,P>T #c 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,?REE 

.<,9TRODUCTION.> 

,WE HAVE TRI$ TO %[.<#e#f.> ?AT SOCIALISM IS NO?+ O!R ?AN PEOPLE'S CONSCI\S SELF-ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N LIVES 9 ALL DOMA9S2 ?AT IT SIGNIFIES1 !RE=E1 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES ON ! SCALE ( ! WORKPLACE AS WELL AS ON ?AT ( ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE2 ?AT IT IMPLIES ! ABOLITION ( EV]Y RUL+ APP>ATUS SEP>AT$ FROM SOCIETY2 ?AT IT HAS TO BR+ AB\T A PR(\ND MODIFICATION ( TE*NOLOGY & ( ! V]Y MEAN+ ( WORK AS PEOPLE'S PRIMORDIAL ACTIVITY &1 CONJO9TLY1 AN OV]?R[ ( ALL ! VALUES T[>D :I* CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IMPLICITLY OR EXPLICITLY IS ORI5T$4 

,?IS ELABORATION ALL[S US 9 ! FIR/ PLACE TO UNMASK ! MY/IFICATIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 BUILT UP = MANY LONG YE>S >\ND ! NOTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,IT ALL[S US TO UND]/& FIR/ ( ALL :AT SOCIALISM IS NOT4 ,CA/ 9 ?IS LI<T1 ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A1 & ! 0POPUL> DEMOCRACIES0 %[ !IR TRUE FACE AS EXPLOITATIVE CLASS SOCIETIES4 ,) RESPECT TO ! PRES5T DISCUSSION AT LEA/1 ! FACT ?AT BUREAUCRATS HAVE TAK5 ! PLACE ( PRIVATE EMPLOY]S APPE>S TO BE ( ABSOLUTELY NO CONSEQU5CE4 

,BUT IT ALL[S US TO SAY MU* MORE4 ,ONLY BY BEG9N+ ) ?IS NOTION ( SOCIALISM CAN WE COMPREH5D & ANALYZE ! CRISIS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,GO+ BEYOND ! SUP]FICIAL SPH]ES ( ! M>KET1 CONSUMPTION1 & 0POLITICS10 WE CAN SEE N[ ?AT ?IS CRISIS IS DIRECTLY TI$ TO ! MO/ DEEP-SEAT$ TRAIT ( CAPITALISM3 ! ALI5ATION ( MAN 9 HIS FUNDAM5TAL ACTIVITY1 PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY4 ,9S(> AS ?IS ALI5ATION CREATES A P]MAN5T CONFLICT AT EV]Y /AGE & 9 ALL SECTORS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 !RE IS A CRISIS ( EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY4 ,?IS CONFLICT IS EXPRESS$ 9 TWO =MS3 BO? AS ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALI5ATION & AGA9/ ITS CONDITIONS1 & AS PEOPLE'S ABS5CE FROM SOCIETY1 !IR PASSIVITY1 DISC\RAGEM5T1 RETREAT1 & ISOLATION4 ,9 BO? CASES1 BEYOND A C]TA9 PO9T ?IS CONFLICT LEADS TO ! OV]T CRISIS ( ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY3 :5 PEOPLE'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALI5ATION REA*ES A C]TA9 9T5SITY IT BECOMES REVOLUTION4 ,BUT :5 !IR AB/5TION FROM SOCIETY GOES BEYOND A C]TA9 LIMIT1 ! SY/EM COLLAPSES1 AS ! EVOLUTION ( ,POL&'S ECONOMY & SOCIETY 9 #aiee & #aief CLE>LY %[S4.<#e#g.> ,OSCILLAT+ BETWE5 !SE TWO LIMITS1 !RE UNFOLDS DAILY LIFE 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES4 ,!SE SOCIETIES SUCCE$ 9 FUNCTION+ ONLY 9 SPITE ( !IR [N NORMS1 9ASMU* AS !RE IS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALI5ATION & 9ASMU* AS ?IS /RUGGLE DOES NOT GO BEYOND A C]TA9 LEVEL4 ,SU* SOCIETIES !RE=E >E BAS$ ON A FUNDAM5TALLY IRRATIONAL PREMISE4 

,9 RESUM+ \R ANALYSIS ( ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM1 WE />T !RE=E ) AN EXPLICIT NOTION ( ! CONT5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS NOTION IS ! PRIVILEG$ C5T]1 ! FOCAL PO9T ?AT P]MITS US TO ORGANIZE ALL P]SPECTIVES & TO SEE EV]Y?+ AGA9 ) NEW EYES4 ,)\T IT1 EV]Y?+ BECOMES *AOS1 FRAGM5T>Y /ATEM5TS1 NAIVE RELATIVISM1 M]E EMPIRICAL SOCIOLOGY4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT AN A PRIORI NOTION4 ,! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALI5ATION & ITS CONDITIONS CAN TAKE PLACE & DEVELOP ONLY BY SETT+ =? -- BE IT 9 ! %APE ( REAL RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 BE IT 9 ! %APE ( DEM&S1 ASPIRATIONS1 & PROGRAMS -- =MS & CONT5TS ( A SOCIALI/ NATURE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! POSITIVE NOTION ( SOCIALISM IS ONLY ! HI/ORICAL PRODUCT ( PREC$+ DEVELOPM5TS1 & 9 ! V]Y FIR/ PLACE1 ( ! ACTIVITY1 ! /RUGGLES1 & ! MODE ( LIV+ ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! PROVISIONAL SY/EMATIZATION ( ! PO9TS ( VIEW ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT (F]S1 ( ITS MO/ EV]YDAY GE/URES AS WELL AS ITS MO/ AMBITI\S ACTIONS4 

,9 A %OP1 ! WORK]S SET ?+S UP AMONG !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! MAXIMUM AM\NT 9 BONUSES AS WELL AS TO PRODUCE LESS ?AN ! NORMS4 ,9 ,BUDAPE/1 !Y BATTLE AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN TANKS1 ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO C\NCILS1 & LAY CLAIM TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !Y 9SI/ ON /OPP+ ! ASSEMBLY L9E TWICE A DAY SO !Y CAN HAVE A CUP ( C(FEE4 ,AT ! ,BREGUET FACTORIES 9 ,P>IS LA/ SPR+1 !Y W5T ON /RIKE & CALL$ = ! ABOLITION ( MO/ ( ! CATEGORIES 9TO :I* !Y >E DIVID$ BY MANAGEM5T4 ,= MORE ?AN A C5TURY !Y HAVE GOTT5 KILL$ CRY+1 0,TO LIVE WORK+ OR TO DIE FI<T+40 ,9 ! 0SOCIALI/0 FACTORIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY1 !Y =CE WAGES TO BE LEVEL$ \T1 DESPITE ! BITT] COMPLA9TS ,KHRU%*EV & HIS CLIQUE MAKE 9 !IR SPEE*ES4 ,) DIFF]5T DEGREES ( DEVELOPM5T & V>I\S LEVELS ( CL>IFICATION1 ALL ( !SE MANIFE/ATIONS &1 FIGURATIVELY SPEAK+1 HALF ( ALL ! EV]YDAY ACTIONS ( HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( WORK]S 9 ALL ! 5T]PRISES ( ! WORLD EXPRESS ?IS /RUGGLE = ! 9/AURATION ( NEW RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE & ) !IR WORK4 ,& !SE MANIFE/ATIONS & ACTIONS >E COMPREH5SIBLE ONLY 9 T]MS ( A SOCIALI/ P]SPECTIVE4 

,WE MU/ UND]/& FULLY ! DIALECTICAL UNITY ! FOLL[+ DIV]SE MOM5TS CON/ITUTE3 ! ANALYSIS AS WELL AS ! CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM1 & ! POSITIVE DEF9ITION ( ! CONT5T ( SOCIALISM AS WELL AS ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! PROLET>IAT'S HI/ORY4 ,NO CRITIQUE1 NOT EV5 AN ANALYSIS ( ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM1 IS POSSIBLE \TSIDE ( A SOCIALI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,9DE$1 SU* A CRITIQUE C\LD NOT BE BAS$ 

,UPON NO?+ AT ALL -- UNLESS IT BE UPON AN E?ICS1 :I* TW5TY-FIVE C5TURIES ( PHILOSOPHY HAVE SUCCE$$ NEI!R 9 F\ND+ NOR EV5 9 DEF9+4 ,EV]Y CRITIQUE PRESUPPOSES ?AT SOME?+ O!R ?AN :AT IT CRITICIZES IS POSSIBLE & PREF]ABLE4 ,EV]Y CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM !RE=E PRESUPPOSES SOCIALISM4 

,9V]SELY1 ?IS NOTION ( SOCIALISM CANNOT BE M]ELY ! POSITIVE1 FLIP SIDE ( ?IS CRITIQUE2 ! CIRCLE W\LD !N RUN ! RISK ( BECOM+ COMPLETELY ,UTOPIAN4 

,! POSITIVE CONT5T ( SOCIALISM CAN BE D]IV$ ONLY FROM ! REAL HI/ORY1 FROM ! REAL LIFE ( ! CLASS ?AT IS T5D+ T[>D ITS REALIZATION4 ,H]E WE HAVE ITS ULTIMATE S\RCE4 

,BUT NEI!R DOES IT MEAN ?AT ! CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM IS ! PASSIVE & COMPLETE REFLECTION ( ! HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS BAS$ JU/ AS MU* UPON A *OICE1 :I* IS M]ELY ! EXPRESSION ( A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL ATTITUDE4 ,?IS *OICE IS NOT >BITR>Y1 = !RE IS H]E NO RATIONAL ALT]NATIVE4 ,! ALT]NATIVE W\LD BE SIMPLY_/! CONCLUSION ?AT HI/ORY IS ONLY A 0TALE TOLD BY AN IDIOT1 FULL ( S\ND & FURY1 SIGNIFY+ NO?+10 & ?AT IT CAN ONLY REMA9 SO4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 T]MS ( A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN BE ! S\RCE ( ?IS POLITICS4 

,= SOMEONE ) A DIFF]5T ATTITUDE1 ?IS HI/ORY IS M]ELY ! S\RCE ( /ATI/ICS & MONOGRAPHS ( ANY?+ AT ALL & ULTIMATELY ( NO?+ AT ALL4 ,9DE$1 NEI!R ! CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM NOR ! POSITIVE DEF9ITION ( SOCIALISM1 NEI!R ! 9T]PRETATION ( ! HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT NOR A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS IS POSSIBLE \TSIDE ( A !ORY4 ,! SOCIALI/ ELEM5TS ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CONT9UALLY PRODUCES HAVE TO BE EXTRAPOLAT$ & G5]ALIZ$ 9TO ! TOTAL PROJECT ?AT IS SOCIALISM1 O!RWISE !Y >E MEAN+LESS4 ,! ANALYSIS & CRITIQUE ( CLASS SOCIETY HAVE TO BE SY/EMIZ$1 O!RWISE !Y HAVE NO PORT5T ( TRU?4 ,BO? >E IMPOSSIBLE )\T A !ORETICAL LABOR 9 ! PROP] S5SE1 )\T AN EF=T TO RATIONALIZE ?AT :I* IS SIMPLY GIV54 

,?IS RATIONALIZATION 9VOLVES ITS [N RISKS & CONTRADICTIONS4 ,AS !ORY IT IS OBLIG$ TO BEG9 ) ! LOGICAL & EPI/EMOLOGICAL /RUCTURES ( PRES5T-DAY CULTURE -- :I* >E 9 NO WAY NEUTRAL =MS1 9DEP5D5T ( !IR CONT5T1 BUT :I* EXPRESS RA!R1 9 AN ANTAGONI/IC & CONTRADICTORY FA%ION1 ! ATTITUDES1 BEHAVIORS1 & VISIONS ( ITS SUBJECT & OBJECT1 :I* HAVE !IR DIALECTICAL EQUIVAL5TS 9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,REVOLUTION>Y !ORY !RE=E CON/ANTLY RUNS ! RISK ( FALL+ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY 9 =MS ?AT >E MU* MORE SUBTLE & DEEP-SEAT$1 MU* MORE HIDD5 & DANG]\S ?AN ! 0DIRECT0 IDEOLOGICAL 9FLU5CE TRADITIONALLY D5\NC$ 9 OPPORTUNISM1 = EXAMPLE4 ,M>XISM HAS NOT ESCAP$ ?IS FATE1 AS WE ALREADY HAVE %[N1.<#e#h.> & WE WILL PROVIDE /ILL MORE SU* EXAMPLES4 

,IT IS ONLY BY RETURN+ EA* TIME TO ! S\RCE1 BY CONFRONT+ ! RESULTS ( !ORY ) ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! PROLET>IAT'S LIFE & HI/ORY1 ?AT WE CAN REVOLUTIONIZE \R V]Y ME?ODS ( ?\<T1 :I* >E 9H]IT$ FROM CLASS SOCIETY1 & CAN CON/RUCT ?R\< SUCCESSIVE UPHEAVALS A SOCIALI/ !ORY4 ,ONLY BY ASSIMILAT+ ALL !SE PO9TS ( VIEW & !IR PR(\ND UNITY CAN WE ADVANCE4 

,WE BEG9 \R ANALYSIS ( ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM ) AN ANALYSIS ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,! CONCEPTS & ME?ODS ?US ACQUIR$ 9 ?IS PRIMORDIAL DOMA91 ! DOMA9 ( PRODUCTION1 WILL ALL[ US !N TO G5]ALIZE \R 9VE/IGATION & SUBJECT ! V>I\S SOCIAL SPH]ES & F9ALLY ALL ( ! SOCIAL AS SU* TO ?IS EXAM9ATION4 

,! ,CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! ,CAPITALI/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,5T]PRISE 

,= ! TRADITIONAL VIEW1 :I* IS /ILL QUITE WIDESPREAD TODAY1 ! CONTRADICTIONS & IRRATIONALITY ( CAPITALISM EXI/ & ACTIVELY MANIFE/ !MSELVES ON ! OV]ALL LEVEL ( ! ECONOMY1 BUT AFFECT ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE ONLY BY RICO*ET4 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ! CONDITIONS IMPOS$ UPON IT BY ITS 9TEGRATION 9TO AN IRRATIONAL & AN>*IC M>KET1 ! 5T]PRISE IS ! PLACE :]E EFFICI5CY & CAPITALI/ RATIONALIZATION REIGN SUPREME4 ,UND] P5ALTY ( DEA?1 COMPETITION OBLIGES CAPITALISM TO PURSUE ! MAXIMUM RESULT ) ! M9IMUM ( MEANS4 

,= IS ?IS NOT ! V]Y GOAL ( ECONOMICS1 ! DEF9ITION ( ITS RATIONALITY8 ,9 ORD] TO >RIVE AT ?IS GOAL1 IT PUTS 0SCI5CE 9 ! S]VICE ( PRODUCTION0 TO AN EV]-9CREAS+ EXT5T1 & IT RATIONALIZES ! LABOR PROCESS ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( 5G9E]S & TE*NICIANS1 ?OSE EMBODIM5TS ( OP]ANT RATIONALITY4 ,IT IS ABSURD ?AT !SE 5T]PRISES MANUFACTURE >MAM5TS1 ABSURD ?AT P]IODIC CRISES MAKE !M WORK BEL[ CAPACITY -- BUT !RE IS NO?+ TO CRITICIZE 9 !IR ORGANIZATION4 ,! RATIONALITY ( ?IS ORGANIZATION IS ! BASIS ON :I* SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE BUILT ONCE ! AN>*Y ( ! M>KET IS ELIM9AT$ & O!R GOALS -- ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S RA!R ?AN ! MAXIMIZATION ( PR(ITS -- >E ASSIGN$ TO PRODUCTION4 

,L59 SUBSCRIB$ TO ?IS VIEW ABSOLUTELY4 ,AS = ,M>X HIMSELF1 !RE WAS NO BASIC DIFF]5CE4 ,= HIM1 ! 5T]PRISE C]TA9LY IS NOT PURE RATIONALIZATION4 ,OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 ?IS TYPE ( RATIONALIZATION CONTA9S A PR(\ND CONTRADICTION4 ,IT DEVELOPS BY 5SLAV+ LIV+ LABOR TO DEAD LABOR1 IT SIGNIFIES ?AT ! PRODUCTS ( MAN'S ACTIVITY DOM9ATE MAN1 & !RE=E IT GIVES RISE TO A K9D ( OPPRESSION1 A K9D ( MUTILATION ?AT 9CREASES )\T EV] /OPP+4 

,BUT IT IS A CONTRADICTION ?AT IS1 IF WE CAN CALL IT ?AT1 0PHILOSOPHICAL10 AB/RACT1 & ?IS IS SO 9 TWO S5SES4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT AFFECTS MAN'S FATE 9 PRODUCTION1 & NOT PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,! P]MAN5T MUTILATION ( ! PRODUC]1 HIS TRANS=MATION 9TO A 0FRAGM5T ( A MAN0 DOES NOT IMP$E CAPITALI/ RATIONALIZATION4 ,IT IS M]ELY ITS SUBJECTIVE SIDE4 ,RATIONALIZATION IS EXACTLY SYMMETRICAL TO DEHUMANIZATION4 ,! SAME /EP C>RIES BO? ( !M =W>D4 ,TO RATIONALIZE PRODUCTION MEANS TO IGNORE & EV5 TO DELIB]ATELY CRU% PEOPLE'S HABITS1 DESIRES1 NE$S1 & T5D5CIES 9S(> AS !SE >E OPPOS$ TO ! LOGIC ( PRODUCTIVE EFFICI5CY1 :ILE RU?LESSLY SUBJECT+ ALL ASPECTS ( LABOR TO ! IMP]ATIVES ( A*IEV+ ! MAXIMUM RESULT ) ! M9IMUM ( MEANS4 ,NECESS>ILY1 !RE=E1 MAN BECOMES ! MEANS ( ?IS 5D ?AT IS PRODUCTION4 

,AS A RESULT1 ?IS CONTRADICTION REMA9S 0PHILOSOPHICAL0 & AB/RACT ALSO 9 A SECOND S5SE3 ,)\T M9C+ WORDS1 IT IS BECAUSE WE CANNOT DO ANY?+ AB\T IT4 ,?IS SITUATION IS ! 9EXORABLE RESULT ( A PHASE ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T & ULTIMATELY EV5 ( ! V]Y NATURE ( ECONOMICS1 0! REIGN ( NECESSITY40 ,?IS IS ALI5ATION 9 ! ,HEGELIAN S5SE3 ,MAN HAS TO LOSE HIMSELF FIR/ 9 ORD] TO F9D HIMSELF AGA9 -- & TO F9D HIMSELF AGA9 ON ANO!R PLANE1 AFT] HAV+ GONE ?R\< PURGATORY4 ,IT IS ! R$UCTION ( ! WORKDAY ?AT WILL ALL[ !RE TO BE A SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 & IT IS ! ABOLITION ( ! WA/E-FULLNESS ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KET ?AT WILL MAKE MAN FREE -- \TSIDE ( PRODUCTION4.<#e#i.> 

,9 FACT1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ?IS PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTION IS ! REAL CONTRADICTION ( CAPITALISM1 & ! S\RCE ( ! CRISIS 9 ! MO/ D[N-TO-E>? & MAT]IAL S5SE ( ?IS T]M4 ,9 ITS MO/ MICROSCOPIC AS WELL AS ITS MO/ L>GE-SCALE ASPECTS1 ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM DIRECTLY EXPRESSES ! FOLL[+ FACT3 ?AT MAN'S SITUATION & /ATUS QUA PRODUC] UND] CAPITALISM >E CONTRADICTORY & ULTIMATELY ABSURD4 ,! CAPITALI/ RATIONALIZATION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION IS ONLY RATIONALIZATION 9 APPE>ANCE4 ,?IS HUGE PYRAMID ( MEANS \<T TO ACQUIRE ITS MEAN+ FROM ITS ULTIMATE 5D4 ,BUT HAV+ BECOME A GOAL 9 ITSELF & DETA*$ FROM EV]Y?+ ELSE1 ! ULTIMATE 5D ( 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION = ITS [N SAKE IS ABSOLUTELY IRRATIONAL4 ,PRODUCTION IS ONE ( MAN'S MEANS1 MAN IS NOT ONE ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! IRRATIONALITY ( ?IS ULTIMATE 5D DET]M9ES FROM ONE 5D TO ! O!R ! 5TIRE CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION PROCESS2 :ATEV] RATIONALITY IT MI<T CONTA9 9 ! DOMA9 ( MEANS1 :5 IT IS PUT 9 ! S]VICE ( AN IRRATIONAL 5D1 IT BECOMES IRRATIONAL ITSELF4 ,BUT ! PR9CIPAL ONE ( !SE MEANS IS MAN HIMSELF4 ,TO MAKE MAN COMPLETELY A MEANS ( PRODUCTION SIGNIFIES ! TRANS=MATION ( ! SUBJECT 9TO AN OBJECT1 IT SIGNIFIES TREAT+ HIM AS A ?+ 9 ! DOMA9 ( PRODUCTION4 ,:5CE WE HAVE A SECOND IRRATIONAL ASPECT1 ANO!R CONCRETE CONTRADICTION1 9S(> AS ?IS TRANS=MATION ( PEOPLE 9TO ?+S1 ?IS REIFICATION1 IS 9 CONFLICT ) ! V]Y DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION1 :I* IS 9DE$ ! ESS5CE ( CAPITALISM & :I* CANNOT TAKE PLACE )\T ALSO DEVELOP+ PEOPLE4 

,BUT :AT ?US APPE>S AS AN OBJECTIVE & IMP]SONAL CONTRADICTION ACQUIRES ITS HI/ORICAL MEAN+ ONLY ?R\< ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO HUMAN & SOCIAL CONFLICT4 ,IT IS ! PRODUC]S' P]MAN5T /RUGGLE AGA9/ !IR REIFICATION ?AT TRANS=MS :AT O!RWISE W\LD REMA9 A M]E OPPOSITION BETWE5 CONCEPTS 9TO A CRISIS R5D+ ! 5TIRE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS NO CRISIS ( CAPITALISM RESULT+ FROM ! OP]ATION ( 0OBJECTIVE LAWS0 OR DIALECTICAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,SU* A CRISIS EXI/S ONLY 9S(> AS PEOPLE REVOLT AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%$ RULES4 ,?IS REVOLT1 9V]SELY1 BEG9S AS A REVOLT AGA9/ ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION2 IT IS !RE=E AT ?IS LEVEL ?AT WE MU/ SEEK BO? ! ORIG9 ( & ! MODEL = ! G5]AL CRISIS ( ! SY/EM4 

,! ,H\R ( ,WORK 

,! CONTRADICTION ( CAPITALISM APPE>S FROM ! \TSET 9 ! SIMPLE QUE/ION ( H[ CAPITAL & ! WORK] RELATE TO EA* O!R3 ,:AT IS AN H\R ( WORK8 

,?R\< ! LABOR CONTRACT ! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR P[] TO ! 5T]PRISE4 ,BUT :AT IS ?IS LABOR P[]8 ,DOES ! WORK] SELL HIS 0TIME08 ,BUT :AT IS ?IS 0TIME08 ,! WORK]1 ( C\RSE1 DOES NOT SELL HIS M]E PRES5CE4 ,DUR+ A P]IOD :5 ! WORK]S W]E /RUGGL+ TO R$UCE ! WORKDAY FROM TWELVE OR F\RTE5 H\RS1 ,M>X ASK$1 :AT IS A WORKDAY8 ,?IS MEANT3 ,H[ MANY H\RS >E !RE 9 A WORKDAY8 ,BUT !RE IS AN EV5 PR(\ND] QUE/ION3 ,:AT IS AN H\R ( WORK8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 H[ MU* WORK IS !RE 9 AN H\R8 ,! LABOR CONTRACT CAN DEF9E ! DAILY DURATION ( WORK & ! H\RLY WAGE -- & !RE=E :AT ! CAPITALI/ [ES TO ! WORK] = AN H\R ( WORK4 ,BUT H[ MU* WORK DOES ! WORK] [E TO ! CAPITALI/ = AN H\R8 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY4 ,IT IS UPON ?IS S& ?AT CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION >E BUILT4 

,9 ! PA/1 ! MODE & PACE ( WORK W]E SET 9 AN ALMO/ IMMUTABLE FA%ION BY NATURAL CONDITIONS & 9H]IT$ TE*NIQUES1 HABIT1 & CU/OM4 ,TODAY1 NATURAL CONDITIONS & TE*NIQUES >E 9 A CON/ANT /ATE ( UPHEAVAL SO AS TO ACCEL]ATE PRODUCTION4 ,! WORK]1 H[EV]1 HAS LO/ ALL 9T]E/ 9 WORK+ EXCEPT AS IT HELPS HIM TO W9 HIS BREAD4 ,9EVITABLY1 !RE=E1 HE RESI/S ?IS ATTEMPT TO ACCEL]ATE HIS WORK PACE4 ,! CONT5T ( AN H\R ( WORK1 ! ACTUAL LABOR ! WORK] HAS TO FURNI% 9 AN H\R1 ?US BECOMES ! OBJECT ( A P]MAN5T CONFLICT4 

,N[1 9 ! CAPITALI/ UNIV]SE !RE EXI/S NO RATIONAL CRIT]ION ?AT W\LD ALL[ ?IS CONFLICT TO BE RESOLV$4 ,:E!R ! WORK] 0LOAFS0 OR DIES ( EXHAU/ION OV] HIS MA*9E IS NEI!R 0LOGICAL0 NOR 0ILLOGICAL40 ,! RELATION ( =CES BETWE5 WORK]S & CAPITAL ALONE CAN DET]M9E ! PACE ( WORK UND] GIV5 CONDITIONS4 ,EV]Y REAL SOLUTION !RE=E REPRES5TS A COMPROMISE1 A TRUCE BAS$ ON ! RELATION ( =CES EXI/+ AT ?AT MOM5T4 ,BY ITS V]Y ESS5CE SU* A TRUCE IS TEMPOR>Y4 ,! RELATION ( =CES *ANGES4 ,EV5 IF IT DOES NOT *ANGE1 ! TE*NICAL SITUATION WILL BE MODIFI$4 ,! COMPROMISE ?AT WAS >RIV$ AT SO >DU\SLY />T+ FROM A GIV5 CONFIGURATION ( MA*9]Y1 A P>TICUL> TYPE ( MANUFACTUR+ PROCESS1 ETC41 COLLAPSES2 9 ! NEW SITUATION ! PREVI\S SET ( NORMS NO LONG] MAKES ANY S5SE4 ,& ?US CONFLICT BEG9S ANEW4 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 ORD] TO OV]COME ?IS CONFLICT AS WELL AS TO BE ABLE TO PLAN PRODUCTION 9 ! 5T]PRISE1 CAPITALISM IS OBLIG$ TO SE>* = AN 0OBJECTIVE10 0RATIONAL0 BASIS = SETT+ PRODUCTION NORMS4 ,! ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( ?IS PLANN+ PROCESS IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! LABOR TIME DEVOT$ TO EA* OP]ATION4 ,9S(> AS PRODUCTION HAS NOT BE5 COMPLETELY AUTOMAT$1 EA* UNIT ( TIME ALWAYS BOILS D[N 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS TO 0HUMAN TIME10 9 O!R WORDS1 TO ! \TPUT ACTUALLY OBTA9$ :]E LIV+ LABOR CONT9UES TO MAKE ITSELF FELT4 ,?IS TRU? REMA9S CONCEAL$ FROM ! PRODUCTION 5G9E]S 9S(> AS 0DEPRECIATION ON EQUIPM5T10 = EXAMPLE1 CAN APPE> 7:5 ! FACTORY IS NOT COMPLETELY 9TEGRAT$7 AS AN AUTONOM\S & IRR$UCIBLE ELEM5T 9 CO/ COMPUTATIONS4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS ONLY AN OPTICAL ILLUSION ?AT IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT UND] ! PRES5T /RUCTURAL SETUP1 ! 5G9E] IS OBLIG$ TO TAKE ! P>T = ! :OLE4 ,! CO/ ( EQUIPM5T DEPRECIATION IS NO?+ BUT ! LABOR ( WORK]S :O MANUFACTURE IT OR REPAIR IT 7MA*9I/S74 ,H5CE1 ONE CANNOT CALCULATE1 = EXAMPLE1 A MA*9E'S 0OPTIMAL RUNN+ SPE$0 -- :I* BALANCES ! LABOR CO/ ( ! WORK] UTILIZ+ IT AGA9/ ! CO/ ( 0DEPRECIATION ON EQUIPM5T0 -- UNLESS ! ACTUAL EFFICI5CY ( !SE MA*9I/S ALSO IS TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 

,WE WILL RETURN LAT] TO ?IS QUE/ION1 :I* IS DECISIVE = ! 0RATIONALITY0 ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,IT SUFFICES TO PO9T \T H]E TWO ?+S4 ,FIR/1 ! 9ABILITY TO CONSID] ! 5TIRE PRODUCTION PROCESS BEYOND ! ACCID5TAL B\ND>IES ( ! P>TICUL> 5T]PRISE DE/ROYS AT ITS BASE ALL PRET5SION TO 0RATIONALITY0 ON ! P>T ( ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION2 ONE IS OBLIG$ TO CONSID] AS IRR$UCIBLE GIV5S :AT >E 9 REALITY A P>T ( ! PROBLEM TO BE RESOLV$4 ,SECOND1 EV5 ON ! SCALE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE1 ! CAPITALI/ MANAGEM5T 9EVITABLY REMA9S1 AS WILL BE SE51 AT LEA/ P>TIALLY 9 ! D>K AB\T ! REAL \TPUT & EFFICI5CY ( DIFF]5T TYPES ( LABOR4 ,?IS /ATE ( IGNORANCE !RE=E ALSO MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = ?IS TYPE ( MANAGEM5T TO PLAN PRODUCTION 9 A RATIONAL MANN]4 

,TAYLORISM & ALL ! ME?ODS ( 0SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T0 ?AT FL[ FROM IT CLAIM EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY TO FURNI% SU* AN 0OBJECTIVE0 BASIS4 ,PO/ULAT+ ?AT !RE IS ONLY 0ONE BE/ WAY0 TO ACCOMPLI% EA* OP]ATION1 !Y TRY TO E/ABLI% ?IS 0ONE BE/ WAY0.<#f.> & TO MAKE IT ! CRIT]ION = H[ MU* \TPUT ! WORK] %\LD FURNI%4 ,?IS 0ONE BE/ WAY0 IS TO BE DISCOV]$ BY BREAK+ D[N EA* OP]ATION 9TO A S]IES ( MOVEM5TS1 ! DURATION ( :I* IS TO BE MEASUR$1 & BY *OOS+1 AMONG ! V>I\S TYPES ( MOVEM5TS C>RI$ \T BY V>I\S WORK]S1 ! MO/ 0ECONOMIC0 ONES4 ,BY ADD+ TOGE!R !SE 0ELEM5T>Y TIMES10.<#f#a.> ONE IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ABLE TO DET]M9E ! NORMAL AM\NT ( TIME REQUIR$ = ! TOTAL OP]ATION4 ,= EA* TYPE ( OP]ATION1 WE !N W\LD BE ABLE TO TELL ! ACTUAL AM\NT ( LABOR AN H\R ( CLOCK TIME CONTA9S & !REBY OV]COME ! CONFLICT OV] \TPUT4 ,IDEALLY1 ?IS ME?OD \<T TO ALL[ US EV5 TO ELIM9ATE SUP]VISORS1 9S(> AS ! LATT] >E US$ TO MAKE SURE ?AT ! WORK]S FURNI% ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( LABOR POSSIBLE3 ,PAID ACCORD+ TO ! RATIO BETWE5 !IR \TPUT & ! NORM1 WORK]S W\LD SUP]VISE !MSELVES4 ,ONE P>T ( ! CONFLICTS OV] WAGES F9ALLY C\LD BE ELIM9AT$1 S9CE ! ACTUAL WAGE W\LD DEP5D H5CE=? ON ! WORK] HIMSELF4 

,9 FACT1 ?IS ME?OD RUNS AGR\ND4 ,TAYLORISM & ! 0SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T0 MOVEM5T HAVE RESOLV$ C]TA9 PROBLEMS2.<#f#b.> !Y HAVE CREAT$ MANY O!RS & ON ! :OLE !Y HAVE NOT P]MITT$ CAPITALISM TO GET BEYOND ITS DAILY CRISIS 9 ! >EA ( PRODUCTION4 ,BECAUSE ( ! BANKRUPTCY ( 0SCI5TIFIC0 RATIONALIZATION1 CAPITALISM IS CON/ANTLY OBLIG$ TO RETURN TO ! EMPIRICISM ( CO]CION PURE & SIMPLE1 & !REBY TO AGGRAVATE ! CONFLICT 9H]5T 9 ITS MODE ( PRODUCTION1 TO HEI<T5 ITS AN>*Y1 & TO MULTIPLY ITS WA/EFULNESS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL !RE IS AN 9SURM\NTABLE GAP BETWE5 ! PO/ULATES ( ! !ORETICAL CONCEPTION & ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! REAL SITUATION 9 :I* ?IS CONCEPTION TRIES TO ASS]T ITSELF4 ,! 0ONE BE/ WAY0 HAS NO RELATION TO ! CONCRETE REALITY ( PRODUCTION4 ,ITS DEF9ITION PRESUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE ( IDEAL CONDITIONS1 CONDITIONS ?AT >E EXTREMELY F> REMOV$ FROM ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ! WORK] FACES1 SU* AS PROBLEMS RELAT+ TO ! QUALITY ( EQUIPM5T & RAW MAT]IALS1 ! NE$ TO E/ABLI% AN UN9T]RUPT$ FL[ ( SUPPLIES1 ETC4 -- 9 %ORT1 IT PRESUPPOSES ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( ALL ! 0ACCID5TS0 ?AT (T5 9T]RUPT ! C\RSE ( PRODUCTION OR GIVE RISE TO UN=ESE5 PROBLEMS4.<#f#c.> 

,BUT 9 P>TICUL>1 !RE >E FLAWS IMMAN5T 9 ! !ORETICAL CONCEPTION ITSELF4 ,FROM ! PHYSIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 WORK IS AN EXP5DITURE ( EF=T MULTIPLI$ BY A DURATION ( TIME4 ,?IS DURATION IS MEASURABLE1 BUT ! EXP5DITURE ( EF=T IS NOT 7IT 9VOLVES A MUSCUL> COMPON5T A COMPON5T ( ATT5TIV5ESS1 AN 9TELLECTUAL COMPON5T1 ETC474 0,TIME /UDIES0 CAN TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ONLY ! DURATION ( TIME4 ,AS = ! RE/1 !Y CONF9E !MSELVES TO 0! SUBJECTIVE JUDGM5TS OR 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! 5G9E] RESPONSIBLE = ! MEASUREM5T ( ! PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS & ?IS DEPRIVES ! RESULTS ( ANY SCI5TIFIC VALUE40.<#f#d.> ,BUT WORK IS NOT ONLY A PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION2 IT IS A TOTAL ACTIVITY ( ! P]SON :O ACCOMPLI%ES IT4 ,! IDEA ?AT !RE IS 0ONE BE/ WAY0 = EA* OP]ATION IGNORES ! BASIC FACT ?AT EA* WORK+ 9DIVIDUAL CAN HAVE & DOES HAVE HIS MANN] ( ADAPT+ HIMSELF TO ! JOB & ( ADAPT+ IT TO HIMSELF4 ,:AT APPE>S TO ! SCI5TIFIC MANAG] AS AN ABSURD1 TIME-WA/+ MOVEM5T HAS ITS [N LOGIC 9 ! P]SONAL PSY*OSOMATIC MAKEUP ( ! WORK] 9 QUE/ION :I* LEADS HIM TO FOLL[ HIS [N 0BE/ WAY0 TO COMPLETE A GIV5 OP]ATION4 

,! WORK] T5DS TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS HIS WORK POSES = HIM 9 A MANN] ?AT CORRESPONDS TO HIS OV]ALL WAY ( BE+4 ,HIS GE/URES >E NOT LIKE A SET ( TOY BLOCKS :]E ONE C\LD PULL \T ONE CUBE & REPLACE IT ) A 0BETT]0 ONE :ILE LEAV+ EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 PLACE4 ,A GE/URE ?AT IS APP>5TLY 0MORE RATIONAL0 & 0MORE ECONOMICAL0 CAN BE MU* MORE DIFFICULT = SOME P>TICUL> WORK] ?AN ! WAY ( DO+ ?+S ?AT HE HAS 9V5T$ = HIMSELF & ?AT !REBY EXPRESSES HIS ORGANIC ADAPTATION TO ?IS H&S-ON /RUGGLE ) MA*9]Y & MAT]IALS ?AT CON/ITUTES ! WORK PROCESS4 ,SU* A GE/URE IS C>RI$ \T MORE RAPIDLY BECAUSE ANO!R ONE IS C>RI$ \T MORE SL[LY2 M]ELY ADD+ TOGE!R ! M9IMUM AM\NTS ( TIME US$ BY DIFF]5T WORK]S IS A GL>+ ABSURDITY1 BUT APPLY+ A /&>D 0NORMAL P]=MANCE RATE0 TO ALL ! SUCCESSIVE PHASES ( AN OP]ATION C>RI$ \T BY ! SAME WORK] IS AN EV5 GREAT] ONE4 ,! WORK]'S 5TIRE SET ( GE/URES IS NOT A G>M5T ?AT MI<T BE REPLAC$ ) ANO!R4 ,A HUMAN BE+ CANNOT SP5D TWO-?IRDS ( HIS WAK+ LIFE C>RY+ \T MOVEM5TS ?AT >E =EIGN TO HIM & ?AT CORRESPOND TO NO?+ )9 HIM4 ,TACK+ 0RATIONAL0 GE/URES ONTO ! WORK] 9 ?IS WAY IS NOT SIMPLY 9HUMAN' 9 ACTUALITY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 IT NEV] CAN BE FULLY REALIZ$4 ,9DE$1 EV5 = ! GE/URES ?AT WORK]S MAKE UP !MSELVES1 & EV5 = EA* WORK] TAK5 9DIVIDUALLY1 !RE IS NO 0ONE BE/ WAY02 EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT ! SAME WORK] ALT]NATIVELY USES SEV]AL ME?ODS ( C>RY+ \T ! SAME JOB1 IF ONLY TO RELIEVE ! MONOTONY ( HIS WORK4 .<#f#e.> 

,CRITIQUE ( ! ,!ORETICAL ,CRITIQUE 

,! IDEA ?AT LABOR IS ONLY A SUCCESSION ( ELEM5T>Y MOVEM5TS ( A MEASURABLE DURATION1 ?AT ?IS DURATION ( TIME IS !IR SOLE SIGNIFICANT FEATURE1 MAKES S5SE ONLY IF WE ACCEPT ! FOLL[+ PO/ULATE3 ,! WORK] 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY %\LD BE COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ 9TO AN APP5DAGE ( ! MA*9]Y4 ,AS ) A MA*9E1 ONE DET]M9ES ! MOVEM5TS ?AT >E 0RATIONAL0 & ?OSE ?AT >E NOT2 ONE RETA9S ! =M] & ELIM9ATES ! LATT]4 ,AS ) A MA*9E1 ! TOTAL TIME TO COMPLETE AN OP]ATION IS M]ELY ! SUM ( ! 0ELEM5T>Y TIMES0 ( ! MOVEM5TS 9TO :I* ONE CAN1 ME*ANICALLY1 RESOLVE ?IS OP]ATION4 ,LIKE ! MA*9E1 ! WORK] DOES NOT HAVE & %\LD NOT HAVE ANY P]SONAL TRAITS2 MORE PRECISELY1 AS ) ! MA*9E1 ! WORK]'S 0P]SONAL TRAITS0 >E CONSID]$ & TREAT$ AS IRRATIONAL ACCID5TS TO BE ELIM9AT$4.<#f#f.> 

,! !ORETICAL CRITIQUE ( ,TAYLORISM1 9 P>TICUL> AS IT IS CONDUCT$ BY MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S.<#f#g.> LIES ESS5TIALLY 9 %[+ ?AT ?IS VIEW IS ABSURD1 ?AT MAN IS NOT A MA*9E1 ?AT ,TAYLOR WAS ME*ANI/IC1 ETC4 ,BUT ?IS IS ONLY A HALF TRU?4 ,! :OLE TRU? IS ?AT ! REALITY ( MOD]N PRODUCTION1 :]E HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS SP5D !IR LIVES 9 5T]PRISES DISP]S$ ALL OV] ! WORLD1 IS PRECISELY ?IS V]Y 0ABSURDITY40 ,TAYLOR1 FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 DID NOT 9V5T ANY?+ AT ALL2 HE M]ELY SY/EMIZ$ & BR\<T TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION :AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! LOGIC ( CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! CAPITALI/ LOGIC ( ORGANIZATION4 ,:AT IS A/ONI%+ IS NOT4 ?AT ME*ANI/IC0 & ABSURD IDEAS W]E ABLE TO G]M9ATE 9 ! HEADS ( ! ,IDEOLOGUES & ORGANIZATIONAL MANAG]S ( 9DU/RY4 ,!SE IDEAS M]ELY GIVE EXPRESSION TO ! PECULI> REALITY ( CAPITALISM4 ,! A/ONI%+ ?+ IS ?AT ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION1 CAPITALISM ALMO/ HAS SUCCE$$ 9 TRANS=M+ MAN 9TO AN APP5DAGE ( ! MA*9]Y1 ?AT ! REALITY ( MOD]N PRODUCTION IS ONLY ?IS V]Y 5DEAVOR R5EW$ EA* DAY1 EA* 9/ANT4 ,?IS 5DEAVOR FAILS ONLY TO ! EXACT EXT5T ?AT 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION PEOPLE REFUSE TO BE TREAT$ AS MA*9ES4 ,EV]Y CRITIQUE ( ! 9HUMAN *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ?AT DOES NOT TAKE AS ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE ! PRACTICAL CRITIQUE ( ?IS 9HUMANITY ?AT ! WORK]S !MSELVES BR+ TO BE> 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION ?R\< !IR DAILY /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ ME?ODS ULTIMATELY IS M]ELY LIT]>Y MORALIZ+4 

,! ,WORK]S' ,PRACTICAL ,CRITIQUE 

,! ROOT ( ! FAILURE ( 0SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T'2 ME?ODS IS ! BITT] OPPOSITION ?AT ! WORK]S HAVE %[N FROM ! V]Y \TSET4 ,& ( C\RSE1 ! FIR/ MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS RESI/ANCE IS ! P]MAN5T /RUGGLE ?AT SETS WORK]S AGA9/ ! TIME-/UDY M54 ,IT IS ON ! T]RA9 ( ?IS /RUGGLE ?AT 9 EV]Y FACTORY ! WORK]S IMM$IATELY REALIZE A SPONTANE\S ASSOCIATION4 ,= OBVI\S REASONS1 ! ACTIONS ?AT >E ! EXPRESSION ( ?IS SPONTANE\S ASSOCIATION >E LITTLE KN[N1 BUT !IR IMPORT & UNIV]SALITY BECOME CLE> ONCE WE LI/5 TO AN AU?OR :O IS FAMILI> ) :AT GOES ON 9SIDE A FACTORY4.<#f#h.> 

,! FIR/ \TCOME ( ?IS RESI/ANCE OBVI\SLY IS ?AT ALL SEMBLANCE ( 0OBJECTIVE0 JU/IFICATION = SU* 0ELEM5T>Y TIMES0 IS DE/ROY$4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 WORK]S & MANAGEM5T IS TRANSPOS$ ONTO ! PLANE ( DET]M9+ !SE TIME P]IODS4 ,?IS PROCESS ( DET]M9ATION PRESUPPOSES A C]TA9 DEGREE ( COLLABORATION ON ! WORK]S' P>T4 ,! LATT] REFUSE TO DO SO4 ,MANAGEM5T MI<T HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DISP5SE ) ?IS COLLABORATION IF ITS TE*NIQUES W]E UN*ANG+2 9 ?AT CASE1 LITTLE BY LITTLE IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SET D[N = GOOD NORMS REPRES5T+ ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( \TPUT ?AT CAN BE EXTORT$ FROM ! WORK] UND] A GIV5 SET ( CONDITIONS4 ,!SE TE*NIQUES1 H[EV]1 >E CON/ANTLY *ANG+2 NORMS HAVE TO BE RESET1 & CONFLICT BEG9S ANEW4 

,SPEAK+ ( AN 5T]PRISE 9 :I* !RE IS A ME?ODS DEP>TM5T ?AT BR+S UP TO DATE0 ! TIMES ALLOTT$ TO WORK]S1 A RI<T-?9K+ AU?OR WRITES3 

,SURVEYS >E CON/ANTLY BE+ BR\<T UP TO DATE TO TAKE ACC\NT (3 

RAPID TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T3 IMPROVEM5TS 9 PROCESSES & 9 ! MA*9]Y MANUFACTUR$4 

! L>GE NUMB] ( OP]ATIONS4 

,! ALLOTT$ TIME IS FREQU5TLY REVIS$ & %\LD NORMALLY BE AGRE$ UPON BY ! WORK]S4 ,EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! CASE & ?AT !SE REVISIONS >E ! CAUSE ( FREQU5T DISPUTES CAPABLE ( LEAD+ TO LOCAL /RIKE ACTION4.<#f#i.> 

,AS ! NORMS CANNOT BE PUT 9TO EFFECT OR EV5 E/ABLI%$ )\T AT LEA/ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( GRUDG+ ACCEPTANCE ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S1 & AS ! LATT] DO NOT COOP]ATE1 ! EXPLOIT]S' FIR/ C\NT] RESPONSE IS TO E/ABLI% !M ) ! COLLABORATION ( A M9ORITY ?AT !Y BUY (F4 ,H]E IS ! ULTIMATE MEAN+ ( ,/AKHANOVISM3 ,IT IS TO E/ABLI% MON/R\SLY EXAGG]AT$ NORMS BAS$ ON ! \TPUT ( C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS :O >E GIV5 A PRIVILEG$ POSITION & :O >E PLAC$ UND] CONDITIONS ?AT BE> NO RELATION TO ! CURR5T CONDITIONS ( ! ACTUAL PRODUCTION PROCESS4.<#g.> ,A TW(OLD RESULT ?US IS AIM$ AT3 7#a7 TO CREATE )9 ! PROLET>IAT A PRIVILEG$ /RATUM ?AT IS A DIRECT SUPPORT = ! EXPLOIT]S & ?AT IS HELPFUL 9 DISSOLV+ WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY PRECISELY ON ! T]RA9 ( !IR RESI/ANCE TO 9CREASES 9 \TPUT2 & 7#b7 TO UTILIZE ! NORMS ?US E/ABLI%$1 IF NOT AS SU*1 AT LEA/ 9 ORD] TO %ORT5 ! TIMES ALLOTT$ = ! MASS ( PRODUCTION WORK]S4 ,BUT ,/AKHANOVISM IS NOT ! 9V5TION ( ,/AL92 ITS TRUE FA!R IS ,TAYLOR4 ,9 HIS FIR/ 0EXP]IM5T10 AT ,BE?LEHEM ,/EEL ,COMPANY1 AFT] A 0SCI5TIFIC0 MOTION /UDY WAS CONDUCT$1 ,TAYLOR SET A NORM F\R TIMES HI<] ?AN ! AV]AGE \TPUT !RET(ORE A*IEV$1 & HE 0PROV$0 ?REE YE>S LAT] ) A SPECIALLY *OS5 ,DUT* WORK] ?AT ?IS NORM 0C\LD HAVE BE5 REALIZ$40 ,NEV]!LESS1 :5 ONE TRI$ TO EXT5D ?IS SY/EM TO SEV5TY-FIVE O!R WORK]S ON ! GANG AFT] HAV+ TAU<T !M ! 0RATIONAL0 ME?OD ( WORK+1 IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT ONLY ONE WORK] 9 EI<T C\LD KEEP UP ) ! NORM4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! PROBLEM WAS POS$ ANEW1 = NORMS E/ABLI%$ BAS$ UPON ! \TPUT ( A FEW 0RATE-BU/]S0 OR A FEW ,/AKHANOVITES CANNOT BE EXT5D$ TO ! RE/ ( ! WORK]S4 ,! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY'S ULTIMATE AB&ONM5T ( ,/AKHANOVISM IS ! GL>+ ADMISSION ( ! BANKRUPTCY ( ?IS ME?OD4 

,9 FACT1 MANAGEM5T'S REAL C\NT] RESPONSE -- :I* AT ! SAME TIME WIPES \T ALL ( ,TAYLORISM'S SCI5TIFIC PRET5SIONS & CLOSES ! DISCUSSION FROM ?IS /&PO9T -- IS ?AT IT ITSELF SABOTAGES EV]Y 0RATIONAL0 EMPLOYM5T ( SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T ME?ODS & REV]TS TO >BITR>ILY IMPOS+ NORMS1 BACK$ UP ) CO]CION4 ,EA* YE>1 HUNDR$S & ?\S&S ( BOOKS & >TICLES APPE> ON ! TOPIC ( 0SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T10 0TIME /UDIES10 ETC42 HUNDR$S & ?\S&S ( 9DIVIDUALS >E 0TRA9$0 TO APPLY !SE ME?ODS4 ,SIMPLIFY+ ! ISSUE BUT REMA9+ FAI?FUL TO ! ESS5CE ( ! ACTUAL SITUATION1 WE CAN /ATE ?AT ALL ?IS IS AN 5ORM\S MASQU]ADE ?AT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! SETT+ ( NORMS AS IT IS PRACTIC$ 9 A REAL 9DU/RIAL SETT+4 ,! OBJECTIVE BASIS = E/ABLI%+ !SE NORMS ESS5TIALLY COMES FROM FRAUD1 SPY+1 & ASSORT$ TYPES ( PRESSURE4 

,WORK]S :O ?9K ( ! TIME-/UDY M5 AS POLICEM5 REF] NOT ONLY TO ! CONT5T BUT TO ! ME?ODS ( !IR 0WORK0 AS WELL4 ,9 ! ,R5AULT FACTORIES1 ! SETT+ ( NORMS (T5 OCCURS 9 ! FOLL[+ FA%ION3 ,UNKN[N TO ! WORK]S1 A NEW TIME-/UDY MAN IS S5T TO WALK >\ND ! %OPS & TO NOTE :ILE PASS+ BY UNNOTIC$ ! AM\NTS ( TIME REQUIR$ = V>I\S OP]ATIONS 7ONE CAN EASILY IMAG9E ! TRUE VALUE ( ! 0TIMES0 NOT$ 9 ?IS WAY74 ,) ! AID ( !SE 0TIMES10 ! TIME-/UDY MAN MIXES UP A CONCOCTION -- ! NEW 0NORM0 -- :I* HE !N WILL HAGGLE OV] ) ! SUP]VISOR ( ! %OP 9 QUE/ION4 ,! F9AL NORM IS ! \TCOME ( ?IS PROCESS ( HAGGL+4 ,ONE OR TWO WEEKS LAT]1 A RITUAL P]=MANCE IS 5ACT$ 9 ! %OP3 ,! TIME-/UDY MAN COMES TO TIME ! WORK]S1 />TS HIS /OPWAT*1 BU/LES AB\T1 PRON\NCES SOME CABALI/IC WORDS1 & !N DISAPPE>S4 ,F9ALLY1 ! RESULT IS PROCLAIM$ -- :I* HAD BE5 DECID$ UPON 9 ADVANCE4.<#g#a.> 

,9 ANO!R FACTORY1 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#e#d1 ! ,ME?ODS ,DEP>TM5T TIM$ ALL ! OP]ATIONS C>RI$ \T 9 ! ASSEMBLY %OP2 ! TIME-/UDY 5G9E]1 QUE/ION$ BY ! HEAD ( ! WORK%OP & A DELEGATE1 /AT$ ?AT HE WAS C>RY+ \T A REVISION ( ! OP]AT+ ME?ODS %[N ON ! *>T4444 ,ON ,DECEMB] #b#i1 #a#i#e#d1 NEW TIMES1 REPRES5T+ AN AV]AGE R$UCTION ( AB\T #b.0 9 ALLOTT$ TIME1 W]E NOTIFI$ TO ! %OP DELEGATES4444 ,! WORK]S CONC]N$ /OPP$ WORK2 ! >GUM5TS PUT =W>D BY !IR DELEGATES W]E AS FOLL[S3 

#a4 ,! DELEGATES & ! WORK]S HAD BE5 MIS9=M$ AB\T ! PURPOSE ( ! TIME-/UDY OP]ATIONS4444.<#g#b.> 

,IF MANAGEM5T'S AG5TS >E =C$ TO HIDE LIKE ?IEVES 9 MANAGEM5T'S [N %OPS1 WE CAN DEF9ITELY SAY ?AT ALL DISCUSSION AB\T 0RATIONALIZ+0 EFFICI5CY & NORMS IS NO?+ BUT MY/IFICATORY DRIVEL4 ,9 FACT1 9 SU* A SITUATION1 NORMS EXPRESS M]ELY MANAGEM5T'S ,DIKTAT -- ! 5=CEM5T ( :I* DEP5DS ON ! WORK]S' CAPACITY = RESI/ANCE4 

,ALMO/ NO?+ IS *ANG$ 9 ?IS SITUATION :5 ! TRADE UNIONS 9T]V5E4 ,9 !ORY1 ! TRADE UNIONS' L9E IS ?AT !Y >E 0OPPOS$ TO ALL MODIFICATIONS ( ! NORMS & SPE$ ( PRODUCTION1 UNLESS !SE MODIFICATIONS >E JU/IFI$ BY IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! EQUIPM5T OR *ANGES 9 ! MANUFACTUR+ PROCESSES40 ,9 REALITY1 MANAGEM5T CON/ANTLY MODIFIES ITS EQUIPM5T & ITS MANUFACTUR+ PROCESSES PRECISELY 9 ORD] TO ACCEL]ATE ! WORK PACE4 ,H5CE WE SEE ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS 5D UP BE+ OPPOS$ TO MODIFICATIONS ( NORMS 9 ALL CASES 444 EXCEPT1 IT TURNS \T1 :5 IT IS REALLY IMPORTANT4 ,H[ 9DE$ CAN IT BE JUDG$ :E!R OR NOT SOME P>TICUL> EQUIPM5T *ANGE OR ALT]ATION ( ! MANUFACTUR+ PROCESS 0JU/IFIES0 A *ANGE 9 ! NORMS8 ,MANAGEM5T CON/ANTLY RELIES UPON ?IS 9ABILITY TO MAKE A JUDGM5T 9 ORD] TO CUT D[N ON ANY 0SLACK 9 TIME10 & IT DOES SO UND] ! PRETEXT ( 0TE*NICAL MODIFICATIONS0 ?AT >E 9 FACT FICTIONAL4 ,AN ,AM]ICAN WORK] PUT IT ?IS WAY3 0,!Y'LL TE> A MA*9E TO PIECES TO *ANGE SOME?+ TO CUT A PRICE40.<#g#c.> 

,ONCE ! NORM IS SET1 ONE'S PROBLEMS >E F> FROM BE+ OV]4 ,MANAGEM5T IS ASSUR$ ( ! QUANTITY ( ! WORK]S' \TPUT BUT NOT ITS QUALITY4 ,EXCEPT = ! SIMPLE/ ( JOBS1 ?IS IS A DECISIVE QUE/ION4 ,RU%$ BY NORMS ?AT >E DIFFICULT TO ADH]E TO1 ! WORK] NATURALLY WILL HAVE A T5D5CY TO MAKE UP = IT ON ! QUALITY ( HIS WORK4 ,QUALITY CONTROL OV] MANUFACTUR$ P>TS BECOMES A NEW S\RCE ( CONFLICTS4.<#g#d.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 PRODUCTS CANNOT BE MANUFACTUR$ )\T GREAT] OR LESS] DEPRECIATION ON ! EQUIPM5T -- & G5]ALLY1 IT IS EASI] TO 9CREASE \TPUT BY DEPRECIAT+ ONE'S EQUIPM5T TO AN ABNORMALLY HI< DEGREE4 ,MANAGEM5T'S ONLY RESPONSE LIES 9 SETT+ UP ADDITIONAL SUP]VISORY CONTROLS -- :5CE !RE >ISE ADDITIONAL CONFLICTS4.<#g#e.> 

,9DE$1 ! PROBLEM ( EFFECTIVE \TPUT REMA9S COMPLETELY OP54 ,WE WILL SEE H[ WORK]S SUCCE$ 9 EMPTY+ A SET ( NORMS ( ITS CONT5T & EV5 9 TURN+ IT AGA9/ MANAGEM5T4 

,! ,COLLECTIVE ,REALITY ( ,PRODUCTION & ! ,9DIVIDUALIZ$ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,CAPITALI/ ,5T]PRISE 

,9 AN AB/RACT =M1 ! CONTRADICTION ( CAPITALISM APPE>S AT ! \TSET 9 PRODUCTION'S MOLECUL> ELEM5T3 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]'S WORK H\R4 ,! CONT5T ( ! WORK H\R HAS DIRECTLY OPPOSITE MEAN+S = CAPITAL & = ! WORK]4 ,= ! =M]1 ITS MEAN+ IS ?AT ( MAXIMUM \TPUT2 = ! LATT]1 IT IS ! \TPUT CORRESPOND+ TO ! AM\NT ( EF=T HE ?9KS IS FAIR4 

,BUT 9 MOD]N PRODUCTION ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] IS AN AB/RACTION4 ,TO A DEGREE :I* WAS UNKN[N UND] O!R HI/ORICAL =MS ( PRODUCTION1 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS A COLLECTIVE =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,NOT ONLY 9 SOCIETY1 BUT 9 ! FACTORY & 9 EA* %OP1 ! JOBS P]=M$ BY ONE P]SON >E DEP5D5T UPON ! JOBS P]=M$ BY EV]YONE ELSE4 ,?IS DEP5D5CE TAKES ON MORE & MORE DIRECT =MS AS ITS SCOPE CONT9UALLY WID5S & AS IT COMES TO COV] ALL ASPECTS ( ! OP]ATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,NO LONG] IS IT M]ELY ! CASE ?AT A WORK] CANNOT C>RY \T SOME OP]ATION ON SOME COMPON5TS IF UNF9I%$ COMPON5TS >E NOT PROVID$ AT ! REQUIR$ SPE$2 ! WORK] MU/ ALSO BE PROVID$ ) TOOLS1 P[]1 0S]VICES0 7TOOL SETUPS1 /OCK MANAGEM5T1 ETC474 ,FUR!RMORE1 EV]Y ASPECT ( AN OP]ATION IS DIRECTLY 9T]DEP5D5T ) EV]Y ASPECT ( ALL ! OP]ATIONS PREC$+ IT AS WELL AS ) ?OSE ?AT WILL FOLL[4 ,9DE$1 ON A PRODUCTION L9E &1 /ILL MORE1 ON AN ASSEMBLY L9E1 9DIVIDUAL RHY?MS & GE/URES >E ONLY ! MAT]IALIZATION ( A TOTAL RHY?M ?AT PREEXI/S !M1 CONTROLS !M1 & GIVES !M A MEAN+4 ,! TRUE SUBJECT ( MOD]N PRODUCTION IS NOT ! 9DIVIDUAL2 IT IS1 TO V>I\S DEGREES1 A COLLECTIVITY ( WORK]S4 

,N[1 CAPITALISM SIMULTANE\SLY DEVELOPS ?IS COLLECTIVE REALITY ( MOD]N PRODUCTION TO ! EXTREME &1 9 ITS MODE ( ORGANIZATION1 FI]CELY REPUDIATES IT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT ABSORBS 9DIVIDUALS 9TO EV]-L>G] 5T]PRISES1 ASSIGN+ !M JOBS :OSE 9T]DEP5D5CE 9CREASES EV]Y DAY1 CAPITALISM CLAIMS TO BE ,CONC]N$ ONLY )1 & WANTS TO BE CONC]N$ ONLY )1 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]4 ,?IS IS NOT JU/ SOME CONTRADICTION ON ! LEVEL ( IDEAS -- AL?\< ?AT TOO EXI/S & MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A ?\S& WAYS4 ,IT IS A REAL CONTRADICTION4 ,CAPITALISM IS P]PETUALLY TRY+ TO RETRANS=M ! PRODUC]S 9TO A CL\D ( 9DIVIDUAL DU/ P>TICLES LACK+ ANY ORGANIC TIE AMONG !MSELVES1 YET MANAGEM5T CLU/]S ?IS CL\D ( DU/ TOGE!R AT CONV5I5T SPOTS ON ! ME*ANICAL ,MOLO*1 ACCORD+ TO ! 0LOGIC0 ( ?IS TOTAL MA*9E4 ,CAPITALI/ 0RATIONALIZATION0 BEG9S BY BE+1 & REMA9S TO ! 5D1 A METICUL\S REGULATION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] & ! MA*9E OR ! SEGM5T ( ! TOTAL MA*9E ON :I* HE WORKS4 ,?IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS 9 KEEP+ ) ! V]Y ESS5CE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,WORK IS R$UC$ H]E TO A S]IES ( MEAN+LESS GE/URES GO+ ON AT A FRANTIC PACE1 DUR+ ! C\RSE ( :I* ! WORK]'S EXPLOITATION & ALI5ATION UNREMITT+LY T5D TO 9CREASE4 ,= ! WORK]S1 ?IS WORK IS A K9D ( =C$ LABOR TO :I* !Y PUT UP BO? 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE RESI/ANCE4 ,AS A C\NT] RESPONSE TO ?IS RESI/ANCE1 CAPITALISM HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL ONLY ECONOMIC & ME*ANICAL =MS ( CO]CION4 ,PAYM5T 9 T]MS ( A*IEV$ \TPUT IS SUPPOS$ TO FURNI% ! WORK] ) MOTIVATIONS CAPABLE ( MAK+ HIM ACCEPT ?IS 9HUMAN SITUATION4 ,BUT ?IS PAYM5T HAS MEAN+ ONLY 9 RELATION TO ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]1 :OSE GE/URES HAVE BE5 TAK5 AP>T & TIM$1 :OSE WORK HAS BE5 DEF9$1 MEASUR$1 MONITOR$1 ETC4 

,?US1 ?IS ME?OD COMES 9TO VIOL5T CONFLICT ) ! REALITY ( COLLECTIVIZ$ & SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION4 ,DISSOLV+ ! ORGANIC TIES BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & HIS GR\P & TRANS=M+ ! PRODUC]S 9TO AN ANONYM\S MASS ( PROLET>IANS1 CAPITALISM IS DE/ROY+ ! SOCIAL GR\PS ?AT PREC$$ IT1 ! CORPORATION OR ! VILLAGE4 ,GR\P$ 9TO 5T]PRISES1 !SE PROLET>IANS CANNOT LIVE & COEXI/ )\T RESOCIALIZ+ !MSELVES1 AT A DIFF]5T LEVEL2 !Y >E RESOCIALIZ$ UND] ! NEW CONDITIONS CREAT$ BY ! SITUATION 9 :I* !Y >E PLAC$ )9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD & :I*1 BY BECOM+ RESOCIALIZ$1 !Y TRANS=M4 ,9 ! FACTORY1 CAPITALISM IS CON/ANTLY TRY+ TO R$UCE !M TO ME*ANICAL & ECONOMIC MOLECULES1 TO ISOLATE !M1 TO MAKE !M GRAVITATE >\ND ! TOTAL MA*9E UND] ! HYPO!SIS ?AT !Y OBEY ONLY ! DICTATES ( ECONOMIC MOTIVATION1 ?IS ,NEWTONIAN LAW ( ! CAPITALI/ UNIV]SE4 ,& EA* TIME1 !SE ATTEMPTS >E %ATT]$ :5 CONFRONT$ ) ! P]PETUALLY R5EW$ PROCESS ?R\< :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E SOCIALIZ$ 9 ! WORLD ( PRODUCTION -- A PROCESS UPON :I* CAPITALISM ITSELF IS CON/ANTLY OBLIG$ TO RELY4 

,! SPONTANE\S CON/ITUTION ( ELEM5T>Y COLLECTIVE UNITS )9 ! FRAMEWORK IMPOS$ BY CAPITALISM IS ! FIR/ ASPECT ?IS PROCESS ( SOCIALIZ+ ! WORK]S TAKES ON4 ,!SE ELEM5T>Y GR\PS.<#g#f.> CON/ITUTE A FIRM'S BASIC SOCIAL UNITS4 ,CAPITALISM CLU/]S 9DIVIDUALS TOGE!R )9 A TEAM OR A %OP1 PRET5D+ TO KEEP !M ISOLAT$ FROM EA* O!R & L9K+ !M SOLELY ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( PRODUCTION PROCESSES4 ,9 FACT1 AS SOON AS WORK]S >E BR\<T TOGE!R TO DO A JOB1 SOCIAL RELATIONS >E E/ABLI%$ AMONG !M1 A COLLECTIVE ATTITUDE T[>D ! JOB1 SUP]VISORS1 MANAGEM5T1 & O!R WORK]S DEVELOPS4 ,! FIR/ FACET ( ?IS SOCIALIZATION PROCESS ON ! LEVEL ( ! ELEM5T>Y GR\P IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! FACT ?AT ! WORK]S :O MAKE IT UP SPONTANE\SLY L5D TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 TO COOP]ATE ) EA* O!R1 & TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY ! WORK !Y HAVE 9 COMMON & ) !IR RELATION%IPS TO ! RE/ ( ! FACTORY & TO MANAGEM5T4 ,JU/ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 :5 CONFRONT$ ) A JOB1 ORGANIZES HIMSELF -- HALF-CONSCI\SLY1 HALF-UNCONSCI\SLY -- 9 ORD] TO C>RY IT \T1 SO1 ON A DIFF]5T LEVEL1 A NUMB] ( WORK]S1 :5 CONFRONT$ ) A JOB1 WILL T5D TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES -- HALF-CONSCI\SLY1 HALF-UNCONSCI\SLY -- 9 ORD] TO C>RY IT ?R\<1 TO GIVE SOME ORD] TO ! RELATIONS AMONG ! 9DIVIDUAL JOBS ( ITS MEMB]S1 & TO MAKE IT 9TO A :OLE CORRESPOND+ TO ! GOAL 9 QUE/ION4 ,IT IS TO ?IS TYPE ( ORGANIZATION ?AT ELEM5T>Y GR\PS CORRESPOND4 ,ELEM5T>Y GR\PS ( WORK]S 9CLUDE A V>Y+1 BUT G5]ALLY SMALL1 NUMB] ( P]SONS4 ,!SE GR\PS >E BAS$ ON ! DIRECT & P]MAN5T CONTACTS E/ABLI%$ AMONG !IR MEMB]S & ON ! 9T]DEP5D5T *>ACT] ( ! JOBS !SE PEOPLE P]=M4 ,WORK]S 9 A WORK%OP MAY =M ONE OR MANY ELEM5T>Y GR\PS1 DEP5D+ UPON ! SIZE ( ! %OP1 ! NATURE & DEGREE ( UNITY ( ! JOBS !Y C>RY \T1 BUT ALSO AS A FUNCTION ( O!R FACTORS RELAT$ TO P]SONAL1 IDEOLOGICAL1 & O!R K9DS ( ATTRACTION & REPULSION4 ,(T51 BUT NOT NECESS>ILY1 ELEM5T>Y GR\PS CO9CIDE ) ! 0CREWS0 DESIGNAT$ 9 ! (FICIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! %OP4.<#g#g.> ,!Y >E ! LIV+ NUCLEI ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY -- AS ELEM5T>Y GR\PS ( ANO!R TYPE >E ! LIV+ NUCLEI ( ALL SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AT DIFF]5T LEVELS4 ,)9 !M WE F9D ALREADY MANIFE/$ ! WORK]S' SELF-MANAG]IAL ATTITUDE1 !IR T5D5CY TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY !IR WORK & BY !IR RELATIONS ) ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 

,ELEM5T>Y ,GR\PS & ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIOLOGY 

,B\RGEOIS ACADEMIC SOCIOLOGY HAS BR\<T TO LI<T ! FACT ?AT 9 REALITY MOD]N PRODUCTION RELIES = ! MO/ P>T ON ?IS SPONTANE\S ASSOCIATION ( WORK]S 9TO ELEM5T>Y GR\PS1 OR MORE EXACTLY ON ! SELF-TRANS=MATION ( =TUIT\S ASSEMBLAGES ( 9DIVIDUALS 9TO ORGANIC COLLECTIVITIES4.<#g#h.> ,UND\BT$LY1 MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGY HAS MADE A DECISIVE CONTRIBUTION TO ! RECOGNITION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON1 & CONCURR5TLY1 TO ! CRITIQUE ( ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( HUMAN RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION1 />T+ \T FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW4 ,?IS CONTRIBUTION IS TOTALLY UND]M9$1 H[EV]1 BY ! G5]AL \TLOOK ( ITS AU?ORS JU/ AS ! CRITIQUE ( ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE ?AT FOLL[S !REFROM ONLY RESULTS 9 A ,UTOPIAN & IMPOT5T RE=MISM4 

,! P]SPECTIVE ?R\< :I* 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S MO/ ( ! TIME VIEW ELEM5T>Y GR\PS IS 0PSY*OLOGI/IC40 ,LIKE ALL HUMAN BE+S1 WORK]S T5D TO BECOME SOCIALIZ$1 TO 5T] 9TO RECIPROCAL RELATION%IPS1 TO =M 0B&S40 ,!IR MOTIVATION TO WORK IS CON/ITUT$ />T+ FROM !IR BELONG+ TO A 0B&0 & NOT />T+ FROM ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! 0WORK E?IC0 DEP5DS ON ?IS FEEL+ ( BELONG+1 ON ! TIES ?AT UNITE ! 9DIVIDUAL & HIS GR\P4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL FLAW ( ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION IS ?AT IT IGNORES !SE PH5OM5A4 ,FROM ITS [N PO9T ( VIEW MANAGEM5T IS WRONG TO >BITR>ILY TRANSF] WORK]S1 TO ASSIGN A NEW TRA9EE TO A GIV5 CREW )\T WORRY+ AB\T ! RELATION%IPS ?AT MI<T >ISE BETWE5 HIM & O!RS1 & MORE G5]ALLY1 TO BE UNAW>E ( ! REALITY BELONG+ TO ! ELEM5T>Y GR\P4 ,?IS REGRETTABLE LACK ( AW>5ESS IS TO BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ]RONE\S !ORETICAL CONCEPTIONS 7?OSE ?AT ,MAYO.<#g#i.>7 5CAPSULATES UND] ! NAME ( ! 0RABBLE HYPO!SIS0 & ?AT WE PREF] TO DESIGNATE H5CE=? 9 ?IS TEXT BY ! T]M 0MOLECUL> HYPO!SIS0.<#h.> ?AT HAVE PR$OM9AT$ = SOME TIME N[4 ,! CRITIQUE ( ?IS CONCEPTION \<T TO LEAD PRODUCTION MANAG]S TO *ANGE !IR ATTITUDE T[>D ! PROBLEM ( HUMAN RELATIONS 9 ! 5T]PRISE1 ?US ALL[+ ACTUAL CONFLICTS & WA/EFULNESS TO BE ELIM9AT$4 

,! PAT]NALI/IC & IDEALI/IC *>ACT] ( !SE SOLUTIONS1 !IR ?OR\<LY ,UTOPIAN CONT5T1 & !IR LABORI\S NAIVETE >E OBVI\S4 ,MANAGEM5T'S !ORETICAL CONCEPTIONS DO NOT DET]M9E ! RELATIONS BETWE5 MANAGEM5T & ! WORK]S 9 ! CAPITALI/ FIRM4 ,!SE CONCEPTIONS M]ELY GIVE AB/RACT EXPRESSION TO ! 9ESCAPABLE NECESSITIES MANAGEM5T FACES QUA EXT]NAL MANAGEM5T & QUA EXPLOITATIVE MANAGEM5T4 ,! MOLECUL> HYPO!SIS IS A NECESS>Y PRODUCT ( CAPITALISM & WILL DISAPPE> ONLY :5 IT DOES4 ,FROM ! PRACTICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 :5 FAC$ ) ! AN>*Y ?AT *>ACT]IZES BO? ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE & ITS RELATIONS ) ! M>KET 7OR ) ! 0PLAN071 MANAGEM5T HAS O!R1 MORE PRESS+ MATT]S ?AN TO BE BO!R$ ) ITS EMPLOYES' P]SONAL FEEL+S T[>D EA* O!R4 ,AT ! V]Y MO/1 A NEW BUREAUCRATIC DEP>TM5T RESPONSIBLE = 0HUMAN RELATIONS0 MAY BE CREAT$ )9 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,IF IT TAKES ITS ROLE S]I\SLY1 ?IS DEP>TM5T WILL BE 9 P]MAN5T CONFLICT ) ! EXIG5CIES ( ! 0PRODUCTION0 MANAG]S1 & IT WILL BE R$UC$ !REBY TO A DECORATIVE ROLE2 O!RWISE1 IT WILL PUT ITS 0SOCIOLOGICAL0 & 0PSY*OANALYTICAL0 TE*NIQUES AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! FACTORY'S SY/EM ( CO]CION4.<#h#a.> 

,BUT ! MA9 PO9T LIES ELSE:]E4 ,! WORK]S' SPONTANE\S ASSOCIATION 9 ELEM5T>Y GR\PS DOES NOT EXPRESS ! T5D5CY ( 9DIVIDUALS TO =M GR\PS 9 G5]AL4 ,IT IS SIMULTANE\SLY A REGR\P+ = ! PURPOSES ( PRODUCTION & A REGR\P+ = ! PURPOSES ( /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS BECAUSE !Y HAVE TO RESOLVE AMONG !MSELVES ! PROBLEMS 9VOLV$ 9 ORGANIZ+ !IR WORK 7:OSE V>I\S ASPECTS >E MUTUALLY 9T]RELAT$7 ?AT WORK]S NECESS>ILY =M ELEM5T>Y COLLECTIVITIES NOT M5TION$ ON ! ORGANIZATIONAL *>T ( ANY 5T]PRISE4 ,IT IS BECAUSE !IR SITUATION 9 PRODUCTION CREATES AMONG !M A COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S1 ATTITUDES1 & OBJECTIVES IRREM$IABLY OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( MANAGEM5T ?AT1 AT ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y LEVEL1 WORK]S SPONTANE\SLY ASSOCIATE TOGE!R TO RESI/1 TO DEF5D !MSELVES1 & TO /RUGGLE4 

,TO 9VITE MANAGEM5T TO RECOGNIZE !SE ELEM5T>Y GR\PS MEANS TO 9VITE IT TO COMMIT SUICIDE4.<#h#b.> ,= !SE GR\PS >E CON/ITUT$ FROM ! />T AGA9/ MANAGEM5T1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y /RUGGLE TO MAKE !IR 9T]E/S PREVAIL 9 IRREM$IABLE OPPOSITION TO ITS 9T]E/S1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! V]Y F\NDATION ( !IR EXI/5CE1 !IR PRIM>Y OBJECTIVE1 IS ! MANAGEM5T .<GE/ION.> ( !IR [N ACTIVITY4 ,! GR\P T5DS TO ORGANIZE ! ACTIVITY ( ITS MEMB]S1 TO DEF9E ! NORMS RELAT+ TO H[ MU* !Y %\LD EX]T !MSELVES & H[ !Y %\LD BEHAVE4 ,ALL ?IS SIGNIFIES A RADICAL *ALL5GE TO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( A SEP>ATE MANAGEM5T .<DIRECTION.>4 ,! 9ABILITY ( 0ELEM5T>Y GR\P0 SOCIOLOGI/S TO RECOGNIZE CLE>LY ! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS CON/ITUTES ! MA9 /UMBL+ BLOCK = ?IS TYPE ( SOCIOLOGY4.<#h#c.> 

,! ,9=MAL ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,5T]PRISE 

,?IS *ALL5GE 9DE$ GOES F> BEYOND ! B\NDS ( ! ELEM5T>Y GR\P4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !SE GR\PS T5D TO PUT !MSELVES 9 CONTACT ) EA* O!R2 ON ! O!R H& & MORE G5]ALLY1 CONTACTS & RELATION%IPS >E E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS ?R\<\T ! 5T]PRISE1 ALONGSIDE & 9 OPPOSITION TO ! (FICIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,ALONG ) MOD]N 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGY1 WE >E LE>N+ ?AT ! 5T]PRISE HAS A D\BLE /RUCTURE & LEADS1 SO TO SPEAK1 A D\BLE LIFE4 ,!RE IS1 ON ! ONE H&1 ITS =MAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ONE REPRES5T$ ON ORGANIZATIONAL *>TS1 ! ONE :OSE RUL+ SUMMITS PROCE$ ALONG ! L9ES ( !SE *>TS 9 ORD] TO ALLOCATE & DEF9E ! WORK ( EA* P]SON1 TO KEEP 9=M$1 TO S5D ORD]S1 OR TO ASSIGN RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,TO ?IS =MAL ORGANIZATION !RE IS OPPOS$ 9 REALITY ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION1 :OSE ACTIVITIES >E C>RI$ \T & SUPPORT$ BY 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS AT ALL LEVELS ( ! HI]>*ICAL PYRAMID ACCORD+ TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( !IR WORK1 ! IMP]ATIVES ( PRODUCTIVE EFFICI5CY1 & ! NECESSITIES ( !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION4.<#h#d.> ,CORRELATIVELY1 !RE IS :AT 9DE$ MI<T BE CALL$ ! =MAL PRODUCTION PROCESS & ! REAL PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,! FIR/ 9CLUDES :AT \<T TO HAPP5 9 ! 5T]PRISE ACCORD+ TO ! PLANS1 DIAGRAMS1 REGULATIONS1 ME?ODS = TRANSMITT+ 9=MATION1 ETC41 E/ABLI%$ BY MANAGEM5T4 ,! SECOND IS ! ONE ?AT ACTUALLY IS 5ACT$4 ,IT (T5 BE>S LITTLE RELATION TO ! FIR/4 

,! FAILURE ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ TYPE ( CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION !RE=E GOES F> BEYOND ! ELEM5T>Y GR\P4 ,COOP]ATION T5DS TO BE C>RI$ \T ALONGSIDE & 9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT :AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT IS ?AT ?IS OPPOSITION IS NOT ! OPPOSITION ( 0!ORY0 & 0PRACTICE10 ( 0BEAUTIFUL S*EMES ON PAP]0 & 0REALITY40 ,IT HAS A SOCIAL CONT5T1 A CONT5T HAV+ TO DO ) /RUGGLE4 ,! =MAL ORGANIZATION ( ! FACTORY CO9CIDES AS A MATT] ( FACT ) ! BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS'S SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,ITS NODAL PO9TS1 ITS >TICULATIONS >E ?OSE ( ?IS APP>ATUS4 ,= 9 ! (FICIAL DIAGRAM ( ! 5T]PRISE1 ! :OLE 5T]PRISE IS 0CONTA9$0 9 ITS MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS2 PEOPLE EXI/ ONLY AS PROV9CES ( P[] = ?OSE 9 *>GE4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! SUMMIT ( :AT IS PROP]LY CALL$ 0MANAGEM5T0 7PRESID5T-,C,E,O 9 ! FIRMS ( ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 ! FACTORY DIRECTOR 9 ! ,RUSSIAN FACTORY7 & PASS+ ?R\< ! V>I\S (FICES1 DEP>TM5TS1 & TE*NICAL S]VICES ( ! 5T]PRISE1 ! BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS T]M9ATES ) ! %OP =EM51 SUP]VISORS1 & TEAM LEAD]S4 ,=MALLY1 IT EV5 COMPLETELY 5COMPASSES ! EXECUTANTS -- :O 9 ! (FICIAL DIAGRAM >E ONLY CLU/]S >\ND EA* =EMAN OR TEAM LEAD]4 

,! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS PRET5DS TO BE ! ONLY ORGANIZATION 9 ! 5T]PRISE1 ! SOLE S\RCE ( ALL ORD] & ( ANY K9D ( ORD]4 ,9 FACT1 IT CREATES AS MU* DISORD] AS ORD] & MORE CONFLICTS ?AN IT IS CAPABLE ( RESOLV+4 ,FAC+ IT IS ! 5T]PRISE'S 9=MAL ORGANIZATION1 :I* 9CLUDES ! ELEM5T>Y GR\PS ( WORK]S1 V>I\S MODES ( LAT]AL CONNECTIONS .<LIAISON TRANSV]SALE.> AMONG !SE GR\PS1 SIMIL> ASSOCIATIONS AMONG 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS1 & LOTS ( ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS AT V>I\S LEVELS :O 9 EXTREME CASES ONLY HAVE AMONG !MSELVES ! RELATION%IPS ?AT ! (FICIAL DIAGRAM ASSUMES !Y HAVE4 ,!SE TWO ORGANIZATIONS1 H[EV]1 >E TRUNCAT$4 ,! =MAL ORGANIZATION IS RIDDL$ ) HOLES BY ! BASE1 IT NEV] SUCCE$S 9 ACTUALLY 5COMPASS+ ! IMM5SE MASS ( EXECUTANTS4 ,! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION IS ?W>T$ BY ! HEI<TS2 BEYOND ! ELEM5T>Y GR\PS ( EXECUTANTS1 IT ACTUALLY 9CLUDES ! 9DIVIDUALS =MALLY BELONG+ TO ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS ONLY :5 ?IS APP>ATUS />TS TO GR[ TO 5ORM\S PROPORTIONS1 :5 ! DIVISION ( LABOR IS PU%$ EV5 FUR!R & IS ACCOMPANI$ BY FUR!R COLLECTIVIZATION1 &1 F9ALLY1 :5 ! WORK ( ! L[] E*ELONS ( ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS IS TRANS=M$ 9TO M]ELY ANO!R =M ( EXECUTANT WORK1 ?US CREAT+ EV5 )9 ?IS APP>ATUS A CATEGORY ( EXECUTANTS ?AT /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! SUMMITS4.<#h#e.> 

,! =MAL ORGANIZATION1 !RE=E1 IS NOT A FACADE2 9 ITS REALITY IT CO9CIDES ) ! MANAG]IAL /RATUM4 ,! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION IS NOT AN EXCRESC5CE APPE>+ 9 ! 9T]/ICES ( ! =MAL ORGANIZATION2 IT T5DS TO REPRES5T A DIFF]5T MODE ( OP]ATION ( ! 5T]PRISE1 C5T]$ >\ND ! REAL SITUATION ( ! EXECUTANTS4 ,! DIRECTION1 ! DYNAMIC1 & ! \TLOOK ( ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS >E 5TIRELY OPPOSITE -- & OPPOS$ ON A SOCIAL T]RA9 ?AT ULTIMATELY CO9CIDES ) ?AT ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS4 

,= A /RUGGLE TAKES PLACE BETWE5 !SE TWO MODES ( ORGANIZATION1 :I* IS 9 ALL RESPECTS P]MAN5T & :I* 5DS UP BECOM+ ID5TICAL ) ! 5T]PRISE'S TWO SOCIAL POLES4 ,?IS IS :AT 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S1 :O USUALLY JU/ CRITICIZE ! =MAL S*EMA AS ABSURD1 TOO (T5 =GET4 ,?IS SITUATION IS ANALOG\S TO ! ONE WE DISCUSS$ APROPOS ( ,TAYLORISM1 & ! %ORTCOM+S ( A PURELY !ORETICAL CRITIQUE >E ! SAME H]E4 ,! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS IS CON/ANTLY /RUGGL+ TO IMPOSE ITS S*EME ( ORGANIZATION2 ! ABSURDITY ( ?IS S*EMA IS NOT !ORETICAL1 IT IS ! REALITY ( CAPITALISM4 ,:AT IS A/ONI%+ IS NOT ! !ORETICAL ABSURDITY ( ! S*EMA BUT ! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM ALMO/ SUCCE$S 9 TRANS=M+ PEOPLE 9TO PO9TS ON AN ORGANIZATIONAL *>T4 ,IT FAILS ONLY TO ! EXACT EXT5T ?AT PEOPLE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IS TRANS=MATION4 

,?IS /RUGGLE BEG9S AT ! LEVEL ( ! ELEM5T>Y GR\P1 BUT IT EXT5DS ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE 5T]PRISE ?R\< ! V]Y NE$ TO PRODUCE & TO DEF5D AGA9/ MANAGEM5T2 ULTIMATELY1 IT EMBRACES ! 5TIRE MASS ( EXECUTANTS4 ,ITS EXT5SION IS F\ND$ ON SEV]AL SUCCESSIVE MOM5TS4 ,! POSITION ( EA* ELEM5T>Y GR\P IS ESS5TIALLY ID5TICAL TO ?AT ( ! O!RS2 EA* ( !SE GR\PS 9EVITABLY IS L$ TO COOP]ATE ) ! RE/ ( ! 5T]PRISE2.<#h#f.> & ULTIMATELY !Y ALL T5D TO M]GE 9 A CLASS1 ! CLASS ( EXECUTANTS1 DEF9$ BY A COMMUNITY ( SITUATION1 FUNCTION1 9T]E/S1 ATTITUDE1 M5TALITY4 ,N[1 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGY D5IES DEEP D[N ?IS CLASS P]SPECTIVE ?AT V]BALLY IT ACCEPTS4 ,IT SPEAKS ( ELEM5T>Y GR\PS AS A UNIV]SAL PH5OM5ON2 BUT :ILE IT IS WILL+ TO COMP>E !M ) EA* O!R1 IT REFUSES TO ADD !M TOGE!R4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT DOES MORE ?AN JU/ ADD !M TOGE!R S9CE IT RECOGNIZES 9 !M ! SUBJECT MATT] & A ! SAME TIME ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 5T]PRISE'S 9=MAL ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT IT KEEPS !SE TWO MOM5TS -- ! ID5TITY ( ELEM5T>Y GR\PS ?R\<\T ! 5T]PRISE & !IR COOP]ATION -- SEP>ATE & DOES NOT V5TURE TO ASK ITSELF :Y !RE IS A PASSAGE FROM ONE TO ! O!R4 ,IT !RE=E R5D]S ITSELF 9CAPABLE ( SEE+ ! POL>IZATION ( ! 5T]PRISE BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS & ! /RUGGLE ?AT SETS !M AGA9/ EA* O!R1 ALL ! MORE SO AS IT 9CLUDES UND] ! RUBRIC ( 9=MAL ORGANIZATION PH5OM5A :OSE SIGNIFICATIONS >E RADICALLY DIFF]5T1 SU* AS :5 IT COMP>ES ! T5D5CY ( ! EXECUTANTS TO =M !IR [N TYPE ( ORGANIZATION TO ! =MATION ( CLIQUES & CLANS )9 ! RUL+ BUREAUCRACY4 ,?IS ACTUAL REFUSAL TO PLACE ! FIRM'S PROBLEMS )9 A CLASS P]SPECTIVE 7& ! PROCESS ( CLASS =MATION CAN BE SE5 MO/ VIVIDLY ?R\< AN ANALYSIS ( ! 5T]PRISE7 MAKES IT S9K 9TO !ORETICAL AB/RACTION AS WELL AS GET LO/ 9 0PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS10 ! ,UTOPIAN *>ACT] ( :I* IS BAS$ PRECISELY ON ! IMAG9>Y SUPPRESSION ( ! REALITY ( CLASSES4 

,WE MU/ ADD ?AT ,M>XISM ADMITS ( AN AB/RACTION ?AT IS ALMO/ SYMMETRICAL TO ! PREC$+ ONE 9S(> AS IT HAS LIMIT$ ITSELF TO IMM$IATELY POSIT+ ! CONCEPT ( CLASS & TO DIRECTLY OPPOS+ ! PROLET>IAT & CAPITALISM :ILE NEGLECT+ ! BASIC >TICULATIONS )9 ! 5T]PRISE & AMONG ! HUMAN GR\PS )9 ! 5T]PRISE4 ,IT ?US HAS PREV5T$ ITSELF FROM SEE+ ! PROLET>IAT'S VITAL PROCESS ( CLASS =MATION1 ( SELF-CREATION AS ! \TCOME ( A P]MAN5T /RUGGLE ?AT BEG9S )9 PRODUCTION4 ,IT ALSO HAS PREV5T$ ITSELF FROM RELAT+ ! PROLET>IAT'S ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY TO ?IS PROCESS4 ,& F9ALLY1 9S(> AS ! PRIM>Y CONT5T ( ?IS /RUGGLE IS ! WORK]S' T5D5CY TO MANAGE !IR [N WORK1 IT HAS PREV5T$ ITSELF FROM POS+ WORK]S' MANAGEM5T AS ! C5TRAL FEATURE ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM & FROM DRAW+ FROM IT ALL ! POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS4 ,TO ! AB/RACT CONCEPT ( ! PROLET>IAT CORRESPONDS ! AB/RACT CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM AS NATIONALIZATION & PLANN+1 :OSE SOLE CONCRETE CONT5T ULTIMATELY IS REVEAL$ TO BE ! TOTALIT>IAN DICTATOR%IP ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ?IS AB/RACTION -- ( ! BUREAUCRATIC P>TY4 

,! ,CONTRADICTIONS ,PROP] TO ,MANAGEM5T'S ,BUREAUCRATIC ,APP>ATUS 

,TO A*IEVE ITS [N 5DS1 ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION IS OBLIG$ TO PURSUE ! FRAGM5TATION ( PRODUCTION TASKS & ! ATOMIZATION ( ! PRODUC]S AD 9F9ITUM4 ,) RESPECT TO ! 5D 9 VIEW -- ! TOTAL SUBJUGATION ( PEOPLE -- ?IS PROCESS CULM9ATES 9 A D\BLE FAILURE & LEADS TO TREM5D\S WA/E4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 IT GIVES RISE V]Y %>PLY TO A SECOND PROBLEM3 ?AT ( H[ TO RECOMPOSE !SE OP]ATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9TO A :OLE4 ,9DIVIDUAL JOBS1 SUPPOS$LY DEF9$1 MEASUR$1 MONITOR$1 ETC41 HAVE TO BE 9TEGRAT$ ANEW 9TO A UNIFI$ :OLE .<5SEMBLE.>1 \TSIDE ( :I* !Y >E MEAN+LESS4 ,N[1 ?IS RE9TEGRATION CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY ONLY BY ! SAME AU?ORITY FOLL[+ ! SAME ME?OD ( DECOMPOSITION ?AT 0PREC$$0 IT1 BY A MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS SEP>AT$ FROM ! PRODUC]S ?AT AIMS AT SUBJECT+ !M TO CAPITAL'S REQUIREM5TS & ?AT TREATS !M TO ?IS 5D AS ?+S1 AS FRAGM5TS ( ! ME*ANICAL UNIV]SE ?AT >E COMP>ABLE TO ALL O!RS4 ,LOGICALLY & TE*NICALLY1 RE9TEGRATION IS ONLY ! FLIP SIDE ( DECOMPOSITION2 NEI!R ONE CAN BE C>RI$ \T OR HAVE ANY MEAN+ )\T ! O!R4 ,ECONOMICALLY & SOCIALLY1 ! REALIZATION ( ! GOALS PURSU$ DUR+ ! PHASE ( DECOMPOSITION IS IMPOSSIBLE IF !SE GOALS DO NOT ALSO PR$OM9ATE OV] ! PROCESS ( RE9TEGRATION3 ,! GR\ND TAK5 FROM ! PRODUC]S DUR+ ! PHASE ( DECOMPOSITION C\LD NOT BE GIV5 BACK TO !M DUR+ ! PHASE ( RE9TEGRATION )\T PUTT+ BACK 9TO QUE/ION ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( ! RELATIONS ( EXPLOITATION4.<#h#g.> 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS WILL TRY TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( RE9TEGRAT+ JOBS ITSELF1 !REBY D5Y+ DEEP D[N ! COLLECTIVE *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION ?AT IT IS OBLIG$ TO GRANT ON A =MAL LEVEL4 ,= ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS1 ! COLLECTIVITY ( WORK]S IS NOT A COLLECTIVITY BUT A COLLECTION4 ,!IR LABOR IS NOT A SOCIAL PROCESS :OSE EV]Y P>T IS 9 A CON/ANTLY *ANG+ 9T]DEP5D5CE ) ALL ! O!RS & ) ! :OLE1 & :OSE EV]Y MOM5T P]PETUALLY CONTA9S ! SE$S ( SOME?+ NEW2 IT IS A SUM ( P>TS ?AT SOMEONE FROM ! \TSIDE CAN DECOMPOSE & RECOMPOSE AT WILL1 LIKE A GAME ( BLOCKS1 & ?AT CAN *ANGE ONLY 9S(> AS SOME?+ ELSE IS 9TRODUC$ 9TO IT4 ,= IT IS ONLY UPON ?IS CONDITION ?AT ! COMM& PO/ ( ?IS COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY C\LD BE TRANSPOS$ \TSIDE ?IS ACTIVITY ) NO REP]CUSSIONS4 ,IT IS ONLY UPON ?IS CONDITION ?AT EXACTLY :AT ONE HAS PUT 9TO ITS P>TS C\LD BE R$ISCOV]$ 9 ! :OLE1 )\T LOSSES OR GA9S4 

,! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS ?US IS OBLIG$ TO TAKE EV]Y?+ UPON ITSELF4 ,9 !ORY1 ALL ACTS ( PRODUCTION HAVE TO BE D\BL$ IDEALLY & A PRIORI )9 ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS2 EV]Y?+ ?AT 9VOLVES A DECISION HAS TO BE WORK$ \T 9 ADVANCE -- OR AFT] ! FACT -- \TSIDE ! OP]ATIONS ( PRODUCTION !MSELVES4 ,EXECUTION HAS TO BECOME PURE EXECUTION1 & SYMMETRICALLY1 MANAGEM5T HAS TO BECOME ABSOLUTE & P]FECT4 ,( C\RSE1 SU* A SITUATION NEV] CAN BE REALIZ$2 BUT ! 0ORGANIZATIONAL0 ACTIVITY ( ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS IS DOM9AT$ BY ! NECESS>Y PURSUIT ( ?IS *IM]A1 :I* PUTS IT UP AGA9/ 9SOLUBLE CONTRADICTIONS4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! V]Y CONCEPT ( A P]FECT1 SEP>ATE MANAGEM5T IS CONTRADICTORY4 ,A P]FECT1 SEP>ATE MANAGEM5T IS POSSIBLE ONLY IF ITS COMPLEM5T>Y POLE1 A P]FECT1 SEP>ATE EXECUTION1 ALSO IS POSSIBLE4 ,N[1 P]FECT1 SEP>ATE EXECUTION IS NONS5SICAL4 ,AS HUMAN ACTIVITY -- AS ACTIVITY ?AT CANNOT BE CONF]R$ UPON AUTOMAT$ MA*9]Y -- EXECUTION NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES ! ELEM5T ( SELF-DIRECTION2 IT IS NOT & NEV] CAN BE EXECUTION PURE & SIMPLE4 ,MAN IS NOT & CANNOT BE A P]FECT1 SEP>ATE EXECUTANT1 & ?IS S+UL> ATTEMPT TO MAKE HIM ONE CREATES 9 HIM BO? A SITUATION & REACTIONS ?AT PRODUCE ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 ,?IS CONTR>Y SITUATION IS E/ABLI%$ BECAUSE ! SUPPRESSION ( ! FACULTIES ( & CAPACITIES = SELF-DIRECTION 7:I* >E 9DISP5SABLE = TASKS ( 0EXECUTION07 >E PRECISELY :AT MAKE HIM A BAD EXECUTANT4 ,& !SE CONTR>Y REACTIONS >E CREAT$ BECAUSE MAN ALWAYS T5DS 9 ONE FA%ION OR ANO!R TO TAKE ON ! DIRECTION ( HIS [N ACTIVITY & HE REVOLTS AGA9/ ?IS EXPROPRIATION ( HIS SELF-DIRECT+ ACTIVITY TO :I* HE IS SUBJECT$4 ,DUR+ ! HI/ORICAL /AGES ?AT PREC$$ CAPITALISM1 ?IS CONTRADICTION REMA9$ AB/RACT & M]ELY POT5TIAL1 BASICALLY BECAUSE ! =M & CONT5T ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES W]E FIX$ ONCE & = ALL4 ,BUT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 :I* IS 9 CON/ANT UPHEAVAL IS CONT9UALLY OBLIG$ TO CALL UPON ! HUMAN FACULTIES ( ITS EXECUTANTS 9 ORD] TO FUNCTION4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! CONTRADICTION BECOMES AN ACTIVE & ACTUAL ONE1 S9CE ! WAY ! SY/EM FUNCTIONS LEADS IT TO AFFIRM TWO ?+S AT ONCE3 0,! WORK] %\LD CONF9E HIMSELF TO ! PURE & SIMPLE EXECUTION ( ! TASKS PRESCRIB$ TO HIM02 &1 0,! WORK] %\LD BR+ AB\T ! 5D 9 VIEW :ATEV] ! REAL CONDITIONS & AVAILABLE MEANS & NO MATT] H[ F> !SE DEP>T FROM !ORETICAL CONDITIONS & MEANS40 

,?IS GAP CANNOT BE BRIDG$4 ,P]FECT1 SEP>ATE MANAGEM5T CAN BE CONCEIV$ ( ONLY AS ! ORGAN PROMULGAT+ ! P]FECT PLAN1 :I* OBVI\SLY CANNOT EXI/4 ,SU* A P]FECT PLAN W\LD IMPLY ?AT MANAGEM5T HAS ABSOLUTE =ESI<T & EXHAU/IVE 9=MATION1 BO? ( :I* >E IMPOSSIBLE 9 !MSELVES1 TWO TIMES IMPOSSIBLE = A SEP>ATE MANAGEM5T1 & ?REE TIMES IMPOSSIBLE = A MANAGEM5T ?AT EXPLOITS ! PRODUC]S4 ,( C\RSE1 MOD]N 9DU/RY T5DS TO 0RATIONALIZE0 ! SET ( CONDITIONS1 MEANS1 & OBJECTS ( PRODUCTION1 & ?IS RATIONALIZATION IS PRES5T$ AS ! ELIM9ATION ( *ANCE1 ( ! UN=ESE51 & AS ! CREATION ( /&>DIZ$ CONDITIONS = ! PRODUCTION PROCESS AS A :OLE4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 IT \<T TO BE POSSIBLE1 AFT] A P]IOD ( TRIAL & ]ROR & ?R\< SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS1 TO REA* A 0PO9T ( RE/10 AFT] :I* PRODUCTION F9ALLY C\LD UNFOLD ACCORD+ TO PLAN4 ,BUT ?IS W\LD IMPLY ?AT FROM ?IS MOM5T ON ! CONDITIONS1 ME?ODS1 9/RUM5TS1 & OBJECTS ( PRODUCTION W]E UNALT]ABLY FIX$4 ,N[1 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( MOD]N 9DU/RY IS P]PETUAL *ANGE4 ,FROM A L>GE-SCALE PO9T ( VIEW1 ONE /AGE ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T H>DLY HAS >RIV$ AT A LEVEL ( 0CONSOLIDATION0 :5 A NEW /AGE COMES CRA%+ ONTO ! SC5E4 ,FROM A SMALL-SCALE PO9T ( VIEW -- :I* IS JU/ AS IMPORTANT 9 ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( ! FACTORY -- 0CONSOLIDATION0 IS NEV] A*IEV$2 0SMALL0 *ANGES CONT9UALLY >E BE+ MADE 9 ! MAT]IALS1 ! MA*9]Y1 ! OBJECTS MANUFACTUR$1 & ! WAYS PEOPLE & MA*9ES >E >RANG$ 7& !SE *ANGES >E PRECISELY ! EXPRESSION ( ?IS PROCESS ( 0RATIONALIZATION074 ,?US1 ! PLAN HAS TO BE P]PETUALLY MODIFI$1 & !RE NEV] IS TIME P]FECTLY TO ADAPT IT TO ! UNFOLD+ ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 

,9DE$1 0/&>DIZATION0 REMA9S AN IDEAL NORM ?AT IS NEV] REALIZ$1 = BO? SOCIAL & 0NATURAL0 REASONS4 ,EV]Y?+ US$ AT ANY GIV5 /AGE ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS ALREADY IS ! RESULT ( PREVI\S 9DU/RIAL LABOR4 ,9 !ORY1 ?IS RESULT1 ?IS PRODUCT -- :E!R WE >E TALK+ AB\T RAW MAT]IALS OR A MA*9E OR A DETA*ABLE P>T -- IS SUPPOS$ TO CON=M TO A RIGOR\S DEF9ITION1 TO PRECISE SPECIFICATIONS ( SIZE1 %APE1 QUALITY1 & SO ON )9 SET M>G9S ( TOL]ANCE4 ,IT SUFFICES ?AT ANY ONE ( !SE MAT]IAL OR IDEAL COMPON5TS NOT CORRESPOND 9 REALITY TO ITS !ORETICAL DEF9ITION = ! PLAN NOT TO BE ABLE TO BE PUT 9TO EFFECT AS IS2 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT PRODUCTION COLLAPSES OR EV5 ?AT !RE IS NECESS>ILY ANY SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE -- BUT IT IMPLIES ?AT ONLY ! VITAL 9T]V5TION ( REAL PEOPLE CAN S]VE AS A SUB/ITUTE = SOME N[ \T-(-DATE DIRECTIVE & CAN ADAPT ON ! SPOT ! AVAILABLE MEANS -- :I* >E DIFF]5T FROM ! !ORETICAL ONES -- TO ! 5D 9 VIEW4 

,?AT ALL ! COMPON5TS ( ANY JOB >E ! RESULT ( A PREVI\S JOB SIGNIFIES ?AT AS SOON AS ! ACTUAL RESULTS ( ?IS JOB DEVIATE AT A GIV5 /AGE FROM ! 0!ORETICAL0 RESULTS1 ?IS GAP HAS REP]CUSSIONS 9 ONE FA%ION OR ANO!R UPON ! SUBSEQU5T /AGES ( ! MANUFACTUR+ PROCESS4 ,N[1 GAPS ( ?IS K9D >E ABSOLUTELY UNAVOIDABLE 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! EXPLOIT$ EXECUTANT IS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 ! RESULT ( HIS WORK & !RE=E (T5 TURNS 9 0MADE UP0 RESULTS 7:I* GO ALONG ) A :OLE GAMUT ( MEANS = /RUGGL+ .<AGA9/ ! FACTORY'S 09SPECTORS071 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! COMP>TM5TALIZ$ EXECUTANT DOES NOT KN[ & BY DEF9ITION %\LD NOT KN[ :AT IS IMPORTANT & :AT IS NOT IMPORTANT 9 :AT HE IS DO+4 ,ALL SPECIFICATIONS ?AT >E SET = HIM BY ! PRODUCTION DIRECTIVES HE RECEIVES SEEM TO BE ( EQUAL IMPORTANCE 7) ALL[$ M>G9S ( TOL]ANCE74 ,9 FACT !Y >E NOT1 EI!R 9 ! ABSOLUTE OR FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( POSSIBLY MAK+ UP = SOME GAP )\T DIFFICULTIES >IS+ AT A SUBSEQU5T /AGE 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,9ASMU* AS ! EXECUTANT1 PRESS$ BY TIME RE/RICTIONS1 CANNOT H&LE EV]Y?+ AT ONCE1 HE WILL TAKE %ORTCUTS AT R&OM4 ,= ITS P>T1 ! PLANN+ DEP>TM5T CANNOT E/ABLI% :I* ASPECTS >E TRULY IMPORTANT & :I* ONES >E NOT3 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT DOES NOT ITSELF KN[ :I* ONES >E IMPORTANT1 = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* A HI]>*Y RESULTS FROM ACTUAL PRACTICE )9 AN 9DU/RIAL SETT+ FROM :I* IT IS1 BY DEF9ITION1 SEP>AT$2 ON ! O!R H&1 ITS ROLE IS TO PRES5T ALL DIRECTIVES AS EQUALLY & ABSOLUTELY IMPORTANT4 ,?US1 BY R5D]+ AN 9TELLIG5T EXECUTION ( TASKS IMPOSSIBLE1 ! ME?ODS ( A SEP>ATE MANAG]IAL /RATUM !MSELVES LEAD T[>D !IR [N DEFEAT4.<#h#h.> 

,SIMIL>LY1 !RE IS ALWAYS AN UN=ESE5 0NATURAL0 ELEM5T1 EV5 UND] ! CONDITIONS ( L>GE-SCALE MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,EV5 MAT]IALS MANUFACTUR$ UND] ! BE/ POSSIBLE CONDITIONS PRES5T SPECIFIC1 UNANTICIPAT$ PROBLEMS ?AT MU/ BE COMP5SAT$ = 9 AN EQUALLY UN=ESE5 MANN] AS !Y >E WORK$ UPON4 ,EV5 ELECTRONIC COMPUT]S1 :I* >E MANUFACTUR$ NOT UND] 9DU/RIAL CONDITIONS BUT UND] LABORATORY CONDITIONS1 BREAK D[N OR GO HAYWIRE = UNKN[N REASONS4.<#h#i.> ,AT EA* NEW /AGE1 MOD]N 9DU/RY /RET*ES TO ! LIMIT ITS EXPLOITATION ( ! POSSIBILITIES ( KN[L$GE & ( MATT]2 DUR+ EA* NEW P]IOD1 IT T5DS TO WORK AT ! $GE ( ! KN[N & ! FEASIBLE4 ,?IS CONT9U\S DISPLACEM5T ( ITS FRONTI]S SIGNIFIES ?AT IT CAN NEV] COM=TABLY REMA9 )9 ! REGIONS IT HAS ALREADY FULLY EXPLOR$4 ,A NEW T]RITORY HAS H>DLY BE5 OP5$ UP :5 IT MU/ ALREADY BE EXPLOIT$ UND] ! CONDITIONS ( MASS PRODUCTION4 ,ITS MEANS EXP& AT A DIZZY+ RATE -- BUT SO DO ITS OBJECTIVES & MANUFACTUR+ REQUIREM5TS4 ,9/RUM5TS BECOME F9] & F9] & MORE & MORE PRECISE -- BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! LIMITS ( TOL]ANCE BECOME N>R[] & N>R[]4 ,9 ! PA/1 ! 0UN=ESE510 ! 0IRRATIONAL10 & ! 0ACCID5TAL0 CONSI/$ ( A CLEFT 9 ! /EEL B>2 TODAY IT CAN LIE 9 9F9ITESIMAL IRREGUL>ITIES 9 ! *EMICAL COMPOSITION ( MOLECULES4 ,IT IS NOT ! DEGREE ( MATT]'S RESI/ANCE TO MAN ?AT IS DIM9I%+1 IT IS ! L9E ON :I* ?IS RESI/ANCE BECOMES EFFECTIVE ?AT IS BE+ DISPLAC$ -- SO ?AT ! GAP BETWE5 !ORY & REALITY CAN ALWAYS BE FILL$ 9 ONLY BY PRACTICE1 ONLY BY MAN'S SIMULTANE\SLY RATIONAL & CONCRETE 9T]V5TION4 ,BUT ?IS PRACTICE ITSELF IS CON/ANTLY BE+ ELEVAT$ TO A HI<] LEVEL1 & IT PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL'S EV] MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ CAPABILITIES -- :I* >E ABSOLUTELY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! ROLE ( A PURE & SIMPLE EXECUTANT -- WILL BE PUT TO WORK4 ,!SE >E ! REASONS :Y ! REALITY ( PRODUCTION ALWAYS DEVIATES 9 A MORE OR LESS APPRECIABLE MANN] FROM ! PLAN & FROM PRODUCTION DIRECTIVES -- & :Y ?IS GAP CAN BE FILL$ ONLY BY MEANS ( ! PRACTICE1 ! 9V5TION1 ! CREATIVITY ( ! MASS ( EXECUTANTS4 ,EA* TIME ?AT A NEW MANUFACTUR+ PROCESS IS 9TRODUC$ OR A NEW PRODUCT MODEL IS TO BE MANUFACTUR$1 & AFT] ! FACTORY'S V>I\S DEP>TM5TS & 5G9E]S HAVE SP5T MON?S OR YE>S DEVELOP+ & 0P]FECT+0 ! PROCESS OR PRODUCT 9 QUE/ION1 WEEKS OR MON?S WILL PASS BE=E PRODUCTION BEG9S TO FL[ 9 A SOME:AT SATISFACTORY MANN]4 ,C> DRIV]S KN[ ?AT :5 A FACTORY 0LAUN*ES0 A NEW MODEL1 ! C>S PRODUC$ DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S G5]ALLY HAVE S]I\S DEFECTS4.<#i.> ,& YET1 !IR 0PROTOTYPE0 HAD BE5 TE/$ = YE>S1 !Y HAD DRIV5 IT 9 ! ,SAH>A & 9 ,GRE5L&1 ETC4 ,BUT ! TIME ?AT HAS ELAPS$ BETWE5 ! DEBUT ( ! NEW MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCT & ! ROLL+-\T ( NE>LY SATISFACTORY COPIES IS ! TIME NE$$ = ! MASS ( ! FACTORY'S EXECUTANTS AS A :OLE TO GIVE CONCRETE =M TO 9ITIAL MANUFACTUR+ DIRECTIVES UND] REAL WORK CONDITIONS1 TO FILL 9 ! HOLES 9 ! PRODUCTION PLAN1 TO RESOLVE UN=ESE5 PROBLEMS1 TO ADAPT ! MANUFACTUR+ PROCESS TO !IR [N NE$S 9 !IR DEF5SE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION 7= EXAMPLE1 TO 0MAKE DO0 ) ! BLUEPR9T 0SPECS0 !Y >E GIV571 ETC4 ,EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! PRODUCTION PLAN1 ! REAL /ATE ( ! FACTORY FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( :AT IS POSSIBLE )9 ! MANUFACTUR+ PROCESS & ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION ?US IS ATTA9$ -- UNTIL A NEW MODIFICATION IS 9TRODUC$4 

,MANAGEM5T1 ( C\RSE1 IS 0CONSCI\S0 9 G5]AL ( !SE GAPS BETWE5 ! PRODUCTION PLAN & :AT REALLY GOES ON 9 ! FACTORY1 & 9 PR9CIPLE IT IS SUPPOS$ TO FILL !M 9 ITSELF4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?IS OBVI\SLY IS NOT A*IEVABLE3 ,IF EA* TIME SOME?+ W5T WRONG IT WAS NECESS>Y TO /OP EV]Y?+ & ASK = 9/RUCTIONS BACK UP ! HI]>*ICAL *A9 ( COMM&1 ! FACTORY W\LD ACCOMPLI% ONLY A SMALL PORTION ( ITS PRODUCTION GOALS4 ,LET IT BE SAID 9 PASS+ ?AT JU/ BECAUSE MANAGEM5T IS =C$ TO TOL]ATE ! 9DISP5SABLE 9ITIATIVES ( ! EXECUTANTS DOES NOT MAKE ! LATT]'S ROLE ANY EASI]4 ,! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS IS BO? JEAL\S ( ITS PR]OGATIVES & COMPLETELY FE>FUL ( ITS RESPONSIBILITIES2 AS MU* AS IT CAN1 IT WILL AVOID TACKL+ A QUE/ION UNLESS IT IS 0COV]$10 BUT IT WILL H>%LY REPROA* ITS SUBORD9ATES = HAV+ DONE SO !MSELVES4 ,IF ! 9ITIATIVE SUCCE$S1 IT WILL M]ELY GRUMBLE1 & !N WILL TRY ABOVE ALL TO GRAB ! CR$IT ITSELF2 IF ! 9ITIATIVE FAILS1 IT WILL DEAL ) !M SEV]ELY4.<#i#a.> ,= ! EXECUTANT1 ! IDEAL ATTITUDE IS = HIM TO TAKE 9ITIATIVES ?AT >E REALLY EFFECTIVE :ILE MAK+ IT SEEM LIKE HE IS FOLL[+ ALL ! (FICIAL DIRECTIVES -- ?\< ?IS IS NOT ALWAYS EASY4 ,! FACTORY ?US COMES TO CON/ITUTE 9 PLACES A D\BLE WORLD -- :]E PEOPLE MAKE IT SEEM LIKE !Y >E DO+ ONE ?+ :ILE DO+ ANO!R4 

,BO? ! =ESI<T REQUIR$ = PLANN+ & ! NE$ = ONGO+ READJU/M5T ( ! PLAN TO A CON/ANTLY EVOLV+ REALITY POSE ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO OBTA9 9=MATION AB\T :AT IS GO+ ON 9 PRODUCTION4 ,?IS PROBLEM QUICKLY BECOMES 9SOLUBLE = A BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,! ULTIMATE S\RCE ( ALL 9=MATION IS ! EXECUTANTS :O >E CON/ANTLY 5GAG$ 9 ! BATTLE = PRODUCTION4 ,N[1 !SE PEOPLE DO NOT COLLABORATE 9 ! PROCESS2 NOT ONLY DO !Y NOT NECESS>ILY 9=M MANAGEM5T AB\T ! SITUATION1 BUT V]Y (T5 !Y >E L$ 9TO A TACIT CONSPIRACY TO HIDE ! REAL SITUATION FROM MANAGEM5T4 ,! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS CAN REACT TO ?IS ONLY BY CREAT+ SPECIAL ORGANS = OBTA9+ 9=MATION -- :I* QUICKLY RUN UP AGA9/ ! SAME DIFFICULTY1 S9CE !Y TOO LIVE TO OBTA9 ORIG9AL 9=MATION FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,! CONSPIRACY SURR\ND+1 ! OBTA9M5T ( 9=MATION 9DE$ IS NOT LIMIT$ TO EXECUTANTS4 ,! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS ITSELF P>TICIPATES 9 IT4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS IS AN ESS5TIAL ASPECT ( ! ACTIVITY ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,!Y MAKE UP ! RESULTS ( !IR [N ACTIVITY OR ! ACTIVITY ( ! SECTOR = :I* !Y >E RESPONSIBLE4 ,!IR FATE1 ! FATE ( !IR CLAN OR !IR DEP>TM5T DEP5DS UPON IT4.<#i#b.> 

,OBTA9+ 9=MATION1 H[EV]1 IS NOT SIMPLY ! GA!R+ ( 0FACTS40 ,IT ALREADY IS !IR *OICE1 BUT IT IS ALSO & MU* MORE !IR ELABORATION1 ! DIS5TANGL+ ( ! RELATION%IPS & P]SPECTIVES ?AT TIE FACTS TOGE!R4 ,?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE \TSIDE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK1 !RE=E \TSIDE A SET ( ORGANIZ$ IDEAS1 !RE=E \TSIDE A !ORY 7EV5 IF IT REMA9S UNCONSCI\S74 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ALL 9=MATION ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS MAY HAVE AT ITS DISPOSAL IS UND]M9$ BY ITS !ORY ( SOCIETY -- OR ( 9DU/RIAL REALITY4 ,?IS IS PLA9LY APP>5T :5 WE CONSID] ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS ?AT RUNS ! 5TIRE SOCIETY -- ! ,/ATE OR BUREAUCRATIC P>TY4 ,TO RUN SOCIETY PRESUPPOSES ?AT ONE KN[S IT1 & TO KN[ SOCIETY SIGNIFIES ?AT ONE HAS AN ADEQUATE !ORETICAL CONCEPTION ( IT4 ,BUT TODAY'S LEAD]S CAN TRY TO GRASP SOCIAL REALITY ONLY BY SUBORD9AT+ IT TO ABSURD S*EMATA4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( !IR IDEOLOGI/S4 ,SOMETIMES !SE IDEOLOGI/S PLAN \T ! OP]ATIONS ( SOCIETY1 US+ ! FUNCTION+ ( A ME*ANISM AS !IR MODEL2 AT O!R TIMES1 :5 DI%E>T5$ BY ! FAILURE ( ?IS ABSURD ATTEMPT AT COMP>ISON1 !Y TAKE REFUGE 9 IRRATIONALISM1 ! ACCID5TAL & ! >BITR>Y4 ,WE WILL 5C\NT] !SE PROBLEMS AGA9 LAT]4 

,! RUL+ APP>ATUS ( ! 5T]PRISE IS FAC$ ) ! SAME QUE/IONS & ! SAME IMPOSSIBLE OPTIONS4 ,! REALITY IT NE$S TO KN[ IS ! REALITY ( PRODUCTION4 ,! LATT] IS FIR/ & LA/ A HUMAN REALITY4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTS >E ?OSE ?AT CONC]N ! SITUATION1 ! ACTIVITY1 & ! FATE ( PEOPLE 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO KN[ !SE FACTS FROM ! \TSIDE4 ,MOREOV]1 MANAGEM5T DOES NOT BO!R ITSELF V]Y MU* AB\T !M4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS OBLIG$ TO WORRY AB\T !M1 H[EV]1 IT CAN DO SO ONLY BY CONSID]+ !M AS EXT]NAL FACTS1 BY TRANS=M+ !M 9TO ME*ANICAL 5TITIES CAPABLE ( BE+ OBS]V$ -- 9 %ORT1 BY DE/ROY+ !IR V]Y NATURE4 ,9 MANAGEM5T'S EYES1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! WORK] EI!R DOES NOT EXI/ AT ALL OR ELSE HE EXI/S ONLY AS A SY/EM ( N]VES & MUSCLES CAPABLE ( C>RY+ \T A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( GE/URES -- GE/URES ?AT CAN BE 9CREAS$ 9 PROPORTION TO ! AM\NT ( MONEY HE IS PROMIS$4 ,?IS 5TIRELY IMAG9>Y VIEW ( ! WORK] IS ! BASIS = ! 0KN[L$GE0 ( ! REALITY ( PRODUCTION ?AT MANAGEM5T POSSESSES4 ,9 ! MANAG]'S V]Y GAZE IS 9CORPORAT$1 ?R\< A PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION1 ! NEGATION ( ! 9H]5T .<PROPRE.> REALITY ( ! OBJECT HE CLAIMS TO BE LOOK+ AT1 = RECOGNITION ( ?IS 9H]5T REALITY W\LD IMPLY1 CONV]SELY1 ?AT ! MANAG] D5IES HIMSELF QUA MANAG]4 

,?IS SITUATION H>DLY IS MODIFI$ AT ALL :5 ! CRUDE OLD ME?ODS & ! S*EMA ( 0MOLECULES IRRESI/IBLY ATTRACT$ BY MONEY0 >E AB&ON$ 9 FAVOR ( MORE MOD]N CONCEPTIONS & ! DISCOV]IES ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGY4 ,ONLY ! NATURE ( ! 0LAWS0 SUPPOS$ TO RULE PEOPLE & !IR RELATIONS *ANGES2 ! BASIC ATTITUDE REMA9S ! SAME4 ,IT NO LONG] IS ASSUM$ ?AT ! WORK] IS CAPABLE ( MURD]+ HIS BUDDY & KILL+ HIMSELF AT HIS JOB = A FEW EXTRA P5NIES -- IT N[ IS ASSUM$1 QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT HE IS ESS5TIALLY DET]M9$ BY A 0GR\P SOLID>ITY40 ,BUT 9 BO? CASES1 IT IS M]ELY A MATT] ( MANAGEM5T'S KN[L$GE AB\T ! WORK]S1 & ?IS KN[L$GE IS SUPPOS$ TO ALL[ MANAGEM5T TO UTILIZE !M BETT] = PURPOSES ( PRODUCTION4 ,GR\P SOLID>ITY 9 ITS TURN HAS BECOME ! NEW EXT]NAL MOTIVE DET]M9+ ! WORK]'S ACTS2 KN[+ ! MOTIVE & ACT+ UPON IT1 ONE CAN BR+ ! WORK] TO DO :AT IS WANT$ ( HIM4 ,MANAGEM5T'S SITUATION /ILL REMA9S ?AT ( ! 5G9E] *>G$ ) LAY+ \T & ORD]+ ! ASSEMBLY & OP]ATION ( ! P>TS ( ! HUMAN ME*ANISM ?AT MAKE UP ! 5T]PRISE & ( :I* HE KN[S ! LAWS4 ,?AT ! AU?OR ( !SE LAWS IS NO LONG] ,B5?AM1 BUT ,FREUD OR ,ELTON ,MAYO1 *ANGES NO?+4 ,& WE NE$ H>DLY ADD ?AT IT IS /ILL IMPOSSIBLE TO KN[ 9DU/RIAL REALITY4 ,MIR$ 9 ?IS P]SPECTIVE & UTILIZ$ T[>D !SE 5DS1 PSY*OLOGY1 PSY*OANALYSIS1 & SOCIOLOGY >E EMPTI$ ( !IR CONT5T & TRANS=M$ 9TO !IR OPPOSITE4.<#i#c.> ,?AT ! GR\P1 = EXAMPLE1 IS NOT = ITS MEMB]S AN EXT]NAL MOTIVE1 ?AT IT IS ! UNITY ( SELF-DET]M9ATION CREAT+ & RECREAT+ ITSELF1 ?AT !REBY IT SOON] OR LAT] CAN ONLY SET ITSELF AGA9/ EV]Y K9D ( EXT]NAL MANAGEM5T ?AT TRIES TO IMPOSE ITSELF ON ?IS GR\P -- !SE TRU?S CAN BE ( NO S]VICE TO MANAGEM5T1 = !Y *ALL5GE ITS V]Y F\NDATIONS4 ,MANAGEM5T CAN POSSESS ONLY ! !ORY ( ITS [N PRACTICE1 I4E41 ( ITS SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 

,BUT CONTRADICTIONS ?AT >E JU/ AS 9SOLUBLE TE> AP>T ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS1 9DEP5D5TLY1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ITS P]MAN5T /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXECUTANTS4 ,A S]IES ( FACTORS1 ALL ( :I* D]IVE 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS FROM ! T5D5CY TO CONF9E LABOR]S TO MORE & MORE LIMIT$ TASKS ( EXECUTION1 LEADS TO AN EXTRAORD9>Y PROLIF]ATION )9 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS ITSELF4 ,TAK+ ON ITSELF A CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( TASKS1 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS CAN EXI/ ONLY AS AN 5ORM\S COLLECTIVE ORGAN4 ,9 A L>GE 5T]PRISE1 ! 9DIVIDUALS EMPLOY$ 9 (FICES & DEP>TM5TS ALREADY CON/ITUTE 9 !MSELVES A SIZABLE 5T]PRISE4.<#i#d.> ,?IS COLLECTIVE ORGAN ITSELF UND]GOES A TW(OLD DIVISION ( LABOR )9 ITS [N RANKS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS IS SUBDIVID$ 9TO 0SPECIALIZ$ BRAN*ES0 -- ! V>I\S 0S]VICES0 9 ! 5T]PRISE'S (FICES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 )9 ?IS APP>ATUS AS A :OLE & )9 EA* ( !SE 0S]VICES10 ! DIVISION BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS 9EVITABLY IS 9/AURAT$ ANEW4 ,BY ?IS V]Y FACT1 ALL ! A=EM5TION$ CONFLICTS REAPPE> )9 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( WORK )9 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS OBVI\SLY CAN OCCUR ONLY UND] ! SAME =MS ( 0RATIONALIZATION0 AS W]E APPLI$ TO PRODUCTION PROP]3 SUBDIVISION & COMP>TM5TALIZATION ( TASKS1 TRANS=MATION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9TO A MASS ( ANONYM\S & 9T]*ANGEABLE EXECUTANTS1 ETC4 ,IT 5G5D]S ! SAME CONSEQU5CES 9 BO? PLACES4 ,9 ORD] TO TAME ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE1 MANAGEM5T ?US 5DS UP 9TRODUC+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9TO ITS [N RANKS4 ,CONDEMN$ TO A COMP>TM5TALIZ$ JOB1 DEPRIV$ ( ALL MEAN+FUL SKILLS1 R$UC$ TO SAL>IES COMP>ABLE TO ?OSE PAID TO WORK]S1 DEPRIV$ 79 /ATI/ICAL T]MS7 ( ANY REAL *ANCE ( ADVANCEM5T1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( EMPLOYES 9 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS N[ HAVE TR\BLE DI/+UI%+ !MSELVES FROM !IR FELL[ WORK]S ON ! %OP FLOOR2 AT BOTTOM1 ONLY ILLUSIONS ?AT >E BE+ 9CREAS+LY UND]M9$ BY !IR REAL SITUATION >E CAPABLE ( KEEP+ !M SEP>ATE FROM ! WORK]S4.<#i#e.> ,9DEP5D5T ( ?IS PROCESS ?AT UNIFIES ! V>I\S /RATA ( EXECUTANTS 9 ! 5T]PRISE1 ! PR9CIPAL RESULT ( ! APPE>ANCE ( ?IS MASS ( EXECUTANTS )9 ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS IS ?AT MANAGEM5T NO LONG] HAS EV5 ITSELF AT ITS [N DISPOSAL2 EV5 IF !Y >E NOT 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! WORK]S1 VIS-A-VIS !IR WORK ! L[] /RATA ( NONPRODUCTION EMPLOYES HAVE ! SAME ATTITUDE AS PRODUCTION WORK]S4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! UNAVOIDABLE FRAGM5TATION ( ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS 9TO A S]IES ( SPECIALIZ$ S]VICES 9EVITABLY CREATES A PROBLEM ( REUNIT+ ! ACTIVITIES1 ME?ODS1 & VIEWPO9TS ( !SE S]VICES4 ,EA* ( !M T5DS TO *AMPION ITS [N VIEWPO9T AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!RS1 = ?IS IS ! SOLE MEANS BY :I* IT CAN ASS]T ITS IMPORTANCE & 5L>GE ITS POSITION )9 ! APP>ATUS4 ,N[1 ! SUMMIT ( ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS1 :I* IS *>G$ ) RESOLV+ !SE CONFLICTS1 DOES NOT 9 G5]AL HAVE ANY RATIONAL CRIT]ION = DO+ SO4 ,TO DO ?IS1 9DE$1 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE ABLE TO TAKE ON ITSELF ALL OPPOS+ PO9TS ( VIEW2 I4E41 IT W\LD HAVE TO 9 FACT 0DUPLICATE0 ALL ! CO/LY S]VICES ?AT HAVE BE5 SET UP SO LABORI\SLY4 ,?IS IS 9 FACT ! SOLUTION TO :I* A NUMB] ( MANAG]S >E L$3 ,!Y SURR\ND !MSELVES ) AN EXCLUSIVE P]SONAL TEAM1 A SORT ( PRIVATE & CL&E/9E G5]AL /AFF4.<#i#f.> ,MANAGEM5T ?US IS OBLIG$ TO 9/AURATE ITS [N 9=MAL ORGANIZATION 9 OPPOSITION TO ! =MAL ONE IT HAS ALREADY SET UP4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS OBVI\S NOT ONLY ?AT !SE TWO SOLUTIONS REFUTE EA* O!R 7EI!R ! CL&E/9E G5]AL /AFF IS USELESS OR ELSE IT PROVES H[ USELESS A GOOD P>T ( ! (FICIAL DEP>TM5TS >E7 BUT ALSO ?AT !IR JUXTAPOSITION CAN ONLY BE ! S\RCE ( NEW CONFLICTS4 ,& ULTIMATELY1 TOP MANAGEM5T DOES NOT RUN ANY?+ AT ALL2 IT IS R$UC$ TO >BITRAT+ BETWE5 OPPOS+ VIEWPO9TS & IT DOES ?IS 9 A TRULY >BITR>Y FA%ION1 = IT KN[S H>DLY ANY?+ AB\T ! PROBLEMS 9 QUE/ION4 ,LOGICALLY SPEAK+1 ITS SOLE F\NDATION N[ IS M]ELY ?AT :ATEV] DECISION IT MAKES1 EV5 AN >BITR>Y OR ABSURD ONE1 IS MORE VALUABLE ?AN ! TOTAL ABS5CE ( DECISION MAK+4.<#i#g.> 

,! ABS5CE ( RATIONAL CRIT]IA CAPABLE ( AID+ 9 ! RESOLUTION ( CONFLICTS BETWE5 OPPOS+ PO9TS ( VIEW ?AT >ISE UNAVOIDABLY )9 MANAGEM5T'S BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS IS COMB9$ ) ANO!R PH5OM5ON ( CAPITAL IMPORTANCE3 ! ABS5CE ( RATIONAL CRIT]IA CONC]N+ ! PLACEM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS )9 ?IS APP>ATUS4 ,!SE TWO FACTORS >E AT ! ROOT ( ! TRAITS ?AT >E *>ACT]I/IC ( EV]Y MOD]N BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS3 ! /RUGGLE ( ALL AGA9/ ALL = 0ADVANCEM5T10 ! =MATION ( CLIQUES & CLANS ?AT DOM9ATE 9 A HIDD5 .<OCCULTE.> FA%ION ! 0(FICIAL0 LIFE ( ! APP>ATUS1 & ! TRANS=MATION ( OBJECTIVE OPTIONS 9TO /AKES 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 CLIQUES & CLANS4 

,WE MU/ FULLY UND]/& ! MEAN+ ( ?IS ANALYSIS ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEM5T4 ,WE >E NOT COMP>+ ! LATT] TO A P]FECT MANAGEM5T 9 ORD] TO DRAW \T ! FAIL+S IT EXHIBITS 9 RELATION TO SU* AN IMAG9>Y /&>D4 ,!RE IS NO P]FECT MANAGEM5T1 :ATEV] ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE 7EV5 IF IT BE ! ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVITY ( PRODUC]S71 & SU* A COMP>ISON W\LD BE COMPLETELY MEAN+LESS4 ,FROM EV]Y /&PO9T WE HAVE EXAM9$1 A HUMAN MANAGEM5T W\LD 5C\NT] PROBLEMS AS WELL AS DIFFICULTIES AS TO H[ TO SOLVE SU* PROBLEMS4 ,! PREC$+ DISCUSSION HAS NO BE>+ ON ! POSSIBILITY ( ELIM9AT+ !SE PROBLEMS4 ,IT %[S RA!R ?AT ! /RUCTURE & ! NATURE ( ! PRES5T =M ( MANAGEM5T1 :I* IS A BUREAUCRATIC =M ( MANAGEM5T EXT]NAL TO ! ACTIVITIES IT IS SUPPOS$ TO DIRECT1 MAKE ITS PROBLEMS 9SOLUBLE1 OR AT BE/1 PREV5T ITS PROBLEMS FROM BE+ 0RESOLV$0 EXCEPT AT ! PRICE ( 5ORM\S WA/EFULNESS & P]PETUAL CRISES4 

,P]FECT =ESI<T WILL NEV] EXI/4 ,& IT NE$ NOT EXI/ = PRODUCTION TO BE ORGANIZ$ RATIONALLY4 ,! PRES5T /RUCTURE1 H[EV]1 IS IMPLICITLY BAS$ ON ! HYPO!SIS ?AT SU* =ESI<T EXI/S1 & ?AT MANAGEM5T POSSESSES IT4 ,S9CE 9 !ORY ! PRODUC]S >E 9CAPABLE ( C>RY+ \T 0ON ! JOB0 ! P]MAN5T READJU/M5T ( ! PLAN TO REALITY1 ?IS ADJU/M5T MU/ BE C>RI$ \T A PRIORI & ONCE & = ALL BY MANAGEM5T4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ?IS1 ! 0PRODUCTION PLAN0 -- ( ! 5T]PRISE OR ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY -- ACQUIRES AN ABSOLUTE VALUE4 ,S9CE ! P]MAN5T PROCESS ( MAK+ ADJU/M5TS BETWE5 =ESI<T -- )\T :I* !RE IS NO RATIONAL ACTION -- & REALITY IS UPSET BY ! FACT ?AT MANAG]S >E RADICALLY SEP>AT$ FROM EXECUTANTS1 BALANCE CAN BE REE/ABLI%$ 9 EA* 9/ANCE ONLY BY FITS & />TS1 & ?R\< SPECIFIC1 BELAT$1 SPASMODIC 9T]V5TIONS4 

,! PROBLEM ( OBTA9+ ADEQUATE 9=MATION WILL ALWAYS EXI/4 ,BUT ! PRES5T /RUCTURE R5D]S ! PROBLEM LIT]ALLY 9SOLUBLE1 = ITS V]Y EXI/5CE DRIVES ! :OLE ( SOCIETY TO CONSPIRE TO MASK REALITY4 ,! PROBLEM ( MAK+ 9DIVIDUALS ADEQUATE = ! FUNCTIONS !Y FULFILL WILL EXI/ = A LONG TIME TO COME4 ,BUT1 BY >RANG+ !SE FUNCTIONS ALONG A HI]>*ICAL PYRAMID1 BY TY+ NOT ONLY ! ECONOMIC FATE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BUT ALSO HIS TOTAL SITUATION & ULTIMATELY HIS S5SE ( SELF-WOR? TO HIS SUCCESS 9 A DESP]ATE & ABSURD /RUGGLE AGA9/ EV]YONE ELSE1 ! PRES5T /RUCTURE DE/ROYS ALL POSSIBILITY ( A RATIONAL SOLUTION4 ,HUMAN SOCIETY WILL ALWAYS BE FAC$ ) OPTIONS ?AT >E NOT GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS ADMITT+ ( A S+LE1 UNIQUE SOLUTION AT ! 5D ( ONE RIGOR\SLY DEF9$ PA?4 ,BUT ! PRES5T /RUCTURE EI!R FAILS TO POSE !SE PROBLEMS EXPLICITLY OR RESOLVES !M 9 T]MS ( FACTORS ?AT >E EXT]NAL TO !IR CONT5T4 

,N[1 UNLESS !RE IS A RADICAL OV]?R[ ( ! PRES5T /RUCTURE1 ?IS SEP>ATE TYPE ( MANAGEM5T IS 9EVITABLE4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( ?\S&S ( 9DIVIDUALS & ELEM5T>Y GR\PS HAVE TO BE COORD9AT$ 9 ONE FA%ION OR ANO!R4 ,! 0UNIV]SAL0 PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 5T]PRISE'S OP]ATION HAS TO PREVAIL OV] ! 0P>TICUL>0 VIEWPO9TS ( ! WORK]S OR ( !IR GR\PS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 !N1 A P>TICUL> GR\P ( MANAG]S HAS TO TAKE IT UPON !MSELVES TO IMPOSE ?IS 0UNIV]SAL0 VIEWPO9T UPON ! TOTALITY ( PRODUC]S4 ,FROM !N ON1 CONFLICT IS 9EVITABLE4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 = EA* GR\P ( WORK]S1 ! IMP]ATIVES >IS+ \T ( ?IS 0UNIV]SAL0 /&PO9T ( ! MANAGEM5T TAKE ! =M ( AN >BITR>ILY IMPOS$ EXT]NAL LAW4 ,ITS JU/IFICATION CANNOT EV5 BE KN[N1 & BY ?IS V]Y FACT IT !RE=E APPE>S TO BE COMPLETELY IRRATIONAL4 ,BUT MANAGEM5T'S 0UNIV]SAL0 PO9T ( VIEW IS 9 FACT ANO!R P>TICUL> PO9T ( VIEW2 ?IS VIEWPO9T1 :I* IS P>TIAL 9 BO? S5SES ( ! WORD .<P>TIAL ET P>TIEL.>1 IS ! VIEWPO9T ( A P>TICUL> /RATUM ?AT HAS ACCESS TO ONLY A P>T ( REALITY1 ?AT LIVES A LIFE AP>T FROM ACTUAL PRODUCTION1 & ?AT HAS ITS [N 9T]E/S TO PUT =W>D4 ,9V]SELY1 ! 0P>TICUL>0 PO9T ( VIEW ( GR\PS ( PRODUC]S IS 9 FACT A UNIV]SAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,! PO9T ( VIEW ( EA* ELEM5T>Y GR\P IS F\ND AGA9 9 ALL ! O!RS4 ,! NORMS >IS+ )9 !M >E ID5TICAL4 ,! 9T]E/S !Y TRY TO ADVANCE >E ! SAME4 ,MANAGEM5T 5DEAVORS TO ?9K AB\T ! ACTUAL REALITY ( PRODUCTION4 ,! PRODUC]S >E ?IS ACTUAL REALITY ITSELF4 ,TAK5 9 !IR TOTALITY1 !Y EMBRACE ! TOTALITY ( ASPECTS ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! 5T]PRISE -- 9 FACT1 !Y >E ?IS TOTALITY4 

,BUT >E !Y REALLY8 ,CAN !Y1 ACROSS ! MANY %OPS & (FICES ( ! 5T]PRISE1 ACTUALLY =M AN ORGANIC UNITY8 ,>E !Y NOT ALL RIVET$ TO SPECIFIC PLACES ON ! TOTAL MA*9E ( ! WORKPLACE8 ,IS NOT EA* ( !M DEPRIV$ ( A VIEW ( EV]Y?+ ELSE & 9CAPABLE ( CONNECT+ ) ! OV]ALL LIV+ TOTALITY ( ! 5T]PRISE8 ,AN ANALYSIS CAN %[ !IR MUTUAL ID5TITY1 & IT CAN COMB9E !M4 ,BUT CAN !Y !MSELVES BECOME UNIT$8 ,ONLY ! ANALYSIS ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES CAN FURNI% AN ANSW] TO !SE QUE/IONS4 

,! ,WORK+-,CLASS ,/RUGGLE AGA9/ ,ALI5ATION 

,! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION IS PR(\NDLY CONTRADICTORY4 ,CAPITALI/ MANAGEM5T CLAIMS IT DEALS ONLY ) ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK]1 :]EAS 9 FACT PRODUCTION IS C>RI$ \T BY ! COLLECTIVITY ( WORK]S4 ,IT CLAIMS TO R$UCE ! WORK] TO A LIMIT$ & DET]M9$ SET ( TASKS1 BUT IT IS OBLIG$ AT ! SAME TIME TO RELY UPON ! UNIV]SAL CAPACITIES HE DEVELOPS BO? AS A FUNCTION ( & 9 OPPOSITION TO ! SITUATION 9 :I* HE IS PLAC$4 ,BY EXHAU/IVELY DEF9+ 9 ADVANCE ! ME?ODS BY :I* !SE TASKS >E TO BE EXECUT$1 IT CLAIMS TO REMOVE FROM !M EV]Y ELEM5T 9VOLV+ MANAG]IAL DUTIES4 ,BUT AS SU*1 AN EXHAU/IVE DEF9ITION ALWAYS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,PRODUCTION CAN BE C>RI$ \T ONLY 9S(> AS ! WORK] HIMSELF ORGANIZES HIS WORK & GOES BEYOND HIS !ORETICAL ROLE ( PURE & SIMPLE EXECUTANT4 

,! CONFLICTS ?AT RESULT FROM ?IS SITUATION CULM9ATE 9 A V]ITABLE AN>*Y ( PRODUCTION 9 EA* 5T]PRISE4 ,BUT !Y CREATE AT ! SAME TIME A CONTRADICTORY SITUATION & A CONTRADICTORY ATTITUDE 9 ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,! CONDITIONS 9 :I* !Y >E PLAC$ IMPEL !M TO ORGANIZE !IR PRODUCTION WORK 9 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE MANN]1 TO UPGRADE ! MA*9]Y1 TO 9V5T NEW PROCESSES1 ETC4 ,! WAY CAPITALISM ORGANIZES PRODUCTION OBLIGES !M TO DO SO1 = :5 SOME?+ GOES WRONG IT IS ! WORK]S :O PAY 7& :O CANNOT DEF5D !MSELVES M]ELY BY PO9T+ \T ?AT ! FACTORY IS BADLY ORGANIZ$74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 H[EV]1 AS SOON AS !Y MANIFE/ !MSELVES1 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION & CREATIVITY >E COMBAT$ BY ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 !SE QUALITIES >E CONT9UALLY BE+ DISRUPT$ & BUT*]$ BY ?IS APP>ATUS4 ,9DE$1 UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS1 IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! ORGANIZATION & ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION 9ITIAT$ BY WORK]S ESS5TIALLY PR(IT CAPITAL1 :I* (T5 !N SEIZES HOLD ( !M & TURNS !M AGA9/ ! WORK]S4 ,! WORK]S KN[ IT & CONSEQU5TLY !Y RE/RICT !IR P>TICIPATION 9 PRODUCTION1 BO? CONSCI\SLY AS WELL AS UNCONSCI\SLY4 ,!Y RE/RICT !IR \TPUT2 !Y KEEP !IR IDEAS TO !MSELVES2 !Y MAKE USE ( IMPROVEM5TS ON !IR 9DIVIDUAL MA*9ES ?AT !Y C>EFULLY HIDE FROM ! =EM52 !Y ORGANIZE AMONG !MSELVES TO C>RY \T !IR WORK1 ALL ! :ILE KEEP+ UP A FACADE ( RESPECT = ! (FICIAL WAY !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO ORGANIZE !IR WORK -- & SO ON4.<#i#h.> 

,?IS CONTRADICTORY ATTITUDE ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S SIGNIFIES ?AT ! 9SURM\NTABLE CONFLICT ?AT TE>S ?R\< CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS TRANSPOS$ 9TO ! HE>T ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 9TO ! BEHAVIOR ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] AS WELL AS 9TO ! ATTITUDES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT W\LD BE 5TIRELY WRONG TO REPRES5T ! PROLET>IAT AS A FULL POSITIVITY1 LIKE SOME K9D ( CLASS ?AT ALREADY BE>S )9 ITSELF ! SOLUTION TO ALL PROBLEMS & ?AT AN 5EMY CLASS & A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT REMA9S =EIGN ALONE PREV5T IT FROM A*IEV+ SU* SOLUTIONS4 ,?AT W\LD BE BO? A DEMAGOGIC MY/IFICATION & A POOR1 SUP]FICIAL !ORY4 ,CAPITALISM W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO CONT9UE TO EXI/ IF ! CRISIS IT IS UND]GO+ DID NOT HAVE REP]CUSSIONS )9 ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,! OPPRESSION1 ! EXPLOITATION1 & ! ALI5ATION CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 ! WORK+ CLASS ?R\< CONTRADICTIONS ?AT TILL N[ IT HAS NOT SUCCE$$ 9 OV]COM+4 ,! POSITIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS COMES FROM ! FACT ?AT IT DOES NOT REMA9 SIMPLY TORN BY !SE CONTRADICTIONS1 BUT CON/ANTLY /RUGGLES TO OV]COME !M & ?AT1 AT ! MO/ DIV]SE LEVELS1 ! MEAN+ .<CONT5U.> ( ?IS /RUGGLE IS ! AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 

,BUREAUCRATS -- & SOMETIMES EV5 REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS DE=M$ BY A N>R[ 0,M>XISM0 !Y HAVE \TGR[N BUT HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO %$ -- DO NOT WANT TO SEE 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLES ANY?+ BUT A T5D5CY T[>D IMPROV+ ITS /&>D ( LIV+1 OR AT BE/ A /RUGGLE 0AGA9/ EXPLOITATION40 ,BUT ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE IS NOT & CANNOT BE SIMPLY A /RUGGLE 0AGA9/0 EXPLOITATION2 IT NECESS>ILY T5DS TO BE A /RUGGLE = A NEW ORGANIZATION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE >E ONLY TWO ASPECTS ( ! SAME ?+1 = ! ROOT ( EXPLOITATION IS ! PRES5T ORGANIZATION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! WORK] CAN BE EXPLOIT$1 I4E41 ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR CAN BE EXPROPRIAT$ FROM HIM1 ONLY 9S(> AS ! DIRECTION ( HIS LABOR IS EXPROPRIAT$ FROM HIM4 ,& ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION QUICKLY PLACES BE=E HIM ! PROBLEM ( MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS ALWAYS IS TRUE ON ! %OP FLOOR & P]IODICALLY ON ! LEVEL ( ! FACTORY & ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 

,USUALLY ONE FIXES ONE'S EYES ON ! 0HI/ORICAL0 MOM5TS ( PROLET>IAN ACTION 7REVOLUTIONS & G5]AL /RIKES7 OR1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ON :AT CAN BE CALL$ ITS EXPLICIT ORGANIZATION & ACTIVITY 7TRADE UNIONS1 P>TIES1 BIG /RIKES74 ,BUT !SE ACTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS CAN BE COMPREH5D$ ONLY AS MOM5TS ( A P]MAN5T PROCESS ( ACTION & ORGANIZATION ?AT F9DS ITS ORIG9 9 ! DEP?S ( EV]YDAY LIFE 9 ! WORKPLACE & ?AT CAN SU/A9 ITSELF & REMA9 ADEQUATE TO ITS 9T5TIONS ONLY ON ! CONDITION ?AT IT CONT9UALLY RETURNS TO !SE DEP?S4 ,UND] ! TITLE ( IMPLICIT /RUGGLE WE 9CLUDE ?IS EV]YDAY ACTIVITY & ORGANIZATION1 ! CAPITAL IMPORTANCE ( :I* MU/ H5CE=? BE GIV5 FULL RECOGNITION4 ,IT IS IMPLICIT 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S EXI/5CE1 9 ITS V]Y CONDITION AS BE+ PROLET>IAN4 ,! 9=MAL OR ELEM5T>Y ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S IS ONLY ONE ASPECT ( ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,ORGANIZATION IS ONLY ONE LOGICAL MOM5T ( ! PROCESS ( /RUGGLE -- & ! SAME IS TRUE ( ACTION4 ,/RUGGLE 9CLUDES ACTION1 ORGANIZATION1 & ! SETT+ ( OBJECTIVES4 ,\R PURPOSE IS MU* MORE G5]AL ?AN ! ANALYSIS ( 9=MAL ORGANIZATION S9CE IT ALSO 9CLUDES BO? 9=MAL ACTIONS & 9=MAL OBJECTIVES4 ,?IS IMPLICIT /RUGGLE IS ONLY ! FLIP SIDE1 ONE C\LD SAY1 ( ! PROLET>IAT'S EV]YDAY WORK4 ,WORK 9 ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE DOES NOT OCCUR )\T /RUGGLE4 ,?IS SITUATION FOLL[S DIRECTLY FROM AN ORGANIZATION ( WORK BAS$ UPON ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS4 

,?US1 ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( WORK T5DS TO RELY UPON ! DEF9ITION ( WORK NORMS4 ,WORK]S /RUGGLE AGA9/ !SE NORMS4 ,9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 ONLY A 0DEF5SE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION0 CAN BE SE54 ,BUT 9 FACT1 IT CONTA9S 9F9ITELY MORE3 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE HE IS TRY+ TO DEF5D HIMSELF AGA9/ EXPLOITATION1 ! WORK] IS OBLIG$ TO DEM& ! RI<T TO DET]M9E HIS [N WORK PACE & TO REFUSE TO BE TREAT$ LIKE A ?+4 

,ONCE A NORM IS DEF9$1 PROBLEMS >E F> FROM BE+ SETTL$4 ,IT IS ONLY ! B\ND>IES ( A BATTLEFIELD ?AT HAVE JU/ BE5 DEF9$4 ,9 ?IS BATTLE1 ! BATTLE OV] ACTUAL \TPUT1 ! WORK]S >E L$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 TO 9V5T NEW MEANS ( ACT+1 & TO DEF9E OBJECTIVES4 ,NO?+ IS GIV5 TO !M 9 ADVANCE2 EV]Y?+ HAS TO BE CREAT$ & CONQU]$ 9 ! MID/ ( /RUGGLE4 

,! DYNAMIC ( ! SEQU5CE ( OBJECTIVES1 ORGANIZATION1 & MEANS ( ACTION1 IS PLA9 TO SEE4 ,! WORK]S AIM = ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( PAY = 0AN HONE/ DAY'S WORK40 ,?IS MAXIMUM HAS MEAN+ ONLY AS A COLLECTIVE MAXIMUM -- 9 O!R WORDS1 EV]Y ATTEMPT TO REA* A MAXIMUM AM\NT ( PAY = AN 9DIVIDUAL QUICKLY IS REVEAL$ TO BE ILLUSORY & ULTIMATELY IS TURN$ AGA9/ ! 9DIVIDUAL :O MADE ! ATTEMPT4 ,! A*IEVEM5T ( ?IS 9ITIAL OBJECTIVE IMPLIES ! PURSUIT ( ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( FRE$OM )9 ! GIV5 FRAMEWORK ( ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,IT EQUALLY IMPLIES ! PURSUIT ( ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( REAL EFFICI5CY 9 PRODUCTION -- AN 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = A*IEV+ LABOR SAV+S4 ,! WORK]S !REBY >E L$ TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 5TIRE SET ( ME?ODS = ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION ALONG CAPITALI/ L9ES4 ,!Y >E L$ EQUALLY TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 AN 0ELEM5T>Y0 OR 09=MAL0 FA%ION UND] =MS ?AT CAPITALISM CON/ANTLY BREAKS UP & ?AT !Y CONT9UALLY RECREATE4 

,WE >E NOT SAY+ ?AT ! WORK]S ALWAYS OR EV5 MO/ ( ! TIME A*IEVE !SE OBJECTIVES4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 !Y CANNOT A*IEVE !M )\T SMA%+ ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( ! 5T]PRISE -- :I* IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T AT ! SAME TIME SMA%+ ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,SETBACKS & DEFEATS >E 9EVITABLE PHASES 9 ?IS PROCESS4 ,BUT AS LONG AS ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION IS !RE1 ! /RUGGLE WILL ALWAYS BE REBORN FROM ITS A%ES & WILL BE L$ BO? BY ITS [N DYNAMIC & BY ! OBJECTIVE DYNAMIC ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY TO WID5 & DEEP54 ,?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( ?IS /RUGGLE ?AT WE HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO BR+ \T4 

,NEI!R >E WE SAY+ ?AT ?IS MEAN+ IS SIMPLE1 A /ATE ( GRACE AUTOMATICALLY 9VE/+ ! WORK+-CLASS CONDITION1 A SOCIALI/ APRIORITY 9NATE TO PROLET>IANS4 ,! PROLET>IAT IS NOT SOCIALI/ -- IT BECOMES SO1 OR MORE EXACTLY1 IT MAKES ITSELF SOCIALI/4 ,&1 LONG BE=E IT CAME TO APPE> AS SOCIALI/ BY ORGANIZ+ ITSELF 9TO TRADE UNIONS & P>TIES ) ?IS NAME1 IT MAKES APPE> ! EMBRYONIC ELEM5TS ( A NEW =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ( A NEW TYPE ( BEHAVIOR & ( A NEW HUMAN WAY ( ?9K+1 9 ITS EV]YDAY LIFE & 9 ITS DAILY /RUGGLE )9 ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,IT IS UPON ?IS T]RA9 ?AT WE WILL N[ BEG9 TO ANALYZE ! DYNAMIC & ! SIGNIFICATION ( WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES4 

,! ,/RUGGLE OV] ,\TPUT 

,! T5D5CY ( WORK]S TO REGULATE !IR [N WORK PACE TO ! GREATE/ EXT5T POSSIBLE -- BY COMBAT+ MANAGEM5T'S NORMS1 & !N BY 0B5D+0 !SE NORMS ) ALL ! MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL -- APPE>S TO MANAGEM5T AS 0RE/RICT+ \TPUT0 OR 0RE/RICT+ PRODUCTION40 ,FAC$ ) SU* CURTAILM5T1 ! CLASSICAL 0RATIONAL0 C\NT] RESPONSE IS 0\TPUT-BAS$ WAGES0 OR 0PIECE-RATE WAGES40.<#i#i.> ,! WORK] ?US WILL BE DRIV51 09 HIS [N 9T]E/10 TO 9CREASE \TPUT TO ! MAXIMUM4 ,9 DO+ SO1 HE ALSO WILL1 9CID5TALLY1 PROVIDE 9DICATIONS ( :AT LEVELS ( \TPUT CAN BE ATTA9$ -- :I* WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO REVISE ! NORMS D[NW>D :5 ! TIME COMES4 

,9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S 7MA9LY ! ,ELTON ,MAYO S*OOL7 HAVE CRITICIZ$ ?IS ME?OD AS 0ME*ANI/IC0 BECAUSE IT PO/ULATES ?AT ! WORK] IS AN 0ECONOMIC MAN0 :OSE SOLE MOTIVE IS GETT+ ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( E>N+S :]EAS 9 REALITY O!R MOTIVES PLAY A MU* MORE IMPORTANT ROLE4 ,?IS CRITIQUE />TS FROM A CORRECT IDEA 9 ORD] TO COME UP ) A FALSE CONCLUSION4 ,IT GETS AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS A :OLE1 BUT FALLS F> %ORT ( ! PROBLEM ?AT CONC]NS US4 ,WORK]S C]TA9LY >E NOT 0ECONOMIC M540 ,!Y BEHAVE EXACTLY LIKE 0ECONOMIC M510 H[EV]1 T[>D MANAGEM5T4 ,!Y PAY MANAGEM5T BACK 9 ITS [N CO94 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 WORK]S G5]ALLY DO NOT GO = ! EFFICI5CY BAIT1 = EXP]I5CE TEA*ES !M ?AT AFT] A %ORT P]IOD ( RECEIV+ BONUS PAY A DRACONIAN R$UCTION 9 ! NORMS WILL SUP]V5E4.<#a.> ,NEXT1 !Y DISCOV] WAYS TO GET AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES )\T A REAL OR APP>5T 9CREASE 9 \TPUT4 

,9 SMALL- OR M$IUM-SCALE PRODUCTION ) 9DIVIDUAL BONUSES1 ! MEANS US$ BY WORK]S >E PRACTICALLY UN/OPPABLE4 ,TAK+ AS AN EXAMPLE ! %OP DESCRIB$ BY AN ,AM]ICAN AU?OR1.<#a#a.> !SE MEANS CAN BE SET =? AS FOLL[S4 

#a4 ,TO AVOID HAV+ ! NORMS REVIS$ AFT] \TPUT 9CREASES1 ! WORK]S NEV] %[ 7:I* DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !Y NEV] ATTA97 RESULTS SURPASS+ #a#d#e-#a#e P]C5T ( ! NORM4 

#b4 ,ON ! 0GRAVY JOBS10 :I* REPRES5T NE>LY HALF ! JOBS DONE 9 ! %OP & :I* >E DEF9$ BY ! POSSIBILITY ( GO+ F> BEYOND NORMAL \TPUT1 :5 ! WORK]S CANNOT 0FIX0 ! ACTUAL \TPUT SO AS NOT TO APPE> TO EXCE$ !SE SET MAXIMUMS1 !Y 0LOAF10 EI!R LIT]ALLY OR FIGURATIVELY4 ,! RESULT+ WA/EFULNESS IS E/IMAT$ BY ! AU?OR ) ! HELP ( SOME LONG & 9VOLV$1 BUT QUITE CONS]VATIVE1 CALCULATIONS AT >\ND #d P]C5T ( ! WORK]S' TIME -- & ?AT1 9 HIS OP9ION1 IS AN 0UND]E/IMATION40 

#c4 ,ON ! 0/9K]S10 :I* REPRES5T ! O!R HALF ( ! %OP'S JOBS & :I* >E DEF9$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GET A SUB/ANTIAL PAY BONUS NO MATT] H[ MU* EF=T IS MADE 7! CUT(F PO9T SEEMS TO BE1 9 ! CASE ANALYZ$ BY ,ROY1 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( #ab P]C5T ( ! NORM71 ! WORK]S G5]ALLY 0GOLDBRICK0 & FALL BACK ON ! BASE RATE 7! H\RLY RATE DET]M9$ 9 COLLECTIVE B>GA9+1 :ATEV] ! \TPUT ACTUALLY A*IEV$74 ,!RE IS1 NEV]!LESS1 AN IMPORTANT EXCEPTION3 ,IF ! 0/9K]0 9 QUE/ION COMES 9 L>GE LOTS OR IS A JOB ?AT MU/ BE DONE (T51 !RE BEG9S A REL5TLESS /RUGGLE ) ! TIME-/UDY M5 TO REVISE ! NORMS4.<#a#b.> ,! WA/EFULNESS BR\<T AB\T 9 SU* A CASE IS1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( ! PREVI\S CASE4 

#d4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( !SE TWO TYPES ( JOBS 7AS WELL AS O!R M9OR JOBS PAID BY ! H\R3 MA*9]Y SETUPS1 JOBS = :I* NORMS HAVE NOT YET BE5 E/ABLI%$1 0REWORK+0 DEFECTIVE PIECES7 GIVES ! WORK]S AMPLE OPPORTUNITIES TO 9CREASE !IR PAY )\T !IR APP>5T \TPUT GO+ BEYOND ! 0NORMAL0 RATE4 ,?US1 IF A WORK] HAS A 0GRAVY JOB0 = F\R H\RS1 DUR+ :I* HE C\LD WORK AT #b P]C5T ( ! NORM1 & A 0/9K]0 = F\R H\RS1 DUR+ :I* HE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO WORK AT ! NORM1 HE CAN *OOSE BETWE5 ?REE OPTIONS4 

,HE CAN 7A7 FOLL[ MANAGEM5T'S =MAL RULES1 9 :I* CASE HE WILL MAKE A TWELVE-H\R WAGE 7#d X #b "4 #d X #a7 -- ) ! C]TA9TY ?AT A FEW DAYS LAT] ! TIME ALLOTT$ = ! 0GRAVY JOB0 WILL BE R$UC$4 ,HE CAN 7B7 HOLD BACK ON ! GRAVY JOB TO #ae P]C5T2 HE !N WILL MAKE A T5-H\R WAGE 7#d X #a4#e "4 #d X #a74 ,LA/1 HE CAN 7C7 WORK AT #b P]C5T ( ! NORM ON ! 0GRAVY JOB0 & AT #a P]C5T ON ! O!R ONE1 BUT REPORT ?AT ! FIR/ JOB WAS C>RI$ \T 9 #e'_/#c H\RS & ! SECOND 9 #b.0 H\RS4 ,IT !N WILL APPE> ?AT ! WORK] HAD WORK$ AT #ae P]C5T ( ! NORM 9 BO? CASES1 HE WILL MAKE A TWELVE-H\R WAGE1 ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( PRODUCTION WILL BE C>RI$ \T -- & !RE WILL BE NO DANG] ( ! TIME ALLOTM5TS BE+ R$UC$4.<#a#c.> 

,! WORK] CAN OBTA9 A SIMIL> RESULT BY *ANG+ ! APP>5T ALLOCATION ( HIS TIME BETWE5 ! 0GRAVY JOBS0 & JOBS PAID BY ! H\R 7) ! DIFF]5CE ?AT 9 ?IS CASE HE 9CREASES HIS PAY )\T 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION74 

#e4 ,= ! WORK]S TO BE ABLE TO REALIZE !SE POSSIBILITIES1 MO/ ( ! WORK RULES E/ABLI%$ BY MANAGEM5T HAVE TO BE BROK54 ,9 FACT1 ! :OLE SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ 0RATIONALIZATION0 ( LABOR IS /RUCK D[N BY IT2 MANAGEM5T LOSES ! ABILITY TO DET]M9E ! BREAKD[N ( ! WORK]S' H\RS BETWE5 V>I\S JOBS1 & ULTIMATELY ALL ITS ACC\NT+ PROC$URES & CALCULATIONS ( PR(ITABILITY >E UTT]LY RU9$4 ,!RE=E1 MANAGEM5T HAS TO REACT & IT CAN DO SO ONLY BY 9/AURAT+ ADDITIONAL 0CONTROLS40 ,IF !SE CONTROLS >E 0EFFECTIVE10 !Y LEAD ! WORK]S T[>D SOLUTION 7B7 AS DESCRIB$ 9 #d -- NAMELY1 RE/RICTION ( \TPUT1 & H5CE WA/EFULNESS4 

,!SE CONTROLS1 H[EV]1 QUICKLY BECOME 9EFFECTIVE4 ,IF ! 9SPECTORS REMA9 9 !IR (FICES1 !Y BASICALLY CAN 9SPECT NO?+ AT ALL4 ,?IS IS ! CASE ) ! TIME-/UDY M51 :O >E US$ 9 FACT1 ACCORD+ TO ,ROY'S PHRASE1 AS ! TRUE 0HAT*ET M50 ( UPP] MANAGEM5T3 ,?\< !Y >E M]CILESS AGA9/ MA*9E OP]ATORS :OM !Y F9D BREAK+ ! RULES & GET !M DISMISS$ IMM$IATELY1 !SE TIME-/UDY M5 DESCRIB$ BY ,ROY APPE> ONLY V]Y R>ELY ON ! %OP FLOOR4 ,IF !Y >E /ATION$ 9 ! %OP1 !Y CANNOT RESI/ ! CONT9U\S PRESSURE ( ! OP]ATORS = LONG4.<#a#d.> ,SU* IS ! CASE ) ! 0TIME *ECK]S0 :O >E SUPPOS$ TO RECORD ! TIME AT ! BEG9N+ & ! 5D ( EA* JOB SPECIFICALLY TO PREV5T ANY 0FIX+0 ( REAL \TPUT4 ,QUITE SOON !SE TIME *ECK]S !MSELVES ASK ! OP]ATORS1 0,:5 DO Y\ WANT ME TO *ECK Y\80 ,9 FACT1 NOT ONLY PRODUCTION WORK]S BUT ALL 0S]VICE0 EMPLOYES :O >E 9 DIRECT & CONT9U\S CONTACT ) !M 70TIME *ECK]S10 TOOL-CRIB ATT5DANTS1 /OCK-*AS]S1 SETUP M51 9SPECTORS1 & ULTIMATELY EV5 =EM57 CONT9UALLY COOP]ATE TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE TO BREAK MANAGEM5T'S RULES 7:I* 9 !IR EYES1 & OBJECTIVELY1 >E ABSURD7 & TO ALL[ ! WORK]S TO 0FIGURE ! ANGLES40 0,FIGUR+ ! ANGLES0 W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T ?IS CON/ANT COOP]ATION 9VOLV+ ALL ! P>TS ( ! MANAG]IAL APP>ATUS ?AT >E 9 ONGO+ CONTACT ) ! PRODUC]S4 

,NOT BE+ ABLE TO TRU/ ITS HUMAN REPRES5TATIVES1 MANAGEM5T IS OBLIG$ ONCE AGA9 TO FALL BACK ON IMP]SONAL & AB/RACT REGULATIONS4 ,IT 9TRODUCES NEW REGULATIONS AIM$ AT MAK+ ! TRANSGRESSION ( ITS RULES 0OBJECTIVELY IMPOSSIBLE40 ,BUT ! OBJECTIVE OBS]VANCE ( !SE NEW REGULATIONS ( NECESSITY DEP5DS 9 TURN UPON HUMAN CONTROL3 ,!IR EFFECTIV5ESS PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! PROBLEM !Y >E CALL$ UPON TO RESOLVE IS ALREADY RESOLV$4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 ADDITIONAL REGULATIONS >E MADE 9 VA91 = WORK]S 9 COOP]ATION ) ! L[] /RATA ( ! 0AUXILI>Y S]VICES0 QUICKLY SUCCE$ 9 CIRCUMV5T+ !M4 

,BUT !RE IS MORE3 ,MO/ ( ! TIME !SE REGULATIONS 9TRODUCE AN ADDITIONAL DEGREE ( WA/EFULNESS & AN>*Y4 ,! OP]ATORS & ! S]VICE EMPLOYES >E OBLIG$ BY ?IS V]Y FACT TO DEVOTE P>T ( !IR EF=TS NOT ONLY TO CIRCUMV5T+ ! REGULATIONS BUT TO COMP5SAT+ = ITS IRRATIONAL EFFECTS4 

,?US1 9 ! FACTORY DESCRIB$ BY ,DONALD ,ROY1 9 ORD] TO KEEP ! MA*9E OP]ATORS FROM 0FIGUR+ ! ANGLES0 7ALLOCAT+ ! APP>5T DI/RIBUTION ( !IR TIME BETWE5 DIFF]5T JOBS AS IT SUITS !M71 MANAGEM5T APPO9TS 0TIME *ECK]S40 ,9 FACT1 ! LATT] BECOME ! OP]ATORS' ALLIES & >E TURN$ AGA9/ MANAGEM5T4 ,AT A C]TA9 PO9T1 MANAGEM5T DECIDES TO REACT & TO MAKE A 0RUL+0 AIM$ AT MAK+ ! OP]ATORS' 0MAKE-\T ANGLES0 0OBJECTIVELY IMPOSSIBLE40 ,! 0RUL+0 9 QUE/ION =BIDS ! OP]ATORS FROM KEEP+ !IR TOOLS & O!R AUXILI>Y MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7! 0SETUPS07 NEXT TO !IR MA*9ES AFT] A GIV5 JOB IS F9I%$ AS WELL AS FROM GETT+ :AT !Y NE$ FROM ! TOOL-CRIB ATT5DANTS 09 ADVANCE0 7!SE TWO PRACTICES OBVI\SLY BE+ NECESS>Y TO DO ANY O!R WORK ?AN :AT !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO BE DO+74 ,TOOL ORD]S 9 TRIPLICATE >E US$ TO GU>ANTEE ADEQUATE MONITOR+4 ,AT ! 5D ( EA* %IFT1 ! WORK-ORD] C>D & ALL TOOL SETUPS HAVE TO BE TURN$ 9 TO ! TOOL-CRIB ATT5DANTS1 :E!R ! JOB IS F9I%$ OR NOT4 ,! SETUP WORK !N HAS TO BE />T$ ALL OV] AGA9 BY ! NEXT %IFT4 

,! RULE'S EFFECTS -- :I* 9DE$ HAVE BE5 =ESE5 BY EXP]I5C$ WORK]S -- >E NOT LONG 9 COM+3 A CONSID]ABLE 9CREASE 9 ! TOOL-CRIB ATT5DANTS' WORKLOAD RESULT+ BO? FROM 9CREAS$ PAP]WORK & FROM ! NE$ TO REASSEMBLE & RE-SORT ! REQUE/$ TOOLS AFT] EA* %IFT 7UP UNTIL !N1 ! MA*9E OP]ATORS & SETUP M5 S]V$ !MSELVES FROM ! TOOL CRIB72 ALSO1 !RE IS A CONSID]ABLE LOSS ( TIME = ! WORK]S & LONG L9ES BEG9 TO =M AT ! TOOL CRIB4 ,BUT MANAGEM5T'S DESIR$ RESULT IS NOT A*IEV$3 ,! TRIPLICATE =MS IRE FILL$ \T & EX*ANG$ EA* TIME -- BUT ! TOOL-CRIB ATT5DANTS CONT9UE TO SUPPLY ! OP]ATORS 9 ADVANCE ) !IR TOOLS4 

,FAC$ ) ?IS SITUATION1 MANAGEM5T1 F\R MON?S LAT]1 MODIFIES ITS FIR/ RULE ) A SECOND ONE4 ,TO AVOID LONG L9ES =M+ 9 FRONT ( ! CRIB ! %IFTS NO LONG] >E OBLIG$ TO TURN 9 !IR WORK-ORD] C>DS & TOOLS AT ! 5D ( !IR WORKDAY1 BUT TOOLS CAN BE FURNI%$ FROM !N ON ONLY UPON AN ORD] 9 DUPLICATE FROM ! 0TIME *ECK]S40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! 9SPECTORS HAVE TO C\NT]SIGN ! TIME A JOB 5DS BE=E A NEW WORK ORD] CAN BE OBTA9$ 7?IS IS DONE TO P]MIT A CROSS-*ECK ( ! TIMES M>K$ BY ! 0TIME *ECK]S0 & ! 9SPECTORS74 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! SECOND RULE ALSO RESULTS M]ELY 9 9CREAS$ PAP]WORK = ! TOOL-CRIB ATT5DANTS4 ,! SETUP M51 :O >E ALL[$ TO GO 9TO ! TOOL CRIB1 PICK UP SETUPS AHEAD ( TIME = ! OP]ATORS4 ,! 9SPECTORS QUICKLY FALL 9 /EP & 0C\NT]SIGN0 ! TIME C>DS AS REQUE/$ BY ! OP]ATORS4 ,! %OP GETS BACK 9TO A R\T9E AGA91 UND] SLI<TLY DIFF]5T PROC$URES -- & ) A NOTABLE 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( P9K1 :ITE1 & BLUE PAP]4 

,MANAGEM5T DOES NOT LET ITSELF GET DISC\RAG$4 ,IT PUBLI%ES A ?IRD 0RUL+0 (FICIALLY =BIDD+ ANYONE FROM GO+ 9TO ! TOOL CRIB EXCEPT ! TOOL-CRIB EMPLOYES & TWO SUP]9T5D5TS4 ,! ORD]1 SIGN$ BY ,FAULKN]1 ! DIRECTOR ( ! FACTORY1 IS PO/$ ON ! TOOL-CRIB DOOR4 

,AN OLD MA*9E OP]ATOR1 ,HANK1 PR$ICTS ?AT ! NEW ORD] 0WON'T LA/ \T ! WEEK10 & A SETUP MAN EXPLA9S :Y ITS EFFECTS WILL BE T\< ON ! GR9D]S & CRIB ATT5DANTS1 BECAUSE SETUP M5 & =EM5 HAVE BE5 DO+ MU* ( ! .<TOOL.> GR9D+ & HAVE MADE IT EASI] = !M BY COM+ 9 TO HELP !MSELVES TO TOOLS1 JIGS1 ETC4 

,A NEW L9E =MS 9 FRONT ( ! CRIB AS A RESULT ( ! ?IRD RULE4 ,! =EM5 >E FURI\S1 !Y YELL AT ! CRIB ATT5DANTS & W>N !M ?AT !Y WILL MAKE \T ALL[ANCE C>DS *>G+ !M = EV]Y M9UTE ( TIME ! WORK]S >E DELAY$ BECAUSE !Y DO NOT HAVE !IR TOOLS4 ,! BOYS :O >E /&+ 9 L9E AT ! CRIB W9D[ GR[L OR WISECRACK AB\T ! CRIB ATT5DANTS4 

,!N ,JONESY1 ! MO/ CONSCI5TI\S & MO/ EFFICI5T ( ! CRIB ATT5DANTS1 DECL>ES ?AT HE HAS 0HAD 5\<0 & LETS =EM5 & SETUP M5 BACK 9TO ! CRIB AGA94 ,! NOTES TAK5 ! SAME EV5+ BY ,D4 ,ROY >E WOR? CIT+ V]BATIM4 

,JU/ T5 DAYS AFT] ! NEW ORD] WAS PROMULGAT$1 ! SUN BEGAN TO BREAK ?R\< ! D>K CL\DS ( MANAG]IAL EFFICI5CY4 ,HANK'S PR$ICTION WAS (F BY F\R DAYS4444 ,JOHNNY 7SETUP MAN7 & O!RS SEEM$ TO BE GO+ 9 & \T ( ! CRIB AGA91 ALMO/ AT WILL4444 ,:5 ,I ASK$ ,WALT 7CRIB ATT5DANT7 = SOME JAWS TO FIT ! *UCK ,I HAD F\ND1 HE SAID3 0,WE'VE GOT LOTS ( JAWS BACK H]E1 BUT ,I W\LDN'T KN[ :AT TO LOOK =4 ,Y\'D BETT] GET ! SETUP MAN TO COME BACK H]E & F9D Y\ SOME40 ,WALT SAID TO ME3 0,I BREAK ! RULES H]E1 BUT NOT TOO MU* -- JU/ )9 REASON TO KEEP ! BOYS ON PRODUCTION4 ,FAULKN]'S ORD] /ILL HANGS AT EYE LEVEL ON ! CRIB DOOR4444 

0,& SO MU* = ,FAULKN]'S ORD]60 ,! 0FIX0 WAS 0ON0 AGA91 & OP]ATORS & !IR S]VICE-GR\P ALLIES CONDUCT$ BUS9ESS AS USUAL = ! REMA9+ WEEKS ( ! WRIT]'S EMPLOYM5T4 

,! DIALECTIC ( ?IS SITUATION CAN BE SUMM$ UP EASILY 9 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( MOM5TS ( UNIV]SAL IMPORT4 ,! ESS5TIAL ELEM5T 9 PRODUCTION CO/S IS HUMAN LABOR 79 ANY CASE1 ! SOLE ELEM5T UPON :I* MANAGEM5T CAN OR ?9KS IT CAN CONT9UALLY ACT3 ! O!RS DEP5D ON FACTORS ?AT = ! MO/ P>T >E BEYOND ITS CONTROL74 ,MANAGEM5T SEEKS TO R$UCE ITS CO/S BY TRY+ TO OBTA9 MAXIMUM \TPUT ) M9IMUM PAY4 ,! WORK]S WANT TO GET MAXIMUM PAY BY PROVID+ :AT !Y CONSID] A FAIR AM\NT ( \TPUT4 ,:5CE ! FUNDAM5TAL CONFLICT OV] ! CONT5T ( ! WORK H\R4 

,MANAGEM5T TRIES TO OV]COME ?IS CONFLICT ?R\<' 'RATIONALIZATION10 ?R\< A /RICT DEF9ITION ( ! AM\NT ( EF=T TO BE PROVID$ BY ! WORK]S1 TY+ !IR PAY TO ! AM\NT ( PRODUCTION ATTA9$4 ,?IS 0RATIONALIZATION0 ONLY MAKES ! 9ITIAL CONFLICT GR[ & BLOSSOM 9TO A NUMB] ( SPECIFIC CONFLICTS3 OV] ! SETT+ ( NORMS1 ! CONCRETE APPLICATION ( SU* NORMS1 ! QUALITY ( TOOLS & MA*9]Y & !IR DEPRECIATION1 ! APPLICATION ( REGULATIONS AIM$ AT ORGANIZ+ WORK FROM MANAGEM5T'S VIEWPO9T4 

,! 9ITIAL CONFLICT1 F> FROM BE+ OV]COME1 IS BROAD5$ AT ! SAME TIME AS IT IS DEEP5$1 = MANAGEM5T'S SUCCESSIVE C\NT] RESPONSES =CE ! WORK]S TO PUT ALL ASPECTS ( ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR 9TO QUE/ION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! OV]HEAD CO/S ( CAPITALI/ MANAGEM5T >E CONSID]ABLY 9CREAS$3 VOLUNT>Y RE/RICTION ( \TPUT ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S1 TIME TAK5 UP M]ELY /RUGGL+ AGA9/ NORMS & REGULATIONS1 MULTIPLICATION ( AUXILI>Y S]VICES & 9 P>TICUL> 0SUP]VISORY0 S]VICES ?AT 9 EA* 9/ANCE HAVE TO BE RE*ECK$ BY O!RS1 ETC4_<#a_> 

,NOTES3 
,REM>KS3 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c -- ,ADD$4 

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