRE$ ) ! MAJORITY ( ! *OICES ?AT ?OSE 9 P[] MADE4 ,IT AGRE$ ?AT ABORIG9AL PEOPLE1 :]EV] !Y W]E F\ND1 %\LD BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! LIFE ( ! SOCIETY1 IT AGRE$ ) ! RISE ( 9DU/RIALIZATION 7) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS71 & IT AGRE$ ) BASIC ECONOMIC PR9CIPLES 7WEAL?1 PRICE1 EX*ANGE74 

,! T5D5CIES 9 SOCIALISM ?AT CAME TO BE KN[N AS ',M>XI/' OR ',COMMUNI/' EXEMPLIFY ?IS POSITION4 ,! RHETORIC WAS ALWAYS ?AT ! GOAL WAS ! DIRECT & COMMUNAL CONTROL ( SOCIETY = ! COMMON B5EFIT ( ALL MEMB]S4 ,! REALITY WAS TWO-FOLD4 ,! CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY ?AT CAME \T ( ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION 7DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM7 DICTAT$ ?AT ! TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY W\LD PASS ?R\< CAPITALISM1 AS IT HAD ?R\< FEUDALISM1 TO TRANS=M 9TO SOCIALISM & EV5TUALLY COMMUNISM4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT PROGRESSIVISM WAS EMB$D$ )9 ?IS 7! DOM9ANT7 BRAN* ( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS MEANT 7ESPECIALLY PRIOR TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION7 ?AT ! PA? TO REVOLUTION HAD TO PASS ?R\< ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( SOCIETY1 & ?AT ! PLACES :]E 9DU/RIALIZATION WAS MO/ ADVANC$ W]E ! PLACES :]E SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION WAS MO/ LIKELY TO OCCUR4 ,IMAG9E ! SURPRISE :5 ! BACKW>D 79DU/RIALLY SPEAK+7 C\NTRY ( ,RUSSIA BECAME ! LOCATION ( ! FIR/ SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,?IS SURPRISE MU/ HAVE TRANS=M$ TO HORROR :5 ,L59'S POLICY ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM & ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY1 :I* MIMICK$ ! WOR/ ASPECTS ( CAPITALI/ EXTRACTION ( VALUE & ALL[$ A LIMIT$ RETURN TO FREE TRADE1 BECAME ! BASEL9E ON :I* ! ,SOVIET ECONOMY WAS BAS$4 

,TO :AT EXT5T DID ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION 9 SOCIALISM ALSO REPRES5T ?IS POSITION8 ,:ILE ! BASIC POSITION ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM SEEMS 9NOCU\S 7:O C\LD BE AGA9/ 'FRE$OM' OR 'LIB]TY'87 ! ACTUAL POSITIONS TAK5 BY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S MIRROR ! L>G] SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9/EAD ( >GU+ = ! CREATION ( AN ADM9I/RATIVE BODY TO MANAGE ! TRANS=MATION TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S >GUE = 'SELF-MANAGEM5T' 9 'FREE F$]ATIONS' TO DEAL ) ! QUE/ION ( P[]4 ,\TSIDE ( ! QUE/ION ( H[ PRACTICAL 7OR (T57 !SE IDEAS >E 9 A MOM5T ( CONTE/ATION ) ! /ATUS QUO IS ! QUE/ION ( :AT ?IS PRACTICE MEANS = LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S & :E!R ?IS PRACTICE HAS 9=M$ SOCIALISM AS A CORRECTIVE TO ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( ! ,CAPITALI/ SY/EM OR AS ! CORRECT VEHICLE = ! TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 

,! PRIM>Y ME*ANISM BY :I* LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S HAVE PRACTIC$ !IR SOCIALISM IS BY ATTEMPT+ TO 0BUILD ! NEW WORLD 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40 ,?IS PRACTICE EXT5DS FROM ! IDEA ?AT ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY MU/ BE EXEMPLIFI$ BY \R BEHAVIOR TODAY4 ,9 ORD] TO CREATE A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S W\LD BEG9 BY SELF-MANAG+ !IR CURR5T /RUGGLES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 ADDITION !Y W\LD CONNECT !SE SELF-MANAGEM5T S*EMES ?R\< 'F$]ALISM' ?AT W\LD GIVE !M ! ABILITY TO 5GAGE 9 SELF-DEF5SE & %>E RES\RCES4 ,OV] TIME1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! PA/ FEW DECADES !SE IDEAS HAVE BECOME 9CREAS+LY POPUL> 9 ! CAPITALI/ SPACE4 ,MANY WORK PLACES NO LONG] ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 ! CLASSIC 'PYRAMID' /RUCTURE ) A BOSS AT ! TOP & A CLE> ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE BUILT ON TOP ( ! L9E WORK]4 ,9/EAD !SE WORK PLACES HAVE 9TEGRAT$ ! 9NOVATION ( 'SELF-MANAGEM5T' & ALL[ = 'TEAMS' TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ! AM\NT & =M ( !IR PRODUCTION4 ,>GUABLY !SE 9NOVATIONS HAVE BE5 SUP]FICIAL1 AS ! PYRAMID /RUCTURE HASN'T BE5 5TIRELY DE/ROY$ BUT ! EXP]I5CE ( ! L9E WORK] HAS QUALITATIVELY *ANG$4 ,CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES HAVE B5EFIT$ FROM LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 ,BY CUTT+ \T ! PR(IT MOTIVE1 !Y PROVIDE L[ CO/ S]VICES & GOODS TO !IR MEMB]S4 ,BY OP]AT+ UND] PR9CIPLES ( REPRES5TATIONAL DEMOCRACY !RE IS A DEGREE ( CONTROL & P>TICIPATION F> BEYOND ! TYPICAL CORPORATION4 ,! SECOND>Y ME*ANISM ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ PRACTICE HAS BE5 9 REVOLUTION>Y MOM5TS4 ,H]E IT HAS ALWAYS EXP]I5C$ ! T5SION ( ITS1 ULTIMATELY1 HUMANI/ P]SPECTIVE ) ! EXIG5CY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T4 ,?IS IS BE/ EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 :]E ! ,C,N,T JO9$ ) ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T 9 A COMMON FRONT AGA9/ ,FRANCO'S FASCISM4 ,?IS DECISION WAS BAS$ ON ! FE> ( ISOLATION BY ! ,C,N,T & ! BELIEF ?AT IT WAS A HI<] PRIORITY TO DEFEAT FASCISM ?AN TO F9I% ! REVOLUTION4 ,PLAC+ ! W> BE=E REVOLUTION MEANT1 ULTIMATELY1 COLLABORATION ) ! /ATE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 

,IF SOCIALISM HAS BE51 AT BE/1 A CORRECTIVE TO ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( ,CAPITALISM !N :]E ELSE CAN WE DRAW \R 9SPIRATION FROM8 ,IF ! MA9/REAM ( SOCIALISM 7SO CALL$ /ATE SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM1 OR SOCIAL DEMOCRACY7 IS SOLIDLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! SAME PROGRESSIVE1 ECONOMIC ASSIMILATION AS ! DOM9ANT WORLD !N WE C\LD LOOK TO ITS RIVALS4 ,IF !SE RIVALS 7LIB]T>IAN & UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S7 HAVE %[N ?AT !Y >E CO-OPTABLE OR WORSE1 ?AT !Y >E NOT CAPABLE ( BE+ EFFECTIVE 9 ! TIME ( CRISIS !N :]E DO WE TURN8 ,IF PEOPLE C\LDN'T EFFECTIVELY COMBAT ! SY/EM ( ! #a#i? C5TURY :5 IT WAS JU/ BECOM+ A WORLDWIDE SY/EM RATIONALIZ+ EV]Y?+1 9CLUD+ ITS OPPOSITION1 :AT HOPE DO WE HAVE TODAY LONG AFT] ! FACT8 

,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALISM 

#a YE>S LAT] SOCIALISM WAS TRANS=M$ BY TRAVEL+ TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,AFRICAN & ,>AB ,SOCIALISM W]E 9NOVATIONS ?AT REFLECT$ EXP]I5CES ?AT W]E AU!NTICALLY DIFF]5T ?AN ! SOCIALISM ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,CONT95T4 ,! PROBLEM WAS ?AT !Y W]E ALSO DIRECTLY REACTION>Y TO ! ,SOVIET ,EXP]I5CE & W]E ?US LIMIT$ 9 !IR SCOPE4 ,!Y ASSUM$ COLONIALISM1 ,M>X1 & A C]TA9 DEGREE ( NATIONALISM4 ,:ILE !SE ASSUMPTIONS W]E RELEVANT GIV5 ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* !Y OCCURR$1 !Y TRANS=M$ !SE SOCIALISMS 9TO PURELY POLITICAL PRACTICE 9/EAD ( MORE G5]AL POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY4 

,DUR+ ! #a#i? C5TURY !RE WAS A /RA9 ( :AT IS CALL$ SOCIALISM ?AT1 >GUABLY1 DID ORIG9ATE \TSIDE ( ! MA9/REAM ( ,EUROPEAN ?\<T4 ,?IS ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM PREFIGURES ,>AB & ,AFRICAN SOCIALISM 9 ?AT IT ATTEMPT$1 AL?\< BY NO MEANS 9 !SE T]MS1 TO EXT]NALIZE ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE 9 ! VEHICLE ( SOCIALISM4 ,:AT ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM HAD 9 COMMON ) ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM WAS A BELIEF 9 SCI5CE AS ! MEANS BY :I* ,*RI/IAN P>O*IALISM C\LD BE *ALL5G$ & BY :I* ! WORLD C\LD BE TRULY UND]/OOD4 ,IT ALSO %>$ CONNECTION1 ?R\< ,RUSSIAN EMIGRES LIKE ,M4 ,BAKUN9 & ,A4 ,H]Z51 TO ! GREAT] ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T HAPP5+ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS IS :]E ! SIMIL>ITIES 5D4 

,PHILOSOPHICALLY ! TRAJECTORY ?AT ,SOCIALISM WAS P>T (1 ! ,LIB]AL ,TRADITION1 ADVOCAT$ FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 FRE$OM ( RELIGION1 & FRE$OM ( ?\<T4 ,EV5 IF ! MA9/REAM ( ,SOCIALISM EV5TUALLY TOOK A DIFF]5T TACK FROM ?IS ORIG91 ! BASIS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ PROJECT WAS 9 !SE VALUES4 ,!SE VALUES W]E NOT P>T ( ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE4 ,9/EAD ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM />T$ FROM A REJECTION ( MORALITY1 TRU?1 BEAUTY1 LOVE1 & SOCIAL CONV5TION4 ,AS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ,RUSSIAN SOCIALISM BEG9S BY QUE/ION+ ! VALIDITY ( ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY & 5DS BY PRACTIC+ ! ADAGE 0,! PASSION = DE/RUCTION IS A CREATIVE PASSION1 TOO60 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/S DID NOT SEE ! PA? TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION AS PROGRESSIVE4 ,9/EAD ( SEE+ AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT AS ! REVOLUTION>Y AG5T ! ,RUSSIANS SAW !IR [N RURAL PEASANTRY4 ,9 #a#h#f#a1 :5 ! PEASANTS W]E FRE$ FROM S]VITUDE BUT *A9$ TO DEBT1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/S BELIEV$ AN UPRIS+ WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,:5 IT DID NOT OCCUR1 NOR C\LD BE 9SPIR$ TO OCCUR1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/S TOOK ACTION4 ,9/EAD ( LOCK+ !MSELVES UP 9 ! ,LIBR>Y ( ,5GL& = #a YE>S ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S MOV$ 9TO GR\P H\SES ) !IR COMRADES1 TOOK D>+ & RIDICUL\S ACTIONS 7LIKE H&+ A SOCIALI/ PAMPHLET TO ! SITT+ ,CZ>71 & EV5TUALLY COMMITT$ ,TS>ICIDE4 ,( C\RSE1 WE KN[ ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/S BY ANO!R NAME1 ,NIHILI/S4 

,NIHILISM MEET ,AN>*ISM 

0,NOT UNTIL ! MOVEM5T />T$ BY ,PR\DHON HAD REA*$ ,RUSSIA DID ! 0PROPAG&A ( ACTION0 COME 9TO IT4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! GOV]NM5T1 CONTROLL+ ! MILIT>Y1 WAS ABLE TO *ECK 9/ANTLY ANY MOVEM5T :I* MI<T APPE> 9 ANY ( ! FEW BIG CITIES4 ,9 ! C\NTRY NO MOVEM5T C\LD HAVE EFFECT40 

,M>%ALL ,EV]ETT 

,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALI/S ALSO HAD ANO!R NAME ?AT MAY BE USEFUL TO DIFF]5TIATE FROM IT FROM ITS ,SOCIALI/ BRE?R51 AN>*ISM4 ,IF ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM IS OV]LY CONC]N$ ) SELF-MANAGEM5T1 F$]ATIONS1 & WORK+M5'S ASSOCIATIONS !N AN>*ISM MAY V]Y WELL HAVE BE5 CONC]N$ ) H[ TO 9TEGRATE ! ,RUSSIAN 9NOVATIONS ( NIHILISM4 ,BAKUN9 IS ! CASE 9 PO9T4 ,REVISIONI/S1 ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALI/ /RIPE1 W\LD FOCUS 5TIRELY ON ,BAKUN9'S POSITIVE AG5DA ( >GU+ = COLLECTIVE ACTION TO A*IEVE AN>*Y2 FRE$OM ( PRESS1 SPEE* & ASSEMBLY2 & ! EV5TUAL VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS ?AT W\LD F$]ATE TO ORGANIZE SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ ! ECONOMY4 ,!Y DO NOT ATT5D TO HIS NEGATIVE AG5DA ( DEMOLI%+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 POLITICAL P[]1 GOV]NM5T 9 G5]AL1 & ! ,/ATE4 ,AS ,BAKUN9 PROVID$ ! ,NIHILI/S ) A =MATIVE GIFT 9 HIS ESSAY 0,REACTION 9 ,G]MANY0 7#a#h#d#b71 HE ALSO RECEIV$ A GIFT FROM ! PRACTICE ( ! ,NIHILI/ ,DMITRY ,K>AKOZOV & HIS FAIL$ ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT ( ! ,CZ> ,ALEX&> ,I,I4 ,T5 YE>S LAT] ?IS NIHILI/ PRACTICE 7?AT WAS IS FULL SW+ BY ?IS TIME7 BECAME ! POLICY ( ! L>GE/ AN>*I/ F$]ATION ON ! ,EUROPEAN ,CONT95T4 ,?IS SO CALL$ 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 IS ! PRIM>Y HI/ORICAL VEHICLE BY :I* WE KN[ AN>*ISM 7& :I* ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALI/S SP5D MU* ( !IR TIME APOLOGIZ+ = & DI/ANC+ !MSELVES FROM74 

0,T]RORISM >OSE BECAUSE ( ! NECESSITY ( TAK+ ! GREAT GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! FLANK BE=E IT C\LD DISCOV] ?AT AN ATTACK WAS PLANN$4 ,NURTUR$ 9 HATR$1 IT GREW UP 9 AN ELECTRIC ATMOSPH]E FILL$ BY ! 5?USIASM ?AT IS AWAK5$ BY A NOBLE DE$40 ,! 0GREAT SUBT]RANEAN /REAM0 ( NIHILISM ?US HAD ITS RISE4 ,FROM NIHILISM & ITS NECESS>Y SUDD5 \TBREAKS AN>*ISM BORR[$ T]RORISM1 ! PROPAG&A ( ACTION40 

,S]GIUS ,/EPNIAK 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 & ! NIHILI/ PRACTICE ( ASSASS9ATION IS 9T5TION4 ,! AN>*I/S CONT9U$1 DUE TO !IR RELATION%IP TO ,SOCIALISM1 TO BELIEVE 9 A POSITIVE1 PROGRESSIVE R\TE T[>D !IR SOCIAL 5DS & TO BE 5GAG$ 9 VIOL5CE AGA9/ HEADS ( /ATES & !IR LACKEYS ) ! 7UTOPIAN7 BELIEF ?AT ! POPULATION BE>+ WITNESS TO !SE ACTS W\LD BO? SEE ! FALLIBILITY ( P[] ,& W\LD RISE UP TO FILL ?IS VOID4 ,! NIHILI/S HAD NO POSITIVE 9T5TIONS4 ,9 ! P>LANCE ( MOD]N AN>*ISM !Y ONLY DESIR$ TO TAKE DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ GREAT (F5SE4 

0,AN>*ISM & NIHILISM >E TWO WORDS FAMILI> TO ! Y\NG & N[ ATTRACTIVE TO !M4 ,!Y DO NOT BELIEVE 9 BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT ! OLD MU/ BE DE/ROY$ FIR/4 ,?AT IS NIHILISM4 ,9 A WAY IT IS ! D5IAL ( ! 0H]E & N[40 

,DORO?Y ,DAY 

,LET US /ATE IT CLE>LY4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY IS A PROGRESSIVE TRADITION4 ,! ,M>XI/S CALL IT HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & IT IS WELL /AT$1 9 !IR [N LANGUAGE1 BY ?IS QUOTE FROM ! ,PREFACE TO ,M>X'S ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 

,NO SOCIAL ORD] EV] P]I%ES BE=E ALL ! PRODUCTIVE =CES = :I* !RE IS ROOM 9 IT HAVE DEVELOP$2 & NEW1 HI<] RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION NEV] APPE> BE=E ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( !IR EXI/5CE HAVE MATUR$ 9 ! WOMB ( ! OLD SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,!RE=E MANK9D ALWAYS SETS ITSELF ONLY SU* TASKS AS IT CAN SOLVE2 S9CE1 LOOK+ AT ! MATT] MORE CLOSELY1 IT WILL ALWAYS BE F\ND ?AT ! TASKS ITSELF >ISES ONLY :5 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ITS SOLUTION ALREADY EXI/ OR >E AT LEA/ 9 ! PROCESS ( =MATION4 

,! ,NIHILI/ CONCEPT ( HI/ORY WAS NOT PROGRESSIVE4 ,! ,NIHILI/'S OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE IS JU/ A SPECIAL CASE ( HIS OR H] OPPOSITION TO ALMO/ EV]Y?+3 ! FAMILY1 TRADITIONAL >T1 B\RGEOIS CULTURE1 COM=TABLE MIDDLE-AG$ PEOPLE1 ! ,BRITI% MON>*Y1 ETC4 & IS NOT ORI5T$ >\ND !IR =MULATION ( H[ TO A*IEVE A BETT] WORLD4 ,9 PRACTICE !RE W]E PL5TY ( ,NIHILI/S :O MAY HAVE DESIR$ AN ANTI-/ATI/ COMMUNAL SOCIETY BUT DID NOT P>TICUL>LY SEE !IR RESI/ANCE TO ! REGIME AS L9K$ TO ?IS DESIRE4 

,SOCIALISM WILL CONT9UE TO HAVE ITS ADH]5TS1 :O >E ATTRACT$ TO ITS P]SPECTIVE ( HI/ORY1 ITS DEMOCRATIC P]SPECTIVE ( 9CLUSION & P>TICIPATION1 & ITS APP>5T DOM9ANCE 9 ! FIELD ( SOCIAL CONTE/ATION4 ,ITS CRITICISM ( ,NIHILISM BEG9S ) ! POSITION ( DEEP REVULSION AT ITS A-HUMANI/ P]SPECTIVE & PRACTICE4 ,IF WE W]E TO REVIEW ! HI/ORY ( ,SOCIALISM1 WE W\LD SEE ?AT A REJECTION ( HUMANISM IS NOT NECESS>Y TO 9FLICT 9VOLUNT>Y HORRORS UPON REAL LIV+ PEOPLE4 ,IF !RE IS A LESSON TO TAKE FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ,! ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC ( ,*9A1 OR ! ,KHM] ,R\GE IT IS ?AT GOOD 9T5TIONS1 & ! PRACTICE ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 CAN /ACK UP ! BODIES AS WELL AS ! SY/EMS !Y W\LD OPPOSE4 

,:AT ,NIHILISM PROVIDES !N IS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! ALT]NATIVE ?AT DOES NOT EMB$ AN IDEALI/ IMAGE ( ! NEW WORLD IT W\LD CREATE4 ,IT IS NOT AN ,IDEALI/ PROJECT4 ,NIHILISM /ATES ?AT IT IS NOT USEFUL TO TALK AB\T ! SOCIETY Y\ 'HOLD 9 Y\R /OMA*'1 ! ?+S Y\ W\LD DO 'IF ONLY Y\ GOT P[]'1 OR ! VISION ?AT Y\ BELIEVE ?AT WE ALL %>E4 ,:AT IS USEFUL IS ! NEGATION ( ! EXI/+ WORLD4 ,NIHILISM IS ! POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT BEG9S ) ! NEGATION ( ?IS WORLD4 ,:AT EXI/S BEYOND ?OSE GATES HAS YET TO BE WRITT54 

,*APT] #c3 ,NIHILISM AS ,/RATEGY 

7,NIHILISM7 /&S LIKE AN EXTREME ?AT CANNOT BE GOTT5 BEYOND1 & YET IT IS ! ONLY TRUE PA? ( GO+ BEYOND2 IT IS ! PR9CIPLE ( A NEW BEG9N+4 

,MAURICE ,BLAN*OT1 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,EXP]I5CE3 ,NIHILISM 

,IF WE DESIRE ANO!R WORLD1 :AT IS NECESS>Y = US TO DO TO A*IEVE ?IS 5D8 ,SPECIFICALLY :AT *ANGES MU/ WE 5ACT P]SONALLY1 SOCIALLY1 & AS A MOVEM5T8.<#a.> ,BEYOND A COM+-TO-P[]1 :AT IS ! TASK ( RESOLV+ ! CONTRADICTIONS ( NOT ONLY ! CURR5T ME?ODOLOGICAL SY/EM ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 BUT ! P>TIAL SOLUTIONS (F]$ BY O!RS :O W\LD ALSO PURSUE SOCIAL P[]8 ,TO :AT EXT5T MU/ !SE *ANGES HAPP5 N[ OR CAN !Y BE P>T ( ! ACTION-AS-CONSEQU5CE8 

,H]E IS :]E NIHILISM CAN PROVIDE SOME NEW P]SPECTIVE4 ,A DEF9ITION ( NIHILISM.<#b.> C\LD BE ! REALIZATION 0?AT CONDITIONS 9 ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION >E SO BAD AS TO MAKE DE/RUCTION DESIRABLE = ITS [N SAKE 9DEP5D5T ( ANY CON/RUCTIVE PROGRAM OR POSSIBILITY40 ,?IS EXPOSES ONE ( ! GREATE/ IDEALI/IC FLAWS ( MOD]N ACTIVISM3 ,! >TICULATION ( ! SPECIFIC WORLD-TO-BE AS A RESULT ( Y\R ACTIONS DOES NOT GU>ANTEE ?AT WORLD'S CREATION4 

,IT IS ! TRADITION ( ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY ?AT ALL[S = ! FALLACY ( CAUSALITY TO POLLUTE ! SPIRIT ( TODAY4 ,IF PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE >E ! BASIS ( EV]Y SOCIAL /RUCTURE ?R\<\T HI/ORY !N WE CAN LIMIT \RSELVES TO /UDY+ !M TO UND]/& H[ ANY TRANSITION TO ANO!R WORLD MAY OCCUR4 ,!RE=E AN UND]/&+ ( ECONOMIC SY/EMS %\LD SUFFICE TO UND]/& ! /RATEGIC OPPORTUNITIES = TRANSITION4 ,S9CE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ECONOMICS IS UND]/&+ ! RELATION%IP ( 9/ITUTIONS 7:I* >E ONLY ACC\NTABLE TO ! CURR5T P[] /RUCTURE7 TO EA* O!R1 SU* AN ANALYSIS SEEMS LIKE TRY+ TO UND]/& AN 9T]NAL COMBU/ION 5G9E FROM ! MOTION ( A C>4 

,MAT]IALISM HAS L>GELY BE5 SE5 AS AN 9COMPLETE CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY4 ,?IS IS P>TIALLY DUE TO ! P[] /RUCTURES EMB$D$ 9 ! =MATION ( MO/ 9/ITUTIONS BUT ALSO DUE TO ! MORAL =CES ?AT *ALL5GE MAT]IALISM'S FUNCTIONALI/ UND]P9N+S4 ,9 ! SIMPLE CASE1 A B5EVOL5T ,GOD CREAT$ ! UNIV]SE & HAS SOME VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 H[ ?+S HAPP5 H]E4 ,!RE=E MORAL SY/EMS EXI/ 9 ! NAME ( ,GOD'S 9T]E/S1 AS /AT$ 9 HOLY TEXTS & BY FALLIBLE 9T]PRET]S4 ,S9CE ! DISP]SION ( ! ,RE=MATION & ! SECUL>IZATION ( ! RISE ( ,SCI5CE1 MORALITY IS USUALLY DEF9$ 9 RELATION TO POLITICS4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO ! MORAL COMPON5T TO ,M>X'S ANALYSIS & ( ! ,LEFT 9 G5]AL4 

,! ,COMMUNI/S1 !RE=E1 >E ON ! ONE H& PRACTICALLY1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ & RESOLUTE SECTION ( ! WORK+-CLASS P>TIES ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 ?AT SECTION :I* PU%ES =W>D ALL O!RS2 ON ! O!R H&1 !ORETICALLY1 !Y HAVE OV] ! GREAT MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT ! ADVANTAGE ( CLE>LY UND]/&+ ! L9ES ( M>*1 ! CONDITIONS1 & ! ULTIMATE G5]AL RESULTS ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 .<,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,M>X & ,5GELS.> 

,MORAL VALUE1 OR 'GOOD'1 IS DEF9$ BY ! SPECIFIC CULTURAL VALUES ( ,EUROPE1 ( A DEVELOP$ ,*RI/IAN WORLDVIEW1 & ! DEVELOP+ BELIEFS 9 9DIVIDUALISM1 M]ITOCRACY1 & M]CANTILISM4 ,!SE >E /ILL ! HURDLES ?AT EV5 ! MO/ />RY-EY$ ( PROTE/]S TRIP OV]1 SOMETIME SPECTACUL>LY4.<#c.> 

,HI/ORICAL EVID5CE1 IF IT IS TO BELIEV$1 W\LD ACTUALLY DEMON/RATE ?AT ! VISIONS ( 0SUCCESSFUL0 SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES HAVE %OCK+LY LITTLE TO DO ) ! =M ( ! NEW SOCIETY !Y CREATE4 ,TAKE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION :]E ! =M ( CLASS SOCIETY WAS TO BE *ANG$4 ,IT DID1 FROM ! ?REE E/ATES ( *UR*1 NOBILITY1 & COMMON]S TO A P[]FUL /ATE1 C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACY1 & BURGEON+ CAPITALI/ 9FRA/RUCTURE4 ,ALL IT TOOK WAS ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 A ,REIGN ( ,T]ROR1 & A #a#e-YE> ,TOTAL ,W> EF=T ?AT W\LD TRANS=M W>F>E =EV]4 ,= ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MANY DIFF]+ T5D5CIES ASPIR$ TO REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY4 ,ITS EV5TUAL LEAD]S CALL$ = 0,ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS0 & 5D$ UP SETTL+ = CRU%+ !IR OPPOSITION & 5ACT+ ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY4.<#d.> ,! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAS 5D$ ) A /EEP DECL9E 9 NOT ONLY SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL *ANGE BUT ALSO A POV]TY ( VISION>IES :O >E PURSU+ *ANGE AT ALL4 

,AN>*ISM & NIHILISM %>E A COMMON ANTEC$5T4 ,BAKUN9'S DICTUM 0,LET US PUT \R TRU/ 9 ! ET]NAL SPIRIT :I* DE/ROYS & ANNIHILATES ONLY BECAUSE IT IS ! UNSE>*ABLE & ET]NALLY CREATIVE S\RCE ( ALL LIFE4 ,! DESIRE = DE/RUCTION IS ALSO A CREATIVE DESIRE40 9 #ahdb SP>K$ BO? MOVEM5TS4 ,NIHILISM'S CULTURAL PEAK WAS 9 ! #a#h#f'S1 AL?\< ITS ACTIVISM CONT9U$ ALMO/ TO ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT IS >GUABLE ?AT AN>*I/S 9H]IT$ 'PROPAG&A BY ! DE$' FROM ! ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/S4 ,NIHILISM'S !ORI/S.<#e.> CONT9U$ TO BE CIT$ AS PRECURSORS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY 9 ,RUSSIA UNTIL !Y W]E 'DISAPPE>$' WELL 9TO ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 

,:AT DOES NIHILISM HAVE TO (F] BEYOND A M]E AVOCATION ( DE/RUCTION8 ,! NIHILI/ POSITION DOES NOT ALL[ = ! COM=TS ( ?IS WORLD4 ,NOT ONLY IS ,GOD DEAD TO A NIHILI/1 BUT ALSO EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS TAK5 ,GOD'S PLACE2 IDEALISM1 CONSCI\SNESS1 REASON1 PROGRESS1 ! MASSES1 CULTURE1 ETC4 ,)\T ! COM=TS ( ?IS METAPHYSICAL 'PLACE' A /RATEGIC NIHILI/ IS FREE TO DRIFT UNFETT]$ BY ! CONSEQU5CES ( H] ACTIONS4 0,A NIHILI/ IS A P]SON :O DOES NOT B[ D[N TO ANY AU?ORITY1 :O DOES NOT ACCEPT ANY PR9CIPLE ON FAI?1 H[EV] MU* ?AT PR9CIPLE MAY BE REV]$0.<#f.> ,PHILOSOPHICALLY MU* HAS RESULT$ FROM ! NIHILI/ IDEAS ON VALUE1 ES!TICS & PRACTICE4 ,MO/ NOTABLY 9 ,ADORNO'S CONCEPTION ( ,NEGATIVE ,DIALECTICS1 A PR9CIPLE :I* REFUSES ANY K9D ( AFFIRMATION OR POSITIVITY1 A PR9CIPLE ( ?OR\<-GO+ NEGATIVITY4 ,! NIHILI/ TRADITION 9CLUDES ,ADORNO1 ,NIETZS*E1 ,BAKUN91 MU* ( CLASSIC ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 ,DADA1 PUNK ROCK1 ,HEIDEGG]1 EXI/5TIALI/1 PO/-/RUCTURALI/ & PO/-MOD]N ?9K]S1 & MU* ( AN>*ISM4 

,:AT DOES ?IS REALLY MEAN ON ! MOD]N /AGE8 ,/RATEGIC NIHILISM ALL[S = ! POSSIBILITY ?AT !RE IS NO FUTURE4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION !N BECOMES UNH+$ FROM ! UTOPIAN ASPIRATIONS ( ITS PROPON5TS4 ,!IR 'HOPE' CAN CLE>LY BE %[N TO BE DISCONNECT$ FROM ! SOCIAL & MAT]IAL REALITY ( BO? ! SOCIETY AS-IT-IS & ! POT5TIAL SOCIETY ?AT-C\LD-BE4 ,IF ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CURR5T ORD] MU/ BE A*IEV$1 = \R [N POT5TIAL TO BE REALIZ$1 = ITS [N SAKE1 = ! *ILDR51 IT MAY BE BETT] TO DO IT ) OP5 EYES ?AN PURPOSELY BL9D$ ONES4 ,A /RATEGIC NIHILI/ UND]/&S ?AT AN E?ICAL REVOLUTION DOES NOT CREATE AN E?ICAL SOCIETY4 ,AN E?ICAL AN>*I/ IS NOT ONE CONC]N$ ) NON-UTOPIAN SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ONLY AN IDEALIZ$ ONE4 ,A /RATEGIC NIHILI/ UND]/&S ?AT ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! MOD]N WORLD EMB$S ITS [N LOGIC & 9HABITANTS & ! NIHILI/ IS WILL+ TO TOSS IT ASUND] ANYWAY4 

,VANEIGEM /ATES 9 ,REVOLUTION ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE1 ?AT 0,JUV5ILE DEL9QU5TS >E ! LEGITIMATE HEIRS ( ,DADA40 ,?IS SPEAKS TO A POSITIVE NIHILISM ?AT MAY BE A COM=T+ WAY 9 :I* WE CAN APPROA* ! TR\BL+ CONSEQU5CES EMB$D$ )9 NIHILISM'S LOGIC4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ PROP]TY DE/RUCTION 9 !IR HUMANI/ VISION ( A E?ICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,?+S MATT] LESS ?AN PEOPLE4 ,NIHILISM 9=MS US ?AT ?IS DI*OTOMY TIES US TO ! WORLD WE MU/ SUP]S$E1 BE=E WE >E CAPABLE ( ACTUALLY HAV+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ) PEOPLE & NOT ?+S4 ,/RATEGIC NIHILISM PROVIDES US A SOLUTION TO EXI/5TIALISM & LIB]ALISM4 ,IT >GUES = AN ACTIVE POSE 9 ?IS WORLD & = ! 9VIABILITY ( RE=MI/ SOLUTIONS4 ,:5 CONFRONT$ ) ! HORROR ( Y\R EXI/5CE1 RACE T[>DS ! BLEAK CONSEQU5CES1 NOT AWAY4 ,DEAL ) ! MORALISM EXPLICIT 9 Y\R /AT$ IRRELEVANCE BY ID5TITY POLITICS1 COMMUNISM1 & PO/MOD]NISM ) A SWORD 9 H&4 ,MORALI/S %\LD BE SP>$ NO PATI5CE4 

,:AT IF Y\ >E /RUGGL+ 9 '! MOVEM5T'8 ,NIHILISM CAN PROVIDE Y\ A SUITE ( TOOLS4 ,! FIR/ IS DEEP SKEPTICISM4 ,EV]Y ACTION1 EV]Y MEET+1 IS FILL$ ) POLITICIANS-9-WAIT+ :O >E EASY TO DISC]N1 ) !IR PLA/IC SMILES & FLU5CY ) '! PROCESS'4 ,A /RATEGIC NIHILISM ALL[S ITS PRACTITION] TO SEE !SE TYPES = :AT !Y >E2 & ! ABILITY TO DO ) !M :AT IS NECESS>Y BY Y\R ANALYSIS1 & NOT !IRS4 

,! SECOND IS A NEW EYE T[>DS HI/ORY4 ,:]EAS BE=E IT MAY HAVE BE5 EASY TO GET CAU<T UP 9 ! DETAILS ( ! :O'S1 :5'S & :Y'S ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 N[ IT IS EASY TO SEE ! FAILURE 9 ! P>TIALITY )\T GETT+ BOGG$ D[N 9 ! SPECIFIC HALFMEASURES4 ,TIME DEVOT$ TO >GU+ H[ MANY ANGELS DANCE ON ! HEAD ( A P9 IS TIME AWAY FROM ! PURSUIT ( ANY?+ ELSE4 

,F9ALLY1 A /RATEGIC NIHILI/ POSITION ALL[S = A RANGE ( MOTION H]ET(ORE NOT AVAILABLE4 ,! E?ICAL LIMITATIONS ( 'DO+ ! RI<T ?+' HAVE TRANS=M$ MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,FROM PACIFI/S & E?ICI/S :O SANCTIMONI\SLY WAIT = ! CLUB TO FALL OR ! /R5G? ( !IR CONVICTIONS TO %ATT] CAPITALISM1 TO ADH]5TS ( ! ,VIETNAM-]A =M ( SOCIAL PROTE/1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! T]RA9 ALL[$ BY MORALITY IS BLEAK & FILL$ ) QUAGMIRE4 ,>M$ /RUGGLE GR\PS1 :O L$ NON-EXI/5T MASSES T[>D !IR BETT] WORLD HAVE %[N SIMIL> FAILURE4 ,IF !SE >E NOT ! MODELS ?AT FRAME Y\R CONCEPTION ( *ANGE1 Y\ >E FREE TO MAKE MOVES ON A *ESSBO>D ?AT NO ONE ELSE IS PLAY+ ON4 ,Y\ BEG9 TO WRITE ! RULES ?AT ?OSE 9 P[] >E NOT PREP>$ =4 ,Y\ CAN TAKE ANGLES1 Y\ CAN PACE Y\RSELF1 Y\ CAN />T DREAM+ BIG AGA91 9/EAD ( JU/ DREAM+ AS L>GE AS ! NEXT DEMO1 ACTION1 OR W>4 

,*APT] #d3 ,:AT ,I WI% ,I HAD SAID ,SEPTEMB] #a#b1 #ba 

,TODAY1 ,M>* #a#a1 #b#d1 !RE WAS ANO!R MAJOR BOMB+ 9 ,MADRID1 ,SPA94 ,! 'FACTS' 9 ! CASE >E /ILL COM+ \T 7#a#b H\RS LAT]7 BUT IT APPE>S ?AT ! EYE ( ACCUSATION IS 5VISION+ ! EV5T AS AN ,AL ,QUA$A PLOT4 ,! FIR/ #bd H\RS ( MA9/REAM NEWS COV]AGE AFT] ! ,SEPTEMB] #aa ATTACKS WAS AN 9T]E/+ GLANCE BEH9D ! CURTA94 ,NOT ONLY W]E !RE REPORTS 7?AT ,I NEV] HE>D FOLL[$ UP ON7 ( !RE BE+ ADDITIONAL ATTACKS ON GOV]NM5T BUILD+S 9 ,D,C1 BUT ! BLAME = ! ATTACKS WAS ALL OV] ! MAP3 K9D ( A :O'S :O ( ,AM]ICA'S %IT LI/4 

,! COV]AGE !N FROM ! AN>*I/ & LEFT PRESS WAS TYPICALLY ONE-DIM5SIONAL1 AS ! 9ITIAL RESPONSE TO ! NEW ,SPA9 ATTACK APPE>S TO BE ALSO4 ,AN EXAMPLE IS 9 ORD]4 ,! REPORT BEG9S ) A R\ND OR TWO ( HUMANI/ H&-WR++1 ALL AB\T ! *ILDR51 ! T]ROR & H[ T>GET+ '9NOC5T' PEOPLE IS NO WAY TO *ANGE ! WORLD4 ,!N COME ! LIMP ACCUSATIONS AB\T /ATE T]ROR4 0,H[ COME WE >E =C$ TO WRITE ?IS LAM5T AGA9/ ! CIVILIAN POPULATION BY A GR\P )\T A /ATE :5 ! ,/ATE DOES REALLY BAD ?+S TOO4 ,! ,/ATE IS EV5 WORSE ?AN ! TOPIC ( MY MORALI/IC DIATRIBE60 ,!N !RE IS A PO9T OR TWO AB\T BAD POLICIES & H[1 IF !RE W]E AN>*Y1 OR JU/ICE1 OR :ATEV]-9-!-FUCK1 ?IS W\LD NEV] HAVE HAPP5$4 ,! REPORT IS WRAPP$ UP ) ! SOB] ANALYSIS AB\T H[ WE %\LD *ANGE ! WORLD BY *ANG+ ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM & NOT 'PLAY ! SAME GAME' AS ?OSE ) MISSILE TE*NOLOGY & A /&+ >MY4.<#g.> 

,IT IS AS IF !RE W]E A C5TRAL COMMITTEE WRIT+ !SE ?+S1 PRESS RELEASE /YLE1 MAK+ SURE ?AT NO ONE IS (F SCRIPT4 ,!RE IS NO POSSIBLE WAY ?AT ANYONE C\LD BELIEVE ?AT !RE >E PEOPLE FI<T+ A W> AGA9/ ! SY/EM1 PEOPLE :O ,I MAY NOT WI% TO W91 BUT :O AM ,I TO JUDGE4 ,UNTIL ! DAY ?AT ,I TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ ! /ATE1 RESI/+ ! 5EMY ON ! ONLY FIELD ?AT IT UND]/&S1 ,I AM GO+ TO KEEP MY M\? FUCK+ %UT AB\T ! CORRECT OR 9CORRECT WAYS TO FI<T ! TOTALITY444 

,I AM NOT GO+ TO TELL Y\ AB\T H[ MY EYES >E RUNN+ ) TE>S BECAUSE ( ALL ! *ILDR5 :O WILL NOT BE COM+ HOME TO P>5TS TONI<T4 ,MY EYES >E DRY4 ,!Y >E NOT DRY BECAUSE ( ! GREAT] CRIMES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 OR ,SPANI% GOV]NM5TS4 ,SURE1 !IR CRIMES >E LEG5D1 BUT IF ,I W]E TO CRY TODAY AB\T ?IS ONE CRIME1 :AT POSSIBLE *ANCE C\LD ,I HAVE TO EV] /OP CRY+4 ,?IS IS ! WORLD ,I LIVE 94 ,IF ,I AM NOT GO+ TO BURN MYSELF TO A% ,I HAVE TO DEAL ) YET ANO!R HEADL9E AB\T CONSEQU5CES AS EXACTLY :AT IT IS- PEOPLE DI$ 9 ! C\RSE ( A TOTAL W> :]E ONE SIDE HAS V]Y FEW OPTIONS AT ITS DISPOSAL ) :I* TO ATTACK DOM9ATION4 

,MY QUE/ION IS1 TO :AT EXT5T WILL !RE EV] BE RESOLUTION TO ! ,W>S ( ,T]ROR8 ,JU/ AS WE KN[ ! PATT]N ( BEHAVIOR ( ! NONP>TICIPANT ANALY/S ( ?IS LATE/ ACTION1 WE ALSO KN[ ! BEHAVIOR ( ! SY/EM ITSELF4 ,( C\RSE !RE WILL BE 9CREAS$ REPRESSION4 ,( C\RSE ! ,E,T,A 7! ,BASQUE SEP>ATI/S :O W]E 9ITIALLY ACCUS$ ( ! CRIME BUT MAY 5D UP BE+ (F ! HOOK = ?IS ACTION7 WILL BE CRU%$4 ,MORE ALLIES WILL JO9 ON TO ! ,AM]ICAN-LEAD ,W> AGA9/ ,T]ROR4 ,MORE MONEY WILL BE SP5T ?AT WILL RESULT 9 A HI<] DEGREE ( EXAM9ATION 9TO \R P]SONAL LIVES & GREAT] AM\NT ( MILIT>IZATION ( \R SOCIETY4 ,?IS CYCLE WILL REPEAT UNTIL EI!R ! 5TIRE SOCIAL APP>ATUS COLLAPSES UND] ! WEI<T ( ITS [N REPRESSIVE 9FRA/RUCTURE OR !RE IS TOTAL CON=MITY UND] \R COMPASSIONATE OV]LORDS4 ,I AM BETT+ ON ! =M]4 

,TO DEF5D ACTS ( 'T]ROR' W\LD BE TO *OOSE TO SP5D AN 5DLESS P]IOD ( TIME DEBAT+ PO9TS ( HI/ORY1 PHILOSOPHY1 & VALUES -- TO :AT 5D8 ,I AM NOT CONV9C$ ?AT LA%+ \T AGA9/ ! ,/ATE 9 M$IA SAVVY PUBLIC DISPLAYS ( VIOL5CE HAS MU* CONNECTION AT ALL TO DISMANTL+ IT4 ,IF ,I KNEW ?AT IT DID1 ,I W\LD USE ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO BEG Y\R ACTION ALONG ?IS L9E1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/ TO ASK Y\ TO TAPE ME UP = MY RUN AT ! PRIZE4 ,MOREOV] ,I AM SUSPICI\S ?AT :AT IS BE+ PRES5T$ TO ME AS REALITY ISN'T ! HALF ( IT4 

,I MAY NOT BE A BELIEV]1 & WILL NOT BE A B5EFICI>Y EI!R WAY1 BUT ,I ALSO DO NOT ?9K ?AT ! CONCLUSION TO ?IS 'TOTAL W>' IS GO+ TO BE ANY?+ LIKE WE SUSPECT IT IS GO+ TO BE4 ,REVOLUTION>IES1 ( EV]Y /RIPE1 HAVE BE5 REM>KABLY1 CONSI/5TLY1 WRONG AB\T ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR BEHAVIOR4 ,:AT ,I DO BELIEVE IS ?AT ! RADICAL ACTION TAK5 BY A V]Y FEW 9DIVIDUALS TODAY /RIKE MORE AWE 9 ME ?AN T]ROR4 ,! COGNITIVE1 SPIRITUAL1 & A-HUMANI/ LEAP TAK5 ON A TRA9 9 ,MADRID1 MU* LIKE ! ONE TAK5 BY #ae HIJACK]S 9 #b#a1 HAS MORE VALUE TO ADD TO AN UND]/&+ AB\T :AT A REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE IS GO+ TO LOOK LIKE 9 ! #b#a/ C5TURY ?AN A #a BLACK BLOCS OR A MILLION DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! /ATE & = ! CAM]AS4 

  

.<#a.> ,! T]M MOVEM5T IS US$ TO PROVIDE P]SPECTIVE H]E4 ,IT IS A MATT] ( SCALE 9 ,WE/]N ,CULTURE TO BEG9 ) ! SELF & 5D ) ! SOCIETY4 ,:ILE WE REJECT ?IS TAUTOLOGY1 WE EMBRACE ! CL>ITY ( ITS APP>5T SIMPLICITY4 

.<#b.> ,!RE >E AB\T AS MANY DEF9ITIONS ( NIHILISM AS !RE >E ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT TO ! EXT5T ?AT !RE IS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON ( NIHILISM IT IS L>GELY REGRESSIVE & 9SUL>4 ,AN>*ISM HAS PUPPET %[S1 NIHILISM ONLY HAS BLACK C(FEE & CIG>ETTES4 

.<#c.> ,:5 ?AT EXPLOSIVE DETONAT$ YE/]DAY IT BROKE ALL ! W9D[S 9 ! FAMILY'S H\SE4 ,I WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ S]V$ TEA & PLAY+ ) ! TWO SMALL BABIES4 ,I'M HAV+ A H>D TIME RI<T N[4 ,JU/ FEEL SICK TO MY /OMA* A LOT FROM BE+ DOT$ ON ALL ! TIME1 V]Y SWEETLY1 BY PEOPLE :O >E FAC+ DOOM4 ,I KN[ ?AT FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IT ALL S\NDS LIKE HYP]BOLE4 ,HONE/LY1 A LOT ( ! TIME ! %E] K9DNESS ( ! PEOPLE H]E1 C\PL$ ) ! OV]:ELM+ EVID5CE ( ! WILLFUL DE/RUCTION ( !IR LIVES1 MAKES IT SEEM UNREAL TO ME4 ,I REALLY CAN'T BELIEVE ?AT SOME?+ LIKE ?IS CAN HAPP5 9 ! WORLD )\T A BIGG] \TCRY AB\T IT4 ,IT REALLY HURTS ME1 AGA91 LIKE IT HAS HURT ME 9 ! PA/1 TO WITNESS H[ AWFUL WE CAN ALL[ ! WORLD TO BE4 ,I FELT AFT] TALK+ TO Y\ ?AT MAYBE Y\ DIDN'T COMPLETELY BELIEVE ME4 ,I ?9K IT'S ACTUALLY GOOD IF Y\ DON'T1 BECAUSE ,I DO BELIEVE PRETTY MU* ABOVE ALL ELSE 9 ! IMPORTANCE ( 9DEP5D5T CRITICAL ?9K+4 ,& ,I ALSO REALIZE ?AT ) Y\ ,I'M MU* LESS C>EFUL ?AN USUAL AB\T TRY+ TO S\RCE EV]Y ASS]TION ?AT ,I MAKE4 ,A LOT ( ! REASON = ?AT IS ,I KN[ ?AT Y\ ACTUALLY DO GO & DO Y\R [N RESE>*4 ,BUT IT MAKES ME WORRY AB\T ! JOB ,I'M DO+4 ,ALL ( ! SITUATION ?AT ,I TRI$ TO 5UM]ATE ABOVE -- & A LOT ( O!R ?+S -- CON/ITUTES A SOME:AT GRADUAL --  (T5 HIDD51 BUT NEV]!LESS MASSIVE -- REMOVAL & DE/RUCTION ( ! ABILITY ( A P>TICUL> GR\P ( PEOPLE TO SURVIVE4 ,RA*EL ,CORRIE 7TO H] MO!R7 

.<#d.> 0,?IS POLICY WAS 9ITIAT$ 9 #aiba TO REPLACE ! POLICY ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 :I* HAD PREVAIL$ DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN CIVIL W> & L$ TO DECL9ES 9 AGRICULTURAL & 7NONMILIT>Y7 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION444 A POLICY ( SUB/ITUT+ A TAX 9/EAD ( REQUISITIONS2 ( ALL[+ ! PEASANTRY TO DISPOSE ( !IR SURPLUS )9 ! LIMITS ( 0LOCAL TRADE02 ( ALL[+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ CONCESSIONS TO A DELIMIT$ EXT5T1 & ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,?IS /ATE CAPITALISM1 9 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 WAS ALL[$ A CONSID]ABLE FIELD ( POSSIBILITIES 9 :I* TO DEVELOP1 :ILE ! PROLET>IAN GOV]NM5T RETA9$ CONTROL ( ! KEY 9DU/RIES1 /ATE BANK+2 ?AT NATIONALIZATION ( ! L& REMA9$ & ?AT ! /ATE HELD A MONOPOLY ( =EIGN TRADE40 ,5CYCLOP$IA ( ,M>XISM 

.<#e.> ,*]NY%EVSKY1 ,PIS>EV1 & ,H]Z5 

.<#f.> ,IVAN ,TURG5EV'S #ahfa NOVEL ,FA!RS ,& ,SONS 

.<#g.> ,!SE ?\<TS C\RTESY ( ! 'AN>*I/' WRIT] AN>*O AT AN>*ISM4WS 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #b#h1 #bb 3 ,NIHILISM1 ,AN>*Y1 & ! #b#a/ C5TURY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,NIHILISM1 ,AN>*Y1 & ! #b#a/ C5TURY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/