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,ATTEMPT T[>DS A ,RATIONAL ,!ORY ( ! ,*ECKS ON ,POPULATION 

#ahbahb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,GODW91 ,WILLIAM4 ,( ,POPULATION4 ,LONDON3 ,LONGMAN1 ,HUR/1 ,REES1 ,ORME & ,BR[N1 ,PAT]NO/] ,R[1 #a#h#b4 

  

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,S,C,>,C,E,L,Y ANY ?+ CAN BE IMAG9$ MORE LIKELY TO SUPPLY US ) JU/ VIEWS RESPECT+ ! PA/ HI/ORY ( POPULATION1 & ( CONSEQU5CE TO SUGGE/ TO US S\ND ANTICIPATIONS AS TO ITS FUTURE PROGRESS1 ?AN ! COMP>+ SOME TRACT ( C\NTRY & P]IOD ( TIME 9 :I* ITS 9CREASE APPE>S TO HAVE GONE ON ) HI<E/ VIGOR & HEAL? ON ! ONE H&1 ) ALL ?AT IS KN[N1 AS TO ITS G5]AL ASPECT OV] ! FACE ( ! E>?1 ON ! O!R4 

,MR4 ,MAL?US HAS HAD REC\RSE TO C]TA9 WILD CONJECTURES & GRATUIT\S ASS]TIONS RESPECT+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 CONC]N+ :OSE POPULATION1 & ! EFFECT ( ! P[] ( PROCREATION AMONG !M1 ,I MAY SAFELY AFFIRM NO?+ IS KN[N1 & HAS H]E TAK5 HIS /&1 = ! PURPOSE ( ISSU+ HIS DOGMATIC SPECULATIONS4 ,UPON ?IS GR\ND HE ]ECTS HIS MON/R\S PROPOSITION1 ?AT 0! POPULATION ( ! E>?1 :]EV] IT IS UN*ECK$1 WILL GO ON D\BL+ ITSELF EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 OR WILL 9CREASE 9 A GEOMETRICAL RATIO40 ,H5CE HE SETS 

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\T ON ! HOPEFUL TASK1 ! MA9 BUS9ESS ( ALL HIS PAGES1 ( %[+ :Y ?IS PROPOSITION ( HIS HAS NEV] BE5 REALIZ$1 OR1 ,I MAY RA!R SAY1 :Y NO APPROA* HAS EV] BE5 MADE TO IT1 9 ANY SETTL$ C\NTRY ?R\<\T ! ANNALS ( ! WORLD4 

,I HAVE *OS5 A DIFF]5T /&>D FROM ?AT ( ,MR4 ,MAI ?US4 ,I HAVE F\ND ?AT A V]Y EXEMPL>Y & ELABORATE ACC\NT HAS BE5 TAK5 ( ! POPULATION ( ,SW$51 9 ALL ?OSE PO9TS MO/ CALCULAT$ TO AF=D KN[L$GE ON ! SUBJECT1 = MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY4 ,H]E ,I GRASP SOME?+ REAL1 & BY :I* ,I CAN H>DLY FE> TO BE MISL$4 ,H]E ,I F9D ?AT ! POPULATION ( ?IS DIVISION ( ,EUROPE HAS GONE ON = FIFTY-,T\R YE>S1 AT A RATE :I*1 IF 9 REALITY ?IS SUBJECT W\LD ADMIT ( ANY PRECISE OR MA!MATICAL MEASUREM5T1 W\LD SEEM TO PROMISE A D\BL+ 9 SOME?+ MORE ?AN ONE HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,! QUE/ION !RE=E ?AT IS LEFT ME1 IS TO CONSID] :Y1 9 NO C\NTRY ( ! E>?1 ! PROGRESS ( POPULATION HAS ADVANC$ AT ?IS RATE1 P]HAPS = A S+LE C5TURY- OR1 TO TAKE ! QUE/ION UPON A L>G] SCALE1 & :]E \R EVID5CE IS MORE SATISFACTORY1 :Y ! POPULATION ( ! E>?1 COLLECTIVELY TAK51 HAS EXP]I5C$ NO 9CREASE1 FROM ! E>LIE/ RECORDS ( AU!NTIC PR(ANE HI/ORY TO ! PRES5T H\R4 

,IT IS BY LOOK+ AT ! SUBJECT 9 A COMPREH5SIVE VIEW1 ?AT ,I ?9K WE %ALL /& ! BE/ 

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*ANCE ( ATTA9+ SOME S\ND PR9CIPLES CONC]N+ IT4 

,= ?IS PURPOSE IT MAY P]HAPS BE WOR? :ILE TO DIRECT \R REFLECTIONS TO TWO PO9TS4 

,FIR/1 !RE >E C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 :I* W]E ONCE 9 AN EM95T DEGREE POPUL\S & FL\RI%+1 ?AT >E N[ SUNK 9TO A /ATE ( COMP>ATIVE SOLITUDE & DESOLATION4 ,SU* >E ,SYRIA1 ,EGYPT1 ,GREECE1 ,ITALY1 ,SICILY1 ?AT P>T ( ,ASIA :I* 9 ANCI5T TIMES WAS SUBJECT TO ! ,GREAT ,K+1 & ! :OLE COA/ ( ,AFRICA BORD]+ ON ! ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,TO !SE WE MAY ADD ! EXT5SIVE EMPIRES ( ,MEXICO & ,P]U 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 TOGE!R ) ! ISL&S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,>*IPELAGO4 ,:AT HAS R$UC$ !M TO !IR PRES5T /ATE ( DESOLATION8 

,SECONDLY1 WE MAY TURN \R ATT5TION TO ?OSE C\NTRIES1 :I* = C5TURIES PA/ HAVE NOT BE5 SUBJECT TO SU* VIOL5T CONVULSIONS1 ! C\NTRIES :I* =M :AT MAY BE CALL$ ! COMMONWEAL? ( ,EUROPE1 P>TICUL>LY ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE4 ,\R ?\<TS WILL NOT !N BE ( DESOLATION1 ( VA/ & FRUITFUL PROV9CES R5D]$ NAK$ ( 9HABITANTS1 BUT !Y WILL BE TURN$ TO AN 9QUIRY NOT LESS 9T]E/+ & USEFUL1 :Y1 9 NONE ( !SE C\NTRIES1 POPULATION HAS ADVANC$ ) ?AT /EADY & UNI=M PROGRESS1 ( :I*1 :5 REG>D$ 9 ! AB/RACT1 IT SEEMS TO BE CAPABLE8 

,POPULATION1 IF WE CONSID] IT HI/ORICALLY1 APPE>S TO BE A FITFUL PR9CIPLE1 OP]AT+ 

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9T]MITT$LY & BY />TS4 ,?IS IS ! GREAT MY/]Y ( ! SUBJECT2 & PATI5TLY TO 9VE/IGATE ! CAUSES ( ITS IRREGUL> PROGRESS SEEMS TO BE A BUS9ESS HI<LY WOR?Y ( ! PHILOSOPH]4 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ IDEAS ?AT WILL OCCUR TO A REFLECT+ M9D IS1 ?AT ! CAUSE ( !SE IRREGUL>ITIES CANNOT BE ITSELF ( REGUL> & UNI=M OP]ATION4 ,IT CANNOT BE 0! NUMB]S ( MAN4 K9D AT ALL TIMES PRESS+ H>D AGA9/ ! LIMITS ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE40 

,LET US FIR/ LOOK4AT ?OSE CAUSES :I* MAY OBVI\SLY ACC\NT = A GREAT & SUDD5 DIM9UTION ( ! NUMB]S ( MANK9D4 ,?OSE :I* >E 9 EV]Y ONE'S RECOLLECTION1 0FAMILI> 9 \R M\?S AS H\SEHOLD WORDS10 >E W>1 PE/IL5CE & FAM9E4 ,BUT !RE >E O!R CAUSES1 MORE P[]FUL & TREM5D\S 9 !IR OP]ATION ?AN W>1 PE/IL5CE & FAM9E1 AT LEA/ ?AN ?OSE CALAMITIES 9 !IR MORE ORD9>Y & S(T5$ VISITATIONS4 ,!SE >E CONQUE/1 SU* AS WE F9D IT RECORD$ 9 C]TA9 P]IODS ( ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 & BAD GOV]NM5T1 :5 C>RI$ TO A C]TA9 DEGREE ( CORRUPTION & OPPRESSION4 ,I SAY BAD GOV]NM5T1 9 ! TEE? ( ONE ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S MO/ EXTRAVAGANT P>ADOXES1 :]E HE LAYS IT D[N ?AT 0,HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS1 H[EV] !Y MAY APPE> TO BE ! CAUSES ( MU* MIS*IEF TO SOCIETY1 >E 9 REALITY LI<T & SUP]FICIAL1 M]E FEA!RS ?AT FLOAT ON ! SURFACE1 9 COMP>ISON ) ?OSE DEEP] 

#cbi 

SEAT$ CAUSES ( EVIL1 :I* RESULT FROM ! LAWS ( NATURE & ! PASSIONS ( MAN40A 

,! TRU?S ,I HAVE H]E DELIV]$1 HAVE 9 REALITY NO NOVELTY 9 !M1 BUT HAVE BE5 DWELT UPON BY EV]Y =M] POLITICAL WRIT] :O HAS HAD MU* AT HE>T ! WELF>E & HAPP9ESS ( MANK9D4 ,BUT !RE >E TRU?S1 H[EV] OBVI\S1 ?AT NE$ TO BE FROM TIME TO TIME REVIV$ 9 ! M9DS ( M54 ,HUMAN MEMORY IS A REPOSITORY ( SO UNC]TA9 A T5ACITY1 ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT PR9CIPLES1 ! GREAT L&-M>KS ( POLITICAL & MORAL SCI5CE1 IF NOT OCCASIONALLY BR\<T TO \R RECOLLECTION1 >E 9 DANG] ( BE+ LET GO & =GOTT54 

,I WILL PRODUCE !RE=E ONE SPECIM5 ( ! NATURE ( CONQUE/ FROM ! WRIT+S ( ,MR4 ,BURKE4 ,I MI<T HAVE F\ND AS /RIK+ EXAMPLES 9 FIFTY O!R AU?ORS1 ANCI5T & MOD]N2 BUT !RE IS SOME?+ 9 HIS LANGUAGE ?AT 5%R9ES TRU?1 & IMP>TS TO IT ! IMMORTALITY ( ! G5IUS BY :I* IT IS RECORD$4 

0,HE DREW10 SAYS HE1 SPEAK+ ( ! 9VASION ( ,HYD] ,ALI 9 ! ,C>NATIC1 0FROM EV]Y QU>T]1 :ATEV] A SAVAGE F]OCITY C\LD ADD TO HIS NEW RUDIM5TS 9 ! >TS ( DE/RUCTION2 & COMP\ND+ ALL ! MAT]IALS ( FURY1 HAVOC & DESOLATION1 9TO ONE BLACK CL\D1 HE HUNG = A :ILE ON ! DECLIVITIES ( ! M\NTA9S4 

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,:ILE ! AU?ORS ( ALL !SE EVILS W]E IDLY & /UPIDLY GAZ+ ON ?IS M5AC+ METEOR :I* BLACK5$ ALL !IR HORIZON1 IT SUDD5LY BUR/1 & P\R$ D[N ! :OLE ( ITS CONT5TS UPON ! PLA9S ( ! ,C>NATIC4 ,!N 5SU$ A SC5E ( WOE1 ! LIKE ( :I* NO EYE HAD SE51 NO HE>T CONCEIV$1 & :I* NO TONGUE CAN ADEQUATELY TELL4 ,A /ORM ( UNIV]SAL FIRE BLA/$ EV]Y FIELD1 CONSUM$ EV]Y H\SE1 DE/ROY$ EV]Y TEMPLE4 ,! MIS]ABLE 9HABITANTS FLY+ FROM !IR FLAM+ VILLAGES1 9 P>T W]E SLAU<T]$2 O!RS1 )\T REG>D TO SEX1 TO AGE1 TO ! RESPECT ( RANK1 OR SACR$NESS ( FUNCTION2 FA!RS TORN FROM *ILDR51 HUSB&S FROM WIVES1 5VELOP$ 9 A :IRLW9D ( CAVALRY1 & AMID ! GOAD+ SPE>S ( DRIV]S1 & ! TRAMPL+ ( PURSU+ HORSES1 W]E SWEPT 9TO CAPTIVITY 9 AN UNKN[N & HO/ILE L&4 ,?OSE :O W]E ABLE TO EVADE ?IS TEMPE/1 FL$ TO ! WALL$ CITIES4 ,BUT ESCAP+ FROM FIRE1 SWORD & EXILE1 !Y FELL 9TO ! JAWS ( FAM9E40B 

,BUT1 LE/ ! EXAGG]ATION ( ! ORATOR 9 ?IS PASSAGE %\LD BE SUSPECT$1 ,I WILL SUBJO9 AN EXTRACT FROM ! AU!NTIC P5 ( ! PHLEGMATIC ,GIBBON4 

0,9 ALL !IR 9VASIONS ( ! CIVILIZ$ EMPIRES ( ! ,S\?1 ! ,SCY?IAN %EPH]DS HAVE BE5 UNI=MLY ACTUAT$ BY A SAVAGE & DE/RUCTIVE 

#cca 

SPIRIT4 ,! LAWS ( W>1 ?AT RE/RA9 ! EX]CISE ( NATIONAL RAP9E & MURD]1 >E F\ND$ ON TWO PR9CIPLES ( SUB/ANTIAL 9T]E/2 ! KN[L$GE ( ! P]MAN5T B5EFITS :I* MAY BE OBTA9$ BY A MOD]ATE USE ( CONQUE/2 & A JU/ APPREH5SION1 LE/ ! DESOLATION :I* WE 9FLICT ON ! 5EMY'S C\NTRY1 MAY BE RETALIAT$ ON \R [N4 ,BUT !SE CONSID]ATIONS ( HOPE & FE> >E ALMO/ UNKN[N 9 ! PA/ORAL /ATE ( NATIONS4 ,AFT] ! ,MOGULS HAD SUBDU$ ! NOR!RN PROV9CES ( ,*9A1 IT WAS S]I\SLY PROPOS$1 NOT 9 ! H\R ( VICTORY & PASSION1 BUT 9 CALM & DELIB]ATE C\NCIL1 TO EXT]M9ATE ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ?AT POPUL\S C\NTRY1 ?AT ! VACANT 'L& MI<T BE CONV]T$ TO ! PA/URE ( CATTLE4 ,! FIRMNESS ( A ,*9ESE M&>91 :O 9S9UAT$ SOME PR9CIPLES ( RATIONAL POLICY 9TO ! M9D ( ,Z+IS1 DIV]T$ HIM FROM ! EXECUTION ( ?IS HORRID DESIGN4 ,BUT 9 ! CITIES ( ,ASIA1 :I* YIELD$ TO ! ,MOGULS1 ! 9HUMAN ABUSE ( ! RI<TS ( W> WAS EX]CIS$ ) A REGUL> =M -( DISCIPL9E4 ,SU* WAS ! BEHAVIOR ( ! CONQU]ORS1 :5 !Y W]E NOT CONSCI\S ( ANY EXTRAORD9>Y RIGOR4 ,BUT ! MO/ CASUAL PROVOCATION1 ! SLI<TE/ MOTIVE ( CAPRICE OR CONV5I5CE1 (T5 PROVOK$ !M TO 9VOLVE A :OLE PEOPLE 9 9DISCRIM9ATE MASSACRE3 & ! RU9 ( SOME FL\RI%+ CITIES WAS EXECUT$ ) SU* UNREL5T+ P]SEV]ANCE1 ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO !IR [N EXPRESSION1 HORSES MI<T RUN1 )\T /UMBL+1 

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OV] ! GR\ND :]E !Y HAD ONCE /OOD4 ,! ?REE GREAT CAPITALS ( ,KHORASAN1 ,MAM1 ,NISAB\R & ,H]AT1 W]E DE/ROY$ BY ! >MIES ( ,Z+IS2 & ! EXACT ACC\NT :I* WAS TAK5 ( ! SLA91 AM\NT$ TO F\R MILLIONS ?REE HUNDR$ & =TY-SEV5 ?\S& P]SONS4 ,TIMUR1 OR ,TAM]LANE1 WAS $UCAT$ 9 A LESS B>B>\S AGE1 & 9 ! PR(ESSION ( ! ,MAHOMETAN RELIGION2 YET1 IF ,ATTILA EQUAL$ ! HO/ILE RAVAGES ( ,TAM]LANE1 EI!R ! ,HUN OR ! ,T>T> MI<T DES]VE ! EPI!T ( ! ,SC\RGE ( ,GOD4 ,*]EF$D9 ,A,H1 ! S]VILE PANEGYRI/ ( ! LATT]1 W\LD AF=D US MANY HORRID EXAMPLES4 ,9 HIS CAMP BE=E ,DELHI1 ,TIMUR MASSACR$ #a1 ,9DIAN PRISON]S1 :O HAD SMIL$ :5 ! >MY ( !IR C\NTRYM5 APPE>$ 9 SI<T4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,ISPAHAN SUPPLI$ #g1 HUMAN SCULLS = ! /RUCTURE ( SEV]AL L(TY T[]S2 & A SIMIL> TAX WAS LEVI$ ON ! REVOLT ( ,BA<DAD40C 

,!SE >E A FEW ( ! MO/ MEMORABLE EXAMPLES ( ! A*IEVEM5TS ( SAVAGE CONQU]ORS4 ,BUT WE MU/ NOT SUPPOSE ?AT ! DESOLATION PRODUC$ BY CONQUE/S WAS CONF9$ TO SU* AS !SE4 ,CES>1 ! ELEGANT & ACCOMPLI%$ ,CES>1 :OSE HUMANITY HAS FURNI%$ A TOPIC TO SO MANY PANEGYRI/S1 IS COMPUT$ TO HAVE CONQU]$ ?REE HUNDR$ NATIONS1 TAK5 EI<T HUNDR$ CITIES1 & TO HAVE DEFEAT$ ?REE MILLIONS 

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( M51 ONE MILLION ( :I* WAS LEFT DEAD ON ! FIELD ( BATTLE4 0,OBS]VE10 EXCLAIMS ,GIBBON1D 0) H[ MU* 9DIFF]5CE ,CES> RELATES 9 HIS ,COMM5T>IES ( ! ,GALLIC W>1 ?AT HE PUT TO DEA? ! S5ATE ( ! ,V5ETI :O HAD YIELD$ LO HIS M]CY 7III1 #a#f72 ?AT HE LABOR$ TO EXTIRPATE ! :OLE NATION ( ! ,EBURONES 7VI1 #c#a72 & ?AT =TY ?\S& P]SONS W]E MASSACR$ AT ,B\RGES1 BY ! JU/ REV5GE ( HIS SOLDI]S :O SP>$ NEI!R AGE NOR SEX 7VII1 #b#g740 

,! EXPRESSIVE /YLE ( ,TACITUS SUMS UP ! :OLE ( ?IS SUBJECT 9 A V]Y FEW WORDS4 0,PROXIMUS DIES ,JACIEM XRICTORICE LAT9S AP]UIT4 ,VA/UM UBIQUE SIL5TIUM1 SECRETI COLLES1FUMANTIA PROCVL TECTA1 NEMO EXPLORATORIBUS OBVIUS40E 

,H[ (T5 HAS ?IS SC5E BE5 ACT$ OV] ON ! FACE ( ! E>?8 ,IT WAS ?US ?AT "90,BABYLON1 ! GLORY ( K+DOMS1 ! BEAUTY ( ! ,*ALDEES"9 EXCELL5CY1 BECAME AS :5 ,GOD OV]?REW ,SODOM & ,GOMORRAH4 ,IT %ALL NEV] BE 9HABIT$1 NEI!R %ALL IT BE DWELT 9 FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION3 NEI!R %ALL ! ,>ABIAN PIT* HIS T5T !RE1 NEI!R %ALL ! %EPH]DS MAKE !IR FOLD !RE3 BUT WILD BEA/S ( ! DES]T %ALL LIE !RE2 & !IR H\SES %ALL BE FULL ( DOLEFUL CREATURES1 & [LS %ALL DWELL !RE1 & SATYRS %ALL DANCE !RE3 & ! WILD 

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BEA/S ( ! ISL&S %ALL CRY 9 !IR DESOLATE H\SES1 & DRAGONS 9 !IR PLEASANT PLACES40F 

,SURELY ALL ?IS IS NOT 0LI<T & SUP]FICIAL1 M]E FEA!RS HAT FLOAT ON ! SURFACE ( HUMAN AFFAIRS1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! EVILS :I* RESULT FROM ! LAWS ( NATURE10 & :AT ,MR4 ,MAL?US DEPRECATES BY ! NAME (0 ! PASSION BETWE5 ! SEXES40 

,! NEXT S\RCE ( DEPOPULATION :I* ,I HAVE M5TION$ IS BAD GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS NOT CONSI/5T ) ! OBJECT ( ?IS 9QUIRY1 TO EXHIBIT ANY ( ! SUBJECTS ( :I* IT TREATS1 UND] FALSE COLORS4 ,I HAVE !RE=E SAID BAD GOV]NM5T2 ,I HAVE NOT SAID DESPOTISM4 ,DESPOTISM IS WOR?Y ( \R FIX$ REPROBATION20 BUT !RE HAVE BE5 DESPOTISMS SO CONDUCT$1 AT LEA/ = A TIME1 AS NOT TO PRODUCE ! EFFECTS ( DEPOPULATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! NATIONS AMONG :I* !Y PREVAIL$1 HAVE APPE>$ PROSP]\S & FL\RI%+4 

,I WILL CONF9E MYSELF UND] ?IS HEAD TO A S+LE EXAMPLE1 :I* %ALL BE TAK5 FROM ! WORK ( ,MR4 ,MAL?US4 

0,! FUNDAM5TAL CAUSE ( ! L[ /ATE ( POPULATION 9 ,TURKEY1 COMP>$ ) ITS EXT5T ( T]RITORY1 IS UND\BT$LY ! NATURE ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,ITS TYRANNY1 ITS FEEBL5ESS1 ITS BAD LAWS & WORSE ADM9I/RATION ( !M1 TOGE!R ) ! CONSEQU5T 9SECURITY ( 

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PROP]TY1 ?R[ SU* OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( AGRICULTURE1 ?AT ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE >E NECESS>ILY DECREAS+ YE>LY1 & ) !M1 ( C\RSE1 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE4 ,! MIII1 OR G5]AL L&-TAX PAID TO ! SULTAN1 IS 9 ITSELF MOD]ATE2 BUT BY ABUSES 9H]5T 9 ! ,TURKI% GOV]NM5T1 ! PA*AS & !IR AG5TS HAVE F\ND \T ! MEANS ( R5D]+ IT RU9\S4 ,?\< !Y CANNOT ABSOLUTELY ALT] ! IMPO/ :I* HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY ! SULTAN1 !Y HAVE 9TRODUC$ A MULTITUDE ( *ANGES1 :I* )\T ! NAME PRODUCE ALL ! EFFECTS ( AN AUGM5TATION4 ,9 ,SYRIA1 ACCORD+ TO ,VOLNEY1 HAV+ ! GREATE/ P>T ( ! L& AT !IR DISPOSAL1 !Y CLOG !IR CONCESSIONS .<LETT+S1 A"9 ADMISSIONS TO T5ANTRY.> ) BURD5SOME CONDITIONS1 & EXACT ! HALF1 & SOMETIMES EV5 TWO-?IRDS1 ( ! CROP4 ,:5 ! H>VE/ IS OV]1 !Y CAVIL AB\T LOSSES1 & AS !Y HAVE ! P[] 9 !IR H&S1 !Y C>RY (F :AT !Y ?9K PROP]4 ,IF ! SEASON FAIL1 !Y /ILL EXACT ! SAME SUM1 & EXPOSE EV]Y ?+ ?AT ! POOR.- PEASANT POSSESSES TO SALE4 ,TO !SE CON/ANT OPPRESSIONS >E ADD$ A ?\S& ACCID5TAL EXTORTIONS4 ,SOMETIMES A :OLE VILLAGE IS LAID UND] CONTRIBUTION = SOME REAL OR IMAG9>Y (F5SE4 ,>BITR>Y PRES5TS >E EXACT$ ON ! ACCESSION ( EA* GOV]NOR2 GRASS1 B>LEY & /RAW >E DEM&$ = HIS HORSES2 & COMMISSIONS >E MULTIPLI$1 ?AT ! SOLDI]S :O C>RY ! ORD]S MAY LIVE UPON ! />V+ 

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PEASANTS :OM !Y TREAT ) ! MO/ BRUTAL 9SOL5CE & 9JU/ICE4 

0,! CONSEQU5CE ( !SE DEPR$ATIONS IS ?AT ! POOR] CLASSES ( 9HABITANTS1 RU9$1 & UNABLE ANY LONG] TO PAY ! MIRI1 BECOME A BURD5 TO ! VILLAGE1 OR FLY 9TO ! CITIES2 BUT ! MIRI IS UNALT]ABLE1 & ! SUM TO BE LEVI$ MU/ BE F\ND SOME:]E4 ,! PORTION ( ?OSE :O >E ?US DRIV5 FROM !IR HOMES FALLS ON ! REMA9+ 9HABITANTS1 :OSE BURD51 ?\< AT FIR/ LI<T1 N[ BECOMES 9SUPPORTABLE4 ,IF !Y %\LD BE VISIT$ BY TWO YE>S ( DR\<T & FAM9E ! :OLE VILLAGE IS RU9$ & AB&ON$2 & ! TAX :I* IT %\LD HAVE PAID1 IS LEVI$ ON ! NEI<BOR+ L&S4 

0,! SAME MODE ( PROCE$+ TAKES PLACE ) REG>D TO ! TAX ON ! ,*RI/IANS :I* HAS BE5 RAIS$ BY !SE MEANS FROM ?REE1 FIVE1 & ELEV5 PIA/]S1 AT :I* IT WAS FIR/ FIX$1 TO ?IRTY-FIVE & =TY1 :I* ABSOLUTELY IMPOV]I%ES ?OSE ON :OM IT IS LEVI$1 & OBLIGES !M TO LEAVE ! C\NTRY4 ,IT HAS BE5 REM>K$ ?AT !SE EXACTIONS HAVE MADE A RAPID PROGRESS DUR+ ! LA/ =TY YE>S2 FROM :I* TIME >E DAT$ ! DECL9E ( AGRICULTURE1 ! DEPOPULATION ( ! C\NTRY & ! DIM9UTION 9 ! QUANTITY ( SPECIE C>RI$ 9TO ,CON/ANT9OPLE4 

0,! FOOD ( ! PEASANTS IS ALMO/ EV]Y :]E R$UC$ TO A LITTLE FLAT CAKE ( B>LEY OR DORA1 ONIONS1 L5TILS & WAT]4 ,NOT TO LOSE 

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ANY P>T ( !IR CORN1 !Y LEAVE 9 IT ALL SORTS ( WILD GRA91 :I* (T5 PRODUCE BAD CONSEQU5CES4 ,9 ! M\NTA9S ( ,LEBANON & ,NABL\S1 9 TIME ( DE>?1 !Y GA!R ! ACORNS FROM ! OAKS1 :I* !Y EAT AFT] BOIL+ OR ROA/+ !M ON ! A%ES4 

0,BY A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS MIS]Y1 ! >T ( CULTIVATION IS 9 ! MO/ DEPLORABLE /ATE4 ,! HUSB&MAN IS ALMO/ )\T 9/RUM5TS1 & ?OSE HE HAS >E V]Y BAD4 ,HIS PL[ IS FREQU5TLY NO MORE ?AN ! BRAN* ( A TREE CUT BEL[ A =K1 & US$ )\T :EELS4 ,! GR\ND IS TILL$ BY ASSES & C[S1 R>ELY BY OX51 :I* W\LD BESPEAK TOO MU* RI*ES4 ,9 ! DI/RICTS EXPOS$ TO ! ,>ABS1 AS 9 ,PALE/9E1 ! C\NTRYMAN MU/ S[ ) HIS MUSKET 9 HIS H&2 & SC>CELY DOES ! CORN TURN YELL[1 BE=E IT IS REAP$1 & CONCEAL$ 9 SUBT]RANE\S CAV]NS4 ,AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE IS EMPLOY$ = SE$-CORN1 BECAUSE ! PEASANTS S[ NO MORE ?AN IS B>ELY NECESS>Y = !IR SUBSI/5CE4 ,!IR :OLE 9DU/RY IS LIMIT$ TO A SUPPLY ( !IR IMM$IATE WANTS2 & TO PROCURE A LITTLE BREAD1 A FEW ONIONS1 A BLUE %IRT1 & A BIT ( WOOL1 MU* LABOR IS NOT NECESS>Y4 ,! PEASANT LIVES !RE=E 9 DI/RESS2 BUT AT LEA/ HE DOES NOT 5RI* HIS TYRANTS1 & ! AV>ICE ( DESPOTISM IS ITS [N PUNI%M5T4 

0,?IS PICTURE1 :I* IS DRAWN BY ,VOLNEY1 9 DESCRIB+ ! /ATE ( ! PEASANTS 9 ,SYRIA1 SEEMS TO BE CONFIRM$ BY ALL O!R TRAVEL]S 9 

#c* 

!SE C\NTRIES2 &1 ACCORD+ TO ,ETON1 IT REPRES5TS V]Y NE>LY ! CONDITION ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! GREATE/ P>T ( ! ,TURKI% TDOM9IONS4 ,UNIV]SALLY1 ! (FICES ( EV]Y D5OM9ATION >E SET UP TO PUBLIC SALE2 & 9 ! 9TRIGUES ( ! S]AGLIO1 BY :I* ! DISPOSAL ( ALL PLACES IS REGULAT$1 EV]Y ?+ IS DONE BY MEANS ( BRIBES4 ,! PA*AS1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 :O >E S5T 9TO ! PROV9CES1 EX]T TO ! UTMO/ !IR P[] ( EXTORTION2 BUT >E ALWAYS \TDONE BY ! (FIC]S IMM$IATELY BEL[ !M1 :O1 9 !IR TURN1 LEAVE ROOM = !IR SUBORD9ATE AG5TS4 

0,! PA*A MU/ RAISE MONEY TO PAY ! TRIBUTE1 & ALSO TO 9DEMNIFY HIMSELF = ! PUR*ASE ( HIS (FICE1 SUPPORT HIS DIGNITY1 & MAKE A PROVISION 9 CASE ( ACCID5TS2 & AS ALL P[]1 BO? MILIT>Y & CIVIL1 C5T]S 9 HIS P]SON FROM HIS REPRES5T+ ! SULTAN1 ! MEANS >E AT HIS DISCRETION1 & ! QUICKE/ >E 9V>IABLY CONSID]$ AS ! BE/4 ,UNC]TA9 ( TO-MORR[1 HE TREATS HIS PROV9CE AS A M]E TRANSI5T POSSESSION1 & 5DEAVORS TO REAP1 IF POSSIBLE1 9 ONE DAY ! FRUIT ( MANY YE>S1 )\T ! SMALLE/ REG>D TO HIS SUCCESSOR1 OR ! 9JURY ?AT HE MAY DO TO ! P]MAN5T REV5UE4 

0,! CULTIVATOR IS NECESS>ILY MORE EXPOS$ TO !SE EXTORTIONS ?AN ! 9HABITANT ( ! T[NS4 ,FROM ! NATURE ( HIS EMPLOYM5T1 HE IS FIX$ TO ONE SPOT1 & ! PRODUCTIONS ( AGRICULTURE DO NOT ADMIT ( BE+ EASILY CONCEAL$4 

#cci 

,! T5URE ( ! L& & ! RI<TS ( SUCCESSION >E BESIDES UNC]TA94 ,:5 A FA!R DIES1 ! 9H]ITANCE REV]TS TO ! SULTAN1 & ! *ILDR5 CAN ONLY R$EEM ! SUCCESSION BY A CONSID]ABLE SUM ( MONEY4 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS NATURALLY OCCASION AN 9DIFF]5CE TO L&$ E/ATES4 ,! C\NTRY IS DES]T$2 & EA* P]SON IS DESIR\S ( FLY+ TO ! T[NS1 :]E HE WILL NOT ONLY 9 G5]AL MEET ) BETT] TREATM5T1 BUT MAY HOPE TO ACQUIRE A SPECIES ( WEAL? :I* HE CAN MORE EASILY CONCEAL FROM ! EYES ( HIS RAPACI\S MA/]S4 

0,TO COMPLETE ! RU9 ( AGRICULTURE1 A MAXIMUM IS 9 MANY CASES E/ABLI%$1 & ! PEASANTS >E OBLIG$ TO FURNI% ! T[NS ) CORN AT A FIX$ PRICE4 ,IT IS A MAXIM ( ,TURKI% POLICY1 ORIG9AT+ 9 ! FEEBL5ESS ( ! GOV]NM5T & ! FE> ( POPUL> TUMULTS1 TO KEEP ! PRICE ( CORN L[ 9 ALL ! CONSID]ABLE T[NS4 ,9 ! CASE ( A FAILURE 9 ! H>VE/1 EV]Y P]SON :O POSSESSES ANY CORN IS OBLIG$ TO SELL IT AT ! PRICE FIX$ UND] PA9 ( DEA?2 & IF !RE BE NONE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 O!R DI/RICTS >E RANSACK$ = IT4 ,:5 ,CON/ANT9OPLE IS 9 WANT ( PROVISIONS1 T5 PROV9CES >E P]HAPS FAMI%$ = A SUPPLY4 ,AT ,DAMASCUS1 DUR+ ! SC>CITY 9 #a#g#h#d1 ! PEOPLE PAID ONLY ONE P5NY F>?+ A P\ND = !IR BREAD1 :ILE ! PEASANTS 9 ! VILLAGES W]E ABSOLUTELY DY+ ) HUNG]4 -- 

0,! EFFECT ( SU* A SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T 

#cd 

ON AGRICULTURE NE$ NOT BE 9SI/$ UPON4 ,! CAUSES ( ! DECREAS+ MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE >E BUT TOO OBVI\S2 & ! *ECKS1 :I* KEEP ! POPULATION D[N TO ! LEVEL ( !SE DECREAS+ RES\RCES1 MAY BE TRAC$ ) NE>LY EQUAL C]TA9TY1 & WILL APPE> TO 9CLUDE ALMO/ EV]Y SPECIES ( VISE & MIS]Y ?AT IS KN[N40G 

,I %ALL W9D UP !SE EXTRACTS ) REPEAT+ ,MR4 ,MAL?US'S REM>K1 ?AT 0,HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS1 H[EV] !Y MAY APPE> TO BE ! CAUSES ( MU* MIS*IEF TO SOCIETY1 >E 9 REALITY LI<T & SUP]FICIAL1 M]E FEA!RS ?AT FLOAT ! SURFACE1 9 COMP>ISON ) ?OSE DEEP]-SEAT$ CAUSES ( EVIL1 :I* RESULT FROM ! LAWS ( NATURE1 & ! PASSION BETWE5 ! SEXES40 

,! !ORIES ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION HAVE [$ A V]Y GREAT PORTION ( !IR SUCCESS 9 ! WORLD1 TO ! AMBIGUITY ( ! T]MS EMPLOY$ 9 IT4 ,! MULTIPLICATION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES HAS BE5 *ECK$ & C\NT]ACT$ 0BY VISE & MIS]Y40 ,:O D5IES IT8 ,YES1 CONQUE/ IS VISE4 ,YES1 BAD GOV]NM5T IS VISE4 ,&1 IF !SE HAD BE5 EXIL$ FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?1 WE MAY REASONABLY BELIEVE ?AT ! HUMAN SPECIES & ! GLOBE ON :I* WE DWELL W\LD HAVE WORN A V]Y DIFF]5T APPE>ANCE FROM ?AT :I* !Y ACTUALLY PRES5T4 

,HAV+ ?US GA9$ ADMISSION = HIS FAVORITE 

#cda 

T]MS1 ! AU?OR ( ! ,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION IMM$IATELY PROCE$S TO PUT ! *ANGE UPON US4 

,FIR/ HE AFFIRMS1 ?AT ! 9CREASE ( MANK9D1 AT LEA/ 9 OLD SETTL$ C\NTRIES1 IS SUBJECT TO AN UNI=M & EV]-ACTIVE *ECK4 ,?IS WE HAVE NO REASON TO BELIEVE2 UNLESS BY A *ECK WE >E TO UND]/& ! UNC]TA9 T5URE ( HUMAN LIFE1 & ! 9EVITABLE LAW UND] :I* WE >E PLAC$1 ,ALL M5 MU/ DIE4 ,9 ANY O!R S5SE IT IS EXPRESSLY CONTR>Y TO ! FACT4 

,SECONDLY HE F9DS1 ?AT1 9 ! MO/ MEMORABLE 9/ANCES 9 :I* ! MULTIPLICATION ( MANK9D IS C\NT]ACT$1 !RE IS G5]ALLY GREAT VISE1 & ALWAYS MU* MIS]Y4 

,HAV+ SET UP !SE TWO PROPOSITIONS1 HE B5DS !M T[>DS EA* O!R1 ?AT UPON !M HE MAY REPOSE A !ORY4 ,! 9CREASE ( MANK9D IS SUBJECT TO AN UNI=M & EV] ACTIVE *ECK .<SO SAYS ,MR4 ,MAL?US.>3 ! KN[N & MO/ NOTORI\S *ECKS UPON POPULATION >E VISE & MIS]Y3 !RE=E VISE & MIS]Y >E 9CESSANTLY AT WORK TO PREV5T ! MULTIPLICATION ( MANK9D3 !RE=E VISE & MIS]Y >E 9DISP5SABLE +R$I5TS 9 ! P]MAN5T COMPOSITION ( ! BODY POLITIC4 ,! GR\ND ( HIS !ORY IS A GRATUIT\S ASSUMPTION2 &1 F9D+ ?AT !RE MU/ BE A *ECK :]E !RE IS NONE1 HE PREC>I\SLY COMP\NDS IT ( ! BE/ MAT]IALS ?AT (F] !MSELVES TO HIS H&4 ,HE %[S A V]Y %AD[Y & 9ADEQUATE F\NDATION 

#cdb 

= HIS FIR/ PROPOSITION1 ! GEOMETRICAL RATIO4 ,HE %[S NONE AT ALL = HIS SECOND1 BY :I* ! /UP5D\S MULTIPLICATION ( MANK9D BY A D\BL+ EV]Y TW5TY-FIVE YE>S IS R$UC$ AT ONCE1 ?R\< ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( VISE & MIS]Y1 TO A /&2 BUT REQUIRES US TO BELIEVE IT1 SIMPLY BECAUSE 7AS HE SAYS7 IT MU/ BE SO4 

A,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 ,FIR/ ,$ITION1 P41 #a#g#g4 ,FIF? ,$ITION1 ,VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #b#d#f4 

B,SPEE* O ! ,DEBTS ( ! ,NABOB ( ,>COT4 

C,DECL9E & ,FALL ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ,*AP4 ,X,X,X,I,V4 

D,IBID4 ,*AP4 ,X,X,V,I1 NOTE #i#i4 

E,AGRICOLAE ,VITA1 CAP4 #c#h4 

F,ISAIAH1 ,*AP4 ,X,I,I,I4 

G,ESSAY ON ,POPULATION1 ,VOL4 ,I1 P4 #bee TO #b#f#c4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahai 3 ,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#h1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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