,ON ! ,>TI/IC ,QUALITIES ( ! ,WOODCUT ,BOOKS ( ,ULM & ,AUGSBURG 9 ! ,FIFTE5? ,C5TURY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,! 9V5TION ( PR9T+ BOOKS1 & ! USE ( WOOD-BLOCKS = BOOK ORNAM5T 9 
      PLACE ( H&-PA9T+1 ?\< IT BELONGS TO ! P]IOD ( ! DEGRADATION ( 
      M$IEVAL >T1 GAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO ! ,G]MANS TO REGA9 ! PLACE :I* !Y HAD 
      LO/ 9 ! >T ( BOOK DECORATION DUR+ ! ?IRTE5? & F\RTE5? C5TURIES4 
      ,?IS OPPORTUNITY !Y TOOK ) VIGOR & SUCCESS1 & BY MEANS ( IT PUT =? 
      WORKS :I* %[$ ! BE/ & MO/ ESS5TIAL QUALITIES ( !IR RACE4 ,UNHAPPILY1 
      EV5 AT ! TIME ( !IR FIR/ WOODCUT BOOK1 ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D WAS ON !M2 
      AB\T ?IRTY YE>S AFT]W>DS !Y RECEIV$ ! ,R5AISSANCE ) S+UL> EAG]NESS 
      & RAPIDITY1 & BECAME1 FROM ! >TI/IC PO9T ( VIEW1 A NATION ( RHETORICAL 
      P$ANTS4 ,AN EXCEPTION MU/ BE MADE1 H[EV]1 AS TO ,ALB]T ,DUR]2 =1 ?\< 
      HIS ME?OD WAS 9FECT$ BY ! ,R5AISSANCE1 HIS MAT*LESS IMAG9ATION & 9TELLECT 
      MADE HIM ?OR\<LY ,GO?IC 9 SPIRIT4 
     
     

      ,AMONG ! PR9T+ LOCALITIES ( ,G]MANY ! TWO NEI<BOR+ CITIES ( ,ULM & 
      ,AUGSBURG DEVELOP$ A S*OOL ( WOODCUT BOOK ORNAM5T SECOND TO NONE AS TO 
      *>ACT]1 &1 ,I ?9K1 MORE NUM]\SLY REPRES5T$ ?AN ANY O!R4 ,I AM OBLIG$ 
      TO L9K ! TWO CITIES1 BECAUSE ! E>LY S*OOL AT LEA/ IS COMMON TO BO?2 BUT 
      ! ORNAM5TAL WORKS PRODUC$ BY ,ULM >E BUT FEW COMP>$ ) ! PROLIFIC BIR? 
      ( ,AUGSBURG4 
     
     

      ,IT IS A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT ! NAMES ( ! >TI/S :O DESIGN$ !SE 
      WOOD-BLOCKS %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 RECORD$1 ANY MORE ?AN ?OSE ( ! NUMB]LESS 
      ILLUM9ATORS ( ! LOVELY WRITT5 BOOKS ( ! ?IRTE5? & F\RTE5? 
      C5TURIES2 ! NAMES UND] :I* ! ,ULM & ,AUGSBURG PICTURE-BOOKS >E KN[N >E 
      ALL ?OSE ( !IR PR9T]S4 ,( !SE BY F> ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ >E ! K9SM5 
      7!IR DEGREE ( K9%IP IS NOT KN[N71 ,GUN!R ,ZA9] ( ,AUGSBURG & ,JOHN ,ZA9] 
      ( ,ULM4 ,NE>LY P>ALLEL ) !SE 9 DATE >E ,LUDWIG ,HOH5WANG & ,JOHN 
      ,BAML] ( ,AUGSBURG1 TOGE!R ) ,PFLANZMANN ( ,AUGSBURG1 ! PR9T] ( ! 
      FIR/ ILLU/RAT$ ,G]MAN ,BIBLE4 ,AN?ONY ,SORG1 A LITTLE LAT] ?AN !SE1 WAS A 
      PR9T] SOME:AT 9F]IOR1 RA!R A REPR9T] 9 FACT1 BUT BY D9T ( 
      REUS+ ! OLD BLOCKS1 OR GETT+ !M RECUT & 9 SOME CASES R$ESIGN$1 NOT 
      ALWAYS TO !IR DISADVANTAGE1 PRODUC$ SOME V]Y BEAUTIFUL BOOKS4 ,S*ONSP]G]1 :O 
      PR9T$ RI<T 9TO ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 US$ BLOCKS :I* W]E RUD] ?AN ! 
      E>LI] ONES1 ?R\< C>ELESSNESS1 & ,I SUPPOSE PROBABLY BECAUSE ( ! AIM AT 
      *EAPNESS2 HIS BOOKS T5D T[>DS ! *AP-BOOK K9D4 
     
     

      ,! E>LIE/ ( !SE PICTURE-BOOKS ) A DATE IS ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,GOLD5 
      ,LEG5D1 ! FIR/ P>T ( :I* WAS PR9T$ 9 #a#d#g#a2 BUT1 AS ! MO/ 
      IMPORTANT FROM ! >TI/IC PO9T ( VIEW1 ,I %\LD NAME3 FIR/1 ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S 
      ,SPECULUM ,HUMANAE ,SALVATIONIS 7UNDAT$ BUT PROBABLY ( #a#d#g#a72 SECOND1 ,JOHN 
      ,ZA9]'S ,BOCCACCIO ,DE ,CL>IS ,MULI]IBUS 7DAT$ 9 A CUT1 AS WELL AS 9 ! 
      COLOPHON1 #a#d#g#c72 ?IRD1 ! ,ESOP1 PR9T$ BY BO? ! ,ZA9]S1 BUT ,I DO 
      NOT KN[ BY :I* FIR/1 AS IT IS UNDAT$2 F\R?1 ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,SPIEGEL DES 
      M5S*LI*5 ,LEB5S 7UNDAT$ BUT AB\T #a#d#g#e71 ) :I* MU/ BE TAK5 HIS 
      ,G]MAN ,BELIAL1 ! CUTS ( :I* >E UND\BT$LY DESIGN$ BY ! SAME 
      >TI/1 & CUT BY ! SAME H&1 ?AT CUT ! BE/ 9 ! ,SPIEGEL ABOVE 
      M5TION$2 FIF?1 A BEAUTIFUL LITTLE BOOK1 ! /ORY ( ,SIGISMUND & ,GUISC>D1 BY 
      ,GUN!R ,ZA9]1 UNDAT$2 SIX?1 ,TAB]9US1 DIE ,GES*I*T VON ,SYMON1 :I* 
      IS ! /ORY ( A LATE ,G]MAN ,HU< ( ,L9COLN1 PR9T$ BY ,G4 ,ZA9] AB\T #a#d#g#e2 
      SEV5?1 ,JOHN ,BAML]'S ,DAS ,BU* D] ,NATUR 7#a#d#g#e71 ) MANY FULL-PAGE 
      CUTS ( MU* 9T]E/2 EI<?1 BY ! SAMEPR9T]1 ,DAS ,BU* VON D5 #g 
      ,TODSUND5 UND D5 #g ,TUG5D5 7#a#d#g#d72 N9?1 ,BAML]'S ,SPR5G]'S  
      ,ROS5CRANZ-,BRUD]S*AFT1 ) ONLY TWO CUTS1 BUT ?OSE MO/ REM>KABLE4 
     
     

      ,TO !SE MAY BE ADD$ AS TRANSITIONAL 79 DATE AT LEA/71 BETWE5 ! E>LI] & 
      ! LAT] S*OOL NEXT TO BE M5TION$1 TWO REALLY *>ACT]I/IC BOOKS PR9T$ BY 
      ,SORG3 7A7 ,D] ,SEUSSE1 A BOOK ( MY/ICAL DEVOTION1 #a#d#h#b1 & 
      7B7 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,CON/ANCE1 PR9T$ 9 #a#d#h#c2 ! LATT] BE+1 
      AS F> AS ITS CUTS >E CONC]N$1 MA9LY H]ALDIC4 
     
     

      ,AT ,ULM1 H[EV]1 A LAT] S*OOL >OSE AFT] A TRANSITIONAL BOOK1 ,LEON>D ,HOL'S 
      SPL5DID ,PTOLEMY ( #a#d#h#b2 ( ?IS S*OOL ONE PR9T]'S NAME1 ,CONRAD 
      ,D9CKMUT1 9CLUDES ALL ! MO/ REM>KABLE BOOKS3 TO WIT1 ,D] 
      ,SEEL5-WURZG>T5 7#a#d#h#c71 ,DAS BU* D] ,WEI%EIT 7#a#d#h#e71 !  
      ,SWABIAN ,*RONICLE 7#a#d#h#f71 ,T]5CE'S ,EUNU*US 79 ,G]MAN7 7#a#d#h#f74 
      ,LA/LY1 ,JOHN ,REG]'S ,DESCRIPTIO ,OBSIDIONIS ,RHODIAE 7#a#d#i#f7 WOR?ILY CLOSES 
      ! S]IES ( ! ,ULM BOOKS4 
     
     

      ,IT %\LD H]E BE SAID ?AT1 AP>T FROM !IR PICTURES1 ! ,ULM & ,AUGSBURG BOOKS 
      >E NOTEWOR?Y = !IR BORD] & LETT] DECORATION4 ,! ,ULM PR9T]1 ,JOHN 
      ,ZA9]1 9 ESPECIAL %ONE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( BORD]S4 ,HIS ,DE ,CL>IS 
      ,MULI]IBUS EXCELS ALL O!R BOOKS ( ! S*OOL 9 ?IS MATT]2 ! 9ITIAL ,S 
      ( BO? ! ,LAT9 & ! ,G]MAN $ITIONS BE+ ! MO/ ELABORATE & BEAUTIFUL 
      PIECE ( ITS K9D2 &1 FUR!RMORE1 ! ,G]MAN $ITION HAS A BORD] ALMO/ EQUAL 
      TO ! ,S 9 BEAUTY1 ?\< DIFF]5T 9 *>ACT]1 HAV+ ! %IELD ( ,SCOTL& 
      SUPPORT$ BY ANGELS 9 ! CORN]4 ,A V]Y H&SOME BORD] 7OR HALF-BORD] RA!R71 
      ) A ZANY 9 ! CORN]1 IS US$ FREQU5TLY 9 ,J4 ,ZA9]'S BOOKS1#aE4G4 9 ! #adgc & #adgd $ITIONS ( ! ,RATIONALE ( ,DUR&US1 
      &1 ASSOCIAT$ ) AN 9T]E/+ HI/ORIAT$ 9ITIAL ,O1 9 ,ALV>US1 ,DE 
      PLANCTU ,ECCLESIAE1 #a#d#g#d4 ,!RE >E TWO OR ?REE O!R F9E BORD]S1 SU* AS 
      ?OSE 9 ,/E9H[EL'S ,BU*LE9 D] ,ORDNUNG1 & ,PETR>*'S  
      ,GRISELDIS 7H]E %[N71 BO? ( #a#d#g#c1 & 9 ,ALB]TUS ,MAGNUS1 ,SUMMA DE 
      EU*>I/IAE SACRAM5TO1 #a#d#g#d4 
     
     

      ,A CURI\S ALPHABET ( 9ITIALS MADE UP ( LEAFAGE1 GOOD1 BUT NOT V]Y %[Y1 IS 
      US$ 9 ! ,DE ,CL>IS ,MULI]IBUS & O!R BOOKS4 ,AN ALPHABET ( L>GE 
      9ITIALS1 ! MO/ COMPLETE EXAMPLE ( :I* IS TO BE F\ND 9 ,LEON>D ,HOL'S  
      ,PTOLEMY1 IS (T5 US$ & IS CLE>LY F\ND$ ON ! P5-LETT]S1 DRAWN MO/LY 
      9 R$ & BLUE1 9 :I* ! ,DUT* ^*RUBRI%]S' EXCELL$4#b ,?IS BIG 
      ALPHABET IS V]Y BEAUTIFUL & SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A GOOD DEAL COPI$ BY O!R 
      ,G]MAN PR9T]S1 AS IT WELL DES]V$ TO BE4#c ,JOHN ,REG]'S  
      ,CA\RS9 HAS F9E H&SOME ^*BLOOM+-LETT]S1' SOME:AT T5D+ T[>DS ! 
      ,FR5* /YLE4 
     
     

      ,9 ,AUGSBURG ,GUNT] ,ZA9] HAS SOME 9ITIAL ,I'S ( /RAP-WORK ) FOLIATION3 !Y 
      >E F9ELY DESIGN$1 BUT GA9 CONSID]ABLY :51 AS SOMETIMES HAPP5S1 ! SPACES 
      BETWE5 ! /RAPS >E FILL$ 9 ) F9E P5-TRAC]Y & 9 YELL[I% BR[N2 !Y 
      W]E CUT E>LY 9 ,GUN!R'S C>E]1 AS ONE OCCURS 9 ! ,SPECULUM ,HUMANAE 
      ,SALVATIONIS1 C4 #a#d#g#a1 & ANO!R 9 ! ,CAL5D>1 PR9T$ #a#d#g#a4 
      ,!SE1 AS !Y ALWAYS OCCUR 9 ! M>G9 & >E LONG1 MAY BE CALL$ 
      BORD]-PIECES4 ,A BORD] OCCURR+ 9 ,EYB1 OB E9EM MANNE IZU NEM5 E9 
      WEIB IS DRAWN V]Y GRACEFULLY 9 \TL9E1 & IS ATTA*$1 DEFTLY 5\<1 TO A 
      V]Y GOOD ,S ( ! P5-LETT] TYPE1 ?\< ON A SEP>ATE BLOCK2 IT HAS ?REE 
      %IELDS ( >MS 9 IT1 ONE ( :I* IS ! BE>+ ( ,AUGSBURG4 ,?IS PIECE IS 
      DECID$LY ILLUM9ATORS' WORK AS TO DESIGN 
     
     

      ,GUN!R'S ,M>G>ITA ,DAVIDICA HAS A BORD] 7ATTA*$ TO A V]Y L>GE ,P7 
      :I* IS MU* LIKE ! ,ULM BORD]S 9 *>ACT]4 
     
     

      ,A G5EALOGICAL TREE ( ! ,H\SE ( ,HAPSBURG PREFAC+ ! ,SPIEGEL DES 
      ,M5S*LI*5 LEB5S1& OCCUPY+ A :OLE PAGE1 IS COMP>ABLE = BEAUTY & 
      ELABORATION TO ! ,S ( ,JOHN ,ZA9] ABOVE M5TION$2 ON ! :OLE1 = BEAUTY & 
      RI*NESS ( 9V5TION & = NEATNESS ( EXECUTION1 ,I AM 9CL9$ TO GIVE IT ! 
      FIR/ PLACE AMONG ALL ! DECORATIVE PIECES ( ! ,G]MAN PR9T]S4 
     
     

      ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,G]MAN ,BIBLE ( C4#a#d#g#d HAS A FULL SET ( PICTUR$ LETT]S1 ONE TO 
      EV]Y BOOK1 ( V]Y REM>KABLE M]IT3 ! FOLIAT$ =MS1 :I* MAKE ! LETT]S 
      & 5CLOSE ! FIGURES BE+ BOLD1 9V5TIVE1 & V]Y WELL DRAWN4 ,I NOTE ?AT 
      !SE EXCELL5T DESIGNS HAVE RECEIV$ MU* LESS ATT5TION ?AN !Y DES]VE4 
     
     

      ,9 ALMO/ ALL BUT ! E>LIE/ ( ,GUN!R'S BOOKS A H&SOME SET ( 9ITIALS >E 
      US$1 A GOOD DEAL LIKE ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ,ULM 9ITIALS1 BUT ) ! FOLIATIONS 
      BLUNT]1 & BL5D$ ) LESS ( GEOMETRICAL =MS3 ! P5 ORIG9 ( !SE IS 
      ALSO V]Y M>K$4 
     
     

      ,LUDWIG ,HOH5WANG1 :O PR9T$ AT ,AUGSBURG 9 ! SEV5TIES1 USES A NOTEWOR?Y SET 
      ( 9ITIALS1 ALLUD$ TO ABOVE1 ?AT W\LD SEEM TO HAVE BE5 DRAWN BY ! DESIGN] 
      ) A TWELF?-C5TURY ,M,S4 BE=E HIM1 ?\<1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 ! FIFTE5? 
      C5TURY BETRAYS ITSELF 9 C]TA9 DETAILS1 *IEFLY 9 ! %>P FOLIATIONS AT ! 
      5DS ( ! SCROLLS1 ETC4 ,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( BEAUTIFUL DESIGN 9 !SE 
      LETT]S2 BUT ! SQU>E BORD] R\ND !M1 :ILE REVEAL+ !IR ORIG9 FROM 
      ILLUM9ATORS' WORK1 LEAVES OV]-L>GE :ITES 9 ! BACKGR\NDS1 :I* CALL \R = 
      ! COMPLETION ?AT ! ILLUM9ATOR'S COLOR W\LD HAVE GIV5 !M4 
     
     

      ,BAML] & ! LAT] PR9T] ,SORG DO NOT USE SO MU* ORNAM5T AS ,GUN!R 
      ,ZA9]2 !IR 9ITIALS >E LESS RI* BO? 9 L9E & DESIGN ?AN ,GUN!R'S1 & 
      ,SORG'S ESPECIALLY HAVE A LOOK ( HAV+ RUN D[N FROM ! E>LI] ONES3 9 HIS  
      ,SEUSSE1 H[EV]1 !RE >E SOME BEAUTIFUL FIGUR$ 9ITIALS DESIGN$ ON 
      SOME:AT ! SAME PLAN AS ?OSE ( ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,BIBLE4 
     
     

      ,N[ IT MAY SURPRISE SOME ( \R READ]S1 ?\< ,I %\LD HOPE NOT ! GREATE/ P>T 
      ( !M1 TO HE> ?AT ,I CLAIM ! TITLE ( WORKS ( >T1 BO? = !SE 
      PICTURE-ORNAM5T$ BOOKS AS BOOKS1 & ALSO = ! PICTURES !MSELVES4 ,!IR TWO 
      MA9 M]ITS >E FIR/ !IR DECORATIVE & NEXT !IR /ORY-TELL+ QUALITY2 & IT 
      SEEMS TO ME ?AT !SE TWO QUALITIES 9CLUDE :AT IS NECESS>Y & ESS5TIAL 9 
      BOOK-PICTURES4 ,TO BE SURE ! PR9CIPAL AIM ( !SE UNKN[N ,G]MAN >TI/S WAS TO 
      GIVE ! ESS5CE ( ! /ORY AT ANY CO/1 & IT MAY BE ?\<T ?AT ! 
      DECORATIVE QUALITIES ( !IR DESIGNS W]E ACCID5TAL OR DONE UNCONSCI\SLY AT ANY 
      RATE4 ,I DO NOT ALTOGE!R DISPUTE ?AT VIEW2 BUT !N ! ACCID5T IS ?AT ( ! 
      SKILLFUL WORKMAN :OSE SKILL IS L>GELY ! RESULT ( TRADITION2 IT HAS !REBY 
      BECOME A HABIT ( ! H& TO HIM TO WORK 9 A DECORATIVE MANN]4 
     
     

      ,TO TURN BACK TO ! BOOKS NUMB]$ ABOVE AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ! S*OOL1 ,I 
      %\LD CALL ,JOHN ,ZA9]'S ,DE ,CL>IS ,MULI]IBUS1 & ! ,ESOP1 
      & ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,SPIEGEL DES ,M5S*LI*5 LEB5S ! MO/ 
      *>ACT]I/IC4 ,( !SE MY [N *OICE W\LD BE ! ,DE ,CL>IS ,MULI]IBUS1 
      P>TLY P]HAPS BECAUSE IT IS A V]Y OLD FRI5D ( M9E1 & P]HAPS ! FIR/ BOOK 
      ?AT GAVE ME A CLE> 9SI<T 9TO ! ESS5TIAL QUALITIES ( ! M$IEVAL DESIGN ( 
      ?AT P]IOD4 ,! SUBJECT-MATT] ( ! BOOK ALSO MAKES IT ONE ( ! MO/ 
      9T]E/+1 GIV+ IT OPPORTUNITY = SETT+ =? ! M$IEVAL REV]5CE = ! 
      CLASSICAL P]IOD1 )\T ANY ( ! LOSS ( ROMANCE ON ! ONE H&1 & EPICAL 
      S9C]ITY & DIRECTNESS ON ! O!R1 :I* ! FLOOD-TIDE ( R5AISSANCE RHETORIC 
      PRES5TLY 9FLICT$ ON ! WORLD4 ,NO /ORY-TELL+ C\LD BE SIMPL] & MORE 
      /RAI<T=W>D1 & LESS DEP5D5T ON SECOND>Y HELP1 ?AN ?AT ( !SE CURI\S1 
      &1 AS PEOPLE PHRASE IT1 RUDE CUTS4 ,& 9 SPITE 7IF Y\ PLEASE IT7 ( 
      !IRRUD5ESS1 !Y >E BY NO MEANS LACK+ 9 DEF9ITE BEAUTY3 ! COMPOSITION IS 
      GOOD EV]Y:]E1 ! DRAP]Y WELL DESIGN$1 ! L9ES RI*1 :I* %[S ( C\RSE 
      ?AT ! CUTT+ IS GOOD4 ,?\< !RE IS NO ORNAM5T SAVE ! BEAUTIFUL 9ITIAL ,S 
      & ! CURI\S FOLIAT$ 9ITIALS ABOVE M5TION$1 ! PAGE IS BEAUTIFULLY 
      PROPORTION$ & /ATELY1 :51 AS 9 ! COPY BE=E ME1 IT HAS ESCAP$ ! FURY 
      ( ! BOOKB9D]4 
     
     

      ,! GREAT 9ITIAL ,S ,I CLAIM TO BE ONE ( ! V]Y BE/ PR9T]S' ORNAM5TS EV] 
      MADE1 ONE :I* W\LD NOT DISGRACE A ?IRTE5?-C5TURY ,M,S4 ,ADAM & ,EVE >E 
      /&+ ON A F9ELY-DESIGN$ SPRAY ( POPPY-LIKE LEAFAGE1 & BEH9D !M RISE UP 
      B\<S ( ! TREE4 ,EVE REA*ES D[N AN APPLE TO ,ADAM ) H] RI<T H&1 & ) 
      H] UPLIFT$ LEFT TAKES ANO!R FROM ! M\? ( ! CR[N$ WOMAN'S HEAD ( ! 
      S]P5T1 :OSE COILS1 AFT] !Y HAVE P]=M$ ! DUTY ( MAK+ ! ,S1 5D 9 A 
      FOLIAGE SCROLL1 :OSE BRAN*ES 5CLOSE LITTLE M$ALLIONS ( ! SEV5 DEADLY S9S4 
      ,ALL ?IS IS DONE ) ADMIRABLE 9V5TION & ROMANTIC MEAN+1 & ) V]Y GREAT 
      BEAUTY ( DESIGN & A FULL S5SE ( DECORATIVE NECESSITIES4 
     
     

      ,AS TO FAULTS 9 ?IS DELI<TFUL BOOK1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT IT IS SOME:AT M>R$ BY 
      ! PRESS-WORK NOT BE+ SO GOOD AS IT %\LD HAVE BE5 EV5 :5 PR9T$ BY ! 
      WEAK PRESSES ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY2 BUT ?IS1 ?\< A DEFECT1 IS NOT1 ,I SUBMIT1 
      AN ESS5TIAL ONE4 
     
     

      ,9 ! ,ESOP ! DRAW+ ( ! DESIGNS IS 9 A WAY SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( 
      ! LA/ BOOK3 ! L9E LEAVES NO?+ TO BE DESIR$2 IT IS ?OR\<LY DECORATIVE1 
      RA!R HEAVY1 BUT SO FIRM & /RONG1 & SO OBVI\SLY 9 SUBMISSION TO ! 
      DRAFTSMAN'S H&1 ?AT IT IS CAPABLE ( EV5 GREAT DELICACY AS WELL AS RI*NESS4 
      ,! FIGURES BO? ( MAN & BEA/ >E FULL ( EXPRESSION2 ! HEADS CLEAN DRAWN & 
      EXPRESSIVE ALSO1 & 9 MANY CASES REF9$ & DELICATE4 ,! CUTS1 ) FEW 
      EXCEPTIONS1 >E NOT B\ND$ BY A BORD]1 BUT AMID ! GREAT RI*NESS ( L9E NO 
      LACK ( ONE IS FELT1 & ! DESIGNS FULLY SU/A9 !IR DECORATIVE POSITION AS A 
      P>T ( ! NOBLE TYPE ( ! ,ULM & ,AUGSBURG PR9T]S2 ?IS ,ESOP IS1 TO 
      MY M9D1 9COMP>ABLY ! BE/ & MO/ EXPRESSIVE ( ! MANY ILLU/RAT$ $ITIONS 
      ( ! ,FABLES PR9T$ 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,! DESIGNS ( ! O!R ,G]MAN & 
      ,FLEMI% ONES W]E ALL COPI$ FROM IT4 
     
     

      ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,SPIEGEL DES ,M5S*LI*5 LEB5S IS AGA9 ONE ( ! MO/ 
      AMUS+ ( WOOD-CUT BOOKS4 ,ONE MAY SAY ?AT ! BOOK ITSELF1 ONE ( ! MO/ 
      POPUL> ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 RUNS ?R\< ALL ! CONDITIONS & OCCUPATIONS ( M5 
      AS !N EXI/+1 FROM ! ,POPE & ,KAIS] D[N TO ! FIELD LABOR]1 &1 ) 
      FULL 9DULG5CE 9 ! M$IEVAL LOVE ( =MAL ANTI!SIS1 CONTRA/S ! GOOD & 
      ! EVIL SIDE ( !M4 ,! PR(USE ILLU/RATIONS TO ALL ?IS AB\ND 9 EXCELL5T 
      PIECES ( NAIVE *>ACT]IZATION2 ! DESIGNS >E V]Y WELL PUT TOGE!R1 &1 = 
      ! MO/ P>T1 ! FIGURES WELL DRAWN1 & DRAP]IES GOOD & CRISP1 & ! 
      G5]AL EFFECT V]Y SATISFACTORY AS DECORATION4 ,! DESIGN] 9 ?IS BOOK1 H[EV]1 
      HAS NOT BE5 ALWAYS SO LUCKY 9 HIS CUTT] AS ?OSE ( ! LA/ TWO1 & SOME ( 
      ! PICTURES HAVE BE5 CONSID]ABLY 9JUR$ 9 ! CUTT+4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! 
      LOVELY G5EALOGICAL TREE ABOVE M5TION$ CR[NS ?IS BOOK ) ABUNDANT HONOR1 & 
      ! BE/ ( ! CUTS >E SO GOOD ?AT IT IS H>DLY POSSIBLE TO RANK IT AFT] ! 
      FIR/ TWO4 ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,SPECULUM ,HUMANAE ,SALVATIONIS & HIS  
      ,GOLD5 ,LEG5D HAVE CUTS DECID$LY RUD] ?AN !SE ?REE BOOOKS2 !Y >E 
      SIMPL] ALSO1 & LESS DECORATIVE AS ORNAM5TS TO ! PAGE1 NEV]!LESS !Y HAVE 
      ABUNDANT 9T]E/1 & MO/ (T5 !IR ESS5TIAL QUALITIES ( DESIGN %9E ?R\< 
      ! RUD5ESS1 :I* BY NO MEANS EXCLUDES EV5 GRACE ( SILH\ETTE3 ONE & ALL !Y 
      >E ?OR\<LY EXPRESSIVE ( ! /ORY !Y TELL4 ,! DESIGNS 9 !SE TWO BOOKS1 
      BY ! BY1 DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 DONE BY ! SAME H&2 BUT ,I %\LD ?9K ?AT 
      ! DESIGN] ( ?OSE 9 ! ,GOLD5 ,LEG5D DREW ! SUBJECTS ?AT 
      ^*9HABIT' ! F9E LETT]S ( ,GUN!R'S ,G]MAN,BIBLE4 ,BO? SEEM TO ME TO HAVE A K9D 
      ( ILLUM9ATOR'S *>ACT] 9 !M4 ,! CUTS TO ! /ORY ( ,SIMON BR+ US BACK TO 
      ?OSE ( ! ,SPIEGEL DES ,M5S*LI*5 LEB5S2 !Y >E DELICATE & 
      PRETTY1 & TELL ! /ORY1 HALF SO REPULSIVE1 HALF SO T\*+1 ( ^*LITTLE ,SIR 
      ,HU<1' V]Y WELL4 
     
     

      ,I MU/ NOT PASS BY )\T A FUR!R WORD ( ,SIGISMUND &  
      ,GUISC>D4 ,I CANNOT HELP ?9K+ ?AT ! CUTS !RE9 >E BY ! SAME H& 
      ?AT DREW SOME ( ?OSE 9 ! ,ESOP2 AT ANY RATE !Y HAVE ! SAME 
      QUALITIES ( DESIGN1 & >E TO MY M9D S+UL>LY BEAUTIFUL & 9T]E/+4 
     
     

      ,( ! O!R CONTEMPOR>Y1 OR NE>LY CONTEMPOR>Y1 PR9T]S1 ,BAML] COMES 
      FIR/ 9 9T]E/4 ,HIS BOOK VON D5 #g ,TODSUND51 ETC41 HAS CUTS ( 
      MU* 9T]E/ & 9V5TION1 NOT UNLIKE 9 *>ACT] TO ?OSE ( ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S 
      ,GOLD5 ,LEG5D4 ,HIS ,BU* D] ,NATUR HAS FULL-PAGE CUTS ( ANIMALS1 
      H]BS1 & HUMAN FIGURES EXCE$+LY QUA9T1 BUT V]Y WELL DESIGN$ = ! MO/ 
      P>T4 ,A HALF-FIGURE ( A BI%OP ^*9 PONTIFICALIBUS' IS P>TICUL>LY BOLD & HAPPY4 
      ,RUP]TUS A SANCTO ,REMIGIO'S ,HI/ORY ( ! CRUSADE & ! ,CRONI* VON ALL5 
      ,KONIG5 UND ,KAIS]N >E F9ELY ILLU/RAT$4 ,HIS ,ROS5CRANZ 
      ,BRUD]S*AFT ABOVE M5TION$ HAS BUT TWO CUTS1 BUT !Y >E BO? ( !M1 ! 
      ONE AS A F9E DECORATIVE WORK1 ! O!R AS A DEEPLY FELT ILLU/RATION ( 
      DEVOTIONAL S5TIM5T1 ( ! HI<E/ M]IT4 
     
     

      ,! TWO REALLY NOTEWOR?Y WORKS ( ,SORG 7:O1 AS A=ESAID1 WAS SOME:AT A 
      PLAGI>I/IC PUBLI%]7 >E1 FIR/1 ! ,SEUSSE1 :I* IS ILLU/RAT$ ) 
      BOLD & HI<LY DECORATIVE CUTS FULL ( MEAN+ & DIGNITY1 & NEXT1 !  
      ,C\NCIL ( ,CON/ANCE1 :I* IS ! FIR/ H]ALDIC WOODCUT WORK 7IT HAS BESIDES 
      ! COATS ( >MS1 SEV]AL F9E FULL-PAGE CUTS1 ( :I* ! BURN+ ( ,HUSS IS 
      ONE74 ,!SE >MORIAL CUTS1 :I* >E FULL ( 9T]E/ AS GIV+ A VA/ NUMB] ( 
      CURI\S & /RANGE BE>+S1 >E NO LESS SO AS %[+ :AT ADMIRABLE DECORATION 
      CAN BE GOT \T ( H]ALDRY :5 IT IS SIMPLY & WELL DRAWN4 
     
     

      ,TO ,CONRAD ,D9CKMUT ( ,ULM1 BELONG+ TO A SOME:AT LAT] P]IOD ?AN !SE 
      LA/-NAM$ PR9T]S1 BELONGS ! GLORY ( OPPOS+ BY HIS F9E WORKS ! COM+ 
      DEGRADATION ( BOOK-ORNAM5T 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! ,SEEL5-WURZG>T51 ORNAM5T$ 
      ) SEV5TE5 FULL-PAGE CUTS1 IS 9JUR$ BY ! TOO FREE REPETITION ( !M2 !Y 
      >E1 H[EV]1 V]Y GOOD2 ! BE/ P]HAPS BE+ ! ,NATIVITY1 :I*1 = SIMPLICITY 
      & BEAUTY1 IS WOR?Y ( ! E>LI] P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! ,SWABIAN 
      ,*RONICLE HAS CUTS ( V>I\S DEGREES ( M]IT1 BUT ALL 9T]E/+ & FULL 
      ( LIFE & SPIRIT3 A FI<T 9 ! LI/S ) AXES BE+ ONE ( ! MO/ 
      REM>KABLE4 ,DAS BU* D] ,WEI%EIT 7,BIDPAY'S ,FABLES7 HAS L>G] CUTS :I* 
      C]TA9LY %[ NO LACK ( C\RAGE2 !Y >E P]HAPS SC>CELY SO DECORATIVE AS ! 
      AV]AGE ( ! CUTS ( ! S*OOL1 & >E SOME:AT CO>SELY CUT2 BUT !IR FRANK 
      EPICAL *>ACT] MAKES !M WOR?Y ( ALL ATT5TION4 ,BUT P]HAPS HIS MO/ 
      REM>KABLE WORK IS HIS ,T]5CE'S ,EUNU*US 79 ,G]MAN71 ORNAM5T$ ) 
      TW5TY-EI<T CUTS ILLU/RAT+ ! SC5ES4 ,!SE ALL HAVE BACKGR\NDS %[+ 
      7MO/LY7 ! /REETS ( A M$IEVAL T[N1 :I* CLE>LY IMPLY !ATRICAL SC5]Y2 
      ! FIGURES ( ! ACTORS >E DELICATELY DRAWN1 & ! *>ACT] ( ! P]SONS 
      & !IR ACTION IS WELL GIV5 & C>EFULLY SU/A9$ ?R\<\T4 ,! TEXT ( ?IS 
      BOOK IS PR9T$ 9 A L>GE H&SOME BLACK-LETT]1 IMPORT$1 AS MY FRI5D ,MR ,PROCTOR 
      9=MS ME1 FROM ,ITALY4 ,! BOOK IS ALTOGE!R ( S+UL> BEAUTY & *>ACT]4 
     
     

      ,! ,CA\RS9 7#a#d#i#f71 ! LA/ BOOK ( ANY ACC\NT PR9T$ AT ,ULM1 HAS GOOD 
      & SPIRIT$ CUTS ( ! EV5TS DESCRIB$1 ! BE/ ( !M BE+ ! FLI<T ( 
      ,TURKS 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,ONE IS ALMO/ TEMPT$ TO ?9K ?AT !SE CUTS >E DESIGN$ 
      BY ! AU?OR ( ?OSE ( ! ,MA9Z,BREID5BA* ( #a#d#h#f1 ?\< ! CUTT+ 
      IS MU* 9F]IOR4 
     
     

      ,ALL !SE BOOKS1 IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$1 ?\< !Y NECESS>ILY 7BE+ PR9T$ 
      BOOKS7 BELONG TO ! LAT] ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & ?\< SOME ( !M >E RA!R 
      DECID$LY LATE 9 ?AT EPO*1 >E ?OR\<LY ^*,GO?IC' AS TO !IR ORNAM5T2 !RE 
      IS NO TA9T ( ! ,R5AISSANCE 9 !M4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ! >T ( BOOK-ORNAM5T 
      WAS LUCKY4 ,! NEO-CLASSICAL RHETORIC :I* 9VAD$ LIT]ATURE BE=E ! 5D ( 
      ! F\RTE5? C5TURY 7= EV5 ,*AUC] DID NOT QUITE ESCAPE IT7 WAS H>MLESS 
      AGA9/ ?IS BRAN* ( >T AT LEA/ = MORE ?AN ANO!R HUNDR$ YE>S2 SO ?AT 
      EV5 ,ITALIAN BOOK-PICTURES >E ,GO?IC 9 SPIRIT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 RI<T UP TO ! 
      BEG9N+ ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 LONG AFT] ! ,NEW ,BIR? HAD DE/ROY$ ! 
      BUILD+ >TS = ,ITALY3 :ILE ,G]MANY1 :OSE ,GO?IC >*ITECTURE WAS NECESS>ILY 
      FIRM] ROOT$ 9 ! SOIL1 DID NOT SO MU* AS FEEL ! FIR/ %IV] ( ! COM+ 
      FLOOD TILL SUDD5LY1 & )\T W>N+1 IT WAS UPON H]1 & ! >T ( ! 
      ,MIDDLE ,AGES FELL DEAD 9 A SPACE ( AB\T FIVE YE>S1 & WAS SUCCE$$ BY A 
      S+UL>LY /UPID & BRUTAL PHASE ( ?AT RHETORICAL & ACADEMICAL >T1 :I*1 9 
      ALL MATT]S ( ORNAM5T1 HAS HELD ,EUROPE CAPTIVE EV] S9CE4 
     
     

      #a ,BY ! BY1 9 ,GRITS*'S ,QUADRAGESIMALE1 #a#d#g#e1 ?IS ZANY IS 
      *ANG$ 9TO AN ORD9>Y CITIZ5 BY MEANS ( AN +5I\S PIEC+ ( ! BLOCK4 
     
     

      #b ,ANO!R SET ( 9ITIALS F\ND$ ON TWELF?-C5TURY WORK OCCURS 9 ,JOHN 
      ,ZA9]'S FOLIO BOOKS1 & HAS SOME LIK5ESS TO ?OSE US$ BY ,HOH5WANG ( ,AUGSBURG 
      9 ! ,GOLD5 ,BIBEL & ELSE:]E1 & P]HAPS WAS SUGGE/$ BY !SE1 AS 
      !Y >E NOT V]Y E>LY 7C4 #a#d#g#e71 BUT !Y DIFF] FROM ,HOH5WANG'S 9 
      BE+ G5]ALLY MORE OR LESS %AD$1 & ALSO 9 NOT BE+ 5CLOS$ 9 A SQU>E4 
     
     

      #c ,! 9ITIALS ( ,KNOBLOTZ] ( ,/RASSBURG & ,B]N>D ,RI*EL ( ,BASEL 
      MAY BE M5TION$4 
     
     

      ,?IS >TICLE WAS ILLU/RAT$ BY PR9TS FROM ! FOLL[+ BOOKS3 
     
     
        ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,+OLD1 DAS GOLD5 ,SPIEL4 ,AUGSBURG1 #a#d#g#b4 
       
       
        ,JOHN ,ZA9]'S ,GRISELDIS4 ,ULM1 #a#d#g#c4 
       
       
        ,JOHN ,ZA9]'S ,BOCCACCIO1 DE ,CL>IS ,MULI]IBUS4 
       
       
        ,JOHN ,ZA9]'S ,ESOP4 
       
       
        ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,EPI/LES & ,GOSPELS4 ,AUGSBURG1 #a#d#g#d4 
       
       
        ,GUN!R ,ZA9]'S ,TUB]9US1 ,GES*I*T VON DEM ,HEILIG5 ,K9D ,SYMON4  ,AUGSBURG1 C4#a#d#g#e4 
       
       
        ,CONRAD ,D9CKMUT1 ,T]5CE'S ,EUNU*US4 ,ULM1 #a#d#h#f4 
       
     

      ,BIBLIOGRAPHICA3 ,PAP]S ON ,BOOKS1 !IR ,HI/ORY & ,>T1 #a#h#i#c4 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,ON ! ,>TI/IC ,QUALITIES ( ! ,WOODCUT ,BOOKS ( ,ULM & ,AUGSBURG 9 ! ,FIFTE5? ,C5TURY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,ON ! ,>TI/IC ,QUALITIES ( ! ,WOODCUT ,BOOKS ( ,ULM & ,AUGSBURG 9 ! ,FIFTE5? ,C5TURY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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