,ON ,REPRES5TATIVE ,GOV]NM5T & ,UNIV]SAL ,SUFFRAGE 

#ahg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,SPYROS ,!ODORITSIS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,9TRODUCTION 

,BAKUN9 OPPOS$ WORK]S' P>TICIPATION 9 B\RGEOIS POLITICS BECAUSE HE FE>$ ?AT P>TICIPATION W\LD CORRODE ! PROLET>IAT & P]PETUATE ! E/ABLI%M5T4 ,HIS OPPOSITION TO P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T WAS %>P5$ DUR+ HIS POLEMICS ) ! ,M>XI/ P>TIES1 :O FAVOR$ P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION BY ! WORK]S4 ,BAKUN9 OPPOS$ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9S(> AS IT RE9=C$ ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 BUT HE NEV] RAIS$ AB/5TION FROM ! ELECTORAL PROCESS TO AN 9FLEXIBLE >TICLE ( FAI?4 ,UND] C]TA9 EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 HE ADVOCAT$ TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE ) PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL P>TIES = SPECIFIC1 LIMIT$ OBJECTIVES4 ,9 A LETT] TO HIS FRI5D ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,C>LO ,GAMBUZZI1 A =M] LAWY]1 ,BAKUN9 ADVIS$ HIM TO BECOME A C&IDATE = ,DEPUTY FROM ,NAPLES3 

,Y\ WILL P]HAPS BE SURPRIS$ ?AT ,I1 A DET]M9$ & PASSIONATE AB/5TIONI/ FROM POLITICS1 %\LD N[ ADVISE MY FRI5DS .<MEMB]S ( ! ,ALLIANCE.> TO BECOME DEPUTIES -- ?IS IS BECAUSE CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE *ANG$4 ,FIR/1 ALL MY FRI5DS1 & MO/ ASSUR$LY Y\RSELF1 >E SO 9SPIR$ BY \R IDEAS1 \R PR9CIPLES1 ?AT !RE IS NO DANG] ?AT Y\ WILL =GET1 DE=M1 OR AB&ON !M1 OR ?AT Y\ WILL FALL BACK 9TO ! OLD POLITICAL HABITS4 ,SECOND1 TIMES HAVE BECOME SO GRAVE1 ! DANG] M5AC+ ! LIB]TY ( ALL C\NTRIES SO =MIDABLE1 ?AT ALL M5 ( GOODWILL MU/ /EP 9TO ! BREA*1 & ESPECIALLY \R FRI5DS1 :O MU/ BE 9 A POSITION TO EX]CISE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE 9FLU5CE ON EV5TS 444 

,9 A LETT] TO ANO!R ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,CELSO ,C]RETTI1 WRITT5 DUR+ ! REACTION ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ALL ( ,EUROPE AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 #a#h#g#a1 ,BAKUN9 NOT$ ?AT ,SPA9 WAS ! ONLY C\NTRY :]E A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION EXI/$ & 9 VIEW ( ! SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES PREVAIL+ 9 ?AT C\NTRY ADVIS$ TEMPOR>Y COLLABORATION ) ! PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL P>TIES3 

,LETT]S ?AT ,I RECEIVE FROM DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,SPA9 9DICATE ?AT ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S >E V]Y EFFECTIVELY ORGANIZ$4 ,& NOT ONLY ! WORK]S BUT ! PEASANTS ( ,&ALUSIA1 AMONG :OM SOCIALI/ IDEAS .<HAVE =TUNATELY.> BE5 SUCCESSFULLY SPREAD -- !SE PEASANTS TOO >E PREP>$ TO TAKE A V]Y ACTIVE P>T 9 ! COM+ REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE MA9TA9+ \R ID5TITY1 WE MU/1 AT ?IS TIME1 HELP ! POLITICAL P>TIES & 5DEAVOR LAT] TO GIVE ?IS REVOLUTION A CLE>LY SOCIALI/ *>ACT]444 4 ,IF ! ,REVOLUTION TRIUMPHS 9 ,SPA91 IT WILL NATURALLY TREM5D\SLY ACCEL]ATE & SPREAD ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ALL ( ,EUROPE444 

,ON ,REPRES5TATIVE ,GOV]NM5T & ,UNIV]SAL ,SUFFRAGE 

,MOD]N SOCIETY IS SO CONV9C$ ( ?IS TRU?3 EV]Y /ATE1 :ATEV] ITS ORIG9 OR =M1 MU/ NECESS>ILY LEAD TO DESPOTISM1 ?AT C\NTRIES :I* HAVE 9 \R TIME WRE/$ A MEASURE ( FRE$OM FROM ! ,/ATE HAVE HA/5$ TO SUBJECT !IR RUL]S1 EV5 :5 !SE RUL]S EM]G$ FROM REVOLUTION & W]E ELECT$ BY ALL ! PEOPLE1 TO ! /RICTE/ POSSIBLE CONTROL4 ,TO SAFEGU>D !IR FRE$OM1 !Y DEP5D ON ! REAL & EFFECTIVE CONTROL EX]CIS$ BY ! POPUL> WILL OV] ?OSE 9VE/$ ) PUBLIC & REPRESSIVE AU?ORITY4 ,9 ALL NATIONS LIV+ UND] REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T FRE$OM CAN BE REAL ONLY :5 ?IS CONTROL IS REAL & EFFECTIVE4 ,IT FOLL[S1 !RE=E1 ?AT IF SU* CONTROL IS FICTITI\S1 !N ! FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE BECOMES LIKEWISE A COMPLETE FICTION4 

,IT W\LD BE EASY TO PROVE ?AT NO:]E 9 ,EUROPE IS !RE REAL POPUL> CONTROL ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT WE %ALL CONF9E \RSELVES TO ,SWITZ]L& & SEE H[ POPUL> CONTROL OV] ! ,SWISS GOV]NM5T IS EX]CIS$4 ,= :AT IS TRUE 9 ?IS RESPECT = ,SWITZ]L& MU/ HOLD EV5 MORE = ANY O!R C\NTRY4 ,>\ND #a#h#c1 ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE CANTONS 9 ,SWITZ]L& TRI$ TO SAFEGU>D !IR LIB]TIES BY 9/ITUT+ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,!RE W]E SOLID GR\NDS = ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,AS LONG AS \R LEGISLATIVE C\NCILS W]E *OS5 BY PRIVILEG$ CITIZ5S1 & UNEQUAL VOT+ RI<TS BETWE5 CITIES & RURAL >EAS1 BETWE5 PATRICIANS & PLEBEIANS1 CONT9U$ TO EXI/1 ! (FICIALS APPO9T$ BY !SE C\NCILS AS WELL AS ! LAWS 5ACT$ BY !M C\LD NOT HAVE FAIL$ TO P]PETUATE ! DOM9ATION ( ! RUL+ >I/OCRACY OV] ! NATION4 ,IT !RE=E BECAME NECESS>Y TO ABOLI% ?IS REGIME & REPLACE IT BY ONE HONOR+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE1 I4E41 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 

,IT WAS G5]ALLY EXPECT$ ?AT ONCE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE WAS E/ABLI%$1 ! POLITICAL LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE W\LD BE ASSUR$4 ,?IS TURN$ \T TO BE A GREAT ILLUSION4 ,9 PRACTICE1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE L$ TO ! COLLAPSE1 OR AT LEA/ ! FLAGRANT DEMORALIZATION1 ( ! ,RADICAL P>TY1 :I* IS SO GL>+LY OBVI\S TODAY4 ,! RADICALS .<LIB]ALS.> DID NOT 9T5D TO *EAT ! PEOPLE1 BUT !Y4 DID *EAT !MSELVES4 ,!Y W]E QUITE S9C]E :5 !Y PROMIS$ TO PROVIDE POPUL> FRE$OM BY MEANS ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,FIR$ BY ?IS CONVICTION1 !Y W]E ABLE TO /IR UP ! MASSES TO OV]?R[ ! 5TR5*$ >I/OCRATIC GOV]NM5T4 ,TODAY1 DEMORALIZ$ BY ! EX]CISE ( P[]1 !Y HAVE LO/ !IR FAI? 9 !MSELVES & 9 !IR IDEALS2 ?IS EXPLA9S ! DEP? ( !IR DEPRESSION & ! PR(UNDITY ( !IR CORRUPTION4 

,&1 9DE$1 AT FIR/ GLANCE ! IDEA ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE SEEM$ SO REASONABLE & SO SIMPLE2 ONCE ! LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE P[]S EMANATE DIRECTLY FROM POPUL> ELECTIONS1 W\LD NOT !SE P[]S FAI?FULLY REFLECT ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE8 ,& H[ C\LD ?IS POPUL> WILL FAIL TO PRODUCE ANY?+ O!R ?AN FRE$OM & G5]AL WELL-BE+8 

,! :OLE SY/EM ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T IS 49 IMM5SE FRAUD RE/+ ON ?IS FICTION4 ?AT ! EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE BODIES ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE ( ! PEOPLE MU/ OR EV5 CAN POSSIBLY REPRES5T ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! PEOPLE 9/9CTIVELY REA* \T = TWO ?+S3 ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE PROSP]ITY C\PL$ ) ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE FRE$OM TO LIVE !IR [N LIVES1 TO *OOSE1 TO ACT4 ,!Y WANT ! BE/ ORGANIZATION ( !IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S C\PL$ ) ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( ALL POLITICAL P[] & ALL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 S9CE EV]Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION MU/ 9ESCAPABLY NULLIFY ! FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE4 ,SU* IS ! DYNAMIC ASPIRATION ( ALL POPUL> MOVEM5TS4 

,BUT ! AMBITIONS ( ?OSE :O GOV]N ?OSE :O =MULATE & 5=CE ! LAWS4 >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! POPUL> ASPIRATIONS4 ,IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR DEMOCRATIC S5TIM5TS OR 9T5TIONS1 ! RUL]S BY VIRTUE ( !IR ELEVAT$ POSITION LOOK D[N UPON SOCIETY AS A SOV]EIGN REG>D+ HIS SUBJECTS4 ,BUT !RE CAN BE NO EQUALITY BETWE5 ! SOV]EIGN & ! SUBJECT4 ,ON ONE SIDE !RE IS ! FEEL+ ( SUP]IORITY NECESS>ILY 9DUC$ BY A HI< POSITION2 ON ! O!R1 ?AT ( 9F]IORITY RESULT+ FROM ! SOV]EIGN'S SUP]IOR POSITION AS ! WIELD] ( EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE P[]4 ,POLITICAL P[] MEANS DOM9ATION ,& :]E !RE IS DOM9ATION4 !RE MU/ BE A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! POPULATION :O REMA9 SUBJECT$ TO ! DOM9ATION ( !IR RUL]S3 & SUBJECTS WILL NATURALLY HATE !IR RUL]S4 :O WILL !N NATURALLY BE =C$ TO SUBDUE ! PEOPLE BY EV5 MORE OPPRESSIVE MEASURES1 FUR!R CURTAIL+ !IR FRE$OM ,SU* IS ! NATURE ( POLITICAL P[] EV] S9CE ITS ORIG9 9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,?IS ALSO EXPLA9S :Y & H[ M5 :O W]E ! R$DE/ DEMOCRATS1 ! MO/ VOCIF]\S RADICALS1 ONCE 9 P[] BECOME ! MO/ MOD]ATE CONS]VATIVES4 ,SU* TURNAB\TS >E USUALLY & MI/AK5LY REG>D$ AS A K9D ( TREASON4 ,!IR PR9CIPAL CAUSE IS ! 9EVITABLE *ANGE ( POSITION & P]SPECTIVE4 ,WE %\LD NEV] =GET ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONAL POSITIONS & !IR ATT5DANT PRIVILEGES >E F> MORE P[]FUL MOTIVAT+ =CES ?AN M]E 9DIVIDUAL HATR$ OR ILL WILL4 ,IF A GOV]NM5T COMPOS$ EXCLUSIVELY ( WORK]S W]E ELECT$ TOMORR[ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 !SE SAME WORK]S1 :O >E TODAY ! MO/ D$ICAT$ DEMOCRATS & SOCIALI/S1 W\LD TOMORR[ BECOME ! MO/ DET]M9$ >I/OCRATS1 OP5 OR SECRET WOR%IP]S ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 EXPLOIT]S & OPPRESSORS4 

,9 ,SWITZ]L&1 AS 9 ALL O!R NATIONS1 H[EV] EGALIT>IAN ITS POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS MAY BE1 IT IS ! B\RGEOISIE :O RULE & IT IS ! WORK+ MASSES1 9CLUD+ ! PEASANTS1 :O MU/ OBEY ! LAWS MADE BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! PEOPLE HAVE NEI!R ! TIME NOR ! REQUISITE KN[L$GE TO P>TICIPATE 9 GOV]NM5TAL FUNCTIONS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE POSSESS BO?2 H5CE1 NOT BY RI<T1 BUT 9 FACT1 !Y HOLD ! EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE ( GOV]N+4 ,POLITICAL EQUALITY 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 AS 9 ALL O!R C\NTRIES1 IS !RE=E A PU]ILE FICTION1 AN ABSOLUTE FRAUD4 

,N[1 S9CE ! B\RGEOISIE BY VIRTUE ( !IR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PRIVILEGES >E SO F> REMOV$ FROM ! PEOPLE1 H[ CAN !IR GOV]N+ & !IR LAWS TRULY EXPRESS ! FEEL+S1 IDEAS1 & WILL ( ! PEOPLE8 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 & DAILY EXP]I5CE DEMON/RATES ?AT 9 ! LEGISLATIVE & ALL O!R BRAN*ES ( GOV]NM5T1 ! B\RGEOISIE IS PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) PROMOT+ ITS [N 9T]E/S & NOT ! LEGITIMATE 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,TRUE1 ALL DI/RICT (FICIALS & LEGISLATORS >E DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY ELECT$ BY1 ! PEOPLE4 ,TRUE1 ON ELECTION DAY EV5 ! PR\DE/ B\RGEOIS (FICE SEEK]S >E =C$ TO C\RT !IR MAJE/Y1 ,! ,SOV]EIGN ,PEOPLE4 ,!Y COME TO ! SOV]EIGN POPULACE1 HAT 9 H&1 PR(ESS+ NO O!R WI% ?AN TO S]VE !M4 ,= ! (FICE SEEK] ?IS IS AN UNPLEASANT *ORE1 SOON OV] & !RE=E TO BE PATI5TLY 5DUR$4 ,! DAY AFT] ELECTION EV]YBODY GOES AB\T HIS BUS9ESS1 ! PEOPLE GO BACK TO TOIL ANEW ! B\RGEOISIE TO REAP+ PR(ITS & TO POLITICAL CONNIV+4 -- ,!Y SELDOM MEET & NEV] GREET EA* O!R TILL ! NEXT ELECTION :5 ! F>CE IS REPEAT$444 ,S9CE POPUL> CONTROL 9 ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM IS ! SOLE GU>ANTEE ( POPUL> FRE$OM1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS FRE$OM TOO IS :OLLY SPURI\S4 

,TO CORRECT ! OBVI\S DEFECTS ( ?IS SY/EM1 ! RADICAL DEMOCRATS ( ! ,ZURI* ,CANTON 9TRODUC$ ! REF]5DUM1 DIRECT LEGISLATION BY ! PEOPLE4 ,! REF]5DUM IS ALSO AN 9EFFECTIVE REM$Y2 ANO!R FRAUD4 ,9 ORD] TO VOTE 9TELLIG5TLY ON PROPOSALS MADE BY LEGISLATORS OR MEASURES ADVANC$ BY 9T]E/$ GR\PS1 ! PEOPLE MU/ HAVE ! TIME & ! NECESS>Y1 KN[L$GE TO /UDY !SE MEASURES ?OR\<LY444 4 ,! REF]5DUM IS MEAN+FUL ONLY ON ?OSE R>E OCCASIONS :5 ! PROPOS$ LEGISLATION VITALLY AFFECTS & >\SES ALL ! PEOPLE1 & ! ISSUES 9VOLV$ >E CLE>LY UND]/OOD BY EV]YONE4 ,BUT ALMO/ ALL ! PROPOS$ LAWS >E SO SPECIALIZ$1 SO 9TRICATE1 ?AT ONLY POLITICAL EXP]TS CAN GRASP H[ !Y W\LD ULTIMATELY AFFECT ! PEOPLE4 ,! PEOPLE1 ( C\RSE1 DO NOT EV5 BEG9 TO UND]/& OR PAY ATT5TION TO ! PROPOS$ LAWS & VOTE = !M BL9DLY :5 URG$ TO DO SO BY !IR FAVORITE ORATORS4 

,EV5 :5 ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM IS IMPROV$ BY REF]5DUM1 !RE IS /ILL NO POPUL> CONTROL1 & REAL LIB]TY -- UND] REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T MASQU]AD+ AS SELF-GOV]NM5T -- IS AN ILLUSION4 ,DUE TO !IR ECONOMIC H>D%IPS1 ! PEOPLE >E IGNORANT & 9DIFF]5T & >E AW>E ONLY ( ?+S CLOSELY AFFECT+ !M4 ,!Y UND]/& & KN[ H[ TO CONDUCT !IR DAILY AFFAIRS4 ,AWAY FROM !IR FAMILI> CONC]NS !Y BECOME CONFUS$1 UNC]TA91 & POLITICALLY BAFFL$4 ,!Y HAVE A HEAL?Y1 PRACTICAL COMMON S5SE :5 IT COMES TO COMMUNAL AFFAIRS4 ,!Y >E FAIRLY WELL 9=M$ & KN[ H[ TO SELECT FROM !IR MID/ ! MO/ CAPABLE (FICIALS4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 EFFECTIVE CONTROL IS QUITE POSSIBLE1 BECAUSE ! PUBLIC BUS9ESS IS CONDUCT$ UND] ! WAT*FUL EYES ( ! CITIZ5S & VITALLY & DIRECTLY CONC]NS !IR DAILY LIVES4 ,?IS IS :Y MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ALWAYS BE/ REFLECT ! REAL ATTITUDE & WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 .<#a.> ,PROV9CIAL & C\NTY GOV]NM5TS1 EV5 :5 ! LATT] >E DIRECTLY ELECT$1 >E ALREADY LESS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME1 ! PEOPLE >E NOT ACQUA9T$ ) ! RELEVANT POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 & ADM9I/RATIVE MEASURES2 ?OSE >E BEYOND !IR IMM$IATE CONC]N & ALMO/ ALWAYS ESCAPE !IR CONTROL4 ,! M5 9 *>GE ( LOCAL & REGIONAL GOV]NM5TS LIVE 9 A DIFF]5T 5VIRONM5T1 F> REMOV$ FROM ! PEOPLE1 :O KN[ V]Y LITTLE AB\T !M4 ,!Y DO NOT KN[ !SE LEAD]S' *>ACT]S P]SONALLY4 & JUDGE !M ONLY BY !IR PUBLIC SPEE*ES1 :I* >E PACK$ ) LIES TO TRICK ! PEOPLE 9TO SUPPORT+ !M444 ,IF POPUL> CONTROL OV] REGIONAL & LOCAL AFFAIRS IS EXCE$+LY DIFFICULT1 !N POPUL> CONTROL OV] ! F$]AL OR NATIONAL GOV]NM5T IS ALTOGE!R IMPOSSIBLE4 

,MO/ ( ! PUBLIC AFFAIRS & LAWS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE DEAL+ ) ! WELL-BE+ & MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! LOCAL COMMUNITIES & ASSOCIATIONS >E SETTL$ 9 WAYS BEYOND ! GRASP ( ! PEOPLE1 )\T !IR KN[L$GE OR CONC]N1 & )\T !IR 9T]V5TION4 ,! PEOPLE >E COMMITT$ TO RU9\S POLICIES1 ALL )\T NOTIC+4 ,!Y HAVE NEI!R ! EXP]I5CE NOR ! TIME TO /UDY ALL !SE LAWS & SO !Y LEAVE EV]Y?+ TO !IR ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,!SE NATURALLY PROMOTE ! 9T]E/S ( !IR CLASS RA!R ?AN ! PROSP]ITY ( ! PEOPLE1 & !IR GREATE/ TAL5T IS TO SUG>COAT !IR BITT] MEASURES1 TO R5D] !M MORE PALATABLE TO ! POPULACE4 ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T IS A SY/EM ( HYPOCRISY & P]PETUAL FALSEHOOD4 ,ITS SUCCESS RE/S ON ! /UPIDITY ( ! PEOPLE & ! CORRUPTION ( ! PUBLIC M9D4 

,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT WE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S1 DO NOT WANT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE -- ?AT WE PREF] LIMIT$ SUFFRAGE1 OR A S+LE DESPOT8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,:AT WE MA9TA9 IS ?AT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 CONSID]$ 9 ITSELF & APPLI$ 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 WILL BE NO?+ BUT A SW9DLE & SN>E = ! PEOPLE2 NO?+ BUT AN ODI\S LIE ( ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATS1 ! SURE/ WAY TO CONSOLIDATE UND] ! MANTLE ( LIB]ALISM & JU/ICE ! P]MAN5T DOM9ATION ( ! PEOPLE BY ! [N+ CLASSES1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( POPUL> LIB]TY4 ,WE D5Y ?AT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE C\LD BE US$ BY ! PEOPLE = ! CONQUE/ ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY4 ,IT MU/ ALWAYS & NECESS>ILY BE AN 9/RUM5T HO/ILE TO ! PEOPLE1 ON :I* SUPPORTS ! DE FACTO DICTATOR%IP ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

  

.<#a.> ,IT CAN BE GA!R$ FROM ! CONTEXT ?AT ,BAKUN91 )\T EXPLICITLY SAY+ SO1 REF]S NOT TO GREAT CITIES ) HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S OR MILLIONS ( 9HABITANTS BUT TO SMALL OR M$IUM-SIZ$ COMMUNITIES :]E FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY IS PRACTICAL4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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