,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #ab 
,DISS]TATION ,ON ,! ,RATIOS ,( ,9CREASE ,9 ,POPULATION1 ,& ,9 ,! ,MEANS ,( ,SUBSI/5CE1 ,BY ,MR4 ,DAVID ,BOO? 

#ahbahb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,GODW91 ,WILLIAM4  ,( ,POPULATION4  ,LONDON3 ,LONGMAN1 ,HUR/1 ,REES1 ,ORME & ,BR[N1 ,PAT]NO/] ,R[1 #a#h#b4  

 .<#b#d#c.>  

,D,I,S,S,],T,A,T,I,O,N 

,O,N ,! 

,R,A,T,I,O,S ,( ,9,C,R,E,A,S,E ,9 ,P,O,P,U,L,A,T,I,O,N1 

,& ,9 

,! ,M,E,A,N,S ,( ,S,U,B,S,I,/,5,C,E4 

,B,Y ,M,R4 ,D,A,V,I,D ,B,O,O,?4 

 ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I4  

 ,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,O,R,Y ,O,B,S,],V,A,T,I,O,N,S4  

0,IT HAS BE5 SAID10 SAYS ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 0?AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 A QU>TO VOLUME TO PROVE1 ?AT POPULATION 9CREASES 9 A GEOMETRICAL1 & FOOD 9 AN >I?METICAL RATIO2 BUT ?IS IS NOT QUITE TRUE4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE PROPOSITIONS ,I CONSID]$ AS PROV$ ! MOM5T ! ,AM]ICAN 9CREASE WAS RELAT$1 & ! SECOND PROPOSITION AS SOON AS IT WAS 5UNCIAT$4 ,! *IEF OBJECT ( MY WORK WAS TO 9QUIRE1 :AT EFFECTS ?OSE LAWS1 :I* ,I CONSID]$ AS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! FIR/ SIX PAGES1 HAD PRODUC$1 & W]E LIKELY TO PRODUCE1 ON SOCIETY2 A SUBJECT NOT V]Y READILY EXHAU/$40A ,?IS1 IT MU/ BE ACKN[- 

.<#b#d#d.> 

 L$G$1 IS MEET+ HIS ADV]S>Y FAIRLY 9 ! OP5 FIELD4 ,HIS MEANS ( DEF5SE >E DISPLAY$ BE=E US2 & WE %ALL SEE IF HIS 0 FIR/ SIX PAGES0 =M AN IMP5ETRABLE %IELD4  

 ,! >GUM5T ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US IS F\ND$ ON ! COMP>ISON ( NUM]ICAL PROGRESSIONS2 &1 AS MA!MATICAL SCI5CE HAS ALWAYS BE5 HELD AS ! ONLY ONE ?AT IS DEMON/RABLY TRUE1 ?IS COMP>ISON ( NUM]ICAL PROGRESSIONS HAS BE5 HA/ILY ALL[$ AS 9FALLIBLY C]TA91 & HAS OBTA9$ = ITS AU?OR ALL ?AT IMPLICIT FAI?1 :I* HAS BE5 GRANT$ BY HIS DISCIPLES TO ! COROLL>IES :I* HE HAS DRAWN4  

 ,IT MAY BE PREMIS$ H[EV]1 ?AT ! SCI5CE ( MA!MATICS IS A SCI5CE ( C]TA9TY1 ONLY 9 AS F> AS IT IS A SCI5CE ( AB/RACTION2--?AT :5 IT CEASES TO BE AB/RACT1 & BECOMES :AT IS T]M$ 0MIX$ MA!MATICS10 ! NUMB]S OR QUANTITIES1 ASSUME DEF9ITE DESIGNATIONS2 & ! REASON+S !NCE D]IV$ >E TRUE1 OR FALSE1 ACCORD+ TO ! ACCURACY1 OR 9ACCURACY1 ) :I* !SE NUMB]S OR QUANTITIES >E DESIGNAT$4--,TWO TIMES TWO1 = 9/ANCE1 IS F\R1 BECAUSE F\R IS ! T]M BY :I* WE HAVE AGRE$ TO D5OM9ATE ! RESULT ( ?IS MULTIPLICATION2 BUT :51 9 MEASUR+ SURFACES1 IT IS SAID ?AT TWO FEET MULTIPLI$ BY TWO FEET WILL MAKE F\R FEET1 !RE IS AN ]ROR 9 ! SYLLOGISM2 BECAUSE ! WORD 0FEET0 9 ! PRODUCT1 HAS NOT ! SAME MEAN+ ?AT IT HAS 9 ! FACTORS3--9 ! LATT] IT IS L9EAL1 & 9 ! =M] SUP]FICIAL4  

 .<#b#d#e.>  

 ,9 APPLICATION !N1 MA!MATICAL REASON+ P>TAKES ( ALL ! UNC]TA9TY ( ! BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE ) :I* IT IS COMB9$2 & H5CE ! NUM]\S P>ADOXES :I*1 EV5 9 ?IS SCI5CE ( DEMON/RATION1 HAVE PUZZL$ ! PUPILS1 & HAVE SC>CELY BE5 EXPLA9$ BY !IR MA/]S4 ,!SE OBS]VATIONS >E NOT =EIGN TO \R PURPOSE1 :5 WE HAVE TO SPEAK ( ! RATIO ( 9CREASE 9 HUMAN POPULATION4  

 ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 IF HE HIMSELF UND]/OOD0 ! SUBJECT1 HAS TAK5 IT = GRANT$ ?AT HIS COMP>ISON ( RATIOS W\LD ESCAPE ! NOTICE ( MA!MATICIANS4 ,HE ASS]TS ?AT HUMAN POPULATION1 IF ALL[$ TO EXP& FREELY1 W\LD 9CREASE 9 A GEOMETRICAL RATIO1 9 ! ORD] (  

#a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #a#f1 #c#b1 #f#d1 #a#b#h1 #b#e#f1 @&C4 ,N[ IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS S]IES CAN REPRES5T NO CONNECT$ *A9 ( ! EXPANSION ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,! QUANTITY REPRES5T$ BY #a 7! FIR/ T]M 9 ! S]IES7 DOES NOT AT ANY MOM5T BECOME #b 7! SECOND T]RA71 BUT !RE >E AN 9DEF9ITE NUMB] ( T]MS ( DIFF]5T MAGNITUDES TO BE 9T]JECT$ BETWE5 !SE T]MS 7& SO BETWE5 EV]Y TWO O!R SUCCESSIVE ONES7 TO FILL UP ! L9KS ( ! *A94 ,?IS !N SUPPOSES TIME3 TIME !RE=E1 ! MO/ METAPHYSICAL ( ALL METAPHYSICAL BE+S1 IS AN +R$I5T MIX$ UP ) ! CONSID]ATION ( ! AB/RACT NUMB]S ( ! PROGRESSION4 ,?IS TIME ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS SPECIFI$ TO BE #be YE>S4 ,! S]IES !N  

 .<#b#d#f.>  

 :I* D5OTES ! 9CREASE ( HUMAN BE+S 9 ,AM]ICA1 IS ?US REPRES5T$4  

,FIR/ T]M1 OR ORIG9AL PROPAGATORS1    #a  
#bD1             9 #be YE>S1            #b 
#cD1             #e --              #d  
#d?1            #ge --              #h 
#e?1            #a --            #af 
#f?1            #abe --            #cb 
@&C4         @&C4 --        @&C4 

 ,! PHILOSOPHY ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US ?US IS NOT ! ME?OD ( 9DUCTION4 ,HE P]PETUALLY APPEALS TO PR9CIPLES :I* HAVE NEV] BE5 BR\<T 9TO ACTION1 & :I* >E OPPOS$ TO ALL EXP]I5CE4 ,HE SPEAKS ( T5D5CIES TO HUMAN 9CREASE1 & ( P[]S ( POPULATION1 :I* 09 NO /ATE ?AT WE HAVE YET KN[N HAVE BE5 LEFT TO EX]T !MSELVES ) P]FECT FRE$OM40B ,?IS IS EXACTLY 9 ! /YLE ( ?OSE DREAM]S1 :O PR$ICT ( ! FUTURE SOME?+ UNLIKE & OPPOSITE TO :AT HAS EV] APPE>$ 9 ! PA/4 ,!Y TOO TALK ( SECRET SPR+S1 ?AT HAVE NEV] YET DISPLAY$ !IR ELA/ICITY1--( LAT5T 5]GIES :I* HAVE NEV] BE5 EX]T$4  

 ,LAT5T SIGNIFIES CONCEAL$1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! LAT5T P[] ( 9CREASE 9 ! HUMAN SPECIES IS :AT WE %ALL NEV] KN[2 BUT1 EV5 GRANT+ = A MOM5T ?AT ! #c OR #d C5SUSES :I* HAVE BE5 TAK5 9 ,AM]ICA DO EXHIBIT SOME?+ LIKE A DUPLICATION 9 #be YE>S2--GRANT+ TOO ?AT ?IS 9CREASE  

 .<#b#d#g.>  

 HAS >IS5 SOLELY FROM PROPAGATION1 9DEP5D5T ( EMIGRATION1 !RE C]TA9LY EXI/ NO DATA FROM :I* TO 9F] ! LAW ( ! S]IES4 ,WE HAVE ONLY #d1 OR AT MO/ #e T]MS GIV5 US1-- SOME ( !M EXTRACT$ AT 9T]VALS ( TIME BY NO MEANS REGUL>1--FROM A S]IES P]PETUALLY FL[+1 & ( ! EBBS & FLOODS ( :OSE MOTION WE KN[ NO?+2 & FROM !SE ! ORD9>Y READ] IS PRES5T$ ) A PICK$ SET ( NUMB]S1 9 GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION1 ) ! RATIO ( TWO4 ,FROM SU* AN 9CREAS+ S]IES AS ! HUMAN RACE MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO EXHIBIT1 ANY =M ( A PROGRESSION MAY BE TAK5 3-- :Y NOT ?AT ( #a1 #d1 #i1 #a#f1 #b#e1 @&C4 :I* 9CREASE AS ! SQU>ES ( ! T]MS #a1 #b4 #c1 #d1 #e1 @&C48 ,= AU<T ?AT ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS DISCOV]$ ?IS MAY BE ! LAT5T LAW ( 9CREASE4 ,ALL ?AT HE HAS DEMON/RAT$1 EV5 GRANT+ HIS ,AM]ICAN C5SUSES1 AS WE = ! MOM5T HAVE DONE1 IS ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E CAPABLE ( 9CREAS+ !IR NUMB]S 2 OR1 RA!R ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 F\ND TO DO SO = A SPECIFIC TIME3 BUT ! S]IES :I* W\LD M>K ! ,LAW ( ?AT ,9CREASE1 HE HAS EI!R BE5 UNWILL+ OR UNABLE TO DEVELOP4  

 0,! RATE10 SAYS ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 0 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! PRODUCTIONS ( ! E>? MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO 9CREASE1 IT WILL NOT BE EASY TO DET]M9E4 ,( ?IS H[EV] WE MAY BE P]FECTLY C]TA91 ?AT ! RATIO ( !IR 9CREASE MU/ BE TOTALLY ( A DIFF]5T NATURE FROM ! RATIO ( !  

 .<#b#d#h.>  

 9CREASE ( POPULATION40C ,?IS PASSAGE IS MU* MORE MODE/ ?AN ?AT :I* WE QUOT$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS ,DISS]TATION1 :]E HE SAYS1 ?AT FOOD 9CREASES 9 AN >I?METICAL RATIO1 & ?AT HE CONSID]$ ?IS PROPOSITION AS PROV$ ! MOM5T IT WAS 5UNCIAT$ 2 BUT1 AS HE PROCE$S1 ?IS MODE/Y VANI%ES1 & HE COMES TO AN UND\BT+ CONCLUSION ?AT FOOD CAN 9CREASE ONLY 9 ! S]IES #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 @&C4 7AN >I?METICAL PROGRESSION :OSE RATIO IS ONE7 & ?AT ! P]IOD BETWE5 ! T]MS1 OR TIME ( 9CREASE1 IS ALSO #be YE>S4  

 ,IF ! QUANTITY ( ! FOOD ( MAN BE 9CREAS$1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! 9CREASE WILL NOT BE BY />TS EV]Y #be YE>S2 BUT ?AT IT WILL BE 9CREAS$ ?R\< MANY 9T]V5+ TIMES2 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 EV5 GRANT+ ?AI2 SU* QUANTITIES AS #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 @&C4 W]E EXTRACT$ FROM ! FL[ ( 9CREASE1 AT C]TA9 P]IODS1 ! >I?METICAL PROGRESSION ?US EXHIBIT$ W\LD BE A PICK$ SET ( NUMB]S1 7AS WE /AT$ RESPECT+ POPULATION7 & MI<T HAVE BE5 ANY O!R S]IES RA!R ?AN ?AT :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS *OS51 = AU<T ?AT EXP]I5CE HAS TOLD HIM ON ! SUBJECT4 ,! SUCCESSIVE T]MS ( ALL 9CREAS+ S]IES :ATEV] PRES5T NO?+ BUT ADDITIONS4 ,! MA!MATICIAN =MS S]IES AT HIS [N PLEASURE1 :]E ! ADDITIONS >E REGULAT$ BY C]TA9 LAWS4 ,IT IS NOT SO ) ?OSE ( ,NATURE4  

 .<#b#d#i.>  

 ,:E!R H] S]IES ALT]NATELY PROGRESS & RETROGRADE 2--:E!R !Y CIRCULATE1 OR DECREASE1 OR FL[ 9 /RAI<T & ET]NAL L9ES1 IS BEYOND ! K5 ( ! PHILOSOPH]4 ,HE SNAT*ES AT 9T]VALS1 A FEW L9KS 9 ! IMMEASURABLE & EV] MOV+ *A9 ( ! UNIV]SE2 & DIVID+ !SE L9KS 9TO SU* PORTIONS AS >E P]CEIV$ BY ! GLANCE ( A MOM5T1 HE CRIES \T 9 EXTACY1 0 ,I HAVE F\ND IT60 ,?IS REM>K H[EV] IS G5]AL4 ,IT REF]S TO ! B\ND>IES ( HUMAN KN[L$GE1 & IS APPLICABLE TO A ,NEWTON AS WELL AS TO A ,MAL?US3--,\R BUS9ESS IS ) ! LATT]4  

 ,TAK+ ! S]IES #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 @&C4 AS ?AT ( ! 9CREASE ( HUMAN SUBSI/5CE1 OR ( ANY ?+ ,ASE1 WE MAY1 BY PICK+ ! T]MS1 EXTRACT FROM IT ANY PROGRESSION WE *USE3 = 9/ANCE1 9 -- #a1#b1#c1 #d1#e1 #f1 #g1 #h1#i1#a1#a#a1#a#b1#a#c1#a#d1#a#e1#a1 @&C4 ! #a/1 #bND1 #d?1 #h?1 & #a#f? T]MS1 =M ! PRECISE GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION1 :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS *OS5 TO REPRES5T ! 9CREASE ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,! PROGRESSIONS !MSELVES !N W\LD HAVE SIGNIFI$ NO?+1 HAD NOT ,MR4 ,MAL?US ASSUM$ ! PR9CIPLE1 ?AT AN EQUAL P]IOD ( TIME1 #be YE>S1 WAS TO ELAPSE BETWE5 ! PRODUCTION ( EV]Y SUBSEQU5T T]M ( EI!R PROGRESSION4 ,?US >RANG$3  

,POPULATION1     #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #a#f1 #c#b1 #f#d1 #a#b#h1 #bef 

,FOOD1           #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1  #e1  #f1  #g1   #h1   #i 

 HE BELIEVES ?AT HE HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT 9 #h P]IODS ( TIME ( #be YE>S EA*1 ! POPULATION  

 .<#b#e.>  

 IF UN*ECK$1 W\LD 9CREASE TO #bef TIMES ITS PRES5T NUMB]1 :ILE ! FOOD W\LD ONLY BE #i TIMES :AT IT N[ IS4 ,LET US 5DEAVOR TO VIEW ! GR\NDS ON :I* !SE DIFF]5T PROGRESSIONS HAVE BE5 RAIS$4  

 ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I4  

 ,( ,! ,R,A,T,I,O ,( ,9,C,R,E,A,S,E ,9 ,! ,M,E,A,N,S ,( ,S,U,B,S,I,/,5,C,E4  

 ,! PHRASE1 0MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE10 AS APPLI$ TO HUMAN BE+S IS 9 ! UTMO/ DEGREE LOOSE & 9DEF9ITE4 ,9 A G5]AL S5SE ALMO/ EV]Y ?+ ?AT GR[S1 WALKS1 SWIMS1 OR FLIES1 IS CAPABLE ( BE+ CONV]T$ 9TO ! FOOD ( MAN1 & H5CE EV]Y VEGETABLE & EV]Y ANIMAL MU/ CEASE TO EXI/1 BE=E IT CAN BE SAID ?AT HIS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE >E EXHAU/$2 &1 TILL !N1 ! GR[N UP MAN W\LD ALWAYS F9D SUFFICI5T TO FE$ HIS Y\NG4 ,9 A P>TICUL> VIEW H[EV]1 IT MAY BE1 & (T5 IS O!RWISE4 ,MAN 9 SOCIETY IS A BE+ ( HABITS & PREJUDICES ,HE IS MOREOV] A SLAVE4 ,HIS FOOD MU/ BE ( A C]TA9 K9D1 DRESS$ 9 A C]TA9 MANN]1 & PROVID$1 NOT BY ! :OLE1 BUT BY A SMALL PORTION ( ! SPECIES4 ,9 ?IS SITUATION A FAM9E MAY OCCUR :ILE ! WORLD TEEMS ) ANIMAL  

 .<#b#e#a.>  

 & VEGETABLE LIFE4D ,HE MAY />VE 9 A WORK%OP1 AS WELL AS )9 ! WALLS ( A DUNGEON2 BECAUSE1 9 NEI!R CASE1 HAS HE ANY FOOD EXCEPT :AT IS BR\<T BY HIS KEEP]S4 ,IT IS FOOD SO PREP>$ & SO DI/RIBUT$1 :I* CON/ITUTES ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE AMONG ! NATIONS ( ,EUROPE1 :]E ! LABOR]  

 0,/>VES1 9 ! MID/ ( ,NATURE'S B\NTY CUR/1  
,& 9 ! LOAD5 V9EY>D1 DIES = ?IR/40  

 ,AS IT IS 9 ,AM]ICA ?AT ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS DISCOV]$ HIS RATIO ( PROPAGATION1 IT IS !RE ALSO WE %\LD LOOK = ! RATIO ( 9CREAS$ SUBSI/5CE2 & 9 DO+ SO WE %ALL F9D REASON TO BE A/ONI%$ AT HIS *OICE ( AN >I?METICAL ONE4 ,AS F> AS ANIMALS CON/ITUTE ! FOOD ( MAN1 ITS 9CREASE MU/ BE 9 ! SAME SORT ( S]IES AS ?AT ( HUMAN BE+S 3 &1 IF A GEOMETRICAL RATIO EXI/ ANY :]E1 IT IS SURELY 9 ! VEGETABLE PRODUCE ( ! SOIL4 ,ANIMALS & VEGETABLES MULTIPLY AS RAPIDLY AT LEA/ AS MAN1 IF SUBMITT$ TO HIS C>E & PROTECTION3 &1 AS ! LOVE ( HIS (FSPR+ IS IMPLANT$ 9 HIS NATURE1 HE W\LD1 IF FREE1 ALWAYS EX]T HIMSELF TO RE> ! FOOD1 :I* HIS *ILDR5 MI<T REQUIRE4 ,! LIMITS ( ?IS PRODUCTION ( FOOD W\LD NOT BE DISCOV]$1 AS LONG AS ANY L& LAY WA/E4 ,UNTIL ! :OLE W]E CULTIVAT$ 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE1--UNTIL ! SEA W]E DRA9$ ( ITS 9HABITANTS1 & NO WILD BEA/ OR F[L W]E F\ND UPON ! E>?1  

 .<#b#e#b.>  

 ! FOOD ( MAN W\LD ALWAYS 9CREASE 9 AN EQUAL RATIO ) ! HUMAN RACE4E ,IF ,AM]ICA HAVE D\BL$ ITS 9HABITANTS EV]Y #be YE>S1 ! PREP>$ FOOD MU/ HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 EQUAL PROPORTION 3 = ALL ! 9HABITANTS HAVE PL5TY1 & >E ABLE TO EXPORT GRA9 TO =EIGN C\NTRIES4 ,9 ! ONLY C\NTRY !N1 :]E ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS DISCOV]$ ANY RATIO ( 9CREASE ( HUMAN POPULATION1 ! SAME1 IF NOT A GREAT] RATIO HAS BE5 OBS]V$ 9 ! 9CREASE ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,AS BE=E OBS]V$1 NATURAL SUBSI/5CE IS 9DEF9ITE1 & PREP>$ SUBSI/5CE1 :I* IS A MANUFACTURE FROM :AT NATURE HAS 9 /ORE1 MU/ ALWAYS 9CREASE 9 QUANTITY 9 PROPORTION TO ! NUMB] ( MANUFACTUR]S EMPLOY$1 UNTIL ! RAW MAT]IAL CAN NO LONG] BE FURNI%$ 2 & SO LONG AT LEA/ ! RATIOS ( HUMAN 9CREASE & ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ! SAME4 ,:AT WILL HAPP5 :5 ! PROLIFIC P[] ( MAN %ALL 5ABLE HIM TO \T/RIP ! F]TILITY ( ! GLOBE :I* HE 9HABITS3 :5 ! HEAD ( ! S]P5T %ALL BITE (F ITS TAIL1 & NO LONG] REMA9 AN EMBLEM  

 .<#b#e#c.>  

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

 .<#b#e#d.>  

 ,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I,I4  

 ,( ,! ,R,A,T,I,O ,( ,9,C,R,E,A,S,E ,9 ,H,U,M,A,N ,P,O,P,U,L,A,T,I,O,N  

 ,WE HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$ ?AT ! PROGRESSIONS ( NATURE >E NOT =M$ LIKE ?OSE ( ! MA!MATICIAN4 ,!Y DO NOT />T FROM ONE T]M TO ANO!R1 BUT PROCE$ 9S5SIBLY1 SO AS TO FILL UP ALL ! 9T]/ICES BETWE5 ! T]MS ( ! S]IES2 & IT IS ONLY BY CAT*+ AT DIFF]5T PO9TS 9 ! ORD] ( TIME1 ?AT PROGRESSIONS >E EXTRACT$1 TO =M 7OR (T5] TO SUIT7 ! !ORIES ( PHILOSOPH]S4 ,IT IS KN[N = 9/ANCE ?AT BODIES FALL TO ! E>? ) AN ACCEL]AT$ MOTION4 ,?AT ACCEL]ATION HAS BE5 ASSUM$ TO BE SU*1?AT ! SPACES DESCRIB$ BY ! FALL+ BODY %ALL ALWAYS BE 9 PROPORTION TO ! SQU>ES ( ! TIMES4 ,EXP]IM5TS W]E MADE ON A PETTY SCALE TO PROVE ! TRU? ( ?IS !ORY1 SOME ( :I* APPE>$ TO CO9CIDE 9 A REM>KABLE DEGREE1 :ILE O!RS PRES5T$ V]Y DIFF]5T RESULTS4 ,IT WAS !N ASSUM$ ?AT ! RATIO C\LD EXI/ ONLY 9 A VACUUM1 ON ACC\NT ( ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ATMOSPH]ICAL AIR1--& AS WE HAVE NO MEANS ( MAK+ ! EXP]IM5T 9 VACUO1 ! PR9CIPLE /ILL REMA9S A M]E GRATIS DICTUM4 ,IT IS NEV]!LESS CONSID]$ AS UNQUE/IONABLE2 & IS EV5 MADE TO GUIDE ! PLANETS 9 !IR ORBITS4  

 .<#b#e#e.>  

 ,9 A SIMIL> MANN]1 ?\< ) HUMBL] CLAIMS TO CONFID5CE1 ,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS ADOPT$ ! PR9CIPLE1 ASSUM$ BY HIS PR$ECESSORS1 ( A T5D5CY TO A CONT9U$ GEOMETRICAL RATIO 9 ! 9CREASE ( HUMAN POPULATION2 & HAS BUILT UPON ?IS HYPO!SIS1 HIS !ORY ( ACC\NT+ = ! VISE & MIS]Y :I* EXI/ AMONG MANK9D4 ,WE HAVE N[ TO CONSID] FROM :AT DATA ?IS PR9CIPLE ( 9CREASE HAS BE5 9F]R$2 BUT WE MAY PREVI\SLY REM>K1 ?AT IT IS ! T5D5CY TO ?IS RATIO ( 9CREASE1 & NOT ! 9CREASE ITSELF1 :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US EXHIBITS AS ! EVIL G5IUS ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,?IS EMBRYO ( FUTURE FAM9E--?IS BE+ ?AT IS YET TO BE--IS P]PETUALLY AT W> ) ! GOOD G5IUS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,! H& ( 9DU/RY IS PALSI$1 & ! FRUITS ( NATURE >E %RIVEL$1 BY ! T\* ( ! DEMON4 ,HE HANGS ! RU9 OV] \R HEADS1 & WE >E CRU%$ BY ITS WEI<T BE=E IT FALLS4  

 ,GRANT+ ! P[] ( 9CREASE TO ! HUMAN SPECIES1 ! ME?ODS ( 9VE/IGAT+ ! LAW ( ! S]IES WILL V>Y ACCORD+ TO \R VIEW ( ! ORIG9 ( MANK9D4 ,ON ?IS SUBJECT1 H[EV] MU* M5 MAY DIFF] 9 M9UTE P>TICUL>S1 !RE >E ONLY TWO G5]AL & ACKN[L$G$ SY/EMS ( BELIEF4 ,! ONE IS ! PEOPL+ ( ! E>? AS RECORD$ 9 ! SCRIPTURES3 ! O!R IS ! ASPECT ( HUMAN SOCIETY AS IT APPE>S TO EV]Y SUCCE$+ G5]ATION1 MODIFI$ BY ! DEGREE ( CONFID5CE ?AT SU* G5]ATION  

 .<#b#e#f.>  

.<#b#f#i.> 

 ,!SE ,TABLES >E =M$ FROM ! COMP>ISON ( #i YE>S2 BUT1 DID !Y REPRES5T ! AV]AGE ( C5TURIES1 !Y W\LD !N GIVE US A FAIR VIEW ( ! PROGRESS & WA/E ( HUMAN LIFE1 9 ! /ATE & CLIMATE ( ,SW$54 ,WE WILL SUPPOSE ?AT !Y DO SO4  

 ,IT APPE>S !N ?AT #cg ANNUAL BIR?S >E JU/ SUFFICI5T TO KEEP UP A POPULATION ( #a1 P]SONS4 ,!SE #cg 7OR #ahe 9 #e YE>S7 CON/ITUTE A POPULATION ( #a#d#h1 UND] #e YE>S ( AGE1 :O >E R5EW$ BY ! BIR?S AS !Y GR[ OLD] OR DIE4 ,!SE #adh >E R$UC$ BY DEA?S TO #agf BETWE5 ! AGES ( #e & #a1 :O >E AGA9 R$UC$ TO #a#a#e1 BE+ ! NUMB] LIV+ BETWE5 #a & #a#e4 ,9 ! SAME MANN]1 FROM ! CONT9UAL SUPPLY BY BIR?S & R$UCTIONS BY DEA?S1 ! DIFF]5T NUMB]S ( EV]Y AGE1 MAK+ UP ! :OLE POPULATION1 >E REGUL>LY KEPT1 UP ?R\<\T ! C5TURY1 :I* H]E APPE>S TO BE ! LIMIT ( ! AGE ( MAN4 ,9 ACTUAL EXI/5CE !SE NUMB]S WILL V>Y ABOVE OR BEL[ ! NUMB]S ( ! ,TABLE1 :I* >E H]E GIV5 AS AN AV]AGE PROPORTION ( A SOCIETY ( LITTLE OR NO 9CREASE4  

 ,! SUPPLY ( ?IS SOCIETY IS BY *ILDR5 9 NONAGE4 ,! #cg ANNUALLY BORN >E EXP&$ SO AS TO KEEP UP ALL ! RANKS ( ! DIFF]5T AGES ( :I* ! #a1 POPULATION CONSI/S2 & = ?AT PURPOSE IT MATT]S NOT :E!R !Y BE PRODUC$ BY ! :OLE1 OR BY A P>T ( ! TRIBE1-OR :E!R !Y DROP FROM ! CL\DS4  

.<#b#g.> 

,9 FACT H[EV] !SE *ILDR5 >E BR\<T 9TO ! WORLD BY ! *ILD-BE>+ FEMALES4 ,! P]IOD1 DUR+ :I* WOM5 >E CAPABLE ( *ILD-BE>+ IS1 9 FEW CASES1 ABOVE #b YE>S1- R>ELY MORE ?AN #b#e4 ,E>LY M>RIAGES SEEM TO PRODUCE NO DIFF]5CE 9 ?IS RESPECT2 BECAUSE1 ! SOON] !Y BEG91 ! SOON] !Y CEASE TO BE PROLIFIC4 ,! :OLE RANGE 9 ,EUROPE IS BETWE5 #ae & #d#e2 &1 9 TAK+ ! NUMB]S FROM ! TABLE1 IT MATT]S LITTLE :E!R WE C\NT !M BETWE5 #ae & #d1 OR BETWE5 #b & #d#e3 ! AM\NT IS NOT MAT]IALLY DIFF]5T4 ,POLYGAMY IS NOT ALL[$ 9 ,SW$52 & !RE=E !SE #cg *ILDR5 MAY BE CONSID]$ AS PRODUC$ BY NOT MORE ?AN ! NUMB] ( ! POPULATION BETWE5 #b & #d#e2 ?AT IS1 BY #cecd M>RI$ P]SONS4 ,IT WILL SIGNIFY NO?+ ?AT ! HUSB&S >E OCCASIONALLY ( O!R AGES1 = ! NUMB] 7#c#e#c#d7 W\LD NOT !REBY BE 9CREAS$3 ! FEMALES ( !SE AGES ONLY BE+ CAPABLE ( *ILDBE>+4 ,( !SE #c#e#c#d1 A PROPORTION ( WOM5 7DISEAS$ FROM BIR? OR BY AFT] ACCID5TS7 >E NEV] FITT$ = M>RIAGE2 & IT WILL !RE=E BE NO EXTRAVAGANT ASS]TION TO SAY ?AT ! M>RI$ P]SONS 9 ?IS SOCIETY WILL NEV] EXCE$ #c1 IF EV] !Y AM\NT TO ?AT NUMB]4 ,!SE #c P]SONS !N >E ! EV]-DUR+ S\RCE FROM :I* ?IS SOCIETY FL[S4 ,!IR *ILDR5 FILL UP ! VACANCIES ( DEA?1 & RECRUIT ! RANKS ( PROPAGATORS AS !Y >E 9VALID$ BY AGE2 BUT ALL ! FEMALES1 & A NUMB] EQUAL TO  

 .<#b#g#a.>  

ALL ! MALES1 ABOVE #de YE>S OLD1 CEASE TO BE USEFUL 9 ! CONT9UATION ( ! RACE4 ,!RE >E #bah P]SONS ABOVE ! AGE ( #d#e2 & IF WE ADD TO !SE ! NUMB] :O >E TOO DISEAS$ = M>RY+ 7( :I* WE SUPPOS$ #ecd BETWE5 #b & #d#e7 & ! NUMB] ( *ILDR51 :O1 ?\< C\NT$ ) ! O!RS1 >E DOOM$ NEV] TO SWELL ! LI/ ( REAL PROPAGATORS1 WE SPEAK )9 B\NDS :5 WE ASS]T1 ?AT ( !SE #a1 P]SONS1 !RE >E #c :O >E USELESS 9 ! WORK ( PROCREATION4 ,!SE #c -MORE OR LESS1 ACCORD+ TO HEAL?Y OR UNHEAL?Y SEASONS1-=M ! FLUCTUAT+ BALANCE ( :AT W\LD O!RWISE BE A P]MAN5T POPULATION4 ,! #cg *ILDR5 ANNUALLY BORN1 CONTA9 AMONG !IR NUMB] ! PROPORTION NECESS>Y TO KEEP UP !SE #c USELESS ADJUNCTS TO ! HIVE3 &1 ?\< ALL ! #c W]E TO P]I% 9 A MORN+1 SO AS TO R$UCE ! SOCIETY TO #g1 ! EFFECTIVE PROPAGATORS W\LD REMA91 ! BIR?S W\LD CONT9UE ! SAME1 & ! #c W\LD GRADUALLY BE R5EW$ LIKE ! SEV]$ LIMBS ( ! POLYPUS4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE1 WE WILL SUPPOSE ?AT ! #bah P]SONS ABOVE #de YE>S ( AGE >E ALL DE/ROY$ BY ACCID5T OR DESIGN4 ,!IR GRADUAL R5EWAL WILL BE APP>5T FROM ! FOLL[+ ,TABLE3  

.<#b#g#b.> 

 .<#b#g#c.>  

 ,FROM ! =EGO+ TABLE WE F9D ?AT1 AL?\< WE DE/ROY$ MORE ?AN A FIF? ( ! POPULATION1 ! :OLE >E CREAT$ ANEW 9 ! C\RSE ( #e YE>S4 ,! #a1 9HABITANTS >E AGA9 BR\<T =W>D1 & ! SOCIETY CEASES TO HAVE ANY FUR!R 9CREASE4 ,IF1 9 ADDITION TO ! #bah P]SONS H]E CUT (F1 ALL ! DISEAS$ & 9EFFICI5T HAD BE5 LIKEWISE EXT]M9AT$1 ! SOCIETY W\LD HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO LESS ?AN #g4 ,! APP>5T NUMB] ( PROPAGATORS W\LD HAVE ?US BE5 LESS5$1BUT ! BIR?S W\LD NOT !RE=E HAVE BE5 FEW] 2 & 9 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( YE>S1 AS 9 ! PRES5T CASE1 EV]Y *ASM W\LD HAVE BE5 FILL$1 & ! ORIG9AL NUMB] ( #a1 HUMAN BE+S W\LD HAVE BE5 BR\<T AGA91 & 9 ! SAME ORD]1 TO \R VIEW4 ,!RE MAY !RE=E HAPP5 TO BE V]Y EXT5SIVE V>IATIONS 9 ! C5SUS ( A SOCIETY1 9 ! G]M ( :I* !RE IS NO PR9CIPLE ( P]MAN5T 9CREASE4 ,!Y >E PRECISELY ?OSE ADV5TITI\S BE+S :O 9CREASE ) FAVORABLE YE>S1 & :O1 :5 UNFAVORABLE SEASONS >RIVE1 SWELL BY CLU/]S ! BILLS ( MORTALITY4 ,A S]IES ( SEASONS UNFAVORABLE TO !.> VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS ( ! E>?1 IS ALSO UNFAVORABLE TO HUMAN LIFE1 P>TICUL>LY TO ?AT ( ! 9FIRM & ! AG$4 ,!SE DIE ( DISEASE1 NOT ( FAM9E3 =1 EXCEPT 9 ! NAUSE\S & BIDD5 D5S ( A CR[D$ & SELFI% METROPOLIS1 :]E MAN LIES UNSE5 & UNPITI$1 !RE >E COMP>ATIVELY FEW 9 ,EUROPE :O P]I% ( HUNG]4 ,( !  

.<#b#g#d.> 

#h :O >E OLD OR DISEAS$1 TWO OR ?REE UNG5IAL SEASONS MAY SWEEP TWO ?IRDS FROM ! E>?4 ,!SE TWO ?IRDS >E A FIF? ( ! :OLE POPULATION1 & W\LD LEAVE A MI<TY BLANK 9 ! C5SUS ( A NATION4 ,WE SEE H[EV] ?AT ?IS BLANK W\LD BE RAPIDLY FILL$ UP1 & A RETURN ( G5IAL YE>S MI<T MAKE !M EV5 MORE NUM]\S ?AN !Y HAD PREVI\SLY BE54  

 ,IF1 9 ! SOCIETY :I* WE HAVE TAK5 = \R EXAMPLE1 WE W]E TO SUPPOSE ?AT ALL ?OSE :O REA*$ ! AGE ( #de W]E TO EXI/ A ?\S& YE>S1 :ILE ! LAW ( POPULATION REMA9$ O!RWISE ! SAME1 ! ELD]S ( ! SOCIETY W\LD CONT9UE TO 9CREASE DUR+ !SE T5 C5TURIES1 :51AFT] HAV+ RIS5 TO A NUMB] :I* ,WE ,WILL NOT N[ /AY TO CALCULATE1 ! 9CREASE W\LD AGA9 COME TO A /&1 & ! C5SUS ( ! NATION W\LD AFT]W>DS REMA9 /ATION>Y4  

 ,AGA9 3 KEEP+ 9 VIEW \R TABLE ( #a11 LET US SUPPOSE A COLONY ( #*cg P]SONS1 MALE & FEMALE1 BETWE5 ! AGES ( #ae & #d 7:I* WE WILL TAKE = ! M>RIAGEABLE AGES 9 A NEW C\NTRY71 & 9 SU* PROPORTIONS AS !Y >E F\ND 9 ,EUROPE4 ,LET !M BE FROM ,SW$51 & BE POSSESS$ ( ONLY ! ,SW$I% P[]S ( PROPAGATION4 ,!SE P]SONS !N1 BE+ ! EXACT NUMB]S 9 \R TABLE ( #a11 0WILL =M ! NIDUS ( A RACE1 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! P]SONS AT ! \TSET ( ! IMM$IATELY PREC$+ ,TABLE2 EXCEPT ?AT1 UNTIL !IR *ILDR5 >RIVE AT ! >E ( #a#e1 ! PROPAGATORS  

 .<#b#g#e.>  

NOT BE+ SUPPLI$ BY !IR GR[+ SUCCESSORS1 W\LD DIM9I% 9 NUMB]S = A C]TA9 TIME4 ,TO REM$Y ?IS1 LET !RE BE AN IMMIGRATION1 = ! FIR/ #ae YE>S1 ( #agb ANNUALLY1 OR AB\T A TW5TY-SECOND P>T ( ! ORIG9AL COLONI/S1 :I* #agb WILL EXACTLY KEEP UP ! NUMB] ( \R FIR/ COLUMN 7?OSE BETWE5 #ae & #b7 AS !Y WA/E BY AGE & DEA?4 ,! FOLL[+ TABLE WILL %[ ! PROGRESS ( ! COLONY = ! FIR/ #ae YE>S3  

.<#b#g#f.> 

 .<#b#g#g.>  

 ,AT ! 5D ( !SE #ae YE>S1 ! NUMB] ( ! PROPAGATORS WILL BE CONT9U$ ! SAME1 BY MEANS ( ! GR[N UP *ILDR51 )\T FUR!R IMPORTATION4 ,! SOCIETY N[ EXHIBITS AN EXTRAORD9>Y 9CREASE4 ,! ORIG9AL SETTL]S W]E #c#h#c#g1 & ! ANNUAL IMMIGRANTS AM\NT ALTOGE!R TO #b#e#h4 ,! LATT] H[EV]1 AS F> AS PROPAGATION IS CONC]N$1 MAY BE RECKON$ AT ONLY HALF ?AT NUMB]1 BECAUSE ON AN AV]AGE !Y HAVE LIV$ ONLY #g #a_/#b YE>S 9 ! COLONY4 ,AB\T #e PROPAGATORS !N HAVE1 9 #ae YE>S1 9CREAS$ !IR NUMB] BY NE>LY #c ADDITIONAL HUMAN BE+S1 9DEP5D5T ( ?OSE ?AT HAVE BE5 LO/ BY DEA?4 ,IT MAY BE REM>K$ TOO1 ?AT WE TOOK \R COLONI/S FROM ! G5]AL MASS BETWE5 #ae & #d1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! BL9D & ! MAIM$1 ! DISEAS$ & ! DY+4 ,BUT SU* P]SONS DO NOT EMIGRATE3 & ?IS 9CREAS$ POPULATION MI<T HAVE SPRUNG FROM A COLONY MU* LESS NUM]\S ?AN :AT WE HAVE H]E /AT$4 ,9 TAK+ A C5SUS !RE=E ( AN 9FANT COLONY1 WE NE$ NOT WOND] ?AT IT %\LD D\BLE ITS NUMB]S 9 A V]Y %ORT P]IOD4 ,! EMIGRANTS1 :O >RIVE 9 SMALL NUMB]S AFT]W>DS1 >E LESS OBS]V$ ?AN ! PRIMITIVE F\ND]S2 & IT IS EXTREMELY PROBABLE ?AT MANY SU* E/ABLI%M5TS MAY D\BLE !IR NUMB]S1 APP>5TLY FROM PROPAGATION ALONE1 M LESS ?AN #b YE>S4 ,! PR9CIPLE H[EV] ON :I* ?IS DUPLICATION RE/S1 ESCAPES ! EYE ( ! COMMON OBS]V]4 ,! COLONY IS NOT A SOCIETY 9 ! S5SE :I* WE UND]/& ( A  

.<#b#g#h.> 

NATION4 ,IT IS ! FIR/ EXPANSION ( A SET ( PICK$ PROPAGATORS1 )\T P>5TS & )\T *ILDR51 :I* TWO CLASSES1 TOGE!R ) ! DISEAS$ & 9EFFECTIVE1 CON/ITUTE NE>LY ?REE-F\R?S ( ! POPULATION ( MOD]N ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS ! BODY ( ! POLYPUS )\T ITS LIMBS1 :I* ITS 9H]5T 5]GIES >E ABLE TO R5EW4 ,TILL !SE >E COMPLET$1 ! 9CREASE WILL CONT9UE4 ,IF \R COLONY HAVE NO FUR!R ACCESSION ( IMMIGRANTS1 IT WILL 9CREASE UNTIL_? IT MU/] ITS NUMB] ( #a11 AFT] :I* IT WILL CONT9UE P]MAN5T4 ,MR4 ,MAL?US CAT*ES ! POLYPUS 9 ! MIDDLE ( ITS GR[?2--HE MEASURES ! L5G? ( LIMBS ALREADY ATTA9$1 &1 COMP>+ !SE ) TIME1 HE =MS A RATIO ( 9CREASE1 9 :I*1 HE ASS]TS1 !Y WILL EXP& = EV]6  

 ,A C>EFUL C5SUS ( \R #ae YE>S' COLONY WILL GIVE AMPLE EVID5CE ?AT IT 9CREASES SOLELY BECAUSE IT IS A SOCIETY ?AT IS 9COMPLETE4 ,9 AN 9DIG5\S SOCIETY !RE >E NE>LY A F\R? ( ITS NUMB]S ABOVE #de YE>S ( AGE4 ,H]E !RE >E ONLY #h< \T ( #h#g#g1 OR AB\T A T5? ( ! POPULATION4 ,! HI<] AGES1 ! EXTREMITIES ( ! POLYPUS >E NOT YET =M$2 NEI!R1 IF IMMIGRATION W]E CONT9U$1 W\LD !Y EV] BE1 ,( ?IS ! ,AM]ICAN C5SUSES GIVE SUFFICI5T PRO(4 ,9 NONE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ! NUMB] ( P]SONS ABOVE #de MORE ?AN FROM #af TO #ag P] C5T4 ( ! POPULATION1 :ILE M MANY ( ! NEWLY SETTL$ DI/RICTS !Y DO NOT EXCE$ #g OR #h1 AS WILL APPE> MORE P>TICUL>LY 9 ! FOLL[+ TABLE4  

 .<#b#g#i.>  

 ,PROPORTION ( :ITE 9HABITANTS1 ABOVE & BEL[ ! AGE ( #d#e1 7TO A PROPULATION ( #a17 9 ! DIFF]5T DI/RICTS & T]RITORIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA 9 #a#h#a1 COMP>$ ) ! K+DOM ( ,SW$5 FROM #agee TO #a#g#f#c4  

.<#b#h.> 

 ,RE/+1 AS ,MR4 ,MAL?AS HAS DONE1 ! :OLE ( ! PRO( ( HIS GEOMETRICAL RATIO ON ! C5SUSES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IT MU/ BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT HE HAS BY NO MEANS /RET*$ HIS EVID5CE BEYOND :AT IT W\LD BE>4 ,! 9CREASE 9 ! POPULATION ( ! NEW COLONIES BETWE5 #ah & #aha IS SU* AS ALMO/ TO /AGG] BELIEF4 ,! FOLL[+ ,TABLE IS EXTRACT$ FROM ! C5SUSES1 BUT >RANG$ SO AS BE/ TO1 ELUCIDATE \R OBS]VATIONS4  

 ,:ITE 9HABITANTS 9 ,K5TUCKY1 ,T5NESSEE1 ,MISSISSIPPI & ,9DIANA 9 #ah & 9 #a#h#a4  

 ,H]E WE HAVE A POPULATION ( #b#h#a1#c#d#a P]SONS1 :I* MORE ?AN D\BLES ITS NUMB]S 9 #a YE>S1 :ILE ONE DIVISION ( ?IS POPULATION IS 9CREAS$1 )9 ?AT P]IOD1 TO MORE ?AN #e TIMES ITS ORIG9AL AM\NT4 ,!SE >E RATIOS ( :I* ,MR4 ,MAL?US MI<T BOA/1 BUT ( :I* HE HAS NOT BOA/$4  

 ,:5 5UM]ATIONS >E TAK5 EV]Y #a YE>S1 IT IS OBVI\S1 EXCLUSIVE ( IMMIGRATION1 ?AT 9 ANY P>TICUL> C5SUS ! P]SONS LIV+ ABOVE #a YE>S ( AGE MU/ HAVE ALL EXI/$ 9 ! C5SUS IMM$IATELY PREC$+4 ,9 ?AT ( #aha  

.<#b#h#a.> 

= 9/ANCE1 ALL ABOVE #a YE>S =M$ P>T ( ! POPULATION ( #a#h2 & >E 9 REALITY ! SAME1 EXCEPT 9ASMU* AS !Y >E DIM9I%$ BY DEA?4 ,?OSE UND] #a HAVE ALL BE5 BORN 9 ! 9T]VAL BETWE5 ! C5SUSES4  

 ,! :OLE POPULATION ( #ah 9 ! PREC$+ ,TABLE WAS #b#h#a1#c#d#a4 ,!SE 9 #a YE>S W\LD BE DIM9I%$ TO #b11 UND] ! MO/ FAVORABLE LAWS ?AT HAVE HI!RTO BE5 OBS]V$ ( HUMAN MORTALITY 3--BUT ! NUMB] ( P]SONS ABOVE #a YE>S ( AGE 9 #aha W]E F\ND TO BE #c#e#g1#a#b2 & !RE=E IT IS CLE> TO A DEMON/RATION ?AT ?IS SOCIETY MU/ HAVE BE5 RECRUIT$ BY MORE ?AN #a#f1 IMMIGRANTS3 =1 ( !SE IMMIGRANTS !MSELVES MANY MU/ HAVE DI$1 & BESIDES1 SOME ( ?OSE UND] #a YE>S ( AGE1 MAY HAVE BE5 BORN 9 O!R C\NTRIES  

 ,IT MAY BE SAID1 & P]HAPS ) TRU?1 ?AT MANY ( !SE IMMIGRANTS MAY HAVE BE5 FROM O!R P>TS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & NOT FROM ,EUROPE3 BUT1 COMP>+ 9 ! SAME MANN] ! :OLE ( ! ,AM]ICAN C5SUS WE %ALL F9D AN A/ONI%+ EXT5T ( IMMIGRATION3 ,! :ITE POPULATION ( #ah WAS #d1#c#e1#i#g#a4 ,!SE 9 #a YE>S W\LD BE DIM9I%$ BY A F\R?4 ,IT IS V]Y IMPROBABLE ?AT MORE ?AN #c1#b1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ALIVE 9 #a#h#a1 = :ATEV] PROPORTION ! BIR?S ( ?AT C\NTRY MAY BE> TO ! :OLE POPULATION1 ! PROPORTION ( DEA?S IS C]TA9LY GREAT] ?AN 9 ,EUROPE4  

 .<#b#h#b.>  

 ,!SE #c1#b1 !N %\LD HAVE CON/ITUT$ ! NUMB] ( ?OSE ABOVE #a YE>S ( AGE 9 ! C5SUS ( #a#h#a1 HAD !RE BE5 NO IMPORTATION FROM O!R C\NTRIES4 ,BUT ! ACTUAL C5SUS ABOVE #a YE>S ( AGE WAS #c1#h#d#e1#c#h#i1 GIV+ A SURPLUS ( #f#d#e1#c#h#i1 :I* CAN BE ACC\NT$ = 9 NO O!R WAY ?AN BY IMMIGRATION ,! C5SUS ( #aha CONTA9S ALSO #b1#a#f1#g#d *ILDR5 UND] #a YE>S4 ,P>T ( !SE TOO1 AS WELL AS ! DEA?S ( IMMIGRANTS S9CE !IR >RIVAL1 %\LD BE ADD$ TO ! #f#d#e1#c#h#i ABOVE /AT$2 & !RE=E ( ! #a1#e#e#f1#a#b#b P]SONS1 :I* ! C5SUS ( #aha EXHIBITS BEYOND ?AT ( #a#h1 IT IS AS CLE> AS SUN%9E ?AT NE>LY ONE HALF WAS ADD$ BY DIRECT IMMIGRATION4 ,( ! EFFECTS ON ! 9CREASE ( POPULATION BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( GR[N-UP P]SONS WE HAVE ALREADY SPOK52 &1 ADV]T+ TO !SE EFFECTS ALONG ) ! /ATEM5TS N[ GIV51 ! ADDITIONAL POPULATION IS COMPLETELY ACC\NT$ =1 )\T SUPPOS+ A P[] ( PROCREATION BEYOND :AT IS F\ND TO PREVAIL AMONG ,EUROPEAN NATIONS4  

 ,BUT IT IS NE$LESS TO DWELL LONG] ON ?IS P>T ( ! SUBJECT1 = HE1 :O WILL ATT5TIVELY EXAM9E ! /ATI/ICAL TABLES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WILL DISCOV] 9 EV]Y L9E A M>K$ DI/9CTION BETWE5 !M & ?OSE ( ,EUROPE4 ,AT EV]Y /EP !Y ANN\NCE A RACE1 :O1 AS HAS BE5 SUPPOS$ ( !IR C\NTRY1 HAVE BUT LATELY EM]G$ FROM ! WAVES4 ,AM]ICA HAS MORE RESEMBLANCE TO A CAMP ?AN TO A NATION4 ,ITS 9HABITANTS >E A B& ( ADV5TUR]S1 CONT9UALLY RECRUIT$ BY M5 LIKE !MSELVES1 :O SEEK = CONQUE/S 9 A NEW WORLD1 & HAVE LEFT !IR P>5TS TO P]I% ON A DI/ANT %ORE4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 !RE=E TO LOOK TO ?AT C\NTRY = A GEOMETRICAL OR ANY O!R REGULAT$' 9CREASE ( POPULATION4 ,IMMIGRATION MU/ CEASE = C5TURIES1 BE=E SU* A LAW C\LD BE !RE DEVELOP$1 EV5 ALL[+ IT TO BELONG TO HUMAN NATURE4  

 ,BUT IT MAY BE ASK$1 IF A COLONY W]E CON/ITUT$ ( P]SONS ( ALL AGES1 SU* AS !Y EXI/ 9 ,EUROPE1 & W]E ! PROPORTION ( BIR?S RAIS$ 9 A GREAT DEGREE BY ! REMOVAL ( ! PRES5T *ECKS TO POPULATION1 MI<T NOT ! 9HABITANTS 9CREASE 9 A GEOMETRICAL RATIO1 & D\BLE !IR NUMB]S 9 #be YE>S8 ,?IS IS ! ONLY QUE/ION ?AT REMA9S TO BE CONSID]$1 & ITS DISCUSSION WILL CLOSE ! PRES5T ,DISS]TATION4  

 ,9 ORD] TO HAVE A CLE> VIEW ( ?IS PROPOSITION1 WE %ALL AGA9 REF] TO \R ,TABLE ( #a1 :I* WE PROPORTION$ FROM ! ,SW$I% POPULATION4H ,WE MU/ ALSO REM9D \R READ]S ?AT ?IS ,TABLE WAS =M$ FROM A SOCIETY ( LITTLE OR NO 9CREASE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY CONSID]$ ?IS SOCIETY AS /ATION>Y2 BUT1 :E!R SO OR NOT1 IT IS EQUALLY EFFECTIVE = ! SAKE ( ILLU/RATION4  

 ,WE HAVE BE=E OBS]V$ ?AT ! WA/E ( !SE #a1 IS REPLAC$ BY ! #cg ANNUAL BIR?S2 & ?AT ?IS P]PETUAL FL[ ( *ILDR5  

 .<#b#h#d.>  

 SUCCESSIVELY FILLS UP ! RANKS ( ! R>E1 AS !Y >E ?9N$ BY ! H& ( DEA?4 ,:]E MAN IS 9DIG5\S1 !SE >E ! GRADATIONS ( SOCIETY2 &1 BE=E IT C\LD BE D\BL$1 WE MU/ HAVE TWO = ONE ( EV]Y AGE FROM ! CRADLE TO ! TOMB4 ,N[1 BY :AT MEANS >E !SE ADDITIONAL HUMAN BE+S TO BE BR\<T UPON ! /AGE ( LIFE 9 #a1 #a#e1 OR EV5 9 #be YE>S8 ,IMAG9ATION MAY ADD BIR? TO BIR? AT PLEASURE1 BUT H[ %ALL \R OLD M5 & OLD WOM5 BE SO RAPIDLY CREAT$1 UNLESS WE CAN CLOSE ! GATES ( DEA?1 & HA/5 ! FLI<T ( TIME8 ,W]E WE 9DE$ TO ATT5D TO NUMB]S ONLY1 )\T REG>D TO AGE1 WE MI<T EASILY CONCEIVE AN ABUNDANT 9CREASE2 BUT IT DOES NOT !RE=E FOLL[ ?AT ?IS IMAG9>Y 9CREASE MU/ PROCE$ 9 A GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION4 ',SUPPOS+ ?AT FROM SOME EXTRAORD9>Y =TUIT\S CIRCUM/ANCES1--FROM AN 9CREASE 9 ! G5IAL P[]S ( NATURE1 OR FROM A P>TICUL> 9T]POSITION ( ,PROVID5CE1--! FEMALES ( \R LITTLE SOCIETY W]E ALL AT ONCE TO BECOME D\BLY PROLIFIC2 & ?AT !REBY ! ANNUAL BIR?S W]E TO BE D\BLE :AT !Y N[ >E1 OR #gd 9 PLACE ( #c#g4 ,IT IS PLA9 ?AT !SE ADDITIONAL #cg ANNUAL *ILDR5 W\LD1 9DEP5D5T ( !IR [N PROG5Y1 =M A NEW RACE1 ! EXACT C\NT]P>T ( ! OLD2 & ?AT ! :OLE ( ! SOCIETY W\LD BE !REBY D\BL$ 9 AB\T #a YE>S4 ,W]E ! ORIG9AL /OCK ALONE TO BE PROPAGATORS1 WE %\LD ?US HAVE AN ADDITION (  

 #bhe  

#a1 EV]Y C5TURY1 BE+ AN 9CREASE 9 ! RATIO ( #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 @&C4 ,BUT AT ! 5D ( #b YE>S 7TAK+ AN AV]AGE P]IOD7 AS MANY AS REMA9 ALIVE ( ! #cg ADDITIONAL *ILDR5 ?AT W]E BORA 9 ! FIR/ YE>1 WILL >RIVE AT ! M>RIAGEABLE AGE4 ,! NEXT1 & EV]Y SUCCE$+ YE>1 A LIKE NUMB] WILL BE ADD$ TO ! LI/ ( PROPAGATORS1 & WILL BECOME ! P>5TS ( A NEW RACE4 ,! *ILDR5 ( !SE LA/ WILL BECOME P>5TS 9 !IR TURN1 ?US 5GRAFT+ A SUCCESSION ( SCIONS1 ONE UPON ! O!R1 & ALL ORIG9ALLY SPR++ FROM A P>5T TREE4 ,9/EAD !N ( A GEOMETRICAL RATIO ! P]IOD ( DUPLICATION W\LD BE CONT9UALLY LESS5+1 AS ! SEV]AL SCIONS W]E ADD$ TO ! /OCK4 ,SUPPOS+ ! NEW PROPAGATORS TO HAVE ! SAME PROLIFIC P[] ?AT WE HAVE GIV5 TO !IR PROG5ITORS1 IT W\LD REQUIRE #d YE>S = ! FIR/ D\BL+1 & AB\T #c = EA* ( ! TWO SUCCE$+ ONES2 & ?IS P]IOD W\LD BECOME LESS & LESS1 ?R\< A S]IES ( A V]Y COMPLICAT$ =M1 ?\< IT W\LD NEV] BE UND] #be YE>S4 ,BESIDES1 !SE DUPLICATIONS W\LD BE NUM]ICAL ONLY2 = ! NUMB]S ( ! E>LY AGES W\LD GO ON 9 AN 9CREAS+ RATIO1 BUT !RE W\LD NOT BE ! SAME PROPORTION ( 9CREASE AMONG ?OSE ( RIP] YE>S4 ,WE HAVE CALCULAT$ ! PROGRESS ( ?AT S]IES1 BUT ! ,TABLES >E TOO EXT5D$ TO BE CONV5I5TLY 9S]T$ 9 ?IS PLACE4  

 ,IT IS 9 VA9 TO LOOK = A GEOMETRICAL RATIO 9 ! 9CREASE ( ANY SOCIETY1 UNLESS ! SOCIETY W]E ORIG9ALLY CON/ITUT$ 9 ?AT PROGRESSION4   

 #bhf  

,ASSUM+ ! FEMALES BETWE5 #b & #de YE>S ( AGE TO BE ! ONLY S\RCE FROM :I* ! CONT9UANCE ( ! RACE CAN BE D]IV$1 ! S]IES :I* W\LD D5OTE ! V>Y+ NUMB]S ( ?OSE FEMALES1 9 ! ORD] ( TIME1 W\LD ALSO D5OTE ! LAW ( 9CREASE 9 ! 1 C5SUSES ( ! TRIBE OR NATION4 ,ALL ! FEMALES N[ EXI/+ BETWE5 #b & #de WILL BE GRADUALLY ]AS$ FROM ! LI/1 BY SUP]ANNUATION OR BY DEA?1 9 ! SPACE ( #be YE>S"9 ,!IR PLACE WILL BE FILL$ BY O!RS2 & IF ! NUMB] ( ! NEW MO!RS BE NOT !N D\BLE :AT !Y N[ >E1 WE MAY RE/ ASSUR$ ?AT ! SOCIETY DOES NOT EXHIBIT A P]MAN5T PR9CIPLE ( 9CREASE1 9 ! RATIO & 9 ! TIME PRESCRIB$ BY ,MR4 ,MAL?US4 ,HAD IT BE5 ! ORD] ( ,NATURE ?AT ! HUMAN RACE %\LD HAVE ORIG9ALLY BE5 >RANG$ 9 A GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION2 HAD ! LAW BE5 SU* ?AT EV]Y YE> ! BIR?S %\LD HAVE 9CREAS$ 9 A FIX$ PROPORTION TO ! PREC$+ 2--HAD ! NUMB] ( ! LIV+ AT EV]Y SUCCE$+ AGE BE5 9CREAS$ 9 ! SAME MANN] & 9 ! SAME PROPORTION3 &1 HAD ! :OLE FRAME ( SOCIETY BE5 SO CON/ITUT$ ?AT ! *ILD-BE>+ FEMALES %\LD1 BY ?IS REGUL> SUCCESSION ( ! 9F]IOR AGES1 HAVE D\BL$ !IR NUMB]S AT EQUAL P]IODS1 SU* AS EV]Y #be YE>S !N1 & !N ONLY1 C\LD A GEOMETRICAL RATIO ( ! 9CREASE ( POPULATION HAVE EXI/$4 ,BUT MANK9D HAVE NEV] BE5 F\ND SO >RANG$1 & ! LAWS ?AT REGULATE ! SUCCESSION ( HUMAN BE+S DO NOT SEEM TO BE (  

 .<#b#h#g.>  

?AT FEEBLE TEXTURE1 :I* W\LD W>RANT US 9 PR$ICT+ ?AT :AT HAS NEV] BE5 WILL EV] BE4 

 ,ON ! :OLE IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! ASS]TION1 ?AT HUMAN POPULATION HAS A T5D5CY TO 9CREASE 9 A GEOMETRICAL RATIO1 IS1 9 ! UTMO/ DEGREE1 >BITR>Y4 ,IT IS ! M]E DICTUM ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 & :5 HE F9DS1 AS HE ALWAYS DOES1 ?AT ?IS RATIO ( 9CREASE HAS NOT HI!RTO ACT$1 9/EAD ( D\BT+1 AS HE \<T1 ! TRU? ( HIS HYPO!SIS1 HE LOOKS >\ND = CONCOMITANT CIRCUM/ANCES :I*1 HE SAYS1 HAVE RET>D$ OR DE/ROY$ ITS OP]ATION3 ?AT IS1 = CIRCUM/ANCES :I* HAVE RET>D$ OR DE/ROY$ ! OP]ATION ( A PR9CIPLE1 ( :I* HE HAS BR\<T NO EVID5CE ?AT IT EV] EXI/$4 ,BUT HE EV5 GIVES !SE RET>D+ CIRCUM/ANCES !MSELVES AS EVID5CE4 ,HE CALLS !M *ECKS UPON POPULATION1 BE=E HE HAS PROV$ ?AT POPULATION REQUIR$ SU* *ECKS4 0,!RE EXI/ VISE & MIS]Y 9 ! WORLD2 !RE=E !SE PREV5T MANK9D FROM D\BL+ !IR NUMB] EV]Y #be YE>S60 ,SU* IS ! REASON+4 --,! PO9T 9 DISPUTE IS ALWAYS TAK5 = GRANT$4  

 ,W]E WE TO DRAW \R 9F]5CES FROM A SURVEY ( ! WORLD & ITS HI/ORY1 WE %\LD COME TO NO SU* CONCLUSION AS ! PR9CIPLE ( AN UNLIMIT$ 9CREASE4 ,MAN IS 9DIVIDUALLY A TRANSI5T VISITOR ( ! E>?4 ,A FEW REVOLUTIONS ( ! SUN1 & ?IS PR\D BE+ IS ?RU/ FROM ! SC5E4 ,IS ! RACE !N P]MAN5T8 ,MANY SPECIES ( ANIMALS HAVE DISAPPE>$1 & FILL \R CAB9ETS ) !IR FOSSIL REMA9S4 ,! MAMMU?  

 .<#b#h#h.>  

NO LONG] RANGES OV] ! GLOBE1 ?\< = A TIME HE MU/ HAVE LIV$ ) EXT5SIVE P[]4 ,:AT VISE1 MIS]Y OR MORAL RE/RA9T HAS PREV5T$ ! UNLIMIT$ 9CREASE ( ! EAGLES 9 ! AIR1 OR ( ! %>KS 9 ! OCEAN1 :]E !Y REIGN P>AM\NT LORDS & MA/]S8 ,MAY NOT ! LAW ( 9CREASE--MAY NOT ! DURATION ( LIFE ITSELF DIM9I% AS IT RADIATES FROM ! PRIMEVAL /OCK8 ,SOME?+ ( ?IS K9D IS OBS]V$ 9 VEGETABLES1 :OSE QUALITIES DET]IORATE1 & :OSE SE$S MORE & MORE DEG5]ATE AS !Y >E DI/ANT FROM ! P>5T TREE4 ,SO F> FROM HAV+ TO FRI<T5 \RSELVES ) ! IDEA ( AN OV]:ELM+ POPULATION1 HAVE WE NOT RA!R TO FE> ?AT WE >E S9K+ BY DEGREES 9TO A DEG5]ATE RACE1 :I* 9 ! LAPSE ( TIME MAY BE SWEPT FROM ! GLOBE8 ,! E>? ITSELF IS PROBABLY NOT IMMORTAL1 & :Y %\LD ITS PUNY 9HABITANTS8 ,ALL !SE1 TO BE SURE1 >E QUE/IONS ( M]E POSSIBILITIES1 BUT !Y >E AS PROBABLE & AS DEMON/RABLE1 AS ! POSSIBILITIES ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US4 ,IF ! T]MS ( ! PROPOSITION DO NOT 9VOLVE A CONTRADICTION1 !RE IS NO ASS]TION1 ) REG>D TO FUTURE CONT+5CIES1 ?AT CAN BE PROV$ TO BE UNTRUE4 ,BUT POSSIBILITIES >E 9HABITANTS ( ! L& ( DREAMS4 ,!Y MAY AMUSE 9 ! CLOSET1 BUT !Y >E USELESS 9 ! CONDUCT ( LIFE2 & \<T TO BE F> B5EA? ! NOTICE ( ! LEGISLATORS ( NATIONS4  

 A,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 ,VOL4 ,I,I,I1 P4 #c#d#c1 #c#d#d1 ,NOTE4  

B,VOL4 ,I4 P4 #e1 #f4 

C,VOL4 ,I4 P4 #i4 

D,WITNESS ! HORRIBLE FAM9E I ,9DIA 9 #a#g#g#a4 

E,IF WANT ALONE OR ! DESIRE ( ! LABOR+ CLASIES TO POSSESS ! NECESS>IES & CONV5I5CES ( LIFE1 W]E A SUFFICI5T /IMULUS TO PRODUCTION1 !RE IS NO /ATE 9 ,EUROPE OR 9 ! WORLD ?AT W\LD HAVE F\ND ANY O!R PRACTICAL LIMIT TO ITS WEAL? ?AN ITS P[] TO PRODUCE2 & ! E>? W\LD PROBABLY BE=E ?IS P]IOD HAVE CONTA9$1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 T5 TIMES AS MANY 9HABITANTS AS >E SUPPORT$ ON ITS SURFACE AT PRES5T4 ,BUT 444 :]E ! RI<T ( PRIVATE PROP]TY IS E/ABLI%$ @&C @&C40 ,VIDE ,MAL?US ON ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY P4 #c#d#h4   

F,SEE ,MAL?US ON ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 AS QUOT$ 9 PAGE #d#h#d4 

G,SEE ,W5TWOR?'S ,ACC\NT ( ?AT ,COLONY4 

 H ,VIDE PAGE #b#f#h4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahai 3 ,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #ab -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #b1 ,*APT] #ab -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/