,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #a 
,FUTILITY ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S ,DOCTR9E ,RESPECT+ ! ,*ECKS ON ,POPULATION 

#ahbahb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,GODW91 ,WILLIAM4 ,( ,POPULATION4 ,LONDON3 ,LONGMAN1 ,HUR/1 ,REES1 ,ORME & ,BR[N1 ,PAT]NO/] ,R[1 #a#h#b4 

  

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,9 ! PREC$+ ,BOOK ,I HAVE TAK5 = ! SUBJECT ( MY 9QUIRY ! POSSIBLE PROGRESS ( MANK9D UND] PECULI>LY FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES AS TO ! 9CREASE ( !IR NUMB]S ,I HAVE PRODUC$ ! EXAMPLE ( ,SW$5 AS ! MO/ ADVANTAGE\S SPECIM5 ( ! K9D ?AT IS CONTA9$ 9 ! RECORDS ( HI/ORY ,I HAVE NOT CONT5T$ MYSELF ) ?IS BUT HAVE PROCE$$ 9 ! 5DEAVOR TO E/ABLI% C]TA9 PR9CIPLES ON ! SUBJECT4 ,FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ,SW$51 CORROBORAT$ BY VIEWS DRAWN FROM ALL O!R C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE1 9 :I* ANY PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE 9 COLLECT+ ,TABLES ?AT HAVE REF]5CE TO POPULATION1 ,I HAVE S\<T TO FIX C]TA9 MAXIMS :I* MAY BE ( USE TO GUIDE US 9 \R SPECULATIONS ON ! SUBJECT4 ,TO ?IS ,I HAVE ADD$ SOME G5]AL REASON+S1 BUILT UPON ! NATURE ( M>RIAGE1 & ! NUMB]S & FRUITFULNESS ( HUMAN FEMALES1 CALCULAT$ TO CONFIRM !SE FACTS1 & TO %EW FROM ! NATURE ( ?+S :Y !Y %\LD BE F\ND SU* AS !Y >E4 

,BUT !RE IS ANO!R QUE/ION BEH9D1 :I* WILL BE ( SC>CELY LESS IMPORTANCE 9 5ABL+ US TO SETTLE \R OP9IONS ON ! SUBJECT ( ?IS WORK4 ,?IS IS 7TO BORR[ ! LANGUAGE ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US71 0,:AT IS IT ?AT *ECKS POPULATION80 

,OR1 ,I %\LD RA!R *USE TO EXPRESS ! 9QUIRY UPON :I* ,I AM AB\T OT 5T] ?US3 ,POPULATION HAS BE5 F\ND1 UND] PECULI>LY FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,SW$51 TO HAVE A T5D5CY TO D\BLE ITSELF 9 A LITTLE MORE ?AN ONE HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,BUT ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD IS NOT 9 ACCORD ) ! EXAMPLE ( ,SW$54 ,WE HAVE NO REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! GLOBE ( ! E>?1 AT LEA/ SO F> AS IT WAS !N KN[N1 WAS AT ALL LESS POPUL\S ?REE ?\S& YE>S AGO1 ?AN IT IS N[4 

,! 9F]5CE !RE=E1 9 ! PO9T ( VIEW 9 :I* WE >E H]E CONSID]+ ! SUBJECT1 IS1 FIR/1 FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ,SW$51 ?AT POPULATION1 OR ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D1 HAS A NATURAL T5D5CY TO 9CREASE UND] P>TICUL>LY FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 AT ! RATE ( A D\BL+ 9 A LITTLE MORE ?AN ON HUNDR$ YE>S2 &1 SECONDLY1 FROM ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD1 ?AT ?IS 9CREASE IS P]PETUALLY C\NT]ACT$1 SO ?AT WE HAVE NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! E>? IS N[ MORE POPUL\S ?AN AT ANY PA/ P]IOD ( AU!NTIC HI/ORY1 OR1 FROM ANY T+ ?AT IS AT PRES5T GO+ ON ON ! FACE ( ! GLOBE1 ?AT IT HAS ANY LIKELIHOOD TO BECOME SO4 

,POPULATION IS KEPT D[N4 ,?IS TRU? WE LE>N FROM ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D3 & 9 ?IS PROPOSITION ,I AGREE ) ,MR4 ,MAL?US4 

,BUT1 9 ANN\NC+ ?IS PROPOSITION1 TWO QUE/IONS OCCUR TO ME4 ,FIR/1 H[ IS IT KEPT D[N8 ,SECONDLY1 IS IT NECESS>Y = ! COMMON GOOD1 ?AT ANY SPECIAL ATT5TION %\LD BE GIV5 BY GOV]NM5TS & NATIONAL C\NCILS1 9 ! WAY ( TAK+ C>E ?AT IT %\LD BE KEPT D[N1 OR ?AT ! 9CREASE ( ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D %\LD NOT BE 5C\RAG$8 

,ON ! FIR/ QUE/ION1 .<,H[ DOES IT HAPP5 ?AT ! POPULATION ( ! E>? DOES NOT GO ON 9 A C\RSE ( P]PETUAL 9CREASE8.> ,MR4 ,MAL?US ADVANCES TWO PROPOSITIONS 9T]*ANGEABLY1 SUB/ITUT+ ! ONE = ! O!R AT HIS PLEASURE1 AS IF !Y W]E ONLY TWO WAYS ( EXPRESS+ ! SAME ?+3 FIR/1 ?AT POPULATION IS KEPT D[N BY ! 9T]V5TION ( VISE & MIS]Y3 SECONDLY1 ?AT IT IS KEPT D[N1 BECAUSE ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D >E1 EV]Y :]E & 9CESSANTLY1 T5D+ OT 9CREASE BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 

,N[ !SE PROPOSITIONS >E SO F> FROM BE+ SYNONYM\S1 & IF ,I MAY APPLY ! WORD SOME:AT \T ( ITS USUAL MEAN+1 TAUTOLOGICAL1 ?AT ONE ( !M MAY BE TRUE1 & ! O!R TOTALLY & 5TIRELY FALSE4 

,?AT VISE & MIS]Y HAVE A %>E 9 KEEP+ D[N ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D1 ,I WILL NOT D5Y4 ,!RE MAY ALSO BE O!R CAUSES1 AS YET LITTLE ADV]T$ TO1 :I* MAY BE CONC]N$ 9 PRODUC+ ! SAME EFFECT4 

,! MO/ OBVI\S CAUSES :I* ALL HI/ORY =CES UPON \R ATT5TION1 >E W>1 PE/IL5CE1 & FAM9E4 ,& H]E ,I W\LD DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! TWO AG5TS :I* 9 ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S BOOK >E P]PETUALLY C\PL$1 VISE1 & MIS]Y3 OR1 AS ,I W\LD RA!R D5OM9ATE !M1 VISE1 & ! VISITATION ( CALAMITY4 ,PE/IL5CE IS NOT VISE2 FAM9E CAN SC>CELY DES]VE TO BE CALL$ BY ?AT NAME4 ,W> !RE=E1 ( !SE ?REE1 IS ! AG5T = ?9N+ ! RANKS ( MANK9D1 :I* IS BE/ 5TITL$ TO BE D5OM9AT$ VISE4 

,BUT H[ F> >E ANY ( !SE CONC]N$ ) A SC>CITY ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE8 ,FAM9E 9DE$ IS A SWEEP+ NAME1 :I* EXPRESSES ?AT SC>CITY 9 ITS MO/ AGGRAVAT$ DEGREE4 ,BUT PE/IL5CE- IS ?AT ONLY A LACK ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE UND] ANO!R =M8 ,IS ! PLAGUE PRODUC$ BY HUNG]8 ,IS YELL[ FEV] PRODUC$ BY HUNG]8 ,:5 \R DEVOT$ C\NTRY 9 =M] C5TURIES WAS SO (T5 VISIT$ ) ! PLAGUE1 :]E ,5GLI%M5 9 GREAT] COMP>ATIVE WANT ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ?AN AT PRES5T8 

,W> IS1 ( ALMO/ ANY EXAMPLE ?AT C\LD BE DEVIS$1 WELL ADAPT$ TO %EW ?AT ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S TWO PROPOSITIONS >E ( V]Y DIFF]5T IMPORT4 ,DO M5 GO TO W> BECAUSE !Y WANT ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE8 ,F> O!RWISE4 ,W> 9 CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES IS ! (FSPR+ ( PRIDE1 ( WANTONNESS1 & AN >TIFICIAL ME?OD ( ?9K+ & LIV+4 ,W> CANNOT BE C>RI$ ON 9 SU* C\NTRIES )\T A PREVI\S ACCUMULATION ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,MONEY1 IT HAS (T5 BE5 SAID1 IS ! S9EW ( W>4 ,IT W\LD BE MORE ACCURATE TO SAY1 ?AT PROVISIONS .<MUNITION DE B\*E.> >E ! S9EWS ( W>4 ,! FIR/ C>E ( A P[] GO+ TO W> IS TO E/ABLI% MAGAZ9ES4 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT MONEY ITSELF IS NO?+1 EXCEPT SO F> AS IT CAN PUR*ASE ! CONV5I5CES1 &1 A =TIORI1 ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE4 

,SO F> !RE=E AS W> IS CONC]N$1 ,I ALL[ ?AT ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D >E ?9N$ BY VISE3 ,SO F> AS FAM9E & PE/IL5CE 5T] 9TO ! QUE/ION1 ,I ADMIT ?AT ! SAME EFFECT MAY BE ATTRIBUT$ TO CALAMITY4 

,BUT ,I TOTALLY REJECT ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S VISE & MIS]Y 9 ! OBSCURE DETAILS4 ,I AFFIRM1 ?AT W\LD ELAPSE10C BE=E ! MO/ FATAL & HE>T-SICK5+ CONSEQU5CES W\LD BE PRODUC$4 ,& ! :OLE T5D5CY ( HIS BOOK IS TO PROVE1 ?AT ! EXPECT$ DISA/]S W\LD BE AS RAPID1 AS !Y W]E IRRESI/IBLE 9 !IR MANIFE/ATION & !IR PROGRESS4 

,! 9F]5CE C]TA9LY FROM ALL HI/ORY IS1 ! POPULATION DOES NOT *ALL5GE ! VIGILANCE ( GOV]NM5TS TO KEEP IT D[N4 ,! 9F]5CE FROM ALL HI/ORY IS1 ?AT ?OSE C\NTRIES1 O!R ?+S EQUAL1 HAVE BE5 HAPPIE/1 :]E ! 9CREASE ( MANK9D HAS BE5 MO/ 5C\RAG$1 & ?OSE ! MO/ MIS]ABLE1 9 :I* ! P[] ( DEPOPULATION HAS MO/ FULLY DISPLAY$ ITSELF4 ,IF AN AU?OR1 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 COMES =W>D1 TO TEA* US A NEW CRE$1 & TO P]SUADE US TO AB&ON ?AT :I* ! CONCURR5T WISDOM ( AGES HAD TAU<T US1 HE %\LD SURELY NOT ATTEMPT TO DO ?IS BY ! SOLE AID ( A FEW DOGMATIC MAXIMS1 BUT %\LD HAVE GONE ?R\< ! ANNALS ( ANTIQUITY1 & HAVE %EWN US :]E 9 ALL FAM\S NATIONS & /ATES ! EVIL CREPT 94 ,! FACT IS COMPLETELY AGA9/ HIM4 ,! FACT IS1 ACCORD+ TO ! EVID5CE ( ALL HI/ORY1 ?AT POPULATION DOES NOT REQUIRE ! VIGILANCE ( GOV]NM5TS TO KEEP IT D[N4 

,:5 ONCE WE HAVE DISC>D$ ?IS C>D9AL ]ROR1 ! RE/ ( ! SUBJECT BECOMES A TOPIC ( LAUDABLE SPECULATION4 ,:AT T5D5CY IS !RE 9 ! HUMAN SPECIES TO 9CREASE !IR NUMB]S8 ,IT CANNOT BE DISPUT$1 ?AT 9 SOME C\NTRIES 7,SW$5 = EXAMPLE7 !RE APPE>S TO BE A P[] 9 MANK9D TO 9CREASE !IR NUMB]S BY PROCREATION ONLY4 ,UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES1 & = H[ LONG A TIME1 MAY ?IS P[] BE SUPPOS$ TO EX]T ITSELF8 ,UND] ! MO/ FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 :AT W\LD BE ! DEGREE ( ! 9CREASE8 ,:AT >E ! CAUSES ?AT *ECK ! 9CREASE1 & ?AT PRODUCE A PROGRESS 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION8 ,= ! 9/ANCES APPE> TO BE MU* MORE NUM]\S & /RIK+ ( A RAPID DEPOPULATION4 ,AT ALL EV5TS ?IS IS C]TA91 ?AT NO GOV]NM5TS1 PREVI\SLY TO ! PUBLICATION ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S BOOK1 EV] SET !MSELVES UP = PATRONS ( DEPOPULATION1 & TO 0/OP ! PROPAGATION ( MANK9D30 & IT IS SC>CELY LESS C]TA91 ?AT ! POPULATION ( ! E>? IS NOT GREAT] N[ ?AN IT WAS ?REE ?\S& YE>S AGO4 

,IF ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S DOCTR9E W]E S\ND1 & HIS NOVELTIES CON/ITUT$ A REAL DISCOV]Y1 ! HI/ORY ( ! POPULATION ( ! E>? W\LD BE V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! ?+ ?AT IT IS4 ,BUT HIS !ORY SU/A9S ! COMMON FATE ( EV]Y M]E HYPO!SIS +5I\SLY CONTRIV$ TO ACC\NT = ! PH5OM5A >\ND US4 ,IT MAY LOOK 9 SOME DEGREE PLAUSIBLE 9 ITSELF2 BUT IT WILL NEV] TRULY TALLY ) ! FACTS IT IS BR\<T TO EXPLA94 ,IT PAYS US ) WORDS2 BUT IT DOES NOT CLE> UP A S+LE DIFFICULTY4 

,! POPULATION ( EV]Y OLD C\NTRY1 ACCORD+ TO ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 IS KEPT D[N BY 0PRESS+ H>D AGA9/ ! LIMITS ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE40 ,IF ?IS W]E TRUE1 :AT W\LD BE ! REAL /ATE ( ! CASE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ALL ! NATIONS ( ! E>?8 ,A P]IODICAL FLUCTUATION4 --,?AT !RE IS A *ANGE ,I ADMIT1 & ?AT NATIONS FROM TIME TO TIME 9CREASE & DECREASE 9 ! NUMB]S ( !IR PEOPLE4 ,BUT ! CAUSE ( !SE *ANGES HAS NEV] YET BE5 FULLY EXPLA9$2 & LEA/ ( ALL DO !Y SQU>E ) ,MR4 ,MAL?US' HYPO!SIS --,TO PROCE$ 9 ! /ATEM5T & REFUTATION ( ! VIEWS EXHIBIT$ 9 ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION4 ,EV]Y C\NTRY1 AS WELL AS ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 9 ! PROPORTION ( ITS >EA & ITS SOIL IS CAPABLE ( SUBSI/+ A GIV5 NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS4 ,:5 ?IS CAPACITY HAS BE5 US$1 & ! C\NTRY HAS BE5 REPL5I%$ ) M51 ?AT DI/RICT OR PORTION ( ! GLOBE WILL REFUSE TO RECEIVE A GREAT] NUMB]4 ,BUT IT IS P]HAPS ! NATURE ( EV]Y *ECK OR REACTION1 TO OP]ATE SOME:AT BEYOND ! EXT5T ( ! IMPULSE ?AT GAVE IT BIR?4 ,H5CE1 WE WILL SAY1 COMES ! DEPOPULATION1 :I* =MS SO MEMORABLE A PORTION ( ! RECORDS ( UNIV]SAL HI/ORY4 ,?AT WE MAY NOT FALL 9TO ! ]ROR1 SO 9CID5T TO ! LIMIT$ FACULTIES ( MAN1 ( CONF\ND+ \RSELVES AMID ! COMPLICATION ( V]Y L>GE NUMB]S1 LET US TAKE A DI/RICT OR AN ISL& FULLY COMPET5T TO ! SUBSI/5CE ( ONE ?\S& HUMAN 9HABITANTS4 ,! P[] ( PROCREATION1 WE WILL ASSUME1 CONT9UALLY T5DS TO 9CREASE ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D4 ,! POPULATION ( ?IS DI/RICT !RE=E1 HAV+ >RIV$ AT ONE ?\S&1 HAS AN AB/RACT T5D5CY TO EXT5D ITSELF FUR!R4 ,BUT H]E IT IS /OPP$ BY ! MO/ P[]FUL ( ALL CAUSES4 ,CALAMITY 9VADES ?IS DEVOT$ RACE ( M51 POV]TY1 EXAMPLES ( T]RIBLE DI/RESS1 & ! WANT ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,H]EUPON FOLL[S1 WE WILL SUPPOSE1 DEPOPULATION4 ,NO MAN NE$ LOOK F> = ! MO/ IMPRESSIVE EXAMPLES ( DEPOPULATION4 ,WE WILL IMAG9E ! NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS R$UC$ TO FIVE HUNDR$4 ,:AT WILL BE ! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS8 ,! >EA & ! SOIL W]E FULLY COMPET5T TO SUBSI/ TWICE ?AT NUMB]4 ,/RIPS & ACRES ( L& N[ SEEM TO CALL L\DLY = ! H& ( ! CULTIVATOR4 ,! :OLE C\NTRY P9ES & IS SICK = ! PL[%>E & ! SPADE4 ,NO?+ !RE=E IS MORE EVID5T1 UPON ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S S*EME1 ?AN ?AT ?IS REGION WILL SPE$ILY RECOV] ITS LO/ POPULATION4 ,WANT ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE PUT IT D[N3 ?AT WANT BE+ REMOV$1 ! PR9CIPLE ( 9CREASE 9H]5T 9 ! HUMAN SPECIES WILL RAISE IT UP AGA94 

,BUT IS ?IS REALLY ! CASE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! E>?8 ,LET US LOOK ?R\< ALL ! DEPOPULAT$ C\NTRIES 5UM]AT$ BY ,MONTESQUIEU4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 AMPLY BLESS$ 9 ! REM$Y PRESCRIB$ BY ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 ! R$UCTION ( ! NUMB]S ( ?OSE :O CRI$ \T = ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,:Y >E !Y AT PRES5T UNCONSCI\S ( !IR HAPP9ESS1 & :Y DO !Y NOT DILIG5TLY APPLY !MSELVES TO 9CREASE !IR NUMB]S8 ,I ?9K ,I MAY V5TURE TO SAY ?AT 9 NO ONE 9/ANCE HAS ! ?+ HAPP5$ AS ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S !ORY REQUIRES4 ,:]EV] DEPOPULATION HAS ONCE SET UP ITS /&>D1 ! EVIL GOES ON4 ,9 !SE C\NTRIES WE DO NOT F9D1 AS ACCORD+ TO ! DICTA ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION WE \<T TO F9D1 A P]IODICAL FLUX & REFLUX ( ! NUMB] ( !IR 9HABITANTS1D AN ELA/ICITY BY MEANS ( :I*1 AS SOON AS ! PRESSURE HAD OP]AT$ TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 ! PR9CIPLE RESUMES ITS SWAY1 & ! 5]GIES M\NT AGA94 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 :]EV] DEPOPULATION HAS OP]AT$ TO A GREAT EXT5T1 & = A CONSID]ABLE L5G? ( TIME1 ,I BELIEVE WE %ALL NEV] F9D ! C\NTRY RESUM+ ITS PREC$+ PROSP]ITY & POPUL\SNESS1 UNLESS BY AN ACTUAL PLANT+ & SETTL+ ( A NEW RACE ( 9HABITANTS )9 ITS LIMITS4 

,H5CE IT APPE>S1 ?AT IT IS SOME?+ ELSE1 & NOT M]ELY OR PR9CIPALLY A RISE & FALL 9 ! MEANS ?AT NATURE AF=DS US = OBTA9+ PROVISIONS & SUBSI/5CE1 ?AT LIMITS ! POPULATION ( A C\NTRY1 & CAUSES ?AT C\NTRY 9 MANY 9/ANCES TO PRODUCE SO MU* SMALL] A PROPORTION ( HUMAN BE+S1 ?AN IT C\LD BOA/ 9 SOME PREC$+ G5]ATION1 OR 9 SOME REMOTE AGE ( ! WORLD4 

,I W\LD OBS]VE BY ! WAY1 ?AT A WANT ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 & A WANT ( ! MEANS :I* NATURE AF=DS TO MAN = OBTA9+ PROVISIONS & SUBSI/5CE1 >E BY NO MEANS SYNONYM\S4 ,MU* ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S /R5G? LIES 9 HIS AMBIGUITIES4 ,:5 ! :OLE E>? HAS BE5 0CULTIVAT$ LIKE A G>D510E WE WILL SUPPOSE = A MOM5T ?AT ?IS /ATE ( ?+S PUTS A B> ON ! MULTIPLICATION ( MANK9D4 ,BUT IT IS A V]Y DIFF]5T QUE/ION1 & IS WELL WOR?Y ( ! 9QUIRY ( ! POLITICAL ECONOMI/1 ,:Y ,TURKEY 9 ,EUROPE1 ,TURKEY 9 ,ASIA1 ,P]SIA1 ,EGYPT1 & A MULTITUDE ( O!R C\NTRIES1 >E SO ?9LY 9HABIT$ N[1 TO :AT !Y W]E 9 ! R5[N$ P]IODS ( !IR ANCI5T HI/ORY4 ,C]TA9LY IT IS NOT BECAUSE !IR SOIL IS EXHAU/$4 ,C]TA9LY IT IS NOT BECAUSE ANO!R BLADE ( CORN REFUSES TO GR[ ON !IR SURFACE4 ,WE MAY V5TURE1 EV5 9 ! 9FANCY ( ! 9QUIRY1 TO ASS]T1 ?AT ! CAUSE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! GOV]NM5T & POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION ( !SE C\NTRIES4 ,IF A B5EFIC5T SOV]EIGN1 ! FA!R ( HIS PEOPLE1 W]E TO >ISE AMONG !M1 IF A GREAT G5IUS1 :O LOV$ HIS FELL[-M51 & 9 :OM ! >DOR ( HIS LOVE G5]AT$ 5LI<T5$ ATT5TION1 & F]TILIZ$ ! FIELD ( 9TELLECTUAL RES\RCES1 W]E TO M\NT ! ?RONE1 IF SU* A ONE W]E TO APPLY ALL HIS 5]GIES TO MAKE HIS C\NTRY :AT IT =M]LY WAS1 :5 IT SEEM$ TO BE ! GRAN>Y ( ! WORLD1 WE MAY REASONABLY BELIEVE ?AT HIS LABORS W\LD NOT BE 9 VA94 ,! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE 9 ?AT C\NTRY W\LD NO LONG] BE OPPRESS$4 ,!IR SOV]EIGN1 & 9SPIR$ BY HIM A LONG TRA9 ( M5 9 P[] 9F]IOR TO ! ?RONE1 W\LD MAKE IT !IR AMBITION1 ?AT EA* FA!R ( A FAMILY :O DESIR$ IT1 %\LD HAVE A PORTION ( L& SUBJECT TO HIS [N PROVID5CE & DISCRETION1 & %\LD POSSESS ! MEANS ( R5D]+ ! L& HE [N$ AVAILABLE TO ! PURPOSES ( HUMAN PROSP]ITY4 ,! 5]GIES ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! C\NTRY W\LD BE CALL$ =?1 & M5 FROM ! O!R REGIONS W\LD BE 9VIT$ TO SETTLE ON ?IS ADVANTAGE\S SOIL4 ,H5CE IT APPE>S1 ?AT IT IS ILL GOV]NM5T1 & NOT A WANT ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 ?AT R5D]S !SE C\NTRIES A P]MAN5T SC5E ( DESOLATION4 

,BUT ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 ?AT D>K & T]RIBLE G5IUS ?AT IS EV] AT H& TO BLA/ ALL ! HOPES ( ALL MANK9D1 WILL TELL US1 ?AT ,EGYPT1 OR :ATEV] O!R T]RITORY WE TAKE = \R EXAMPLE1 WILL ONE DAY BE 0CULTIVAT$ LIKE A G>D510 & WILL REFUSE ITSELF TO ANY FUR!R 9CREASE ( 9HABITANTS4 ,BE IT SO3 WE WILL NOT DISPUTE ?AT = ! PRES5T4 ,BUT IS ?AT ANY REASON :Y1 \T ( A G5]\S C>E = A DI/ANT PO/]ITY1 WE %\LD REFUSE ! VA/ ACCESSION ( HAPP9ESS ?AT %ALL BE (F]$ TO US8 0,TAKE ! GOOD ! ,GODS PROVIDE !E40 ,I AM DISPOS$1 LIKE ,MR4 ,MAL?US1 TO SAY1 0,AN EV5T AT SU* A DI/ANCE10 AS ?AT ( A :OLE C\NTRY1 OR ! :OLE E>?1 HAV+ MORE 9HABITANTS ?AN ITS SOIL WILL MA9TA91 0MAY FAIRLY BE LEFT TO ,PROVID5CE40F ,WE HAVE DIS>M$ ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION ( ALL ITS /+1 :5 WE HAVE PROV$ ?AT1 0AT EV]Y P]IOD DUR+ ! PROGRESS ( CULTIVATION1 ! DI/RESS = WANT ( FOOD WILL .<NOT.> BE CON/ANTLY PRESS+ ON ALL MANK9D10 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT ! POPULATION ( ,EUROPE1 & ! O!R P>TS ( ! ,OLD ,WORLD1 IS NOT NECESS>ILY 0ALWAYS PRESS+ H>D AGA9/ ! LIMITS ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE40 

C ,VOL4 ,I,I4 P4 #b#f#i4 

D ,?IS REM>K P]HAPS /&S 9 NE$ ( EXPLANATION4 ,I ACKN[L$GE A FLUX & REFLUX 9 ! POPULATION ( C\NTRIES1 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,SW$54 ,BUT ,I AFFIRM ?AT !RE IS NO 9/ANCE ( A C\NTRY ABUNDANTLY PEOPL$1 !N R$UC$ 9 ITS NUMB]S ?R\< A SC>CITY ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & AFT]W>DS FROM ! DEP?S ( DEPOPULATION BECOM+ POPUL\S AGA9 PURELY BECAUSE ! SUP]ABUNDANCE ( ITS CITIZ5S WAS TAK5 AWAY4 

E ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #b#b4 

F ,VOL4,I,I1 P4 #b#b4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahai 3 ,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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