,ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION & ,K>L ,M>X 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY JAIME4SILVA1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE  
,?IS SELECTION WAS WRITT5 :5 ! DECISIVE /RUGGLE 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,9T]NATIONAL HAD REA*$ ITS CLIMAX ) ! EXPULSION ( ,BAKUN9 FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL BY ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#g#b4 

"9 "9 "9 

,:5 IT COMES TO EXPLOITATION ! B\RGEOISIE PRACTICE SOLID>ITY4 ,9 COMBAT+ !M ! EXPLOIT$ MU/ DO LIKEWISE2 & ! ORGANIZATION ( ?IS SOLID>ITY IS ! SOLE AIM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS AIM1 SO SIMPLE & SO CLE>LY EXPRESS$ 9 \R ORIG9AL /ATUTES1 IS ! ONLY LEGITIMATE OBLIGATION ?AT ALL ! MEMB]S1 SECTIONS1 & F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL MU/ ACCEPT4 ,?AT !Y HAVE DONE SO WILL+LY IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT 9 B>ELY EI<T YE>S MORE ?AN A MILLION WORK]S HAVE JO9$ & UNIT$ !IR =CES UND] ! BANN] ( ?IS ORGANIZATION1 :I* HAS 9 FACT BECOME A REAL P[]1 A P[] ) :I* ! MI<TIE/ MON>*S >E N[ =C$ TO RECKON4 

,BUT ALL P[] 5TICES ! AMBITI\S1 & ,MR4 ,M>X & COMPANY1 IT SEEMS1 HAV+ NEV] TAK5 9TO ACC\NT ! NATURE & S\RCE ( ?IS PRODIGI\S P[] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IMAG9E ?AT !Y CAN MAKE IT A /EPP+-/ONE OR AN 9/RUM5T = ! REALIZATION ( !IR [N POLITICAL PRET5SIONS4 ,MR4 ,M>X1 :O WAS ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL 9ITIATORS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7A TITLE TO GLORY ?AT NO ONE WILL CONTE/7 & :O = ! LA/ EI<T YE>S HAS PRACTICALLY MONOPOLIZ$ ! :OLE ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 %\LD HAVE UND]/OOD BETT] ?AN ANYONE TWO ?+S :I* >E SELF-EVID5T & :I* ONLY ?OSE BL9D$ BY VANITY & AMBITION C\LD IGNORE3 #a7 ?AT ! M>VEL\S GR[? ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS DUE TO ! ELIM9ATION FROM ITS (FICIAL PROGRAM & RULES ( ALL POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHIC QUE/IONS1 & #b7 ?AT BAS+ ITSELF ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ! AUTONOMY & FRE$OM ( ALL ITS SECTIONS & F$]ATIONS ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS HAPPILY BE5 SP>$ ! M9I/RATIONS ( A C5TRALIZ] OR DIRECTOR :O W\LD NATURALLY IMP$E & P>ALYZE ITS GR[?4 ,BE=E #a#h#g1 PRECISELY 9 ! P]IOD ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S GREATE/ EXPANSION1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT 9T]F]E ) ! FRE$OM & AUTONOMY ( ! SECTIONS & F$]ATIONS -- NOT BECAUSE IT LACK$ ! WILL TO DOM9ATE1 BUT ONLY BECAUSE IT DID NOT HAVE ! P[] TO DO SO & NO ONE W\LD HAVE OBEY$ IT4 ,! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL WAS AN APP5DAGE TRAIL+ BEH9D ! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S ( ,FRANCE1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,SPA91 & ,ITALY4 

,AS F> AS ! POLITICAL QUE/ION IS CONC]N$1 EV]YONE KN[S ?AT IF IT WAS ELIM9AT$ FROM ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT WAS NOT ! FAULT ( ,MR4 ,M>X4 ,NOR IS IT DUE TO ANY *ANGE ( M9D ON ! P>T ( ! AU?OR ( ?AT FAM\S ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S PUBLI%$ 9 #ahdh BY HIM & HIS FRI5D & ACCOMPLICE1 ,MR4 ,5GELS4 ,NOR DID HE FAIL TO EMPHASIZE ?IS QUE/ION 9 ! ,9AUGURAL ,PROCLAMATION -- A CIRCUL> ADDRESS$ TO ALL ! WORK]S ( ALL L&S -- PUBLI%$ 9 #ahfd BY ! ,LONDON ,PROVISIONAL ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,! SOLE AU?OR ( ! ,PROCLAMATION0 WAS ,MR4 ,M>X4 

,9 ?IS PROCLAMATION ! *IEF ( ! ,G]MAN AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S /RESS$ ?AT 0! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] IS ! FIR/ TASK ( ! PROLET>IAT 4440 

,! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7,G5EVA1 #a#h#f#f7 NIPP$ 9 ! BUD ! ATTEMPT ( ,M>X -- :O N[ POSES AS ! DICTATOR ( \R GREAT ASSOCIATION -- TO 9JECT ?IS POLITICAL PLANK4 ,IT HAS BE5 COMPLETELY ELIM9AT$ FROM ! PROGRAM & /ATUTES0 ADOPT$ BY ?IS CONGRESS :I* REMA9 ! F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,TAKE ! TR\BLE TO RE-READ ! MAGNIFIC5T 0,CONSID]ATIONS0 :I* >E ! ,PREAMBLE TO \R G5]AL /ATUTES & Y\ WILL4 SEE ?AT ! POLITICAL QUE/ION IS DEALT ) 9 !SE WORDS3 

,CONSID]+ ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S MU/ BE ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES2 ?AT ! EF=TS ( ! WORK]S TO A*IEVE !IR EMANCIPATION MU/ NOT BE TO RECON/ITUTE NEW PRIVILEGES1 BUT TO E/ABLI%1 ONCE = ALL1 EQUAL DUTIES & EQUAL RI<TS2 ?AT ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ! WORK]S TO CAPITAL IS ! S\RCE ( ALL S]VITUDE -- POLITICAL1 MORAL1 & MAT]IAL2 ?AT = ?IS REASON ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S IS ! GREAT AIM TO :I* MU/ BE SUBORD9AT$ EV]Y POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 ETC4 .<,ALL EMPHASES >E ,BAKUN9'S4.> 

,?IS KEY PHRASE ( ! :OLE PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BREAKS ! L9KS :I* *A9 ! PROLET>IAT TO ! POLITICS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 9 RECOGNIZ+ ?IS TRU?1 WILL FUR!R WID5 ! GAP ?AT SEP>ATES !M FROM ! B\RGEOISIE ) EA* /EP !Y TAKE4 

,! ,ALLIANCE1 ! ,G5EVA SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HAS 9T]PRET$ ?IS P>AGRAPH ( ! 0,CONSID]ATIONS0 9 !SE T]MS3 

,! ,ALLIANCE REJECTS ALL POLITICAL ACTION :I* HAS NOT = ITS IMM$IATE & DIRECT AIM ! TRIUMPH ( ! WORK]S OV] CAPITALISM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT FIXES AS ITS ULTIMATE AIM ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ( ALL /ATES1 .<!SE TO BE REPLAC$.> BY ! UNIV]SAL F$]ATION ( ALL LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS ?R\< & 9 FRE$OM4 

,CONTR>Y TO ?IS1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,WORK]S P>TY1 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#f#i1 UND] ! AUSPICES ( ,MR4 ,M>X1 BY ,MR4 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,MR4 ,BABEL1 ANN\NC$ 9 ITS PROGRAM ?AT 0! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] WAS ! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT0 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY1 ! IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE ( ! P>TY MU/ BE ! ORGANIZATION ( A BIG LEGAL CAMPAIGN TO W9 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & ALL O!R POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,! F9AL AIM WAS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,GREAT ,PAN-,G]MANIC ,/ATE1 ! SO-CALL$ ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE4 

,BETWE5 !SE TWO T5D5CIES !RE EXI/ ! SAME CONFLICT+ CONCEPTIONS & ! SAME ABYSS ?AT SEP>ATE ! PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IS IT SURPRIS+1 !RE=E1 ?AT !SE IRRECONCILABLE ADV]S>IES CLA%$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?AT ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 !M1 9 ALL =MS & ON ALL POSSIBLE OCCASIONS1 IS /ILL GO+ ON8 ,! ,ALLIANCE1 TRUE TO ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 DISDA9FULLY REJECT$ ALL COLLABORATION ) B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 9 H[EV] RADICAL & SOCIALI/ A DISGUISE4 ,!Y ADVIS$ ! PROLET>IAT ?AT ! ONLY REAL EMANCIPATION1 ! ONLY POLICY TRULY B5EFICIAL = !M1 IS ! EXCLUSIVELY NEGATIVE POLICY ( DEMOLI%+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 POLITICAL P[]1 GOV]NM5T 9 G5]AL1 & ! ,/ATE1 & ?AT TO DO ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y TO UNIFY ! SCATT]$ =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT 9TO AN ,9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 A REVOLUTION>Y P[] DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! 5TR5*$ .>P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ADVOCAT$ A COMPLETELY OPPOSITE POLICY4 ,!Y TOLD !SE WORK]S1 :O UN=TUNATELY HE$$ !M1 ?AT ! FIR/ & MO/ PRESS+ TASK ( !IR ORGANIZATION MU/ BE TO W9 POLITICAL RI<TS BY LEGAL AGITATION4 ,!Y ?US SUBORD9AT$ ! MOVEM5T = ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION TO AN EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 & BY ?IS OBVI\S REV]SAL ( ! :OLE PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL !Y FILL$ 9 AT A S+LE /ROKE ! ABYSS ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD OP5$ BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y HAVE DONE MORE4 ,!Y HAVE TI$ ! PROLET>IAT TO ! B\RGEOIS T[L9E4 ,= IT IS EVID5T ?AT ?IS :OLE POLITICAL MOVEM5T SO 5?USIA/ICALLY EXTOLL$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S1 S9CE IT MU/ PREC$E ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 CAN ONLY BE DIRECT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 OR :AT IS /ILL WORSE1 BY WORK]S TRANS=M$ 9TO B\RGEOIS BY !IR VANITY & AMBITION4 ,&1 9 FACT1 ?IS MOVEM5T1 LIKE ALL ITS PR$ECESSORS1 WILL ONCE MORE SUP]S$E ! PROLET>IAT & CONDEMN !M TO BE ! BL9D 9/RUM5TS1 ! VICTIMS4 TO BE US$ & !N SACRIFIC$ 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! RIVAL B\RGEOIS P>TIES = ! P[] & RI<T TO DOM9ATE & EXPLOIT ! MASSES4 ,TO ANYONE :O D\BTS ?IS WE HAVE ONLY TO %[ :AT IS HAPP5+ N[ 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ! ORGANS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY S+ HYMNS ( JOY ON SEE+ A CONGRESS ( PR(ESSORS ( B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY 5TRU/+ ! PROLET>IAT TO ! PAT]NAL PROTECTION ( /ATES1 & IT HAS OCCURR$ 9 P>TS ( ,SWITZ]L& :]E ! ,M>XIAN PROGRAM PREVAILS -- AT ,G5EVA1 ,ZURI*1 ,BASEL1 :]E ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS DECL9$ TO ! PO9T ( BE+ ONLY AN ELECTORAL BALLOT BOX = ! PR(IT ( ! RADICAL B\RGEOIS4 ,!SE 9CONTE/ABLE FACTS SEEM TO ME TO BE MORE ELOQU5T ?AN ANY WORDS4 

,!SE FACTS >E REAL & !Y >E A NATURAL EFFECT ( ! TRIUMPH ( ,M>XIAN PROPAG&A4 ,& IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT WE FI<T ! ,M>XIAN !ORIES TO ! DEA?1 CONV9C$ ?AT IF !Y %\LD TRIUMPH ?R\<\T ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 !Y W\LD AT ! LEA/ KILL ITS SPIRIT1 AS !Y HAVE ALREADY 9 GREAT P>T DONE 9 ! PLACES ,I HAVE REF]R$ TO4 

,C]TA9LY WE HAVE DEPLOR$ & /ILL DEEPLY DEPLORE ! IMM5SE CONFUSION & DEMORALIZATION :I* !SE IDEAS HAVE CAUS$ 9 >RE/+ ! PROMIS+ & M>VEL\S GR[? ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ALMO/ WRECK+ ! ORGANIZATION4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS NONE ( US EV] DREAM$ ( /OPP+ ,MR4 ,M>X & HIS FANATICAL DISCIPLES FROM PROPAGAT+ !IR IDEAS 9 \R GREAT ASSOCIATION4 ,IF WE DID SO1 WE W\LD VIOLATE \R FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE3 'ABSOLUTE FRE$OM TO PROPAG&IZE POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHIC IDEAS4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL P]MITS NO C5SOR & NO (FICIAL TRU? 9 :OSE NAME ?IS C5SOR%IP CAN BE IMPOS$4 ,SO F>1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS REFUS$ TO GRANT ?IS PRIVILEGE EI!R TO ! ,*UR* OR TO ! ,/ATE1 & IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ?IS FACT ?AT ! UNBELIEVABLY RAPID GR[? ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS SURPRIS$ ! WORLD4 

,?IS IS :AT ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS 7#a#h#f#f7 UND]/OOD BETT] ?AN ,MR4 ,M>X4 ,! EFFECTIVE P[] ( \R ASSOCIATION1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 WAS BAS$ ON ELIM9AT+ FROM ITS PROGRAM ALL POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL PLANKS1 NOT AS SUBJECTS = DISCUSSION & /UDY BUT AS OBLIGATORY PR9CIPLES :I* ALL MEMB]S MU/ ACCEPT4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ! SECOND CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7,LAUSANNE1 #a#h#f#g71 MIS9=M$ FRI5DS1 NOT ADV]S>IES1 MOV$ = ! ADOPTION ( A POLITICAL PLANK4 ,BUT MO/ =TUNATELY ! QUE/ION ( POLITICS WAS H>MLESSLY =MULAT$ 9 ?IS PLATONIC /ATEM5T3 0?AT ! POLITICAL QUE/ION WAS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION0 -- A DECL>ATION TO :I* ANY ( US C\LD SUBSCRIBE4 ,= IT IS EVID5T ?AT POLITICS1 ?AT IS1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( & RELATIONS BETWE5 /ATES1 HAS NO O!R OBJECT ?AN TO ASSURE TO ! GOV]N+ CLASSES ! LEGAL EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ! PROLET>IAT BECOMES AW>E ?AT IT MU/ EMANCIPATE ITSELF1 IT MU/1 ( NECESSITY1 CONC]N ITSELF ) ! GAME ( POLITICS 9 ORD] TO FI<T & DEFEAT IT4 ,?IS IS NOT ! S5SE 9 :I* \R ADV]S>IES UND]/& ?IS PROBLEM4 ,:AT !Y HAVE S\<T & /ILL WANT IS ! CON/RUCTIVE POLITICS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT NOT F9D+ ! S5TIM5T FAVORABLE AT ,LAUSANNE1 !Y WISELY AB/A9$ FROM PRESS+ ! QUE/ION4 

,9 #ahfh !Y TRI$ AGA9 AT ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS4 ,! ,BELGIAN ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 BE+ COMMUNALI/S1 I4E41 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS & BY TRADITION & HI/ORY1 (F]$ \R OPPON5TS NO 1*ANCE ( SUCCESS4 ,ONCE AGA91 !Y DID NOT PRESS ! POLITICAL QUE/ION4 

,?REE YE>S ( DEFEATS6 ,?IS WAS TOO MU* = ! IMPATI5T AMBITION ( ,MR4 ,M>X4 ,HE COMM&$ HIS >MY TO MAKE A DIRECT ATTACK1 :I* ORD] WAS C>RI$ \T AT ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS 7 #a#h#f#i74 ,! *ANCES SEEM$ FAVORABLE4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY HAD 5\< TIME TO ORGANIZE ITSELF 9 ,G]MANY UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,MR4 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,MR4 ,BABEL4 ,! P>TY HAD L9KS ) ,G]MAN ,SWITZ]L&1 AT ,ZURI* & ,BASEL1 & EV5 9 ! ,G]MAN SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,G5EVA4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ,G]MAN DELEGATES W]E PRES5T 9 ANY GREAT NUMB] 9 A CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

444 ,?\< WELL PREP>$ = ! GREAT BATTLE1 ! ,M>XI/S LO/ 444 4 ,SOON AFT] HIS DEFEAT AT ?IS CONGRESS1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 :I* WAS 9 EFFECT ,M>X'S PUPPET1 AWOKE FROM ITS 5=C$ LE?>GY 7SO HEAL?FUL = ! ,9T]NATIONAL7 & OP5$ AN (F5SIVE4 ,IT BEGAN ) A TORR5T ( ODI\S FALSEHOODS1 *>ACT] ASSASS9ATIONS1 & PLOTS AGA9/ ALL ?OSE :O D>$ TO DISAGREE ) ,M>X'S CLIQUE1 DISSEM9AT$ BY ! ,G]MAN PAP]S & 9 ! O!R C\NTRIES BY SECRET LETT]S & CONFID5TIAL CIRCUL>S1 & BY ALL SORTS ( AG5TS RECRUIT$ 9 V>I\S WAYS 9TO ! ,M>XI/ CAMP4 

,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE 7,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g#a71 :I*1 PREP>$ BY ! LONG >M ( ,MR4 ,M>X1 APPROV$ ALL ?AT HE WI%$ -- ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! OBLIGATORY PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 ?AT IS1 ! P]SONAL DICTATOR%IP ( ,M>X1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO AN IMM5SE & MON/R\S /ATE ) HIMSELF AS *IEF4 

,! LEGITIMACY ( ?IS CONF]5CE HAS BE5 CONTE/$4 ,MR4 ,M>X1 A V]Y ABLE POLITICAL CONNIV]1 D\BTLESS ANXI\S TO PROVE TO ! WORLD ?AT ?\< HE LACK$ FIRE>MS & CANNONS ! MASSES C\LD /ILL BE GOV]N$ BY LIES1 BY LIBELS1 & BY 9TRIGUES1 ORGANIZ$ HIS ,CONGRESS ( ! ,HAGUE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g#b4 ,B>ELY TWO MON?S HAVE PASS$ S9CE ?IS CONGRESS & ALREADY 9 ALL ( ,EUROPE 7) ! EXCEPTION ( ,G]MANY :]E ! WORK]S >E BRA9WA%$ BY ! LIES ( !IR LEAD]S & !IR PRESS7 & ITS FREE F$]ATIONS -- ,BELGIAN1 ,DUT*1 ,5GLI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 ,FR5*1 ,SPANI%1 ,ITALIAN -- )\T =GETT+ \R EXCELL5T ,JURA ,F$]ATION .<,SWITZ]L&.> -- !RE HAS >IS5 A CRY ( 9DIGNATION & CONTEMPT AGA9/ ?IS CYNICAL BURLESQUE :I* D>ES TO CALL ITSELF A TRUE ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?ANKS TO A RIGG$1 FICTITI\S MAJORITY1 COMPOS$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ( MEMB]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 CLEV]LY US$ BY ,MR4 ,M>X1 ALL HAS BE5 TRAVE/I$1 FALSIFI$1 BRUTALIZ$4 ,JU/ICE1 GOOD S5SE1 HONE/Y1 & ! HONOR ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BRAZ5LY REJECT$1 ITS V]Y EXI/5CE 5DANG]$ -- ALL ?IS ! BETT] TO E/ABLI% ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,MR4 ,M>X4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY CRIM9AL -- IT IS %E] MADNESS4 ,YET ,MR4 ,M>X :O ?9KS ( HIMSELF AS ! FA!R ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7HE WAS UNQUE/IONABLY ONE ( ITS F\ND]S7 C>ES NOT A :IT1 & P]MITS ALL ?IS TO BE DONE6 ,?IS IS :AT P]SONAL VANITY1 ! LU/ = P[]1 & ABOVE ALL1 POLITICAL AMBITION CAN LEAD TO4 ,= ALL !SE DEPLORABLE ACTS ,M>X IS P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE4 ,M>X1 9 SPITE ( ALL HIS MISDE$S1 HAS UNCONSCI\SLY R5D]$ A GREAT S]VICE TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL BY DEMON/RAT+ 9 ! MO/ DRAMATIC & EVID5T MANN] ?AT IF ANY?+ CAN KILL ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT IS ! 9TRODUCTION ( POLITICS 9TO ITS PROGRAM4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 W\LD NOT HAVE GR[N SO PH5OM5ALLY IF IT HAD NOT ELIM9AT$ FROM ITS /ATUTES & PROGRAM ALL POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS4 ,?IS IS CLE> & IT IS TRULY SURPRIS+ ?AT IT MU/ AGA9 BE DEMON/RAT$4 

,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT ,I NE$ %[ ?AT = ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO BE A REAL P[]1 IT MU/ BE ABLE TO ORGANIZE )9 ITS RANKS ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ,EUROPE1 ( ,AM]ICA1 ( ALL L&S4 ,BUT :AT POLITICAL OR PHILOSOPHIC PROGRAM CAN RALLY TO ITS BANN] ALL !SE MILLIONS8 ,ONLY A PROGRAM :I* IS V]Y G5]AL1 -- H5CE VAGUE & 9DEF9ITE1 = EV]Y !ORETICAL DEF9ITION NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES ELIM9ATION & 9 PRACTICE EXCLUSION FROM MEMB]%IP4 

,= EXAMPLE3 !RE IS TODAY NO S]I\S PHILOSOPHY :I* DOES NOT TAKE AS ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE NOT POSITIVE BUT NEGATIVE A!ISM4 7,HI/ORICALLY IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO NEGATE ! !OLOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL ABSURDITIES47 ,BUT DO Y\ BELIEVE ?AT IF ?IS SIMPLE WORD 0A!ISM0 HAD BE5 9SCRIB$ ON ! BANN] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ?IS ASSOCIATION W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ATTRACT ORE T AN A FEW HUNDR$ ?\S& MEMB]S8 ,( C\RSE NOT BECAUSE ! PEOPLE >E TRULY RELIGI\S1 BUT BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE 9 A ,SUP]IOR ,BE+2 & !Y WILL CONT9UE TO BELIEVE 9 A ,SUP]IOR ,BE+ UNTIL A SOCIAL REVOLUTION PROVIDES ! MEANS TO A*IEVE ALL !IR ASPIRATIONS H]E BEL[4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT IF ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD DEM&$ ?AT ALL ITS MEMB]S MU/ BE A!I/S1 IT W\LD HAVE EXCLUD$ FROM ITS RANKS ! FL[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,TO ME ! FL[] ( ! PROLET>IAT IS NOT1 AS IT IS TO ! ,M>XI/S1 ! UPP] LAY]1 ! >I/OCRACY ( LABOR1 ?OSE :O >E ! MO/ CULTUR$1 :O E>N MORE & LIVE MORE COM=TABLY ?AN ALL ! O!R WORK]S4 ,PRECISELY ?IS SEMI-B\RGEOIS LAY] ( WORK]S W\LD1 IF ! ,M>XI/S HAD !IR WAY1 CON/ITUTE !IR F\R? GOV]N+ CLASS4 ,?IS C\LD 9DE$ HAPP5 IF ! GREAT MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT GU>D AGA9/ IT4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ITS RELATIVE4 WELL-BE+ & SEMI-B\RGEOIS POSITION1 ?IS UPP] LAY] ( WORK]S IS UN=TUNATELY ONLY TOO DEEPLY SATURAT$ ) ALL ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL PREJUDICES & ALL ! N>R[ ASPIRATIONS & PRET5SIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,( ALL ! PROLET>IAT1 ?IS UPP] LAY] IS ! LEA/ SOCIAL & ! MO/ 9DIVIDUALI/4 

,BY ! FL[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ,I MEAN ABOVE ALL ?AT GREAT MASS1 ?OSE MILLIONS ( ! UNCULTIVAT$1 ! DIS9H]IT$1 ! MIS]ABLE1 ! ILLIT]ATES1 :OM ,MESSRS4 ,5GELS & ,M>X W\LD SUBJECT TO !IR PAT]NAL RULE BY A /RONG GOV]NM5T -- NATURALLY = ! PEOPLE'S [N SALVATION6 ,ALL GOV]NM5TS >E SUPPOS$LY E/ABLI%$ ONLY TO LOOK AFT] ! WELF>E ( ! MASSES6 ,BY FL[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ,I MEAN PRECISELY ?AT ET]NAL 0MEAT0 7ON :I* GOV]NM5TS ?RIVE71 ?AT GREAT RABBLE ( ! PEOPLE 7UND]DOGS1 0DREGS ( SOCIETY07 ORD9>ILY DESIGNAT$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ! PICTURESQUE & CONTEMPTU\S PHRASE ,LUMP5PROLET>IAT4 ,I HAVE 9 M9D ! 0RIFFRAFF10 ?AT 0RABBLE0 ALMO/ UNPOLLUT$ BY B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION1 :I* C>RIES 9 ITS 9N] BE+ & 9 ITS ASPIRATIONS1 9 ALL ! NECESSITIES & MIS]IES ( ITS COLLECTIVE LIFE1 ALL ! SE$S ( ! SOCIALISM ( ! FUTURE1 & :I* ALONE IS P[]FUL 5\< TODAY TO 9AUGURATE & BR+ TO TRIUMPH ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,9 ALMO/ ALL C\NTRIES1 ?IS 0RABBLE0 W\LD REFUSE TO JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL IF ?AT ASSOCIATION HAD AN (FICIAL COMMITM5T TO A!ISM4 ,IT W\LD BE A HEAVY BL[ IF !Y %\LD REJECT ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 = ON !M RE/S ! 5TIRE SUCCESS ( \R GREAT ASSOCIATION4 

,IT IS ABSOLUTELY ! SAME 9 RESPECT TO ALL POLITICAL POLICIES4 ,NO MATT] H[ H>D ,MESSRS4 ,M>X & ,5GELS MAY TRY1 !Y WILL NOT *ANGE :AT IS N[ PLA9LY & UNIV]SALLY APP>5T3 !RE DOES NOT EXI/ ANY POLITICAL PR9CIPLE CAPABLE ( 9SPIR+ & /IRR+ ! MASSES TO ACTION4 ,ATTEMPTS TO SPE> ! MASSES COLLAPS$ AFT] A NUMB] ( YE>S1 EV5 9 ,G]MANY4 ,:AT ! MASSES WANT ABOVE ALL IS !IR IMM$IATE ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION2 ?IS EMANCIPATION IS = !M EQUIVAL5T TO FRE$OM & HUMAN DIGNITY1 A MATT] ( LIFE OR DEA?4 ,IF !RE IS AN IDEAL ?AT ! MASSES >E TODAY CAPABLE ( EMBRAC+ ) PASSION1 IT IS ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,& ! MASSES >E A ?\S& TIMES RI<T1 = AS LONG AS ! PRES5T CONDITION IS NOT REPLAC$ BY ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 ALL ! RE/1 ALL ?AT CON/ITUTES ! VALUE & DIGNITY ( HUMAN EXI/5CE -- LIB]TY1 SCI5CE1 LOVE1 9TELLIG5CE1 & FRAT]NAL SOLID>ITY -- WILL REMA9 = !M A HORRIBLE & CRUEL DECEPTION4 

,! 9/9CTIVE PASSION ( ! MASSES = ECONOMIC EQUALITY IS SO GREAT ?AT IF !Y HAD HOPES ( RECEIV+ IT FROM A DESPOTIC REGIME1 !Y W\LD 9DUBITABLY & )\T MU* REFLECTION1 AS !Y HAVE (T5 DONE BE=E1 DELIV] !MSELVES TO DESPOTISM4 ,HAPPILY1 HI/ORIC EXP]I5CE HAS BE5 ( S]VICE EV5 TO ! MASSES4 ,TODAY !Y >E EV]Y:]E BEG9N+ TO UND]/& ?AT NO DESPOTISM HAS HAD OR CAN HAVE EI!R ! WILL OR ! P[] TO GIVE !M ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS V]Y HAPPILY EXPLICIT ON ?IS QUE/ION3 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,IS IT NOT A/ONI%+ ?AT ,MR4 ,M>X HAS BELIEV$ IT POSSIBLE TO GRAFT ONTO ?IS PRECISE DECL>ATION1 :I* HE HIMSELF PROBABLY WROTE1 HIS SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM8 ,= ?IS -- ! ORGANIZATION & ! RULE ( ! NEW SOCIETY BY SOCIALI/ SAVANTS -- IS ! WOR/ ( ALL DESPOTIC GOV]NM5TS6 

,BUT ?ANKS TO ! GREAT1 BELOV$ COMMON PEOPLE1 ! 0RABBLE10 :O >E MOV$ BY AN 9/9CT 9V9CIBLE AS WELL AS JU/1 ALL ! GOV]NM5TAL S*EMES ( ?IS LITTLE WORK+-CLASS M9ORITY ALREADY DISCIPL9$ & M>%AL$ TO BECOME ! MYRMIDONS ( A NEW DESPOTISM1 ! SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ( ,MR4 ,M>X WILL NEV] BE 9FLICT$ UPON !M & IS DOOM$ TO REMA9 ONLY A DREAM4 ,?IS NEW EXP]I5CE1 P]HAPS ! SADDE/ ( ALL EXP]I5CES1 WILL BE SP>$ SOCIETY BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT 9 ALL C\NTRIES IS TODAY ANIMAT$ BY A DEEP DI/RU/ AGA9/ EV]Y?+ POLITICAL1 & AGA9/ ALL POLITICIANS -- :ATEV] !IR P>TY COLOR4 ,ALL ( !M1 FROM ! 0R$DE/0 REPUBLICANS TO ! MO/ ABSOLUTI/ MON>*I/S1 HAVE EQUALLY DECEIV$1 OPPRESS$1 & EXPLOIT$ ! PEOPLE4 

,TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION !SE FEEL+S ( ! MASSES1 H[ CAN ANYONE HOPE TO ATTRACT !M TO ANY POLITICAL PROGRAM8 ,& SUPPOS+ ?AT ! MASSES ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE DRAWN 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL EV5 SO1 AS !Y DO1 H[ CAN ANYONE HOPE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL L&S1 :O DIFF] SO GREATLY 9 TEMP]AM5T1 9 CULTURE1 9 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 W\LD %\LD] ! YOKE ( A UNI=M POLITICAL PROGRAM8 ,ONLY ! DEM5T$ C\LD IMAG9E SU* A POSSIBILITY4 ,YET ,MR4 ,M>X NOT ONLY 5JOYS IMAG9+ IT1 HE WANT$ TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS FEAT4 ,BY A DESPOTIC SNEAK ATTACK HE TORE TO %R$S ! PACT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HOP+ !REBY1 AS HE /ILL DOES TODAY1 TO IMPOSE A UNI=M POLITICAL PROGRAM1 HIS [N PROGRAM1 UPON ALL ! F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & H5CE UPON ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES4 

,?IS HAS CAUS$ A GREAT SPLIT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,LET US NOT DECEIVE \RSELVES2 ! BASIC UNITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS BE5 FRACTUR$4 ,?IS WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 ,I REPEAT1 BY ! ACTS ( ! ,M>XI/ P>TY :I* ?R\<\T ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS HAS TRI$ TO IMPOSE ! WILL1 ! ?\<T1 & ! POLICY ( ITS *IEF UPON ! :OLE ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,IF ! DECL>ATIONS ( ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS >E TO BE TAK5 S]I\SLY \R GREAT ASSOCIATION W\LD HAVE NO ALT]NATIVE BUT TO DISSOLVE4 ,= WE CANNOT IMAG9E ?AT ! WORK]S ( ,5GL&1 ,HOLL&1 ,BELGIUM1 ,FRANCE1 ! ,SWISS ,JURA1 ,SPA91 ,AM]ICA1 NOT TO M5TION ! ,SLAVS1 W\LD SUBMIT TO ,M>XI/ DISCIPL9E4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IF ONE AGREES ) ! V>I\S POLITICIANS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL -- ) ! REVOLUTION>Y ,JACOB9S1 ! ,BLANQUI/S1 ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS1 NOT TO M5TION ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS OR ,M>XI/S -- ?AT ! POLITICAL QUE/ION MU/ BE AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HE MU/ ADMIT ?AT ,M>X IS RI<T4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL CAN BE P[]FUL ONLY IF IT ACTS AS A UNIT1 ) ONLY ONE POLITICAL PROGRAM = ALL4 ,O!RWISE !RE W\LD BE AS MANY DIFF]5T ,9T]NATIONALS AS !RE W]E PROGRAMS4 

,BUT AS IT IS CLE>LY IMPOSSIBLE = ALL ! WORK]S ( ALL ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES TO UNITE VOLUNT>ILY & SPONTANE\SLY UND] ! SAME POLITICAL PROGRAMS1 ?IS S+LE PROGRAM W\LD HAVE TO BE IMPOS$ UPON !M4 ,TO AVOID ! IMPRESSION ?AT IT WAS FOI/$ ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL BY ! ,M>XI/-DOM9AT$ ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 A RIGG$ ,M>XIAN CONGRESS 0VOT$0 IT 91 ?US DEMON/RAT+ 9 A NEW WAY ?IS OLD TRU? AB\T ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM & UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE3 9 ! NAME ( ! FREE *OICE ( ALL WILL BE DECRE$ ! SLAV]Y ( ALL4 ,?IS IS :AT REALLY HAPP5$ 9 ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS4 

,IT WAS = ! ,9T]NATIONAL :AT ! BATTLE & SURR5D] ( ,S$AN WAS = ,FRANCE30 ! VICTORI\S 9VASION ( PAN-,G]MANISM1 NOT ,BISM>CKIAN BUT ,M>XI/1 IMPOS+ ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S OR SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( ,G]MANY & ! DICTATOR%IP ( !IR *IEF OV] ! WORLD PROLET>IAT4 ,! BETT] TO HIDE HIS S*EME & SWEET5 ! BITT] PILL1 ?IS NOTORI\S CONGRESS S5T TO ,AM]ICA A DUMMY G5]AL C\NCIL1 *OS5 & REHE>S$ BY ,MR4 ,M>X HIMSELF1 ALWAYS OBEY+ HIS SECRET 9/RUCTIONS1 TO ASSUME ALL ! TRAPP+S1 ! DRUDG]Y1 & APPE>ANCES ( P[]1 :ILE FROM BEH9D ! SC5ES ,MR4 ,M>X WILL EX]CISE ! REAL P[]4 

,BUT DISGU/+ AS ?IS S*EME MAY APPE> TO DELICATE & TIMOR\S S\LS1 IT BECAME ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y FROM ! MOM5T ! PROPOSAL WAS MADE TO AN*OR ! POLITICAL QUE/ION 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,S9CE UNITY ( POLITICAL ACTION IS CONSID]$ NECESS>Y1 & S9CE IT CANNOT & WILL NOT FREELY EM]GE ?R\< ! SPONTANE\S & VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T ( ! F$]ATIONS & SECTIONS ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 IT MU/ BE IMPOS$ ON !M4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY CAN ?IS MO/ DESIR$ & HI<LY T\T$ POLITICAL UNITY BE CREAT$4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME SLAV]Y IS ALSO BE+ CREAT$4 

,TO SUM UP3 ,BY 9TRODUC+ ! POLITICAL QUE/ION 9 ! (FICIAL & OBLIGATORY PROGRAMS & /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,M>XI/S HAVE PUT \R ASSOCIATION 9 A T]RIBLE DILEMMA4 ,H]E >E ! TWO ALT]NATIVES3 ,EI!R POLITICAL UNITY ) SLAV]Y OR LIB]TY ) DIVISION & DISSOLUTION4 ,:AT IS ! WAY \T8 ,QUITE SIMPLY3 WE MU/ RETURN TO \R ORIG9AL PR9CIPLES & OMIT ! SPECIFIC POLITICAL ISSUE1 ?US LEAV+ ! SECTIONS & F$]ATIONS FREE TO DEVELOP !IR [N POLICIES4 ,BUT !N W\LD NOT EA* SECTION & EA* F$]ATION FOLL[ :ATEV] POLITICAL POLICY IT WANTS8 ,NO D\BT4 ,BUT !N1 WILL NOT ! ,9T]NATIONAL BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A T[] ( ,BABEL8 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ONLY !N WILL IT ATTA9 REAL UNITY1 BASICALLY ECONOMIC1 :I* WILL NECESS>ILY LEAD TO REAL POLITICAL UNITY4 ,!N !RE WILL BE CREAT$1 ?\< ( C\RSE NOT ALL AT ONCE1 ! GR& POLICY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL -- NOT FROM A S+LE HEAD1 AMBITI\S1 ]UDITE1 BUT NEV]!LESS1 9CAPABLE ( EMBRAC+ ! ?\S& NE$S ( A PROLET>IAT NO MATT] H[ BRA9Y IT MAY BE1 -- BUT BY ! ABSOLUTELY FREE1 SPONTANE\S1 & CONCURR5T ACTION ( ! WORK]S ( ALL C\NTRIES4 

,! F\NDATION = ! UNITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 SO VA9LY LOOK$ = 9 ! CURR5T POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL DOGMAS1 HAS ALREADY BE5 LAID BY ! COMMON SUFF]+S1 9T]E/S1 NE$S1 & REAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK]S ( ! :OLE WORLD4 ,?IS SOLID>ITY DOES NOT HAVE TO BE >TIFICIALLY CREAT$4 ,IT IS A FACT1 IT IS LIFE ITSELF1 A DAILY EXP]I5CE 9 ! WORLD ( ! WORK]4 ,& ALL ?AT REMA9S TO BE DONE IS TO MAKE HIM UND]/& ?IS FACT & HELP HIM TO ORGANIZE IT CONSCI\SLY4 ,?IS FACT IS SOLID>ITY = ECONOMIC DEM&S4 ,?IS SLOGAN IS 9 MY OP9ION ! ONLY1 YET AT ! SAME TIME A TRULY GREAT1 A*IEVEM5T ( ! FIR/ F\ND]S ( \R ASSOCIATION1 AMONG :OM1 AS ,I ALWAYS LIKE TO REMEMB]1 ,MR4 ,M>X HAS PLAY$ SO USEFUL & PREPOND]ANT A P>T -- EXCEPT+ HIS POLITICAL S*EMES :I* ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS 7#a#h#f#f7 WISELY ELIM9AT$ FROM ! PROGRAM HE PRES5T$4 

,I HAVE ALWAYS AVOID$ CALL+ ,MR4 ,M>X & HIS NUM]\S COLLABORATORS ! 0F\ND]S0 ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 NOT BECAUSE ,I AM MOTIVAT$ BY MEAN S5TIM5TS TO DEPRECATE OR M9IMIZE !IR M]ITS3 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I GLADLY GIVE !M FULL CR$IT4 ,RA!R1 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS BE5 NOT !IR WORK BUT ! WORK ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,!Y 7,M>X & ,COMPANY7 W]E SOME:AT LIKE MIDWIVES RA!R ?AN P>5TS4 ,! GREAT AU?OR 7UNAW>E1 AS AU?ORS ( GREAT ?+S USUALLY >E7 WAS ! PROLET>IAT1 REPRES5T$ BY A FEW HUNDR$ ANONYM\S WORK]S1 ,FR5*1 ,5GLI%1 ,BELGIAN1 ,SWISS1 & ,G]MAN4 ,IT WAS !IR KE5 & PR(\ND 9/9CT AS WORK]S1 %>P5$ BY ! SUFF]+S 9H]5T 9 !IR SITUATION1 :I* IMPELL$ !M TO F9D ! TRUE PR9CIPLE & TRUE PURPOSE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!Y TOOK ! COMMON NE$S ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE AS ! F\NDATION & SAW ! 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC CONFLICT AGA9/ CAPITALISM AS ! TRUE OBJECTIVE ( ?IS ASSOCIATION4 ,9 GIV+ IT EXCLUSIVELY ?IS BASE & AIM1 ! WORK]S AT ONCE E/ABLI%$ ! 5TIRE P[] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!Y OP5$ WIDE ! GATES TO ALL ! MILLIONS ( ! OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$1 REG>DLESS ( !IR BELIEFS1 !IR DEGREE ( CULTURE1 OR !IR NATIONALITY4 

,ONE CANNOT COMMIT A GREAT] MI/AKE ?AN TO DEM& MORE ?AN A ?+1 AN 9/ITUTION1 OR A MAN CAN GIVE4 ,BY DEM&+ MORE ?AN ?AT FROM !M ONE DEMORALIZES1 IMP$ES1 P]V]TS1 & R5D]S !M TOTALLY USELESS = ANY CON/RUCTIVE ACTION4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 A %ORT TIME PRODUC$ GREAT RESULTS4 ,IT ORGANIZ$ & WILL CONT9UE TO ORGANIZE EV] GREAT] MASSES ( ! PROLET>IAT = ECONOMIC /RUGGLES4 ,DOES IT FOLL[ FROM ?IS ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CAN ALSO BE US$ AS AN 9/RUM5T = ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE8 ,BECAUSE HE ?\<T SO1 ,MR4 ,M>X NE>LY KILL$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS4 ,IT IS ! OLD /ORY ( ! GOOSE ?AT LAID GOLD5 EGGS4 ,AT ! SUMMONS TO UNITE = ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 MASSES ( WORK]S FROM DIFF]5T C\NTRIES HA/5$ TO JO9 =CES UND] ! BANN] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ,MR4 ,M>X IMAG9$ ?AT ! MASSES W\LD /AY UND] IT -- :AT DO ,I SAY8 -- ?AT !Y W\LD RU% TO JO9 9 EV5 GREAT] NUMB]S1 :5 HE1 ! NEW ,MOSES1 HAD 9SCRIB$ ! COMM&M5TS ( HIS NEW DECALOGUE ON \R BANN]1 9 ! (FICIAL & B9D+ PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,?IS WAS HIS MI/AKE4 ,! MASSES1 REG>DLESS ( !IR DEGREE ( CULTURE1 RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 C\NTRY1 OR NATIVE TONGUE1 UND]/OOD ! LANGUAGE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL :5 IT SPOKE TO !M ( !IR POV]TY1 !IR SUFF]+S1 & !IR SLAV]Y UND] ! YOKE ( CAPITALISM4 ,!Y RESPOND$ :5 ! NECESSITY TO UNITE 9 A GREAT COMMON /RUGGLE WAS EXPLA9$ TO !M4 ,BUT H]E !Y W]E BE+ TOLD AB\T A POLITICAL PROGRAM -- MO/ LE>N$ & ABOVE ALL QUITE AU?ORIT>IAN -- :I* = ! SAKE ( !IR [N SALVATION WAS ATTEMPT+ -- 9 ! V]Y ,9T]NATIONAL BY MEANS ( :I* !Y W]E TO ORGANIZE !IR [N EMANCIPATION -- TO IMPOSE ON !M A DICTATORIAL GOV]NM5T 7ONLY TEMPOR>ILY1 ( C\RSE6 7 DIRECT$ BY AN EXTRAORD9>ILY BRA9Y MAN4 

,IT IS %E] MADNESS TO HOPE ?AT ! WORK+ MASSES ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA WILL /AY 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,BUT1 Y\ MAY ASK1 0,HAS NOT ! REM>KABLE SUCCESS .<( ! ,9T]NATIONAL.> %[N ?AT ,MR4 ,M>X WAS RI<T1 & DIDN'T ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS VOTE 9 FAVOR ( ALL HIS DEM&S80 

,NO ONE KN[S BETT] ?AN ,MR4 ,M>X HIMSELF H[ LITTLE ! RESOLUTIONS APPROV$ BY ! UN=TUNATE CONGRESS AT ! ,HAGUE EXPRESS$ ! TRUE ?\<TS & ASPIRATIONS ( ! F$]ATIONS ( ALL C\NTRIES4 ,! COMPOSITION & ! MANIPULATION ( ?IS CONGRESS HAVE CAUS$ SO MU* PA9 & DISAPPO9TM5T ?AT NO ONE HAS ! LEA/ ILLUSION AB\T ITS REAL VALUE4 ,\TSIDE ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 ! F$]ATIONS ( ALL C\NTRIES -- ! ,AM]ICAN1 ! ,5GLI% 1 ! ,DUT*1 ! ,BELGIAN1 ! ,FR5*1 ! ,JURA -- ,SWISS1 ! ,SPANI%1 & ! ,ITALIAN -- PROTE/$ ALL ! RESOLUTIONS ( ?IS DISA/R\S & DISGRACEFUL CONGRESS & VEHEM5TLY D5\NC$ ITS IGNOBLE 9TRIGUES4 

,BUT LET US SET ASIDE ! MORAL QUE/ION & DEAL ONLY ) ! MA9 PO9TS4 ,A POLITICAL PROGRAM HAS NO VALUE IF IT DEALS ONLY ) VAGUE G5]ALITIES4 ,IT MU/ SPECIFY PRECISELY :AT 9/ITUTIONS >E TO REPLACE ?OSE ?AT >E TO BE OV]?R[N OR RE=M$4 ,M>X'S PROGRAM IS A COMPLETE NETWORK ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS RIGIDLY C5TRALIZ$ & HI<LY AU?ORIT>IAN1 SANCTION$1 NO D\BT1 LIKE ALL DESPOTIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 BUT NEV]!LESS SUBORD9ATE TO A V]Y /RONG GOV]NM5T -- TO QUOTE ,5GELS1 ,M>X'S ALT] EGO1 ! AUTOCRAT'S CONFIDANT4 

,BUT :Y %\LD ?IS P>TICUL> PROGRAM BE 9JECT$ 9TO ! (FICIAL & B9D+ /ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL8 ,:Y NOT ?AT ( ! ,BLANQUI/S8 ,:Y NOT \RS8 ,C\LD IT BE BECAUSE ,MR4 ,M>X CONCOCT$ IT8 ,?AT IS NO REASON4 ,OR IS IT BECAUSE ! ,G]MAN WORK]S SEEM TO LIKE IT8 ,BUT ! AN>*I/ PROGRAM IS ) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS ACCEPT$ BY ALL ! ,LAT9 F$]ATIONS2 ! ,SLAVS W\LD NEV] ACCEPT ANY O!R4 ,:Y1 !N1 %\LD ! PROGRAM ( ! ,G]MANS DOM9ATE ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* WAS CONCEIV$ 9 LIB]TY & CAN ONLY PROSP] 9 & BY LIB]TY8 444 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! WI% TO =CE ! F$]ATIONS -- BE IT BY VIOL5CE1 BY 9TRIGUE1 OR BO? -- TO ACCEPT A S+LE >BITR>Y POLITICAL PROGRAM MU/ FAIL2 ! MO/ LIKELY RESULT W\LD BE ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS DIVISION 9TO MANY POLITICAL P>TIES1 EA* PROMOT+ ITS [N POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,TO SAVE ITS 9TEGRITY & ASSURE ITS PROGRESS1 !RE IS ONLY ONE PROC$URE3 TO FOLL[ & PRES]VE ! ORIG9AL POLICY & KEEP ! POLITICAL QUE/ION \T ( ! (FICIAL & OBLIGATORY PROGRAM & ,/ATUTES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION -- :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ NOT = ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE BUT ONLY = ECONOMIC 5DS -- & ABSOLUTELY REFUSE TO LET IT BE US$ BY ANYONE AS A POLITICAL 9/RUM5T4 ,?OSE :O W\LD .<CAPTURE ! ,9T]NATIONAL.> & COMMIT IT TO A POSITIVE POLITICAL POLICY 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! RIVAL POLITICAL P>TIES .<= ! ATTA9M5T ( /ATE P[].> WILL BE IMM$IATELY DEMORALIZ$4 ,?OSE :O FOOLI%LY IMAG9E ?AT !Y REALLY HAVE ?IS P[] WILL SEE IT GRADUALLY SLIP FROM !IR F+]S & DISSOLVE BE=E !IR V]Y EYES4 

,BUT W\LD ! ,9T]NATIONAL !N CEASE TO CONC]N ITSELF ) POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS8 ,W\LD ! ,9T]NATIONAL IGNORE PROGRESS 9 ! WORLD ( ?\<T AS WELL AS ! EV5TS :I* ACCOMPANY OR >ISE FROM ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9 & BETWE5 /ATES1 CONC]N+ ITSELF ONLY ) ! ECONOMIC PROBLEM8 ,W\LD ! ,9T]NATIONAL LIMIT ITSELF TO GA!R+ /ATI/ICS1 /UDY+ ! LAWS ( PRODUCTION & ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 REGULAT+ WAGES1 GA!R+ /RIKE FUNDS1 ORGANIZ+ LOCAL1 NATIONAL1 & 9T]NATIONAL /RIKES1 E/ABLI%+ NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL TRADE UNIONS1 & F\ND+ MUTUAL -- CR$IT & CONSUM]S' -- PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES :]EV] POSSIBLE8 

,WE HA/5 TO SAY ?AT IT IS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE TO IGNORE POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS4 ,AN EXCLUSIVE PREOCCUPATION ) ECONOMIC QUE/IONS W\LD BE FATAL = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,D\BTLESS ! DEF5SE & ORGANIZATION ( ITS ECONOMIC 9T]E/S -- A MATT] ( LIFE & DEA? -- MU/ BE ! PR9CIPAL TASK ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ! WORK]S TO /OP !RE )\T R5\NC+ !IR HUMANITY & DEPRIV+ !MSELVES ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL P[] :I* IS SO NECESS>Y = ! CONQUE/ ( !IR ECONOMIC RI<TS4 ,9 ! MIS]ABLE CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* ! WORK] N[ F9DS HIMSELF1 ! MA9 PROBLEM HE FACES IS MO/ LIKELY BREAD = HIMSELF & BIS FAMILY4 ,BUT MU* MORE ?AN ANY ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES TODAY1 HE IS A HUMAN BE+ 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ( ?IS WORD2 HE ?IR/S = DIGNITY1 = JU/ICE1 = EQUALITY1 = LIB]TY1 = HUMANITY1 & = KN[L$GE1 & HE PASSIONATELY /RIVES TO ATTA9 ALL !SE ?+S TOGE!R ) ! FULL 5JOYM5T ( ! FRUITS ( HIS [N LABOR4 ,!RE=E1 IF POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS HAVE NOT YET BE5 POS$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT IS ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF :O WILL POSE !M4 

,ON ! ONE H&1 ! POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS MU/ BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ON ! O!R1 !Y MU/ NECESS>ILY BE DISCUSS$4 ,H[ CAN ?IS SEEM+ CONTRADICTION BE RESOLV$8 

,?IS PROBLEM WILL SOLVE ITSELF BY LIB]TY4 ,NO POLITICAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL !ORY %\LD BE CONSID]$ A FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE1 OR HE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! (FICIAL PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,NOR %\LD ACCEPTANCE ( ANY POLITICAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL !ORY BE OBLIGATORY AS A CONDITION = MEMB]%IP1 S9CE AS WE HAVE SE51 TO IMPOSE ANY SU* !ORY UPON ! F$]ATIONS COMPOS+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL W\LD BE SLAV]Y1 OR IT W\LD RESULT 9 DIVISION & DISSOLUTION1 :I* IS NO LESS DISA/R\S4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT FOLL[ FROM ?IS ?AT FREE DISCUSSION ( ALL POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL !ORIES CANNOT OCCUR 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS PRECISELY ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( AN (FICIAL !ORY ?AT WILL KILL SU* DISCUSSION BY R5D]+ IT ABSOLUTELY USELESS 9/EAD ( LIV+ & VITAL1 & BY 9HIBIT+ ! EXPRESSION & DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK]'S [N FEEL+S & IDEAS4 ,AS SOON AS AN (FICIAL TRU? IS PRON\NC$ -- HAV+ BE5 SCI5TIFICALLY DISCOV]$ BY ?IS GREAT BRA9Y HEAD LABOR+ ALL ALONE -- A TRU? PROCLAIM$ & IMPOS$ ON ! :OLE WORLD FROM ! SUMMIT ( ! ,M>XI/ ,S9AI1 :Y DISCUSS ANY?+8 

,ALL ?AT REMA9S TO BE DONE IS TO LE>N BY HE>T ! COMM&M5TS ( ! NEW DECALOGUE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF PEOPLE DO NOT HAVE & CANNOT CLAIM ?AT !Y HAVE ! TRU?1 !Y WILL TRY TO F9D IT4 ,:O SE>*ES = ! TRU?8 ,EV]YONE1 & ABOVE ALL ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* ?IR/S = & NE$S IT MORE ?AN ALL O!RS4 ,MANY DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CAN ITSELF SPONTANE\SLY F9D & DEVELOP TRUE PHILOSOPHICAL PR9CIPLES & POLITICAL POLICIES4 ,I WILL N[ TRY TO %[ H[ ?IS IS BE+ DONE BY ! WORK]S AT ! V]Y CORE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! WORK]S1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 ORIG9ALLY JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL = ONE V]Y PRACTICAL PURPOSE3 SOLID>ITY 9 ! /RUGGLE = FULL ECONOMIC RI<TS AGA9/ ! OPPRESSIVE EXPLOITATION BY ! B\RGEOISIE ( ALL L&S4 ,NOTE ?AT BY ?IS S+LE ACT1 ?\< AT FIR/ )\T REALIZ+ IT1 ! PROLET>IAT TAKES A DECISIVELY NEGATIVE POSITION ON POLITICS4 ,& ?IS 9 TWO WAYS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT UND]M9ES ! CONCEPT ( POLITICAL FRONTI]S & 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS ( /ATES1 ! EXI/5CE ( :I* DEP5DS UPON ! SYMPA?IES1 ! VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION1 & ! FANATICAL PATRIOTISM ( ! 5SLAV$ MASSES4 ,SECONDLY1 IT DIGS A *ASM BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT & PLACES ! PROLET>IAT \TSIDE ! ACTIVITY & POLITICAL CONNIV+ ( ALL ! P>TIES )9 ! ,/ATE2 BUT 9 PLAC+ ITSELF \TSIDE ALL B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 ! PROLET>IAT NECESS>ILY TURNS AGA9/ IT4 

,! PROLET>IAT1 BY ITS ADH]5CE TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HAS UNCONSCI\SLY TAK5 UP A V]Y DEF9ITE POLITICAL POSITION4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS AN ABSOLUTELY NEGATIVE POLITICAL POSITION2 & ! GREAT MI/AKE1 NOT TO SAY ! TREASON & ! CRIME ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS -- :O >E URG+ ! ,G]MAN WORK]S TO FOLL[ ! ,M>XI/ PROGRAM -- IS ?AT !Y TRI$ TO TRANS=M ?IS NEGATIVE ATTITUDE 9TO POSITIVE COLLABORATION ) B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL1 9 PLAC+ ! PROLET>IAT \TSIDE ! POLITICS ( ! ,/ATE & ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD1 !REBY CON/RUCT$ A NEW WORLD1 ! WORLD ( ! UNIT$ PROLET>IANS ( ALL L&S4 ,?IS IS ! NEW WORLD ( ! FUTURE3 ! LEGITIMATE 9H]ITOR1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! GRAV$IGG] ( ALL =M] CIVILIZATIONS1 :I*1 F\ND$ ON PRIVILEGE1 >E COMPLETELY BANKRUPT1 EXHAU/$1 & DOOM$ TO EXT9CTION4 ,ON ! RU9S ( ! OLD WORLD1 ON ! DEMOLITION ( ALL OPPRESSIONS DIV9E & HUMAN1 ( ALL SLAV]Y1 ( ALL 9EQUALITY1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS DE/9$ TO CREATE A NEW CIVILIZATION4 ,?IS IS ! MISSION1 & !RE=E ! TRUE PROGRAM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL -- NOT ! (FICIAL1 >TIFICIAL PROGRAM1 FROM :I* MAY ALL ! ,*RI/IAN & PAGAN GODS PROTECT US -- BUT ?AT :I* IS 9H]5T 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ! ORGANIZATION ITSELF4 

,! TRUE PROGRAM1 ,I WILL REPEAT IT A ?\S& TIMES1 IS QUITE SIMPLE & MOD]ATE3 ! ORGANIZATION ( SOLID>ITY 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ( LABOR AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,ON ?IS F\NDATION1 AT FIR/ EXCLUSIVELY MAT]IAL1 WILL RISE ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL PILL>S ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,TO BR+ SU* A SOCIETY 9TO BE+1 ALL ! ?\<TS1 ALL ! PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL T5D5CIES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BORN \T ( ! WOMB ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 MU/ ORIG9ATE1 & TAKE AS !IR PR9CIPAL PO9T ( DEP>TURE ?IS ECONOMIC BASE :I* CON/ITUTES ! V]Y ESS5CE & ! DECL>$1 OBVI\S AIM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IS ?IS POSSIBLE8 

,YES1 & ?IS PROCESS IS N[ TAK+ PLACE4 ,:OEV] HAS KEPT 9 T\* ) DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S WILL NOTICE H[ ?IS IS SL[LY TAK+ PLACE1 SOMETIMES AT A QUICK5$1 SOMETIMES AT A SL[] PACE1 & ALWAYS 9 ?REE DIFF]5T1 BUT FIRMLY CONNECT$1 WAYS3 FIR/1 BY ! E/ABLI%M5T & COORD9ATION ( /RIKE FUNDS & ! 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ( /RIKES2 SECOND1 BY ! ORGANIZATION & ! 9T]NATIONAL 7F$]ATIVE7 COORD9ATION ( TRADE & PR(ESSIONAL UNIONS2 ?IRD1 BY ! SPONTANE\S & DIRECT DEVELOPM5T ( PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL IDEAS 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IDEAS :I* 9EVITABLY DEVELOP SIDE BY SIDE ) & >E PRODUC$ BY ! FIR/ TWO MOVEM5TS4 

,LET US N[ CONSID] !SE ?REE WAYS1 DIFF]5T BUT 9SEP>ABLE1 & BEG9 ) ! ORGANIZATION ( /RIKE FUNDS & /RIKES4 

,/RIKE FUNDS AIM ONLY AT COLLECT+ RES\RCES :I* MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO ORGANIZE & MA9TA9 /RIKES1 ALWAYS A CO/LY UND]TAK+4 ,! /RIKE IS ! BEG9N+ ( ! SOCIAL W> ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE1 A TACTIC ?AT REMA9S )9 ! LIMITS ( LEGALITY4 ,/RIKES >E A VALUABLE TACTIC 9 TWO WAYS4 ,FIR/ !Y ELECTRIFY ! MASSES1 RE9=C+ !IR MORAL 5]GY & AWAK5+ 9 !M ! S5SE ( PR(\ND ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !IR 9T]E/S & ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?US /RIKES REVEAL TO !M ! ABYSS :I* FROM ?IS TIME ON IRREVOCABLY SEP>ATES ! WORK]S FROM ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y CONTRIBUTE IMM5SELY BY >\S+ & MANIFE/+ BETWE5 ! WORK]S ( ALL TRADES1 ( ALL LOCALITIES1 & ( ALL C\NTRIES ! CONSCI\SNESS & ! FACT ITSELF ( SOLID>ITY4 ,?US A D\BLE ACTION1 ! ONE NEGATIVE1 ! O!R POSITIVE1 T5D+ TO CREATE DIRECTLY ! NEW WORLD ( ! PROLET>IAT BY OPPOS+ IT 9 AN ALMO/ ABSOLUTE MANN] TO ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 

,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT 9 ?IS CONNECTION ! RADICAL & B\RGEOIS SOCIALI/S HAVE ALWAYS BITT]LY OPPOS$ ! IDEA ( /RIKES & MADE DESP]ATE EF=TS TO DISC\RAGE ! PROLET>IAT FROM /RIK+4 ,MAZZ9I NEV] C\LD BE> ANY TALK ( /RIKES2 & IF HIS DISCIPLES1 MANY ( :OM HAVE BECOME DEMORALIZ$1 DISORI5T$1 & DISORGANIZ$ S9CE HIS DEA? .<,M>* #a1 #a#h#g#b.>1 TODAY TIMIDLY 5DORSE ! /RIKE1 IT IS ONLY BECAUSE ! PROPAG&A = ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION HAS SO /IRR$ ! ,ITALIAN MASSES1 & SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DEM&S HAVE MANIFE/$ !MSELVES ) SU* P[] 9 ! /RIKES ?AT HAVE SIMULTANE\SLY ]UPT$ ALL OV] ,ITALY1 ?AT !Y FE> TO OPPOSE ?IS MOVEM5T LE/ !Y BECOME ISOLAT$ & LOSE ALL 9FLU5CE AMONG ! PEOPLE4 

,MAZZ9I1 TOGE!R ) ALL ! B\RGEOIS SOCIALI/S & RADICALS ( ,EUROPE1 WAS FROM HIS PO9T ( VIEW RI<T 9 CONDEMN+ /RIKES4 ,= :AT IS IT ! ,MAZZ9I/I WANT :O TODAY >E SO IMBU$ ) ! SPIRIT ( CONCILIATION ?AT !Y >E AB\T TO UNITE ) ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES 0! ,RADICALS0 9 ! ,ITALIAN P>LIAM5T8 ,!Y WANT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A S+LE GREAT DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN /ATE4 ,TO E/ABLI% ?IS /ATE !Y MU/ FIR/ OV]?R[ ! PRES5T ONE1 & = ?AT ! P[]FUL SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE IS 9DISP5SABLE4 ,ONCE ! PEOPLE HAVE P]=M$ ?IS GREAT S]VICE TO ! POLITICIANS ( ! S*OOL ( ,MAZZ9I1 !Y WILL NATURALLY BE S5T BACK TO !IR FACTORIES & WORK%OPS OR TO !IR FIELDS TO RESUME !IR ESS5TIAL LABORS4 ,!RE !Y WILL SUBMIT NOT TO ! PAT]NAL MON>*Y BUT TO ! FRAT]NAL PROTECTION ( ! NEW BUT NO LESS AU?ORIT>IAN REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,TODAY ! WORK]S MU/ R5\NCE ! /RIKE & MAKE APPEAL TO !IR NEW RUL]S4 ,BUT H[ CAN ! B\RGEOIS RADICALS & SOCIALI/S BE /IRR$ TO ACT ON BEHALF ( ! WORK]S8 

,BY APPEAL+ TO !IR SOCIALI/ 9/9CTS8 ,IMPOSSIBLE6 ,?IS W\LD BE ! SURE/ WAY TO /IR UP ! HATR$ & BITT] OPPOSITION ( ALL ! CAPITALI/S & PROPRIETORS AGA9/ BO? !MSELVES & ! REPUBLIC ( !IR DREAMS4 ,ALSO IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE IT IS PRECISELY ) !SE EXPLOIT]S ?AT ! B\RGEOIS & RADICAL SOCIALI/S WANT TO COLLABORATE & ) !M !Y WI% TO CON/ITUTE ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y CANNOT E/ABLI% AN ORD]LY NEW GOV]NM5T ) ! 0B>B>IC1 IGNORANT0 AN>*ICAL MASSES1 ESPECIALLY :5 !SE MASSES HAVE BE5 R\S$ & /IRR$ 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR ECONOMIC /RUGGLES BY ! PASSION = JU/ICE1 = EQUALITY1 & = !IR REAL FRE$OM1 :I* IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ANY & ALL GOV]NM5TS4 ,! RADICAL & B\RGEOIS SOCIALI/S MU/1 !RE=E1 AVOID ! SOCIAL 7ECONOMIC7 QUE/ION & CONC5TRATE ON 9CIT+ ! POLITICAL & PATRIOTIC PASSIONS ( ! WORK]S4 ,?IS WILL CAUSE !IR HE>TS TO BEAT 9 UNISON ) ! HE>TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & ! WORK]S WILL !N BE PSY*OLOGICALLY PREP>$ TO R5D] TO ! RADICAL POLITICIANS ! PRECI\S S]VICE DEM&$ ( !M3 ?AT ( OV]?R[+ ! MON>*ICAL GOV]NM5T4 

,BUT WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! FIR/ EFFECT ( /RIKES IS TO DE/ROY ?IS T\*+ & V]Y PR(ITABLE H>MONY ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,/RIKES HAVE ! EFFECT ( REM9D+ ! WORK]S ?AT BETWE5 !M & !IR RUL]S !RE EXI/S AN ABYSS & ( AWAK5+ 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PROLET>IAT SOCIALI/ PASSIONS & ASPIRATIONS :I* >E ABSOLUTELY 9COMPATIBLE ) PATRIOTIC & POLITICAL FANATICISM4 ,YES1 FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE ,MAZZ9I WAS A ?\S& TIMES RI<T3 ,/RIKES MU/ BE PROHIBIT$6 

,MAZZ9I1 = REASONS :I* ,I HAVE JU/ 9DICAT$1 CLE>LY WI%ES TO PUT AN 5D TO ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 CLASSES4 ,BUT DOES ,MR4 ,M>X REALLY WANT TO PRES]VE ?IS ANTAGONISM1 :I* R5D]S ALL P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES 9 ! POLITICS ( ! ,/ATE ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE8 ,= SU* POLITICAL ACTION CANNOT SUCCE$ UNLESS ! B\RGEOISIE 5T] 9TO IT1 & WILL SUCCE$ ONLY :5 ?IS CLASS DEVELOPS & DIRECTS IT4 ,( ?IS1 ,M>X CANNOT BE IGNORANT4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO BELIEVE HE IS UNAW>E ( ?IS1 AFT] ! SPEE* HE REC5TLY DELIV]$ 9 ,AM/]DAM 9 :I* HE DECL>$ ?AT 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 P]HAPS 9 ,HOLL& ITSELF1 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION CAN BE PEACEABLY RESOLV$2 ?AT IS1 9 AN ALTOGE!R FRI5DLY1 LEGAL WAY1 )\T =CE4 ,?IS CAN MEAN ONLY ?AT ! SOCIAL PROBLEM CAN HE RESOLV$ BY A S]IES ( SUCCESSIVE1 TRANQUIL1 & JUDICI\S COMPROMISES BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,MAZZ9I HAS NEV] DIFF]$ FROM ?IS4 

,9 ! 5D1 ,MAZZ9I & ,M>X AGREE ON A C>D9AL PO9T3 ?AT ! GREAT SOCIAL RE=MS :I* >E TO EMANCIPATE ! PROLET>IAT CAN BE PUT 9TO EFFECT ONLY BY A GREAT DEMOCRATIC1 REPUBLICAN1 & V]Y P[]FUL1 HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,?IS /ATE1 !Y ALLEGE1 MU/ IMPOSE UPON ! PEOPLE A V]Y /RONG GOV]NM5T1 ?IS BE+ 9 ! PEOPLE'S 9T]E/1 TO SECURE !IR $UCATION & WELL-BE+4 

,BETWE5 ,MAZZ9I & ,M>X !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN 5ORM\S DIFF]5CE1 & IT IS ALL TO ! HONOR ( ,MAZZ9I4 ,MAZZ9I WAS A PR(\NDLY S9C]E & PASSIONATE BELIEV]4 ,HE ADOR$ HIS ,GOD1 TO :OM HE DEVOT$ ALL ?AT HE FELT1 ?\<T1 DID4 ,9 REG>D TO HIS [N /YLE ( LIFE1 HE WAS ! SIMPLE/ ( M51 ! MO/ MODE/1 ! MO/ UNSELFI%4 ,BUT HE BECAME 9FLEXIBLE1 FURI\S1 :5 ANYONE T\*$ HIS ,GOD4 

,MR4 ,M>X DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 ,GOD1 BUT HE BELIEVES DEEPLY 9 HIMSELF4 ,HIS HE>T IS FILL$ NOT ) LOVE BUT ) RANCOR4 ,HE HAS V]Y LITTLE B5EVOL5CE T[>D M5 & BECOMES JU/ AS FURI\S1 & 9F9ITELY MORE SPITEFUL1 ?AN ,MAZZ9I :5 ANYONE D>ES QUE/ION ! OMNISCI5CE ( ! DIV9ITY :OM HE ADORES1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ,MR4 ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,MAZZ9I W\LD LIKE TO IMPOSE ON HUMANITY ! ABSURDITY ( ,GOD2 ,MR4 ,M>X TRIES TO IMPOSE HIMSELF4 ,I BELIEVE 9 NEI!R1 BUT IF ,I W]E =C$ TO *OOSE1 ,I W\LD PREF] ! ,MAZZ9IAN ,GOD4 

,I BELIEVE IT IS MY DUTY TO GIVE ?IS EXPLANATION1 SO ?AT ! FRI5DS & DISCIPLES ( ,MAZZ9I CANNOT ACCUSE ME ( DI%ONOR+ ! MEMORY ( !IR MA/] BY LIK5+ HIM TO ,MR4 ,M>X4 ,I RETURN TO MY SUBJECT4 

,I SAY !N ?AT = ALL ! REASONS ,I HAVE GIV51 IT W\LD NOT SURPRISE ME IF WE SOON HE> TALK ( A RECONCILIATION BETWE5 ! ,MAZZ9IAN AGITATION & ! ,M>XI/ 9TRIGUE 9 ,ITALY4 ,I MA9TA9 ?AT IF ! ,M>XI/ P>TY1 ! SO-CALL$ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 CONT9UES ALONG ! ROAD ( POLITICAL ACTION1 IT WILL SOON] OR LAT] BE =C$ TO OPPOSE ECONOMIC ACTION -- ! TACTIC ( /RIKES -- SO 9COMPATIBLE >E !SE TWO ME?ODS 9 REALITY444 

,POLITICAL ,CONSCI\SNESS & ,/ATI/ ,CIVILIZATION 

,IS IT POSSIBLE EV5 BY MEANS ( ! MO/ CLEV]LY DEVIS$ & 5]GETICALLY EXPRESS$ PROPAG&A TO IMBUE ! GREAT MASSES ( A NATION ) T5D5CIES1 ASPIRATIONS1 PASSIONS1 & ?\<TS ?AT >E ABSOLUTELY =EIGN TO !M1 ?AT >E NOT ! PRODUCT ( !IR [N HI/ORY1 ( !IR CU/OMS & TRADITIONS8 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT :5 ! QUE/ION IS SO POS$1 ANY REASONABLE & S5SITIVE MAN :O HAS EV5 ! LEA/ IDEA ( H[ ! POPUL> CONSCI5CE IS DEVELOP$1 CAN ANSW] ONLY 9 ! NEGATIVE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 NO PROPAG&A HAS EV] >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ A S\RCE OR BASIS = A PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS & IDEAS1 :I* >E ALWAYS ! PRODUCT ( !IR SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T & ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,:AT1 !N1 CAN PROPAG&A DO8 ,IT CAN1 9 G5]AL1 EXPRESS ! PROLET>IAT'S [N 9/9CTS 9 A NEW1 MORE DEF9ITE & MORE APT =M4 ,IT CAN SOMETIMES PRECIPITATE & FACILITATE ! AWAK5+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES !MSELVES4 ,IT CAN MAKE !M CONSCI\S ( :AT !Y >E1 ( :AT !Y FEEL1 & ( :AT !Y ALREADY 9/9CTIVELY WI%2 BUT NEV] CAN PROPAG&A MAKE !N :AT !Y >E NOT1 NOR AWAK5 9 !IR HE>TS PASSIONS :I* >E =EIGN TO !IR [N HI/ORY4 

,N[ TO DISCUSS ! QUE/ION :E!R BY MEANS ( PROPAG&A IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE A PEOPLE POLITICALLY CONSCI\S = ! FIR/ TIME1 WE MU/ SPECIFY :AT POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS IS = ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,I EMPHASIZE = ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,= WE KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT = ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS IS NO?+ BUT ! RI<T ( CONQUE/1 GU>ANTE$ & CODIFI$1 ( ! EXPLOIT] ( ! LABOR ( ! MASSES & ! RI<T TO GOV]N !M SO AS TO ASSURE ?IS EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT = ! MASSES1 :O HAVE BE5 5SLAV$1 GOV]N$1 & EXPLOIT$1 ( :AT DOES POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS CONSI/8 ,IT CAN BE ASSUR$ BY ONLY ONE ?+ -- ! GODDESS ( REVOLT4 ,?IS MO!R ( ALL LIB]TY1 ! TRADITION ( REVOLT1 IS ! 9DISP5SABLE HI/ORICAL CONDITION = ! REALIZATION ( ANY & ALL FRE$OMS4 

,WE SEE !N ?AT ?IS PHRASE POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 ?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 POSSESSES TWO ABSOLUTELY DIFF]5T MEAN+S CORRESPOND+ TO TWO OPPOS+ VIEWPO9TS4 ,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS MEANS CONQUE/1 5SLAVEM5T1 & ! 9DISP5SABLE ME*ANISM = ?IS EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES3 ! COEXT5SIVE ORGANIZATION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! MASSES1 IT MEANS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT MEANS1 ACCORD+LY1 TWO ?+S ?AT >E DIAMETRICALLY & 9EVITABLY OPPOS$4 

,N[ IT IS ABSOLUTELY C]TA9 ?AT !RE HAS NEV] EXI/$ A PEOPLE1 NO MATT] H[ L[-SPIRIT$ OR MALTREAT$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES1 :O DID NOT FEEL AT LEA/ AT ! BEG9N+ ( !IR SLAV]Y SOME SP>K ( REVOLT4 ,TO REVOLT IS A NATURAL T5D5CY ( LIFE4 ,EV5 A WORM TURNS AGA9/ ! FOOT ?AT CRU%ES IT4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! VITALITY & RELATIVE DIGNITY ( AN ANIMAL CAN BE MEASUR$ BY ! 9T5SITY ( ITS 9/9CT TO REVOLT4 ,9 ! WORLD ( BEA/S AS 9 ! HUMAN WORLD !RE IS NO HABIT MORE DEGRAD+1 MORE /UPID1 OR MORE C[>DLY ?AN ! HABIT ( SUP9E SUBMISSION & OB$I5CE TO ANO!R'S OPPRESSION4 ,I CONT5D ?AT !RE HAS NEV] EXI/$ A PEOPLE SO DEPRAV$ ?AT !Y DID NOT AT SOME TIME1 AT LEA/ AT ! BEG9N+ ( !IR HI/ORY1 REVOLT AGA9/ ! YOKE ( !IR SLAVE DRIV]S & !IR EXPLOIT]S1 & AGA9/ ! YOKE ( ! ,/ATE4 

,BUT IT MU/ BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT S9CE ! BLOODY W>S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! ,/ATE HAS CRU%$ ALL POPUL> REVOLTS4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ,HOLL& & ,SWITZ]L&1 ! ,/ATE REIGNS TRIUMPHANT 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,9 \R 0NEW0 CIVILIZATION !RE IS ! 5=C$ SLAV]Y ( ! MASSES &1 = REASONS ( PR(IT1 ! MORE OR LESS VOLUNT>Y ALLEGIANCE ( ! ECONOMICALLY PRIVILEG$ CLASSES TO ! ,/ATE4 ,ALL ! SO-CALL$ REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ -- 9CLUD+ ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 DESPITE ! MAGNIFIC5T CONCEPTS ?AT 9SPIR$ IT -- ALL !SE REVOLUTIONS HAVE BE5 NO?+ BUT ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 RIVAL EXPLOIT+ CLASSES = ! EXCLUSIVE 5JOYM5T ( ! PRIVILEGES GRANT$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y EXPRESS NO?+ BUT A FI<T = ! DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION ( ! MASSES4 

,& ! MASSES8 ,ALAS6 ,IT MU/ HE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! MASSES HAVE ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BECOME DEEPLY DEMORALIZ$1 APA!TIC1 NOT TO SAY CA/RAT$1 BY ! P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE ( \R CORRUPT1 C5TRALIZ$1 /ATI/ CIVILIZATION4 ,BEWILD]$1 DEBAS$1 !Y HAVE CONTRACT$ ! FATAL HABIT ( OB$I5CE1 ( %EEPI% RESIGNATION4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 TURN$ 9TO AN IMM5SE H]D1 >TIFICIALLY SEGREGAT$ & DIVID$ 9TO CAGES = ! GREAT] CONV5I5CE ( !IR V>I\S EXPLOIT]S4 

,CRITIQUE ( ,ECONOMIC ,DET]M9ISM & ,HI/ORICAL ,MAT]IALISM 

,! ,M>XI/ SOCIOLOGI/S1 M5 LIKE ,5GELS & ,LASSALLE1 9 OBJECT+ TO \R VIEWS CONT5D ?AT ! ,/ATE IS NOT AT ALL ! CAUSE ( ! POV]TY1 DEGRADATION1 & S]VITUDE ( ! MASSES2 ?AT BO? ! MIS]ABLE CONDITION ( ! MASSES & ! DESPOTIC P[] ( ! ,/ATE >E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! EFFECT ( A MORE G5]AL UND]LY+ CAUSE4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 WE >E TOLD ?AT !Y >E BO? ! PRODUCTS ( AN 9EVITABLE /AGE 9 ! ECONOMIC EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY2 A /AGE :I*1 HI/ORICALLY VIEW$1 CON/ITUTES AN IMM5SE /EP =W>D TO :AT !Y CALL ! 0,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION40 ,TO ILLU/RATE H[ F> ! OBSESSION ) ?IS DOCTR9E HAS ALREADY GONE3 ! CRU%+ ( ! =MIDABLE REVOLTS ( ! PEASANTS 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY L$ 9EVITABLY TO ! TRIUMPH ( ! C5TRALIZ$1 DESPOTIC ,/ATE1 FROM :I* DATES ! C5TURIES-OLD SLAV]Y ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE4 ,?IS CATA/ROPHE IS HAIL$ BY ,LASSALLE AS A VICTORY = ! COM+ ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION6 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE1 SAY ! ,M>XI/S1 ! PEASANTS >E ! NATURAL REPRES5TATIVES ( REACTION1 :ILE ! MOD]N1 MILIT>Y1 BUREAUCRATIC /ATE1 BEG9N+ 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 9ITIAT$ ! SL[1 BUT ALWAYS PROGRESSIVE1 TRANS=MATION ( ! ANCI5T FEUDAL & L& ECONOMY 9TO ! 9DU/RIAL ]A ( PRODUCTION1 9 :I* CAPITAL EXPLOITS LABOR4 ,?IS ,/ATE1 !RE=E1 HAS BE5 AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ! COM+ ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,IT IS N[ UND]/&ABLE :Y ,MR4 ,5GELS1 FOLL[+ ?IS LOGIC1 WROTE 9 A LETT] TO \R FRI5D ,C>LO ,CAFI]O ?AT ,BISM>CK AS WELL AS ,K+ ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL ( ,ITALY 79ADV]T5TLY7 HAD GREATLY HELP$ ! REVOLUTION BECAUSE BO? ( !M CREAT$ POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4 ,I URGE ! ,FR5* ALLIES & SYMPA?IZ]S ( ,MR4 ,M>X TO C>EFULLY EXAM9E H[ ?IS ,M>XI/ CONCEPT IS BE+ APPLI$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,WE :O1 LIKE ,MR4 ,M>X HIMSELF1 >E MAT]IALI/S & DET]M9I/S1 ALSO RECOGNIZE ! 9EVITABLE L9K+ ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FACTS 9 HI/ORY4 ,WE RECOGNIZE1 9DE$1 ! NECESSITY & 9EVITABLE *>ACT] ( ALL EV5TS ?AT OCCUR BUT WE NO LONG] B[ BE=E !M 9DIFF]5TLY1 & ABOVE ALL WE >E V]Y C>EFUL AB\T PRAIS+ !M :51 BY !IR NATURE1 !Y %[ !MSELVES 9 FLAGRANT CONTRADICTION TO ! SUPREME 5D ( HI/ORY4 ,?IS IS A ?OR\<LY HUMAN IDEAL :I* IS F\ND 9 MORE OR LESS RECOGNIZABLE =M 9 ! 9/9CTS & ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLE & 9 ALL ! RELIGI\S SYMBOLS ( ALL EPO*S1 BECAUSE IT IS 9H]5T 9 ! HUMAN RACE1 ! MO/ SOCIAL ( ALL ! SPECIES ( ANIMALS ON E>?4 ,?IS IDEAL1 TODAY BETT] UND]/OOD ?AN EV]1 IS ! TRIUMPH ( HUMANITY1 ! MO/ COMPLETE CONQUE/ & E/ABLI%M5T ( P]SONAL FRE$OM & DEVELOPM5T -- MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL -- = EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 ?R\< ! ABSOLUTELY UNRE/RICT$ & SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SOLID>ITY4 

,EV]Y?+ 9 HI/ORY ?AT %[S ITSELF CON=MABLE TO ?AT 5D1 FROM ! HUMAN PO9T ( VIEW -- & WE CAN HAVE NO O!R -- IS GOOD2 ALL ?AT IS CONTR>Y TO IT IS BAD4 ,WE KN[ V]Y WELL1 9 ANY CASE1 ?AT :AT WE CALL GOOD & BAD >E ALWAYS ! NATURAL RESULTS ( NATURAL CAUSES1 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ONE IS AS 9EVITABLE AS ! O!R4 ,BUT 9 :AT IS PROP]LY CALL$ NATURE WE RECOGNIZE MANY NECESSITIES ?AT WE >E LITTLE DISPOS$ TO BLESS1 SU* AS ! NECESSITY ( DY+ :5 ONE IS BITT5 BY A MAD DOG4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 9 ?AT IMM$IATE CONT9UATION ( ! LIFE ( NATURE CALL$ HI/ORY1 WE 5C\NT] MANY NECESSITIES :I* WE F9D MU* MORE WOR?Y ( OPPROBRIUM ?AN B5$ICTION1 & :I* WE BELIEVE WE %\LD /IGMATIZE ) ALL ! 5]GY ( :I* WE >E CAPABLE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( \R SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL MORALITY4 ,WE RECOGNIZE1 H[EV]1 ?AT FROM ! MOM5T !Y HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$1 EV5 ! MO/ DETE/ABLE FACTS HAVE ?AT *>ACT] ( 9EVITABILITY :I* IS F\ND 9 ALL ! PH5OM5A ( NATURE AS WELL AS ?OSE ( HI/ORY4 

,TO CL>IFY MY ?\<T1 ,I %ALL GIVE SOME EXAMPLES4 ,:5 ,I /UDY ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ! ,ROMANS & ! ,GREEKS 9 ! P]IOD ( ! DECL9E ( ANTIQUITY1 ,I CONCLUDE ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( ,GREECE BY ! MILIT>Y & POLITICAL B>B>ISM ( ! ,ROMANS & ! CONSEQU5T DE/RUCTION ( A COMP>ATIVELY HI<] /&>D ( HUMAN LIB]TY WAS A NATURAL & 9EVITABLE FACT4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT PREV5T ME FROM TAK+1 RETROSPECTIVELY & FIRMLY1 ! SIDE ( ,GREECE AGA9/ ,ROME 9 ?AT /RUGGLE4 ,= ,I F9D ?AT ! HUMAN RACE HAS GA9$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ BY ! TRIUMPH ( ,ROME4 

,LIKEWISE1 ?AT ! ,*RI/IANS 9 !IR HOLY FURY DE/ROY$ ALL ! LIBR>IES ( ! PAGANS & ALL !IR TREASURES ( >T1 ANCI5T PHILOSOPHY1 & SCI5CE IS AN ABSOLUTELY NATURAL & !RE=E 9EVITABLE FACT4 ,BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO SEE H[ ?IS FACT HAS 9 ANY MANN] :ATSOEV] FUR!R$ \R POLITICAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,I AM EV5 V]Y MU* DISPOS$ TO D\BT ! 9EVITABLE PROCESS ( ECONOMIC FACTS 9 :I*1 IF ONE W]E TO BELIEVE ,MR4 ,M>X1 !RE MU/ BE S\<T TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!R CONSID]ATIONS ! ONLY CAUSE ( ALL ( HI/ORY'S MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL PH5OM5A4 ,FUR!R1 ,I AM /RONGLY DISPOS$ TO ?9K ?AT !SE ACTS ( HOLY B>B>ITY1 OR RA!R ?AT LONG S]IES ( B>B>\S ACTS & CRIMES :I* ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS1 DIV9ELY 9SPIR$1 COMMITT$ AGA9/ ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 W]E AMONG ! PR9CIPAL CAUSES ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DEGRADATION1 AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL SLAV]Y1 :I* FILL$ ?AT LONG S]IES ( C5TURIES CALL$ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,BE SURE ( ?IS1 ?AT IF ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS HAD NOT DE/ROY$ ! LIBR>IES1 ! MUSEUMS1 & ! TEMPLES ( ANTIQUITY1 WE %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CONDEMN$ TODAY TO FI<T ! MASS ( HORRIBLE & %AMEFUL ABSURDITIES :I* /ILL CLOG M5'S BRA9S TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT ,I SOMETIMES D\BT ! POSSIBILITY ( A MORE HUMANE FUTURE4 

,CONT9U+ MY PROTE/S AGA9/ ! K9DS ( HI/ORICAL FACTS :OSE 9EVITABILITY ,I MYSELF ALSO ACKN[L$GE1 ,I PAUSE BE=E ! SPL5DOR ( ! ,ITALIAN REPUBLICS & BE=E ! MAGNIFIC5T AWAK5+ ( HUMAN G5IUS DUR+ ! ,R5AISSANCE4 ,!N ,I SEE TWO FRI5DS1 AS ANCI5T AS HI/ORY ITSELF1 APPROA*+2 ! SAME TWO S]P5TS :I* TIP TILL N[ HAVE DEV\R$ EV]Y?+ BEAUTIFUL & VIRTU\S ?AT MANK9D HAS CREAT$4 ,!Y >E CALL$ ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE1 ! PAPACY & ! EMPIRE4 ,ET]NAL EVILS & 9SEP>ABLE ALLIES1 EMBRAC+ EA* O!R & TOGE!R DEV\R+ ?AT UN=TUNATE1 MO/ BEAUTIFUL ,ITALY1 CONDEMN+ H] TO ?REE C5TURIES ( DEA?4 ,WELL1 ?\< ,I AGA9 F9D IT ALL NATURAL & 9EVITABLE1 ,I NEV]!LESS CURSE BO? EMP]OR & POPE4 

,LET US PASS ON TO ,FRANCE4 ,AFT] A C5TURY ( /RUGGLE1 ,CA?OLICISM1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 F9ALLY TRIUMPH$ OV] ,PROTE/ANTISM4 ,DO ,I NOT /ILL F9D 9 ,FRANCE TODAY SOME POLITICIANS OR HI/ORIANS ( ! FATALI/ S*OOL :O1 CALL+ !MSELVES REVOLUTIONI/S1 CONSID] ?IS VICTORY ( ,CA?OLICISM -- A BLOODY & 9HUMAN VICTORY IF EV] !RE WAS ONE -- A V]ITABLE TRIUMPH = ! CAUSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION8 ,CA?OLICISM1 !Y 9SI/1 WAS !N ! ,/ATE REPRES5T+ DEMOCRACY1 :ILE ,PROTE/ANTISM REPRES5T$ ! REVOLT ( ! >I/OCRACY AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & CONSEQU5TLY AGA9/ DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS SORT ( SOPHISM IS COMPLETELY ID5TICAL TO ! ,M>XI/ SOPHISM1 :I* ALSO CONSID]S ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,/ATE TO BE A VICTORY = SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS ) !SE DISGU/+ & REVOLT+ ABSURDITIES ?AT ! M9D & MORAL S5SE ( ! MASSES >E P]V]T$1 HABITUAT+ !M TO HAIL !IR BLOOD?IR/Y EXPLOIT]S1 ! MA/]S & S]VANTS ( ! ,/ATE1 AS !IR SAVIORS & EMANCIPATORS4 

,IT IS A ?\S& TIMES RI<T TO SAY ?AT ,PROTE/ANTISM1 NOT AS A ,CALV9I/ !OLOGY BUT AS AN 5]GETIC & >M$ PROTE/1 REPRES5T$ REVOLT1 LIB]TY1 HUMANITY1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE2 :ILE ,CA?OLICISM WAS PUBLIC ORD]1 AU?ORITY1 DIV9E LAW1 ! MUTUAL SALVATION ( ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE1 ! CONDEMNATION ( HUMAN SOCIETY TO PROTRACT$ SLAV]Y4 

,H5CE1 :ILE RECOGNIZ+ ! 9EVITABILITY ( ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACT ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY ?AT ! VICTORY ( ,CA?OLICISM 9 ,FRANCE 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES WAS A GREAT MIS=TUNE = ! 5TIRE HUMAN RACE4 ,! MASSACRE ( ,SA9T ,B>?OLOMEW & ! REVOCATION ( ! ,$ICT ( ,NANTES W]E FACTS AS DISA/R\S = ,FRANCE AS W]E1 9 \R TIMES1 ! DEFEAT & MASSACRE ( ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS 9 ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS4 ,I HAVE ACTUALLY HE>D V]Y 9TELLIG5T & V]Y WOR?Y ,FR5*M5 ASCRIBE ! DEFEAT ( ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ,FRANCE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE4 0,PROTE/ANTISM10 !Y ALLEGE1 0WAS ONLY A SEMI-REVOLUTION2 WE NE$ A COMPLETE REVOLUTION2 IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! ,FR5* NEI!R WANT$ NOR C\LD PREV5T ! ,RE=MATION4 ,FRANCE PREF]R$ TO REMA9 ,CA?OLIC TILL ! MOM5T :5 IT C\LD PROCLAIM A!ISM4 ,?IS IS :Y ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 ) TRUE ,*RI/IAN RESIGNATION1 TOL]AT$ BO? ! HORRORS ( ,SA9T ,B>?OLOMEW & ! NO LESS ABOM9ABLE REVOCATION ( ! ,$ICT ( ,NANTES40 

,!SE WOR?Y PATRIOTS EI!R FAIL TO OR DO NOT WANT TO CONSID] ONE ?+4 ,A PEOPLE :O = ANY REASON :ATSOEV] TOL]ATES TYRANNY WILL F9ALLY LOSE ! SALUT>Y HABIT & EV5 ! V]Y 9/9CT ( REVOLT4 ,ONCE A PEOPLE LOSES ! 9CL9ATION = LIB]TY1 IT NECESS>ILY BECOMES1 NOT ONLY 9 ITS EXT]NAL CONDITIONS BUT 9 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ITS [N BE+1 A PEOPLE ( SLAVES4 ,IT WAS BECAUSE ,PROTE/ANTISM WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ,FRANCE ?AT ! ,FR5* PEOPLE LO/1 OR P]HAPS NEV] ACQUIR$1 ! HABIT ( LIB]TY4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ?IS HABIT IS WANT+ ?AT ,FRANCE TODAY LACKS :AT WE CALL POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 & IT IS BECAUSE IT LACKS ?IS CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ALL ! REVOLUTIONS IT HAS MADE UP TILL N[ HAVE FAIL$ TO A*IEVE ITS POLITICAL LIB]TY4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ITS GREAT REVOLUTION>Y DAYS1 :I* >E ITS FE/IVAL DAYS1 ! ,FR5* PEOPLE REMA9 TODAY AS !Y W]E YE/]DAY1 A PEOPLE ( SLAVES4 

,GO+ ON TO O!R CASES1 ,I TAKE UP ! P>TITION ( ,POL&4 ,H]E ,I AM V]Y GLAD1 AT LEA/ ON ?IS QUE/ION1 TO AGREE ) ,MR4 ,M>X2 = HE1 LIKE MYSELF & EV]YONE ELSE1 CONSID]S ?IS P>TITION A GREAT CRIME4 ,I W\LD ONLY LIKE TO KN[ :Y1 GIV5 BO? HIS FATALI/IC & HIS OPTIMI/IC PO9T ( VIEW1 HE CONTRADICTS HIMSELF BY CONDEMN+ A GREAT EV5T :I* ALREADY BELONG TO ! HI/ORICAL PA/4 ,PR\DHON1 :OM HE LOV$ SO MU*10 WAS MU* MORE LOGICAL & CONSI/5T ?AN ,M>X4 ,TRY+ ) MI<T & MA9 TO E/ABLI% AN HI/ORICAL JU/IFICATION = HIS CONCLUSION1 HE WROTE AN UN=TUNATE PAMPHLET0 9 :I* HE FIR/ %[$ QUITE DECISIVELY ?AT ! ,POL& ( ! NOBILITY MU/ P]I%1 BECAUSE IT C>RIES )9 ITSELF ! G]MS ( ITS [N DISSOLUTION4 ,HE !N ATTEMPT$ TO CONTRA/ ?IS NOBILITY UNFAVORABLY ) ! ,CZ>I/ ,EMPIRE1 :I* HE DEEM$ A H>B+] ( ! TRIUMPHANT SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS WAS MU* MORE ?AN A MI/AKE4 ,I DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY1 9 SPITE ( MY T5D] RESPECT = ! MEMORY ( ,PR\DHON1 ?AT IT WAS A CRIME1 ! CRIME ( A SOPHI/ :O1 9 ORD] TO W9 A DISPUTE1 D>$ TO 9SULT A M>TYR$ NATION AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 IT WAS = ! HUNDR$? TIME REVOLT+ AGA9/ ITS ,RUSSIAN & ,G]MAN DEBAU*]S & = ! HUNDR$? TIME LY+ PRO/RATE UND] !IR BL[S444 

,:Y DOES ,M>X1 9 CONTRADICTION TO HIS [N IDEAS1 FAVOR ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,POLI% /ATE8 ,MR4 ,M>X IS NOT ONLY A LE>N$ SOCIALI/1 HE IS ALSO A V]Y CLEV] POLITICIAN & A PATRIOT NO LESS >D5T ?AN ,BISM>CK1 ?\< HE W\LD APPROA* HIS GOALS ?R\< SOME:AT DIFF]5T MEANS4 ,& LIKE MANY ( HIS COMPATRIOTS1 BO? SOCIALI/ & O!RWISE1 HE DESIRES ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A GREAT ,G]MANIC /ATE1 ONE ?AT WILL GLORIFY ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE & B5EFIT WORLD CIVILIZATION4 ,N[ AMONG ! OB/ACLES TO ! REALIZATION ( ?IS AIM IS ! ,PRUSSIAN ,EMPIRE :I*1 ) M5AC+ P[]1 POSES AS ! PROTECTOR ( ! ,SLAVIC PEOPLES AGA9/ ,G]MAN CIVILIZATION4 

,! POLICY ( ,BISM>CK IS ?AT ( ! PRES5T2 ! POLICY ( ,M>X1 :O CONSID]S HIMSELF AT LEA/ AS ,BISM>CK'S SUCCESSOR1 IS ?AT ( ! FUTURE40 ,& :5 ,I SAY ?AT ,MR4 ,M>X CONSID]S HIMSELF ! CONT9UATION ( ,BISM>CK1 ,I AM F> FROM DEFAM+ ,M>X4 ,IF HE DID NOT CONSID] HIMSELF AS SU*1 HE C\LD NOT HAVE P]MITT$ ,5GELS1 ! CONFIDANT ( ALL HIS ?\<TS1 TO WRITE ?AT ,BISM>CK S]VES ! CAUSE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE S]VES IT N[1 9ADV]T5TLY1 9 HIS [N WAY2 ,MR4 ,M>X WILL S]VE IT LAT]1 9 ANO!R WAY4 

,N[ LET US EXAM9E ! P>TICUL> *>ACT] ( ,MR4 ,M>X'S POLICY4 ,LET US ASC]TA9 ! ESS5TIAL PO9TS 9 :I* IT DIFF]S FROM ! POLICY ( ,BISM>CK4 ,! PR9CIPAL PO9T &1 ONE MI<T SAY1 ! ONLY ONE1 IS ?IS3 ,MR4 ,M>X IS A DEMOCRAT1 AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/1 & A REPUBLICAN4 ,BISM>CK IS AN \T-&-\T >I/OCRATIC1 MON>*ICAL ,JUNK]4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS !RE=E V]Y GREAT1 V]Y S]I\S1 & BO? SIDES >E S9C]E 9 !IR DIFF]5CES4 ,ON ?IS PO9T1 !RE IS NO AGREEM5T OR RECONCILIATION POSSIBLE BETWE5 ,BISM>CK & ,MR4 ,M>X4 ,EV5 AP>T FROM ,M>X'S LIFELONG D$ICATION TO ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* HE HAS DEMON/RAT$ ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS1 HIS V]Y POSITION & HIS AMBITIONS >E A POSITIVE GU>ANTEE ON ?IS PO9T4 ,9 A MON>*Y1 H[EV] LIB]AL1 OR EV5 9 A CONS]VATIVE REPUBLIC LIKE ?AT ( ,?I]S !RE CAN BE NO ROLE = ,MR4 ,M>X1 & MU* LESS SO 9 ! ,PRUSSIAN ,G]MANIC ,EMPIRE F\ND$ BY ,BISM>CK1 ) A MILIT>I/ & BIGOT$ BUGBE> ( AN EMP]OR AS *IEF1 & ALL ! B>ONS & BUREAUCRATS AS GU>DIANS4 ,BE=E HE CAN COME TO P[]1 ,MR4 ,M>X WILL HAVE TO SWEEP ALL ?AT AWAY4 ,HE IS !RE=E =C$ TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y4 

,! CONCEPTS ( ! =M & ! CONDITIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 !SE IDEAS SEP>ATE ,BISM>CK FROM ,MR4 ,M>X4 ,ONE IS AN \T-&-\T MON>*I/ & ! O!R IS AN \T-&-\T DEMOCRAT & REPUBLICAN &1 9TO ! B>GA91 A SOCIALI/ DEMOCRAT & SOCIALI/ REPUBLICAN4 

,LET US N[ SEE :AT UNITES !M4 ,IT IS ! \T-&-\T CULT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,I HAVE NO NE$ TO PROVE IT 9 ! CASE ( ,BISM>CK4 ,! PRO(S >E !RE4 ,HE IS COMPLETELY A /ATE'S MAN1 & NO?+ BUT A /ATE'S MAN4 ,BUT NEI!R IS IT DIFFICULT TO PROVE ?AT ,MR4 ,M>X IS ALSO A /ATE'S MAN4 ,HE LOVES GOV]NM5T TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT HE EV5 WANT$ TO 9/ITUTE ONE 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION2 & HE WOR%IPS P[] SO MU* ?AT HE WANT$1 & /ILL 9T5DS TODAY1 TO IMPOSE HIS DICTATOR%IP UPON US4 ,HIS SOCIALI/ POLITICAL PROGRAM IS A V]Y FAI?FUL EXPRESSION ( HIS P]SONAL ATTITUDE4 ,! SUPREME OBJECTIVE ( ALL HIS EF=TS1 AS IS PROCLAIM$ 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL /ATUTES ( HIS P>TY 9 ,G]MANY1 IS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! GREAT ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE .<,VOLKS/AAT.>4 

,BUT :OEV] SAYS /ATE NECESS>ILY SAYS A P>TICUL> LIMIT$ /ATE1 D\BTLESS COMPRIS+1 IF IT IS V]Y L>GE1 MANY DIFF]5T PEOPLES & C\NTRIES1 BUT EXCLUD+ /ILL MORE4 ,= UNLESS HE IS DREAM+ ( A UNIV]SAL /ATE1 AS DID ,NAPOLEON & ! ,EMP]OR ,*>LES ! ,FIF?1 OR ! PAPACY1 :I* DREAM$ ( ! ,UNIV]SAL ,*UR*1 ,M>X WILL HAVE TO CONT5T HIMSELF ) GOV]N+ A S+LE /ATE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :OEV] SAYS /ATE SAYS A /ATE1 & :OEV] SAYS A /ATE AFFIRMS BY ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( O!R /ATES1 & :OEV] SAYS O!R /ATES IMM$IATELY SAYS3 COMPETITION1 JEAL\SY1 TRUCELESS & 5DLESS W>4 ,! SIMPLE/ LOGIC AS WELL AS ALL HI/ORY BE>S WITNESS TO ?IS TRU?4 

,ANY /ATE1 UND] PA9 ( P]I%+ & SEE+ ITSELF DEV\R$ BY NEI<BOR+ /ATES1 MU/ T5D T[>D COMPLETE P[]1 & HAV+ BECOME P[]FUL4 IT MU/ EMB>K ON A C>E] ( CONQUE/ SO ?AT IT WILL NOT ITSELF BE CONQU]$2 = TWO SIMIL> BUT COMPET+ P[]S CANNOT COEXI/ )\T TRY+ TO DE/ROY EA* O!R4 ,:OEV] SAYS 0CONQUE/10 UND] :ATEV] =M OR NAME1 SAYS CONQU]$ PEOPLES1 5SLAV$ & 9 BONDAGE4 

,IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE TO BREAK ! SOLID>ITY ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,! ,/ATE CANNOT PRES]VE ITSELF AS AN 9TEGRAT$ 5TITY & 9 ALL ITS /R5G? UNLESS IT SETS ITSELF UP AS ! SUPREME BE-ALL & 5D-ALL = ITS [N SUBJECTS1 ?\< NOT = ! SUBJECTS ( O!R UNCONQU]$ /ATES4 ,?IS 9EVITABLY RESULTS 9 ! SUPREMACY ( /ATE MORALITY & /ATE 9T]E/S OV] UNIV]SAL HUMAN REASON & MORALITY1 ?US RUPTUR+ ! UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY ( HUMANITY4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL OR /ATE MORALITY IS V]Y SIMPLE4 ,! ,/ATE BE+ ! SUPREME OBJECTIVE1 EV]Y?+ FAVORABLE TO ! GR[? ( ITS P[] IS GOOD2 EV]Y?+ CONTR>Y TO IT1 H[EV] HUMANE & E?ICAL1 IS BAD4 ,?IS MORALITY IS CALL$ PATRIOTISM4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL IS ! NEGATION ( PATRIOTISM & CONSEQU5TLY ! NEGATION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IF1 !RE=E4 ,MR4 ,M>X & HIS FRI5DS ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY %\LD SUCCE$ 9 9TRODUC+ ! ,/ATE PR9CIPLE 9TO \R PROGRAM1 !Y W\LD DE/ROY ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ,/ATE1 = ITS [N PRES]VATION1 MU/ NECESS>ILY BE P[]FUL AS REG>DS =EIGN AFFAIRS1 BUT IF IT IS SO 9 REG>D TO =EIGN RELATIONS1 IT WILL UNFAIL+LY BE SO 9 REG>D TO DOME/IC MATT]S4 ,! MORALITY ( EV]Y /ATE MU/ CON=M TO ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS & CIRCUM/ANCES ( ITS EXI/5CE1 A MORALITY :I* RE/RICTS & !RE=E REJECTS ANY HUMAN & UNIV]SAL MORALITY4 ,IT MU/ SEE TO IT ?AT ALL ITS SUBJECTS ?9K &1 ABOVE ALL1 ACT 9 TOTAL COMPLIANCE ) ! PATRIOTIC MORALITY ( ! ,/ATE & REMA9 IMMUNE TO ! 9FLU5CE & TEA*+S ( TRUE HUMANI/IC MORALITY4 ,?IS MAKES /ATE C5SOR%IP ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y2 = TOO MU* LIB]TY ( ?\<T & OP9ION IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! UNANIMITY ( ADH]5CE DEM&$ BY ! SECURITY ( ! ,/ATE1 & ,MR4 ,M>X1 9 CON=MITY ) HIS EM95TLY POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 CONSID]S ?IS C5SOR%IP REASONABLE4 ,?AT ?IS IS 9 REALITY ,MR4 ,M>X'S OP9ION IS SUFFICI5TLY DEMON/RAT$ BY HIS ATTEMPTS TO 9TRODUCE C5SOR%IP 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 EV5 :ILE MASK+ !SE EF=TS ) PLAUSIBLE PRETEXTS4 

,BUT H[EV] VIGILANT ?IS C5SOR%IP MAY BE1 EV5 IF ! ,/ATE W]E TO HAVE AN EXCLUSIVE MONOPOLY OV] $UCATION & 9/RUCTION = ALL ! PEOPLE1 AS ,MAZZ9I WI%$1 & AS ,MR4 ,M>X WI%ES TODAY1 ! ,/ATE CAN NEV] BE SURE ?AT PROHIBIT$ & DANG]\S ?\<TS MAY NOT SOMEH[ BE SMUGGL$ 9TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS SUBJECTS4 ,=BIDD5 FRUIT HAS SU* AN ATTRACTION = M51 & ! DEMON ( REVOLT1 ?AT ET]NAL 5EMY ( ! ,/ATE1 AWAK5S SO EASILY 9 !IR HE>TS :5 !Y >E NOT 5TIRELY /UPEFI$1 ?AT NEI!R ! $UCATION NOR ! 9/RUCTION NOR EV5 ! C5SOR%IP ( ! ,/ATE SUFFICI5TLY GU>ANTEES ITS SECURITY4 ,IT MU/ /ILL HAVE A POLICE1 DEVOT$ AG5TS :O WAT* OV] & DIRECT1 SECRETLY & UNOBTRUSIVELY1 ! CURR5T ( ! PEOPLE'S OP9IONS & PASSIONS4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ,MR4 ,M>X HIMSELF IS SO CONV9C$ ( ?IS NECESSITY ?AT HE PLANT$ HIS SECRET AG5TS 9 ALL ! REGIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ABOVE ALL 9 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 & ,SPA94 ,F9ALLY1 H[EV] P]FECT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( PRES]V+ ! ,/ATE1 ( ORGANIZ+ ! $UCATION & 9DOCTR9ATION ( ITS CITIZ5S1 ( C5SOR%IP1 & ( ! POLICE1 ! ,/ATE CANNOT BE SECURE 9 ITS EXI/5CE :ILE IT DOES NOT HAVE AN >M$ =CE TO DEF5D ITSELF AGA9/ ITS 5EMIES AT HOME4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! GOV]NM5T FROM ABOVE D[NW>D ( AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( M51 V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! DEGREE ( !IR CULTURE1 ! NATURE ( ! C\NTRIES OR LOCALITIES ?AT !Y 9HABIT1 ! OCCUPATIONS !Y FOLL[1 ! 9T]E/S & ASPIRATIONS DIRECT+ !M -- ! ,/ATE IS ! GOV]NM5T ( ALL !SE BY ONE OR ANO!R M9ORITY4 ,?IS M9ORITY1 EV5 IF IT W]E A ?\S& TIMES ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & CONTROLL$ 9 ITS ACTS BY POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS1 UNLESS IT W]E 5D[$ ) OMNISCI5CE1 OMNIPRES5CE1 & ! OMNIPOT5CE :I* ! !OLOGIANS ATTRIBUTE TO ,GOD1 C\LD NOT POSSIBLY KN[ & =ESEE ! NE$S ( ITS PEOPLE1 OR SATISFY ) AN EV5 JU/ICE ?OSE 9T]E/S :I* >E MO/ LEGITIMATE & PRESS+4 ,!RE WILL ALWAYS HE DISCONT5T$ PEOPLE BECAUSE !RE WILL ALWAYS BE SOME :O >E SACRIFIC$4 

,BESIDES1 ! ,/ATE1 LIKE ! ,*UR*1 IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE A GREAT SACRIFIC] ( LIV+ BE+S1 ,IT IS AN >BITR>Y BE+ 9 :OSE HE>T ALL ! POSITIVE1 LIV+1 UNIQUE1 & LOCAL 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE MEET1 CLA%1 DE/ROY EA* O!R1 BECOME ABSORB$ 9TO ?AT AB/RACTION CALL$ ! COMMON 9T]E/ OR ! COMMON GOOD OR ! PUBLIC WELF>E1 & :]E ALL ! REAL WILLS CANCEL EA* O!R 9 ?AT AB/RACTION ?AT BE>S ! NAME WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS ?AT ! SO-CALL$ WILL ( ! PEOPLE IS NEV] ANY?+ BUT ! NEGATION & SACRIFICE ( ALL ! REAL WILLS ( ! PEOPLE1 JU/ AS ! SO-CALL$ PUBLIC 9T]E/ IS NO?+ BUT ! SACRIFICE ( !IR 9T]E/S4 ,BUT 9 ORD] = ?IS OMNIVOR\S AB/RACTION TO IMPOSE ITSELF ON MILLIONS ( M51 IT MU/ BE REPRES5T$ & SUPPORT$ BY SOME REAL BE+1 SOME LIV+ =CE4 ,WELL1 ?IS =CE HAS ALWAYS EXI/$4 ,9 ! ,*UR* IT IS CALL$ ! CL]GY1 & 9 ! ,/ATE ! RUL+ OR GOV]N+ CLASS4 

,&1 9 FACT1 :AT DO WE F9D ?R\<\T HI/ORY8 ,! ,/ATE HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! PATRIMONY ( SOME PRIVILEG$ CLASS3 A PRIE/LY CLASS1 AN >I/OCRATIC CLASS1 A B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,& F9ALLY1 :5 ALL ! O!R CLASSES HAVE EXHAU/$ !MSELVES1 ! ,/ATE !N BECOMES ! PATRIMONY ( ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS & !N FALLS -- OR1 IF Y\ WILL1 RISES -- TO ! POSITION ( A MA*9E4 ,BUT 9 ANY CASE IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! SALVATION ( ! ,/ATE ?AT !RE %\LD BE SOME PRIVILEG$ CLASS DEVOT$ TO ITS PRES]VATION4 

,BUT 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE ( ,M>X !RE WILL BE1 WE >E TOLD1 NO PRIVILEG$ CLASS AT ALL4 ,ALL WILL BE EQUAL1 NOT ONLY FROM ! JURIDICAL & POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW BUT ALSO FROM ! ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW4 ,AT LEA/ ?IS IS :AT IS PROMIS$1 ?\< ,I V]Y MU* D\BT :E!R ?AT PROMISE C\LD EV] BE KEPT4 ,!RE WILL !RE=E NO LONG] BE ANY PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 BUT !RE WILL BE A GOV]NM5T &1 NOTE ?IS WELL1 AN EXTREMELY COMPLEX GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS GOV]NM5T WILL NOT CONT5T ITSELF ) ADM9I/]+ & GOV]N+ ! MASSES POLITICALLY1 AS ALL GOV]NM5TS DO TODAY4 ,IT WILL ALSO ADM9I/] ! MASSES ECONOMICALLY1 CONC5TRAT+ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE ! PRODUCTION & DIVISION ( WEAL?1 ! CULTIVATION ( L&1 ! E/ABLI%M5T & DEVELOPM5T ( FACTORIES1 ! ORGANIZATION & DIRECTION ( COMM]CE1 & F9ALLY ! APPLICATION ( CAPITAL TO PRODUCTION BY ! ONLY BANK] -- ! ,/ATE4 ,ALL ?AT WILL DEM& AN IMM5SE KN[L$GE & MANY HEADS 0OV]FL[+ ) BRA9S0 9 ?IS GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WILL BE ! REIGN ( SCI5TIFIC 9TELLIG5CE1 ! MO/ >I/OCRATIC1 DESPOTIC1 >ROGANT1 & ELITI/ ( ALL REGIMES4 ,!RE WILL BE A NEW CLASS1 A NEW HI]>*Y ( REAL & C\NT]FEIT SCI5TI/S & S*OL>S1 & ! WORLD WILL BE DIVID$ 9TO A M9ORITY RUL+ 9 ! NAME ( KN[L$GE1 & AN IMM5SE IGNORANT MAJORITY4 ,& !N1 WOE UNTO ! MASS ( IGNORANT ONES6 

,SU* A REGIME WILL NOT FAIL TO >\SE V]Y CONSID]ABLE DISCONT5T 9 ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 & 9 ORD] TO KEEP !M 9 *ECK1 ! 05LI<T5$0 & 0LIB]AT+0 GOV]NM5T ( ,MR4 ,M>X WILL HAVE NE$ ( A NOT LESS CONSID]ABLE >M$ =CE4 ,= ! GOV]NM5T MU/ BE /RONG1 SAYS ,5GELS1 TO MA9TA9 ORD] AMONG !SE MILLIONS ( ILLIT]ATES :OSE MI<TY UPRIS+ W\LD BE CAPABLE ( DE/ROY+ & OV]?R[+ EV]Y?+1 EV5 A GOV]NM5T 0OV]FL[+ ) BRA9S40 

,Y\ CAN SEE QUITE WELL ?AT BEH9D ALL ! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIALI/IC PHRASES & PROMISES 9 ,M>X'S PROGRAM = ! ,/ATE LIES ALL ?AT CON/ITUTES ! TRUE DESPOTIC & BRUTAL NATURE ( ALL /ATES1 REG>DLESS ( !IR =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,MOREOV]1 9 ! F9AL RECKON+1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE ( ,M>X & ! >I/OCRATIC-MON>*IC /ATE ( ,BISM>CK >E COMPLETELY ID5TICAL 9 T]MS ( !IR PRIM>Y DOME/IC & =EIGN OBJECTIVES4 ,9 =EIGN AFFAIRS !RE IS ! SAME DEPLOYM5T ( MILIT>Y =CE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 CONQUE/4 ,& 9 HOME AFFAIRS ! SAME EMPLOYM5T ( >M$ =CE1 ! LA/ >GUM5T ( ALL ?REAT5$ POLITICAL LEAD]S AGA9/ ! MASSES :O1 TIR$ ( ALWAYS BELIEV+1 HOP+1 SUBMITT+1 & OBEY+1 RISE 9 REVOLT4 

,LET US N[ CONSID] ! REAL NATIONAL POLICY ( ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,LIKE ,BISM>CK1 HE IS A ,G]MAN PATRIOT4 ,HE DESIRES ! GREATNESS & GLORY ( ,G]MANY AS A /ATE4 ,NO ONE 9 ANY CASE WILL C\NT IT A CRIME = HIM TO LOVE HIS C\NTRY & HIS PEOPLE1 & HE IS SO PR(\NDLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,/ATE IS ! CONDITION S9E QUA NON = ! PROSP]ITY ( HIS C\NTRY & ! EMANCIPATION ( HIS PEOPLE4 ,?US HE NATURALLY DESIRES TO SEE ,G]MANY ORGANIZ$ 9TO A V]Y P[]FUL /ATE1 S9CE WEAK & SMALL /ATES ALWAYS RUN ! RISK ( BE+ SWALL[$ UP4 ,!RE=E ,M>X1 AS A CLE> & >D5T PATRIOT1 MU/ WI% = ! P[] & EXPANSION ( ,G]MANY AS A /ATE4 

,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 ,M>X IS A CELEBRAT$ SOCIALI/ &1 :AT IS MORE1 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL 9ITIATORS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,HE DOES NOT CONT5T HIMSELF ) WORK+ ONLY = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,HE FEELS HONOR B\ND TO WORK AT ! SAME TIME = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES4 ,AS A ,G]MAN PATRIOT1 HE WANTS ! P[] & GLORY1 ! DOM9ATION BY ,G]MANY2 BUT AS A SOCIALI/ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HE MU/ WI% = ! EMANCIPATION ( ALL ! PEOPLES ( ! WORLD4 ,H[ CAN ?IS CONTRADICTION BE RESOLV$8 

,!RE IS ONLY ONE WAY -- ?AT IS TO PROCLAIM ?AT A GREAT & P[]FUL ,G]MAN /ATE IS AN 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! :OLE WORLD2 ?AT ! NATIONAL & POLITICAL TRIUMPH ( ,G]MANY IS ! TRIUMPH ( HUMANITY4 

,?IS CONVICTION1 ONCE V9DICAT$1 IS NOT ONLY P]MISSIBLE BUT1 9 ! NAME ( ! MO/ SACR$ ( CAUSES1 M&ATORY1 TO MAKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & ALL ! F$]ATIONS ( O!R C\NTRIES S]VE AS A V]Y P[]FUL1 EFFECTIVE1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 POPUL> MEANS = E/ABLI%+ ! GREAT PAN-,G]MANIC /ATE4 ,& ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT ,M>X TRI$ AT ! ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE 9 #ahga & ) ! RESOLUTIONS PASS$ BY HIS ,G]MAN & ,FR5* FRI5DS AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS .<#a#h#g#b.>4 ,IF HE DID NOT SUCCE$ MORE FULLY1 IT IS ASSUR$LY NOT = LACK ( ZEAL OR GREAT SKILL ON HIS P>T1 BUT PROBABLY BECAUSE HIS FUNDAM5TAL IDEA WAS FALSE & ITS REALIZATION IMPOSSIBLE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahga 3 ,ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION & ,K>L ,M>X -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #i1 #bai 3 ,ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION & ,K>L ,M>X -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION & ,K>L ,M>X -- ,UPDAT$4 

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