,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #a 
,SP>TA 

#ahbahb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,GODW91 ,WILLIAM4 ,( ,POPULATION4 ,LONDON3 ,LONGMAN1 ,HUR/1 ,REES1 ,ORME & ,BR[N1 ,PAT]NO/] ,R[1 #a#h#b4 

  
  
,*,A,P,T,] ,X4 

  
  
  
,SP>TA 

  
  

,AN ACCURATE & 9/RUCTIVE EXP]IM5T ON ! SUBJECT ( POPULATION APPE>S TO BE AF=D$ US BY ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,SP>TA4 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE MEMORABLE 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 ?AN ! CODE ( LAWS DIGE/$ BY ,LYCURGUS = ?AT PEOPLE2 & ?IS CODE SEEMS TO HAVE OP]AT$ 9 FULL VIGOR = FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,LYCURGUS1 WE >E TOLD1 DIVID$ ! 5TIRE L&S ( ! REPUBLIC 9TO #c#i1 EQUAL PORTIONS2 ( :I* ?IRTY ?\S& W]E DI/RIBUT$ TO ! RURAL CITIZ5S ( ! /ATE1 & N9E ?\S& TO ! 9HABITANTS ( ! CAPITAL4 ,ONE ( ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLES ( HIS CODE WAS TO REG>D M>RIAGE AS A DUTY1 & ! HAV+ A FAMILY ( *ILDR5 AS HONORABLE4 ,! AGE ( M>RIAGE WAS FIX$2 & IS CONJECTUR$ BY ,B>!LEMI TO HAVE BE5 ?IRTY = ! MALES1 & TW5TY = ! FEMALE CITIZ5S4 

0,?OSE :I* W\LD NOT M>RIE10 SAYS ,PLUT>*1 0 ,LYCURGUS MADE 9FAM\S BY LAW4 ,= IT WAS NOT LAWFULL = SU* TO BE PRES5T1 :]E ?OSE OP5 GAMES & PA/IMES W]E %EW$ NAK$4 ,FUR!RMORE ! (FIC]S ( ! CITIE COMPELL$ SU* AS W\LD NOT M>RY1 EU5 9 ! H>DE/ TIME ( ! W9T]1 TO 5UIRON ! PLACE ( !SE SPORTES1 & TO GO VP & D[NE />KE NAK$1 & TO S+ A C]TA9E SONG MADE = ! PURPOSE AGA9/ !M1 :I* WAS3 ?AT JU/LY W]E !Y PUNI%$1 BECAUSE ?AT LAW !Y DISOBEY$4 ,MORE\]1 :5 SU* W]E OLD1 !Y HAD NOT ! HONOR & REU]5CE DONE !RN1 :I* OLD M>RI$ M5 VSUALLY RECEIU$4 ,!RE=E !RE WAS NO MAN ?AT MISLIK$1 OR REPR\$ ?AT1 :I* WAS SPOK5 TO ,D]CILLIDAS3 ALBEIT O!RWISE HE WAS A NOBLE CAPTA9E4 ,=1 COM+ 9TO A PRES5CE1 !RE WAS A Y\NG MAN :I* W\LD NOT V\*SAFE TO RISE & DO HIM REU]5CE1 NOR TO GIVE HIM PLACE = TO SIT D[NE3 ,& WOR?ILY1 QUO? HE1 BECAUSE ?\ HA/ NOT GOTT5 A SON1 :O MAY DO SO MU* = ME 9 TIME TO COME40 

,H]E !N1 IF ANY :]E1 WE MAY EXPECT TO F9D A NATION1 ! POPULATION ( :I* %\LD 9CREASE AT AN EXTRAORD9>Y RATE4 ,!RE W]E NO POOR UND] ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,LYCURGUS4 ,ALL W]E F$ AT A COMMON TABLE2 ALL SLEPT 9 PUBLIC DORMITORIES4 ,! CITIZ5S RECEIV$ EV]Y 5C\RAGEM5T1 NAY1 AS IT APPE>S1 W]E ABSOLUTELY 5JO9$1 TO M>RY2 & !Y C]TA9LY FELT NO ANXIETY AB\T ! SUBSI/5CE ( !IR FUTURE (FSPR+4 

,ALL ?IS MU/ BE EXCE$+LY PUZZL+ TO ! FOLL[]S ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US2 W]E IT NOT ?AT !Y >E RELIEV$ FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,LYCURGUS G5]ALLY CONSID]$1 HY ! RECOLLECTION ( ONE ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* !Y MAY REG>D AS ( SUFFICI5T =CE TO *ECK ! EVILS ( AN OV]GR[+ POPULATION4 ,?IS WAS A LAW :I* PRESCRIB$ ! EXPOS+ ( 9FANTS4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 TO :AT AN EXT5T ?IS EXPOS+ MU/ HAVE BE5 C>RI$1 IF !RE IS ANY TRU? 9 ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S HYPO!SIS4 ,HALF ! BORN AT LEA/ MU/ HAVE CON/ANTLY BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ! OP]ATION ( A POSITIVE /ATUTE4 ,IT IS TRULY EXTRAORD9>Y1 ?AT ,LYCURGUS %\LD HAVE OV]LOOK$ SO 5ORM\S AN EVIL1 & %\LD HAVE ORDA9$ ?AT SU* MULTITUDES ( 9FANTS %\LD BE CONT9UALLY BORN 9TO ! WORLD1 = ! M]E PURPOSE ( BE+ MURD]$4 ,IT IS /ILL MORE EXTRAORD9>Y ?AT NO ONE %\LD HAVE EXI/$ = FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S1 ) HUMANITY 5\< TO REM$Y SO ATROCI\S A MIS*IEF4 

,BUT LET US CONSID] = A MOM5T ?IS LAW CONC]N+ ! EXPOS+ ( 9FANTS1 AS IT WAS PRACTIC$ 9 ! REPUBLIC ( ,SP>TA4 ,WE HAVE BE5 TOLD BY SOME TRAVEL]S FROM ,*9A1 ?AT ! PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS ( ?AT C\NTRY >E 9 ! HABIT ( HAV+ REC\RSE TO ?IS EXP$I5T1 TO GET RID ( ! TR\BLE ( MA9TA9+ !IR (FSPR+1 & ?AT !Y CONT9UE TO DO ?IS1 NOT)/&+ ALL ! PRECAUTIONS US$ BY ! GOV]NM5T TO PREV5T IT4 ,NO PRACTICE RESEMBL+ ?IS EV] TOOK PLACE AMONG ! ,SP>TANS4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5TLY EVID5T1 ?AT ,LYCURGUS 5T]TA9$ NO APPREH5SION ( BE+ OV]/OCK$ ) CITIZ5S1 & ?AT HIS LAW HAD NO SU* OBJECT 9 VIEW4 0,AFT] ! BIR? ( EU]Y BOY1 ! FA!R WAS NO MORE MAI/] ( HIM2 BUT HE HIMSELFE C>RI$ HIM TO A C]TA9E PLACE CALL$ ,LES*E1 :]E ! ELDE/ M5 ( HIS K9DR$ BE+ SET1 DID VIEW ! *ILD3 & IF !Y F\ND HIM FAIRE1 & WELL PROPORTION$ ( ALL HIS LIMMES1 & /RONG1 !Y GAUE ORD] HE %\LD BE BR\<T VP4 ,CONTR>IWISE1 IF !Y F\ND HIM DE=M$1 MIS%AP51 OR LEANE1 OR PALE1 !Y S5T HIM TO BE ?R[NE 9 A DEEPE PIT ( WAT]1 :I* !Y COMMONLY CALL$ ,APO!TES3 HOLD+ OP9ION IT WAS NEI!R GOOD = ! *ILD1 NOR YET = ! COMMONWEALE1 ?AT IT %\LD LIUE1 CONSID]+ FROM HIS BIR? HE WAS NOT WEL MADE1 NOR GIV5 TO BE /RONG1 HEAL?FULL1 NOR LU/IE ( BODY ALL HIS LIFE LONG4 ,= ?IS CAUSE !RE=E ! NURSE1 AFT] !IR BIR?1 DID NOT WA% !M ) WAT] SIMPLY 7AS !Y DO EV]Y :]E AT ?AT TIME71 BUT) WAT] M+L$ ) W9E3 & !REBY DID !Y PR\E1 :E!R ! COMPLEXION OR TEMP]ATURE ( !IR BODIES W]E GOOD OR ILL4 ,= !Y SUPPOSE ?AT *ILDR51 :I* >E GIV5 TO HAUE ! FALL+ SICKNESSE1 OR O!RWISE TO BE FULL ( REWMES & SICKNESSE1 CANNOT ABIDE WA%+ ) W9E1 BUT RA!R DRY & P9E AWAY 3 AS CONTR>ILY ! O!R :I* >E HEAL?FULL1 BECOME !REBY ! /RONG] & ! LU/I]40 

,TWO 9F]5CES CLE>LY FOLL[ FROM ?IS /ATEM5T3 FIR/1 ?AT ! LAWS ( ,LYCURGUS HAD 9 !IR VIEW NO PURPOSE TO KEEP DO W9 ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D3 SECONDLY1 ?AT A PROCE$+ ( ?IS SORT1 ?\< IT MI<T DIM9I%1 & ?AT PROBABLY 9 AN 9CONSID]ABLE DEGREE1 ! NUMB] ( CITIZ5S 9 A GIV5 G5]ATION1 WAS V]Y 9DIFF]5TLY ADAPT$ TO R$UCE ! NUMB] ( BIR?S BY :I* ! NEXT G5]ATION WAS TO BE SUPPLI$4 ,9 ! SAME SPIRIT ,PLUT>* FUR!R RELATES3 0,FIR/ ( ALL1 ,LYCURGUS WILL$ ?AT ! MAID5S %\LD H>D5 !IR BODIES ) EX]CISE ( RUNN+1 WRE/L+1 ?R[+ ! LANCE1 & CA/+ ! D>T1 TO ! 5D ?AT ! FRUITE :]E) !Y MI<T BE AFT]W>DS CONCEIU$1 TAK+ N\RI%M5T ( A /RONG & LU/Y BODY1 %\LD %OOT \T & SPREADE ! BETT]2 & ?AT !Y BY GA!R+ /R5G? ?US BY EX]CISES1 %\LD MORE EASILY AWAY ) ! PA9ES ( *ILD-BE>+40 

,IT IS SURELY !RE=E ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ANY !ORY ON ! SUBJECT ( POPULATION1 TO WAT* ! EFFECTS ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,SP>TA4 ,& H]E =TUNATELY WE POSSESS 9=MATION FROM ! HI<E/ AU?ORITIES AMONG ! ANCI5TS1 NO LESS ?AN ?OSE ( ,?UCYDIDES & ,>I/OTLE4 

,IT APPE>S PLA9LY FROM ! HI/ORY ( ,?UCYDIDES1 ?AT ! REPUBLIC ( ,SP>TA WAS 9 ! PRACTICE ( 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] ( H] CITIZ5S BY =EIGN ACCESSIONS2 & WE MAY DI/+UI% TWO MODES 9 :I* ?IS RECRUIT+ WAS EFFECT$4 ,FIR/1 BY ADMITT+ C]TA9 ( ! ,HELOTS1 OR SLAVES1 TO ! RI<TS ( CITIZ5%IP 2 & SECONDLY1 BY 5ROLL+ AMONG H] D5IZ5S 9DIVIDUALS SELECT$ = ?IS PURPOSE FROM AMONG ! ALLIES ( ,SP>TA4 ,!SE LATT] W]E DESIGN$ BY ! APPELLATION ( ,NEODAMODES M5 ADD$ TO ! RANKS ( ! /ATE4 ,9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! ELEV5? YE> ( ! ,PELOPONNESIAN W>1 ,?UCYDIDES EXPRESSLY DI/+UI%ES !SE TWO SPECIES ( RECRUITS FROM EA* O!R3 & ! ,NEODAMODES >E AGA9 M5TION$ BY HIM 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ! N9ETE5? YE> ( ! W>40 

,>I/OTLE IS /ILL MORE EXPLICIT4 ,9 ! *APT] ( HIS ,POLITICS 9 :I* ! REPUBLIC ( 0,LAC$AEMON IS EXAM9$1 HE /ATES ?AT1 0,?\< ! T]RITORY ( ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS WAS SUFFICI5T = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ONE ?\S& FIVE HUNDR$ HORSE1 & ?IRTY ?\S& FOOT & 9 ?IS E/IMATE WE MAY BE SURE HE DOES NOT 9CLUDE ! ,HELOTS1 OR SLAVES1 BY :OM ALL ! ME*ANICAL LABOR ( ! COMMUNITY WAS P]=M$1 YET ! ACTUAL NUMB] ( ! CITIZ5S ( ! CAPITAL HAD FALL5 TO ONE ?\S&4 ,?US10 CONT9UES HE1 0! REPUBLIC ( ,SP>TA FELL1 NOT BY ANY S+LE & P>TICUL> CALAMITY1 BUT P]I%$ ?R\< ! DIM9UTION ( ITS NUMB]S4 ,9 ! E>LI] P]IOD ( ITS HI/ORY IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT !Y GAVE ! RI<TS ( CITIZ5%IP TO ! NATIVES ( O!R ,GRECIAN /ATES1 ?AT BY REASON ( !IR LONG W>S !IR NUMB]S MI<T NOT BE TOO MU* R$UC$2 & ,I HAVE HE>D ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ! CAPITAL ONLY1 AT ONE TIME AM\NT$ TO T5 ?\S&40 

,>I/OTLE 9DE$ IMPUTES ! R$UC$ NUMB]S ( ! CITIZ5S ( ,SP>TA TO A DEFECT 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,LYCURGUS1 :O1 HE SAYS1 =BADE ?AT ANY CITIZ5 ( ,SP>TA %\LD SELL HIS [N PROP]TY1 OR BUY ?AT ( ANO!R1 BUT ALL[$ !M TO GIVE OR BEQUEA? IT TO ANY ONE !Y W\LD3 9 CONSEQU5CE ( :I* 9 PROCESS ( TIME ! L&S ( ! REPUBLIC FELL 9TO ! H&S ( A FEW4 ,BUT 9 ?IS REPRES5TATION HE /&S ALONE4 ,PLUT>*1 TO :OM PO/]ITY IS PR9CIPALLY 9DEBT$ = ! DETAILS ( ! SUBJECT1 EXPRESSLY /ATES3 0,LYCURGUS WAS NOT DECEIU$ ( HIS HOPE2 = HIS CITY WAS ! *IEFE/ ( ! WORLD 9 GLORY & HONOR ( G\]NEM5T1 BY ! SPACE ( FIUE HUNDR$ YE>ES4 ,= SO LONG HIS CITIE KEPT HIS LAWES )\T ANY *ANGE OR ALT]ATION UNTIL K+ ,AGIS1 ! SON ( ,>*IDAMUS1 BEGAN TO REIGNE4 ,N[ 9 ! REIGNE ( K+ ,AGIS1 GOLD & SILU] BEGANNE FIR/ TO CREEPE 9 AGA9E TO ! CITIE ( ,SP>TA1 BY MEANES ( ,LYS&]10 9 ! CLOSE ( ! ,PELOPONNESIAN W>4 

,& AGA91 9 ! ,LIFE ( ,AGIS1 ! SON ( ,EUDAMIDAS1 ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S LAT]3 0,!N BEGAN ! /ATE ( ,LAC$SEMON FIR/ TO BE CORRUPT$1 & TOLEAUE H] ANCI5T DISCIPL9E1 :5 ! ,LAC$REMONIANS1 HAU+ SUBDU$ ! EMPIRE ( ! ,A!NIANS ?AT IS1 UND] ,LYS&]1 /OR$ !MSELVES & C\NTREY BO?1 ) PL5TY ( GOLD & SILU]4 ,BUT YET RES]U+ /ILL ! L&S LEFT VNTO !M BY SUCCESSION FROM !IR FA!RS1 ACCORD+ VNTO ,LYCURGUS FIR/ ORD9ANCE & 9/ITUTION = DIUISION ( L&S AMONG !M3 :I* ORD9ANCE & EQUALITIE BE+ 9UIOLABLY KEPT AMONG !M1 DID YET PRES]UE ! COMMON WEAL? FROM DEFAMATION ( DIU]SE O!R NOTORI\S CRIMES4 ,VNTILL ! TIME ( ! AU?ORITIE ( ,EPITADEUS1 ONE ( ! ,EPHORES1 A S$ITI\S MAN1 & ( PR\D CONDITIONS1 :O BITT]LY FALL+ \T ) HIS [NE SONNE1 PREF]R$ A LAW1 ?AT EU]Y MAN MI<T LAWFULLY GIVE HIS L&S & GOODS :IL/ HE LIV$1 OR AFT] HIS DEA? BY TE/AM5T VNTO ANY MAN :OM HE LIK$ OR ?\<T WELL (4 ,?US ?IS MAN MADE A LAW TO SATISFIE HIS ANG]1 & O!RS ALSO DID CONFIRME IT = COVET\SNESSE SAKE1 & SO OV]?REW A NOBLE ORD9ANCE40 

,PLUT>* HIMSELF SPEAKS1 9 ! TIME ( ! LATT] ,AGIS1 ( ! CITIZ5S ( ,SP>TA AS AM\NT+ ONLY TO SEV5 HUNDR$ P]SONS4 

,WE HAVE H]E !RE=E AN EVID5CE1 SU* AS MU/ BE ( GREAT WEI<T ) EV]Y REASONABLE MAN1 RESPECT+ ! POPULATION1 OR NUMB] ( CK TIZ5S ( ,SP>TA1 DUR+ ! SUCCESSIVE P]IODS ( ! HI/ORY ( ?AT REPUBLIC4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ,LYCURGUS EMPLOY$ EV]Y MEANS HE C\LD DEVISE1 TO 9SURE A NUM]\S & HEAL?Y POPULATION4 ,HE 5C\RAG$ M>RIAGE2 HE FIX$ A /IGMA ON CELIBACY2 & HE PROVID$ = ! SUPPORT & $UCATION ( ! *ILDR5 ?AT %\LD BE BORN1 FROM ! FUNDS ( ! PUBLIC ,HIS 9/ITUTIONS CONT9U$ UNIMPAIR$ = ! SPACE ( FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,YET IT IS APP>5T ?AT 0! /ATE P]I%$ ?R\< ! DIM9UTION ( ITS NUMB]S40 ,DUR+ ! 9T]VAL 9 :I* ,SP>TA MAKES ! MO/ SPL5DID FIGURE 9 ! PAGE ( HI/ORY1 IT WAS R$UC$ TO EMPLOY V>I\S EXP$I5TS = ! PURPOSE ( 9CREAS+ ! AM\NT ( ITS CITIZ5S BY EXTR9SIC ACCESSIONS4 ,9 ! P]IOD ( :I* ,>I/OTLE TREATS ! FREE 9HABITANTS ( ! CAPITAL W]E R$UC$ FROM T5 ?\S& TO ONE ?\S& M52 & 9 ! REIGN ( ! LATT] ,AGIS1 AB\T ONE HUNDR$ YE>S LAT] ?AN ,>I/OTLE1 !Y C\NT$ NO MORE ?AN SEV5 HUNDR$ CITIZ5S4 ,!SE >E PH5OM5A :I* ,I CONCEIVE TO BE UTT]LY 9COMPATIBLE ) ANY HYPO!SIS ?AT AFFIRMS ! RAPID MULTIPLICATION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahai 3 ,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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