,ON ! ,MORAL ,GR\NDS ( ,ECONOMIC ,RELATIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,= ALL ! VA/ LIT]ATURE ON 0! GIFT10 ! CONCEPT IS SURPRIS+LY UND]-!ORIZ$4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE EV]YONE ASSUMES ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ CALL$ 0! GIFT01 ?AT ALL TRANSACTIONS NOT 9VOLV+ PAYM5T OR ! PROMISE ( PAYM5T >E ! SAME ?+4 ,:E!R SE5 AS A MATT] ( G5]OSITY1 LACK ( CALCULATION1 CREAT+ SOCIAL RELATIONS OR A REFUSAL TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 G5]OSITY & SELF-9T]E/1 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT 0GIFTS0 OP]ATE ACCORD+ TO DIFF]5T TRANSACTIONAL LOGICS IS (T5 OV]LOOK$4 

,9 *ALL5G+ ! ASSUMPTION ( ! GIFT'S CONCEPTUAL UNITY1 ,I FOLL[ ,M>CEL ,MAUSS :OSE GREAT CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL !ORY WAS TO RECOGNIZE NOT ONLY ! DIV]SITY ( 0ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS0 ACROSS HUMAN SOCIETIES1 BUT ALSO ?AT ALL IMPORTANT ECONOMIC & MORAL POSSIBILITIES >E PRES5T 9 ANY HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,EV5 IF WE LIKE TO CONTRA/ 0GIFT ECONOMIES0 ) 0M>KET ECONOMIES10 AS IF EA* REPRES5TS A TOTAL CONCEPTUAL UNIV]SE1 ,MAUSS DID NOT SEE ?+S ?IS WAY4 ,TRUE1 HE DID WRITE1 = 9/ANCE1 AT ! 5D ( HIS 0ESSAY ON ! GIFT03 

,! WORD 09T]E/0 CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! ,LAT9 9T]E/ WRITT5 ON ACC\NT BOOKS OPPOSITE R5TS TO BE RECOV]$444,! VICTORY ( RATIONALISM & M]CANTILISM WAS REQUIR$ BE=E ! NOTIONS ( PR(IT & ! 9DIVIDUAL W]E GIV5 CURR5CY & RAIS$ TO ! LEVEL ( PR9CIPLES444 ,IT IS ONLY \R ,WE/]N SOCIETIES ?AT QUITE REC5TLY TURN$ MAN 9TO AN ECONOMIC ANIMAL 7#a#i#i .<#a#i#b#d.>3 #g#c-#g#d7 

,:5 MAK+ SU* /ATEM5TS1 ,MAUSS WAS REF]R+ TO H[1 9 A GIV5 SOCIAL ORD]1 PEOPLE SEIZE ON C]TA9 PRACTICES & USE !M TO G5]ALIZE AB\T HUMAN NATURE4 ,\R CONCEPTION ( MAN AS AN 0ECONOMIC ANIMAL0 IS MADE POSSIBLE BY C]TA9 SPECIFIC TE*NOLOGIES 7MONEY1 L$G] %EETS1 MA!MATICAL CALCULATIONS ( 9T]E/7 :I* WE !N G5]ALIZE TO REVEAL ! HIDD5 TRU? BEH9D EV]Y?+--BUT ! EXI/5CE ( SU* TE*NOLOGIES PROVES NO?+4 ,NEI!R IS ,MAUSS REALLY SAY+ ?AT SU* CALCULATION IS ANY?+ NEW4 

,9 FACT1 ,MAUSS (T5 GOES MU* FUR!R4 ,9 HIS LECTURES ON E?NOGRAPHY1 HE 9SI/$ ?AT MONEY1 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE ( ! T]M1 EXI/$ 9 VIRTUALLY ALL KN[N HUMAN SOCIETIES 7#b#i .<#a#i#d#g.>3#a#c1 #a#g7 --& ?AT M>KETS APPE>$ 9 MO/ 7) SOME EXCEPTIONS SU* AS ! ,CELTIC WORLD74 ,HE SAID ! SAME WAS ALSO TRUE ( COMMUNISM 7,IBID3#a#b1 #a#d-#a#e74 ,9 HIS 0ESSAY ON ! GIFT01 !RE IS A PR(\ND T5SION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HE ALL[S ?AT EV5 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! CALCULATION ( 9T]E/ PAYM5TS DO NOT JU/ GO BACK TO ! ,ROMANS OR EV5 ,MESOPOTAMIANS1 BUT CAN EXI/ 9 0>*AIC0 SOCIETIES LIKE ! ,KWAKIUTL-- SOCIETIES :I* DID NOT EV5 PRACTICE AGRICULTURE4 ,YET AT O!R TIMES1 HE MAKES AN EVOLUTION>Y >GUM5T3 ?AT SOCIETIES HAVE MOV$ FROM 0TOTAL PRE/ATIONS0 TO ! >I/OCRATIC 0POTLAT*0 TO MOD]N COMM]CIAL M>KETS4 ,9 ! ESSAY1 :5 HE SPEAKS ( /AGES--EXCEPT = ! MO/ PRIMITIVE PEOPLES-- HE'S TALK+ AB\T DOM9ANT 9/ITUTIONS4 ,WE MI<T ?9K ( \RSELVES AB/RACTLY AS 0CALCULAT+ MA*9ES01 BUT MO/ ( US ONLY ACT ?AT WAY 9 SPECIFIC SITUATIONS4 ,ORD9>ILY1 0PURE IRRATIONAL EXP5DITURE0 IS ! RULE AMONG BO? ! RI* & POOR1 & IT W\LD BE H>D TO >GUE ?AT MEANS-5D UTILIT>IANISM IS REALLY ! RULE EV5 = ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 7,MAUSS#a#i#i .<#a#i#b#d.>3#g#d74 

,?IS NOTION WAS TAK5 UP BY ,GEORGES ,BATAILLE 7#a#i#i#a-#a#i#i#c7 & WE >E US$ TO READ+ ,MAUSS RETROSPECTIVELY ?R\< HIS WORK4 ,BATAILLE'S ELABORATION ( ! IDEA ( EXP5DITURE WAS L>GELY A NOTION ( FRE$OM AS CONSUMPTION 7& CONSUMPTION1 AS RITUALIZ$ DE/RUCTION71 :I* IS MORE AB\T UNVEIL+ ! HIDD5 LOGIC ( CAPITALISM1 ) ITS RATIONALIZ$ PRODUCTIVE & EXPRESSIVE CONSUMPTIVE SPH]ES1 ?AN A GREAT TRU? AB\T HUMANITY4 ,MAUSS WAS MAK+ A MORE SUBTLE >GUM5T1 NOT UNLIKE ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI'S >\ND ! SAME TIME4 ,TRUE1 ! B\RGEOISIE PROJECTS C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ITS [N REALITY AS A !ORY ( HUMAN NATURE & SOCIETY--LIFE IS A M>KETPLACE1 WE >E ALL ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS 5T]+ CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS --BUT ?IS VIEW IS NEV] /ABLE1 S9CE IT IS CON/ANTLY CONTRADICT$ BY \R [N DAILY EXP]I5CE1 EV5 BY B\RGEOIS EXP]I5CE4 ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS ONCE MADE 9TUITIVE S5SE1 BECAUSE WE HAVE ALL HAD ! EXP]I5CE ( COMMUNISM4 

,! ,MANUAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHY MAKES CLE> ?AT ,MAUSS FELT ?IS WAS ALWAYS ! CASE4 ,9 ANY RELATIVELY L>GE & COMPLEX SY/EM ( HUMAN RELATIONS--AS HE PUTS IT1 0ALMO/ EV]Y:]E0-- ALL MAJOR SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES >E ALREADY PRES5T1 SIMULTANE\SLY--AT LEA/ 9 EMBRYONIC =M4 ,!RE WILL ALWAYS BE 9DIVIDUALISM & COMMUNISM TOO2 SOME?+ LIKE MONEY & ! CALCULATION IT MAKES POSSIBLE1 BUT ALSO EV]Y SORT ( GIFT4 ,! QUE/ION !N IS :I* DOM9ANT 9/ITUTIONS %APE \R BASIC P]CEPTIONS ( HUMANITY4 ,?US >I/OCRATIC SOCIETIES1 LIKE ! ,KWAKIUTL OR ! ANCI5T ,CELTS1 >E DOM9AT$ BY ! H]OIC GIFT1 ) 5DLESS GAMES ( MUNIFIC5CE1 LIB]ALITY & ONE-UPMAN%IP4 ,SU* GAMES W]E LIMIT$ TO ! ELITE1 :ILE ORD9>Y PEOPLE W5T AB\T !IR DAILY AFFAIRS DIFF]5TLY4 ,BUT !Y REPRES5T$ A C]TA9 IDEAL1 EV5 A COSMOLOGICAL FUNCTION3 !Y BECAME MODELS ( :AT HUMAN BE+S >E BASICALLY AB\T1 !IR AIMS & ASPIRATIONS1 ! MEANS & /AKES ( HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,! M>KET PLAYS ! SAME ROLE 9 CAPITALISM4 ,MAUSS NOTES ?AT SU* >I/OCRATIC VALUES MA9TA9$ !IR DOM9ANCE 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 DESPITE ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE4 ,BUT JU/ AS ! LATT] MADE IT POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E HUMAN LIFE 9 V]Y DIFF]5T T]MS1 SO DOES ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( COMMUNISM & GIFT RELATIONS TODAY ALL[ US TO RECONFIGURE :AT HUMAN LIFE IS ALL AB\T4 ,IT W\LD TAKE A POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS ,MAUSS' AIM3 AS A REVOLUTION>Y COOP]ATIVI/1 HE WANT$ TO 5C\RAGE ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW 9/ITUTIONS BAS$ ON !SE ALT]NATIVE ECONOMIC PRACTICES TO ! PO9T :]E !Y C\LD DISPLACE CAPITALISM 7SEE ,F\RNI] #b#f2 ,GRAEB] #b#a74 

,FUNDAM5TAL CATEGORIES ( ECONOMIC TRANSACTION 

,MAUSS' CORE 9SI<T WAS EXTRAORD9>ILY IMPORTANT4 ,! IDEA ( SOCIETY AS AN (T5 CONFUS$ AMALGAM ( (T5 CONTRADICTORY PR9CIPLES1 EA* IMPLY+ DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( ! MEAN+ ( LIFE1 NOT ONLY PROVIDES A USEFUL CORRECTIVE TO ! TOTALIZ+ T5D5CIES ( ,M>XISM & ,/RUCTURALISM1 BUT IT IS ESS5TIAL = IMAG9+ A WAY \T ( CAPITALISM--AS HAS BE5 RECOGNIZ$ BY FEM9I/ ?9K]S LIKE ,J4 ,K4 ,GIBSON-,GRAHAM 7#a#i#i#f1 #b#f7 & ,ITALIAN PO/-,WORK]I/S LIKE ,MASSIMO DE ,ANGELIS 7#b#g74 ,WE NE$ TO MA9TA9 ! 9SI<T )\T FALL+ 9TO ANA*RONISM--AS ,MAUSS UND5IABLY SOMETIMES DID4 ,I WI% TO PROPOSE ?REE FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T MORAL LOGICS LY+ BEH9D PH5OM5A ?AT WE CLASS TOGE!R AS 0! GIFT04 ,!SE EXI/ EV]Y:]E 9 DIFF]5T =MS & >TICULATIONS1 SO ?AT 9 ANY GIV5 SITUATION !RE >E SEV]AL K9DS ( MORAL REASON+ ACTORS C\LD APPLY4 ,UNLIKE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#e71 ,I CLAIM ?AT ONLY ONE ( !SE IS BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( RECIPROCITY4 ,I WILL CALL !SE LOGICS COMMUNISM1 EX*ANGE1 & HI]>*Y4 

,I3 ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M 

,I DEF9E COMMUNISM AS ANY HUMAN RELATION%IP ?AT OP]ATES ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S40 ,I C\LD HAVE US$ A MORE NEUTRAL T]M LIKE 0SOLID>ITY10 0MUTUAL AID10 0CONVIVIALITY01 OR EV51 0HELP0 9/EAD 7,GRAEB] #b#a74 

,PROMPT$ BY ,MAUSS1 ,I SUGGE/ ?AT WE JETTISON ! OLD-FA%ION$ ASSUMPTION ?AT 0COMMUNISM0 IS BASICALLY AB\T PROP]TY RELATIONS1 REFLECT+ A TIME LONG AGO :5 ALL ?+S W]E HELD 9 COMMON & ! MESSIANIC POSSIBILITY ( RE/OR+ ! COMMUNITY ( PROP]TY--:AT MI<T BE CALL$ 0MY?IC COMMUNISM0--BUT 9/EAD SEE IT SIMPLY AS A PR9CIPLE IMMAN5T 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,:5EV] ACTION PROCE$S 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S0--EV5 IF IT IS BETWE5 TWO PEOPLE--WE >E 9 ! PRES5CE ( 0EV]YDAY COMMUNISM04 ,ALMO/ EV]YONE BEHAVES ?IS WAY :5 COLLABORAT+ ON A COMMON PROJECT4 ,IF SOMEONE FIX+ A BROK5 WAT] PIPE SAYS 0H& ME ! WR5*01 !IR C[ORK] WILL NOT USUALLY SAY 0& :AT DO ,I GET = IT801 EV5 IF !Y >E WORK+ = ,EXXON-,MOBIL1 ,BURG] ,K+ OR ,ROYAL ,BANK ( ,SCOTL&4 ,! REASON IS EFFICI5CY 7IRONIC1 GIV5 ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ?AT 0COMMUNISM JU/ DOESN'T WORK073 IF Y\ WANT TO GET SOME?+ DONE1 ALLOCAT+ TASKS BY ABILITY1 & GIV+ PEOPLE :AT !Y NE$ TO DO ! JOB1 IS ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY TO GO AB\T IT4 ,IT'S ONE ( ! SC&ALS ( CAPITALISM ?AT MO/ FIRMS1 9T]NALLY1 OP]ATE 9 A COMMUNI/IC WAY4 ,TRUE1 !Y DON'T OP]ATE DEMOCRATICALLY4 ,MO/ (T5 !Y >E ORGANIZ$ BY MILIT>Y-/YLE *A9S ( COMM&4 ,BUT TOP-D[N *A9S ( COMM& >E NOT V]Y EFFICI5T 7!Y T5D TO PROMOTE /UPIDITY AMONG ?OSE ON TOP1 RES5TM5T AMONG ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM47 ,:5 COOP]ATION DEP5DS ON IMPROVIZATION1 ! MORE DEMOCRATIC IT T5DS TO BECOME4 ,9V5TORS HAVE ALWAYS KN[N ?IS1 />TUP CAPITALI/S ALSO1 & COMPUT] 5G9E]S HAVE REC5TLY R$ISCOV]$ ! PR9CIPLE3 NOT ONLY ) FREEW>E1 BUT EV5 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR BUS9ESSES4 

,?IS IS :Y 9 ! IMM$IATE WAKE ( GREAT DISA/]S--A FLOOD1 A BLACK\T1 A REVOLUTION OR ECONOMIC COLLAPSE--PEOPLE T5D TO BEHAVE ! SAME WAY1 REV]T+ TO A K9D ( R\<-&-READY COMMUNISM4 ,HI]>*IES1 M>KETS & ! LIKE BECOME LUXURIES ?AT NO ONE CAN REALLY AF=D !M4 ,ANYONE :O HAS LIV$ ?R\< SU* A MOM5T CAN SPEAK TO ! WAY /RANG]S BECOME SI/]S & BRO!RS1 & HUMAN SOCIETY ITSELF SEEMS TO BE REBORN4 ,WE >E NOT JU/ TALK+ AB\T COOP]ATION4 

,COMMUNISM IS ! F\NDATION ( ALL HUMAN SOCIABILITY4 ,IT MAKES SOCIETY POSSIBLE4 ,ANYONE :O IS NOT AN 5EMY CAN BE EXPECT$ TO RESPECT ! PR9CIPLE ( 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES4440 AT LEA/ TO SOME EXT5T3 = EXAMPLE1 IF Y\ NE$ TO FIGURE \T H[ TO GET SOME:]E1 & !Y CAN GIVE Y\ DIRECTIONS1 !Y WILL4 ,WE TAKE ?IS SO MU* = GRANT$ ?AT ! EXCEPTIONS >E !MSELVES REVEAL+4 

,EVANS-,PRIT*>D REPORTS HIS DISCOMFITURE :5 SOMEONE GAVE HIM 9T5TIONALLY WRONG DIRECTIONS3 

,ON ONE OCCASION ,I ASK$ ! WAY TO A C]TA9 PLACE & WAS DELIB]ATELY DECEIV$4 ,I RETURN$ 9 *AGR9 TO CAMP & ASK$ ! PEOPLE :Y !Y HAD TOLD ME ! WRONG WAY4 ,ONE ( !M REPLI$1 ',Y\ >E A =EIGN]1 :Y %\LD WE TELL Y\ ! RI<T WAY8 ,EV5 IF A ,NU] :O WAS A /RANG] ASK$ US ! WAY WE W\LD SAY TO HIM1 0,Y\ CONT9UE /RAI<T ALONG ?AT PA?01 BUT WE W\LD NOT TELL HIM ?AT ! PA? =K$4 ,:Y %\LD WE TELL HIM8 ,BUT Y\ >E N[ A MEMB] ( \R CAMP & Y\ >E K9D TO \R *ILDR51 SO WE WILL TELL Y\ ! RI<T WAY 9 FUTURE' 7,EVANS- ,PRIT*>D #a#i#d3#a#h#b74 

,! ,NU] >E CON/ANTLY 5GAG$ 9 FEUDS2 ANY /RANG] MI<T BE AN 5EMY SC\T+ \T A GOOD PLACE = AN AMBU%3 IT W\LD BE UNWISE TO GIVE HIM USEFUL 9=MATION4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S [N SITUATION WAS OBVI\SLY RELEVANT4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( ! FIR/ PLACE HE SETTL$ 9 FOLL[$ A PROPHET REC5TLY KILL$ BY ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T :O S5T ! ,R,A,F TO /RAFE & BOMB !IR CAMPS4 ,!IR TREATM5T ( HIM SEEMS QUITE G5]\S4 

,CONV]SATION IS P>TICUL>LY SUIT$ TO COMMUNISM4 ,LIES1 9SULTS1 PUT-D[NS1 & O!R SORTS ( V]BAL AGGRESSION >E IMPORTANT1 BUT !SE SOME:AT EXCEPTIONAL4 ,IT IS SURELY SIGNIFICANT ?AT1 :5 WE WI% TO BREAK (F AMICABLE RELATIONS ) SOMEONE1 WE /OP SPEAK+ TO !M 5TIRELY4 ,! SAME GOES = SMALL C\RTESIES LIKE ASK+ = A LI<T1 OR EV5 A CIG>ETTE1 OR OP5+ DOORS = /RANG]S4 ,IT SEEMS MORE LEGITIMATE TO ASK A /RANG] = A CIG>ETTE ?AN = AN EQUIVAL5T AM\NT 9 CA%2 9 FACT1 IT'S DIFFICULT TO REFUSE A FELL[-SMOK] SU* A REQUE/4 ,! CO/S ( COMPLIANCE >E CONSID]$ M9IMAL4 

,! SAME IS TRUE IF ANO!R P]SON'S NE$--EV5 A /RANG]'S--IS SPECTACUL> & EXTREME3 IF !Y >E DR[N+1 = EXAMPLE4 ,IF A *ILD HAS FALL5 ONTO ! TRACKS1 WE ASSUME ?AT ANYONE :O CAN HELP !M UP WILL DO SO4 

,I CALL ?IS 0BASEL9E COMMUNISM03 AP>T FROM 5EMIES1 :5 ! NE$ IS GREAT 5\< OR ! CO/ REASONABLE 5\<1 ! PR9CIPLE WILL BE APPLI$4 ,( C\RSE1 COMMUNITIES HAVE DIFF]5T /&>DS = :AT IS REASONABLE4 ,9 L>GE IMP]SONAL COMMUNITIES1 IT MAY GO NO FUR!R ?AN ASK+ = A LI<T OR DIRECTIONS4 ,?IS MI<T NOT BE MU*1 BUT IT CONTA9S ! POSSIBILITY ( L>G] SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,9 SMALL]1 LESS IMP]SONAL COMMUNITIES-P>TICUL>LY1 :5 NOT DIVID$ 9TO SOCIAL CLASSES--! SAME LOGIC USUALLY EXT5DS MU* FUR!R3 = EXAMPLE1 IT IS (T5 DIFFICULT TO REFUSE A REQUE/ NOT JU/ = TOBACCO1 BUT = FOOD--SOMETIMES1 EV5 FROM A /RANG]2 C]TA9LY1 FROM ANYONE CONSID]$ TO BELONG TO ! SAME COMMUNITY4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D ALSO NOTES ?AT !SE SAME ,NU] F9D IT IMPOSSIBLE1 :5 DEAL+ ) SOMEONE !Y HAVE ACCEPT$ AS A MEMB] ( !IR CAMP1 TO REFUSE A REQUE/ = AN ITEM ( COMMON CONSUMPTION1 SO ?AT ANYONE KN[N TO HAVE EXTRA 9 ! WAY ( GRA91 TOBACCO1 OR = ?AT MATT] AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5TS1 WILL SEE !IR /OCKPILES DISAPPE> ALMO/ IMM$IATELY 7IBID3#a#h#c74 ,BUT ?IS BASEL9E ( OP5H&$ %>+ & G5]OSITY NEV] EXT5DS TO EV]Y?+4 ,?+S FREELY %>$ >E TREAT$ AS UNIMPORTANT4 ,C[S >E REALLY IMPORTANT = ! ,NU]4 ,NO ONE W\LD FREELY %>E !IR CATTLE2 Y\NG M5 LE>N TO DEF5D CATTLE ) !IR LIVES2 &1 = ?AT REASON1 !Y W]E NOT B\<T OR SOLD4 

,! OBLIGATION TO %>E FOOD & O!R BASIC NECESSITIES IS 9TR9SIC TO EV]YDAY MORALITY 9 EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES 7?OSE NOT DIVID$ 9TO FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORTS ( BE+74 ,AUDREY ,RI*>DS DESCRIB$ H[ ,BEMBA MO!RS1 0SU* LAX DISCIPL9>IANS 9 EV]Y?+ ELSE10 SCOLD !IR *ILDR5 H>%LY = NOT (F]+ TO %>E AN ORANGE OR SOME O!R TREAT ) !IR FRI5DS 7#a#i#c#i3 #a#i#g74 ,BUT %>+ IS ALSO A MAJOR S\RCE ( LIFE'S PLEASURES4 ,! NE$ TO %>E IS ACUTE 9 ! BE/ & WOR/ ( TIMES3 DUR+ FAM9ES1 BUT ALSO 9 MOM5TS ( PL5TY4 ,E>LY ACC\NTS ( NATIVE ,NOR? ,AM]ICANS ALWAYS 9CLUDE ACC\NTS ( G5]OSITY1 EV5 TO /RANG]S1 9 TIMES ( FAM9E4 

,! MORE ELABORATE A FEA/1 ! MORE LIKELY ONE IS TO SEE FREE %>+ ( SOME ?+S 7LIKE FOOD & DR9K7 & C>EFUL DI/RIBUTION ( O!RS3 SAY1 PRIZE MEAT1 :E!R FROM GAME OR SACRIFICE1 :I* IS (T5 P>CEL$ \T ACCORD+ TO ELABORATE PROTOCOLS OR BY GIFT EX*ANGE4 ,!SE (T5 TAKE ON A GAME- LIKE QUALITY1 ALONG ) ! ACTUAL CONTE/S1 PAGEANTS & P]=MANCES ?AT M>K A POPUL> FE/IVAL4 

,?IS %>$ CONVIVIALITY C\LD BE SE5 AS A K9D ( COMMUNI/IC BASE1 ON :I* EV]Y?+ ELSE IS BUILT4 ,%>+ IS NOT JU/ AB\T MORALITY--IT'S ALSO AB\T PLEASURE4 ,SOLIT>Y PLEASURES WILL ALWAYS EXI/1 BUT ! MO/ PLEASURABLE ACTIVITIES USUALLY 9VOLVE %>+ SOME?+3 MUSIC1 FOOD1 DRUGS1 GOSSIP1 DRAMA1 B$S4 ,!RE IS A COMMUNISM ( ! S5SES AT ! ROOT ( MO/ ?+S WE CONSID] FUN4 

,9 COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS TAK+ ACC\NTS IS CONSID]$ MORALLY (F5SIVE OR JU/ BIZ>RE4 ,SU* RELATIONS >E ASSUM$ TO BE ET]NAL--OR TREAT$ AS SU*4 ,SOCIETY WILL ALWAYS EXI/4 ,MO/ ( US ACT AS IF \R MO!RS WILL ALWAYS EXI/ 7EV5 IF WE KN[ !Y WON'T72 H5CE ! ABSURDITY ( CALCULAT+ RECIPROCITY 9 RELATIONS ) !M4 ,BEYOND BASEL9E COMMUNISM1 C]TA9 PEOPLE & 9/ITUTIONS >E ALWAYS M>K$ \T AS PLACES ( SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID MORE ?AN O!RS3 L9KS ) MO!RS1 WIVES & HUSB&S1 LOV]S1 ONE'S CLOSE/ FRI5DS4 ,!SE >E ! PEOPLE ) :OM WE %>E EV]Y?+1 OR AT LEA/1 TO :OM WE KN[ WE CAN TURN 9 NE$1 ! DEF9ITION ( A TRUE FRI5D EV]Y:]E4 ,SU* FRI5D%IPS MAY BE =MALIZ$ BY RITUAL AS 0BOND-FRI5DS0 OR 0BLOOD-BRO!RS0 :O CANNOT REFUSE EA* O!R ANY?+4 ,ANY COMMUNITY IS CRISS-CROSS$ ) RELATIONS ( 09DIVIDUALI/IC COMMUNISM01 P]SONAL ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONS ?AT OP]ATE1 TO V>Y+ DEGREE1 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S0 7,GRAEB] #b#a2 ,MAUSS #bi .<#a#i#d#g.>3 #a#d-#a#e7 

,?IS LOGIC CAN BE EXT5D$ )9 GR\PS1 & NOT ONLY COOP]ATIVE WORK GR\PS4 ,ANY 9-GR\P DEF9ES ITSELF BY CREAT+ ITS [N SORT ( BASEL9E COMMUNISM1 ABOVE & BEYOND :AT APPLIES TO O!RS4 ,ONE %>ES C]TA9 ?+S OR MAKES !M FREELY AVAILABLE )9 ! GR\P3 HELP REPAIR+ ONE'S NETS 9 AN ASSOCIATION ( FI%]M51 /ATION>Y SUPPLIES 9 AN (FICE1 C]TA9 SORTS ( 9=MATION AMONG COMMODITY TRAD]S1 & SO =?4 ,SOME CATEGORIES ( PEOPLE WE CAN ALWAYS CALL ON 9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS1 SU* AS H>VE/+1 MOV+ H\SE1 BUILD+ OR REPAIR+ SEAF>+ VESSELS4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( 0COMMONS01 ! COLLECTIVE ADM9I/RATION ( COMMON RES\RCES 70! COMMONS074 ,! SOCIOLOGY ( EV]YDAY COMMUNISM IS AN 5ORM\S FIELD1 BUT \R IDEOLOGICAL BL9K]S HAVE L$ US NOT TO SEE IT AT ALL4 

,COMMUNISM AS A PR9CIPLE ( MORALITY1 RA!R ?AN AS A PROP]TY >RANGEM5T1 COMES 9TO PLAY 9 ANY TRANSACTION--EV5 COMM]CE4 ,IF ONE IS ON SOCIABLE T]MS ) SOMEONE1 IT'S H>D TO IGNORE !IR SITUATION4 ,?IS IS :Y %OPKEEP]S 9 POOR NEI<BORHOODS >E R>ELY ( ! SAME E?NIC GR\P AS !IR CU/OM]S4 ,! OPPOSITE IS TRUE AS WELL4 ,AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ 9 RURAL ,JAVA TRI$ TO IMPROVE H] B>GA9+ SKILLS AT ! LOCAL BAZA>4 ,IT FRU/RAT$ H] ?AT %E C\LD NEV] GET PRICES AS L[ AS LOCAL PEOPLE4 ,A ,JAVANESE FRI5D EXPLA9$1 0,!Y *>GE RI* ,JAVANESE PEOPLE MORE TOO40 

,UNLESS ! NE$S 7DIRE POV]TY7 OR ! ABILITIES 7WEAL? BEYOND IMAG9ATION7 >E SUFFICI5TLY DRAMATIC OR SOCIALITY IS COMPLETELY ABS5T1 COMMUNI/IC MORALITY WILL ALWAYS 5T] 9TO H[ PEOPLE TAKE ACC\NTS4 ,A M$IEVAL ,TURKI% FOLKTALE AB\T ! ,SUFI MY/IC ,NASRUDD9 ,HODJA MAKES ! PO9T3 

,ONE DAY :5 ,NASRUDD9 WAS LEFT 9 *>GE ( ! LOCAL TEA-H\SE1 ! K+ & SOME RETA9]S1 :O HAD BE5 HUNT+ NE>BY1 /OPP$ 9 = BREAKFA/4 0,DO Y\ HAVE QUAIL EGGS80 ASK$ ! K+4 0,I'M SURE ,I CAN F9D SOME10 ANSW]$ ,NASRUDD94 ,! K+ ORD]$ AN OMELET ( A DOZ5 QUAIL EGGS1 & ,NASRUDD9 RAN \T TO FET* !M4 ,AFT] ! K+ & HIS P>TY HAD EAT51 HE *>G$ !M A HUNDR$ GOLD PIECES4 ,! K+ WAS PUZZL$4 0,>E QUAIL EGGS REALLY ?AT R>E 9 ?IS P>T ( ! C\NTRY80 0,IT'S NOT SO MU* QUAIL EGGS ?AT >E R>E >\ND H]E10 ,NASRUDD9 REPLI$4 0,IT'S VISITS FROM K+S40 

,I,I3 ,E,X,*,A,N,G,E 

 ,EX*ANGE IS BAS$ ON A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORT ( MORAL LOGIC4 ,IT IS ALL AB\T EQUIVAL5CE4 ,EA* ( TWO SIDES GIVES AS GOOD AS IT GETS2 PEOPLE EX*ANGE WORDS 79 >GUM5T71 BL[S1 EV5 GUNFIRE4 ,:AT IS AT /AKE IS NOT AN EXACT EQUIVAL5CE--EV5 IF !RE W]E SOME WAY TO MEASURE IT--BUT A BACK- &-=? PROCESS T5D+ T[>DS EQUIVAL5CE4 ,EA* SIDE TRIES TO \TDO ! O!R1 BUT IT'S EASI] TO BREAK ! ?+ (F :5 BO? CONSID] ! \TCOME MORE OR LESS EV54 ,A SIMIL> T5SION EXI/S ) ! EX*ANGE ( MAT]IAL GOODS4 ,(T5 !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( COMPETITION2 BUT BO? SIDES KEEP ACC\NTS1 &1 UNLIKE COMMUNISM ) ITS NOTION ( ET]NITY1 EI!R P>TY CALL AN 5D TO IT & ! :OLE ?+ IS CANCEL$ \T4 

,) B>T] OR COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE1 :]E BO? P>TIES TO ! TRANSACTION >E ONLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! GOODS1 !Y MAY WELL--AS ECONOMI/S 9SI/--TRY TO GET AS MU* AS !Y CAN \T ( ! DEAL4 ,BUT1 AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE LONG PO9T$ \T1 :5 WE >E DEAL+ ) ! EX*ANGE ( GIFTS1 ?AT IS1 EX*ANGES :]E ! OBJECTS PASS+ BACK & =? REFLECT ON & RE>RANGE RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 COMPETITION IS LIKELY TO WORK ! O!R WAY >\ND1 AS A CONTE/ ( G5]OSITY1 ( PEOPLE %[+ (F :O CAN GIVE MORE AWAY4 

,COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE IS 0IMP]SONAL0 & ! SELL] OR BUY] %\LD BE IRRELEVANT4 ,WE >E SIMPLY COMP>+ ! VALUE ( TWO OBJECTS2 BUT !RE HAS TO BE M9IMAL TRU/ TO C>RY \T A TRANSACTION AT ALL2 &1 UNLESS ONE IS DEAL+ ) A V5D+ MA*9E1 ?AT USUALLY REQUIRES SOME \TW>D DISPLAY ( SOCIALITY4 ,EV5 9 ! MO/ IMP]SONAL %OPP+ MALL OR SUP]M>KET1 CL]KS >E EXPECT$ AT LEA/ TO SIMULATE P]SONAL W>M?1 PATI5CE & O!R REASSUR+ QUALITIES2 9 A ,MIDDLE-,EA/]N BAZA>1 AN ELABORATE RITUAL E/ABLI%+ SOCIALITY ?R\< A SORT ( BASEL9E COMMUNISM -%>+ TEA1 FOOD OR TOBACCO--PREC$ES ELABORATE HAGGL+ 9 A MOCK BATTLE OV] PRICES4 ,BUY] & SELL] >E1 = ?AT MOM5T1 FRI5DS 7& SO 5TITL$ TO FEEL 9DIGNANT AT ! O!R'S UNREASONABLE DEM&S71 BUT IT'S JU/ A PIECE ( !AT]4 ,ONCE ! OBJECT *ANGES H&S1 ! TWO P>TIES NE$ NEV] HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) EA* O!R AGA94 

,EX*ANGE ALL[S US TO CANCEL \T \R DEBTS4 ,IF COMMUNISM C\LD BE IMAG9$ AS A K9D ( P]MAN5T MUTUAL DEBT1 EX*ANGE GIVES US A WAY TO CALL IT EV51 H5CE1 TO 5D ! RELATION%IP4 ,) V5DORS1 ONE IS (T5 JU/ PRET5D+ TO HAVE A RELATION%IP AT ALL4 ,) NEI<BORS1 ONE MI<T = ?IS V]Y REASON PREF] NOT TO PAY ONE'S DEBTS4 ,LAURA ,BOHANNAN WRITES AB\T >RIV+ 9 A RURAL ,NIG]IAN COMMUNITY2 PEOPLE IMM$IATELY CAME BE>+ SMALL GIFTS3 0TWO E>S ( CORN1 ONE VEGETABLE M>R[1 ONE *ICK51 FIVE TOMATOES1 ONE H&FUL ( PEANUTS0 7,BOHANNAN #a#i#f#d3 #d#g7 ,%E ?ANK$ !M & WROTE D[N !IR NAMES & :AT !Y HAD BR\<T 9 A NOTEBOOK4 ,EV5TUALLY1 TWO WOM5 ADOPT$ H] & EXPLA9$ ?AT SU* GIFTS DID HAVE TO BE RETURN$4 ,IT W\LD BE 9APPROPRIATE TO ACCEPT ?REE EGGS FROM A NEI<BOR )\T BR++ SOME?+ BACK ( APPROXIMATELY ! SAME VALUE4 ,ONE C\LD EV5 BR+ MONEY AT A DISCRETE 9T]VAL1 PROVID$ IT WAS NOT ! EXACT CO/ ( ! EGGS4 ,TO BR+ BACK NO?+ AT ALL WAS TO BE AN EXPLOIT] OR P>ASITE4 ,AN EXACT EQUIVAL5T W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ONE WI%ES TO 5D ! RELATION%IP4 ,TIV WOM5 MI<T WALK MILES TO DI/ANT HOME/EADS TO RETURN A H&FUL ( OKRA OR A T9Y BIT ( *ANGE4 ,BY KEEP+ UP ?IS CON/ANT EXCUSE = VISIT+ ONE ANO!R1 A L>G] SOCIETY IS CREAT$4 ,A TRACE ( COMMUNISM IS 9VOLV$ H]E--NEI<BORS ON GOOD T]MS C\LD ALSO BE TRU/$ TO HELP EA* O!R 9 EM]G5CIES--BUT UNLIKE COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS1 :I* >E ASSUM$ TO BE P]MAN5T1 ?IS SORT ( NEI<BORL9ESS HAD TO BE CON/ANTLY CREAT$ & MA9TA9$ BECAUSE A L9K CAN BE BROK5 (F AT ANY TIME4 

,!RE >E 5DLESS V>IATIONS ON ?IS TIT-=-TAT GIFT EX*ANGE4 ,! MO/ FAMILI> IS ! EX*ANGE ( PRES5TS3 ,I BUY SOMEONE A BE]2 !Y BUY ME ! NEXT ONE4 ,EQUIVAL5CE IMPLIES EQUALITY4 ,IF ,I TAKE A FRI5D \T TO A FANCY RE/AURANT = D9N]1 AFT] A DISCRETE 9T]VAL1 !Y DO ! SAME4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( SU* CU/OMS--! FEEL+ ?AT ONE REALLY \<T TO RETURN ! FAVOR--CAN'T BE EXPLA9$ BY ! PR9CIPLE ( GETT+ MORE = LESS 9 /&>D ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,BUT ! FEEL+ IS REAL 5\< & CAN CAUSE G5U9E /RA9 = ?OSE ( LIMIT$ MEANS TRY+ TO KEEP UP APPE>ANCES4 ,SO :Y1 IF ,I TOOK A FREE- M>KET ECONOMIC !ORI/ \T = AN EXP5SIVE D9N]1 W\LD HE FEEL SOME:AT DIM9I%$-- UNCOM=TABLY 9 MY DEBT--UNTIL HE C\LD RETURN ! FAVOR8 ,:Y MI<T HE EV5 BE 9CL9$ TO TAKE ME TO SOME PLACE MORE EXP5SIVE8 

,RECALL ! FEA/S & FE/IVALS ABOVE3 H]E TOO !RE IS %>$ CONVIVIALITY & AN ELEM5T ( 7SOMETIMES PLAYFUL7 COMPETITION4 ,EV]YONE'S PLEASURE IS 5HANC$--:O W\LD WANT TO EAT A SUP]B MEAL 9 A ,FR5* RE/AURANT ALL BY !MSELVES8 ,YET ?+S CAN EASILY SLIP 9TO GAMES ( ONE-UPMAN%IP --& H5CE OBSESSION1 RAGE1 HUMILIATION- OR WORSE4 ,9 SOME SOCIETIES1 !SE GAMES >E =MALIZ$1 BUT !Y ONLY DEVELOP BETWE5 PEOPLE OR GR\PS :O P]CEIVE !MSELVES TO BE EQUAL 9 /ATUS4 ,TO RETURN TO \R IMAG9>Y ECONOMI/1 IF ,BILL ,GATES OR ,GEORGE ,SOROS TOOK HIM \T TO D9N]1 HE W\LD LIKELY CONCLUDE HE HAD1 9DE$1 RECEIV$ SOME?+ = NO?+1 & LEAVE IT AT ?AT4 ,IF A JUNIOR COLLEAGUE OR EAG] GRADUATE /UD5T TRI$ TO IMPRESS HIM BY (F]+ TO TAKE HIM \T SOME:]E1 HE'D ?9K HE WAS DO+ !M A FAVOR JU/ BY ACCEPT+ ! 9VITATION4 

,9 EX*ANGE1 !N1 ! OBJECTS BE+ EX*ANG$ >E TO SOME EXT5T EQUIVAL5T4 ,BY IMPLICATION1 SO >E ! PEOPLE1 AT LEA/ :5 GIFT IS MET ) C\NT]-GIFT OR MONEY *ANGES H&S & !RE IS NO FUR!R DEBT OR OBLIGATION--EA* P>TY IS FREE TO WALK AWAY4 ,?IS IMPLIES AUTONOMY & IT SITS UNCOM=TABLY ) MON>*S1 :O G5]ALLY DISLIKE ANY SORT ( EX*ANGE4 ,BUT )9 ?AT PROSPECT ( POT5TIAL CANCELLATION1 ( ULTIMATE EQUIVAL5CE1 WE F9D 5DLESS V>IATIONS ( GAMES WE CAN PLAY4 ,ONE CAN DEM& SOME?+ FROM ANO!R P]SON1 KN[+ FULL WELL ?AT !Y HAVE ! RI<T TO DEM& SOME?+ EQUIVAL5T BACK4 ,SOMETIMES1 PRAIS+ ANO!R'S POSSESSIONS MI<T BE 9T]PRET$ AS A DEM& ( ?IS SORT4 ,9 #a#h? C5TURY ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ,5GLI% SETTL]S SOON LE>N$ ?AT IT WAS NOT A GOOD IDEA TO ADMIRE A BEAUTIFUL JADE P5DANT WORN >\ND ! NECK ( A ,MAORI W>RIOR2 ! LATT] W\LD 9SI/ ON !IR TAK+ IT1 NOT TAK+ NO = AN ANSW]1 !N1 AFT] A DISCRETE 9T]VAL1 RETURN TO PRAISE ! SETTL]'S COAT OR GUN4 ,! ONLY WAY TO HEAD ?IS (F W\LD BE TO GIVE HIM A GIFT BE=E HE C\LD ASK = ONE4 

,SOMETIMES GIFTS >E (F]$ TO 5ABLE MAK+ SU* A DEM&3 TO ACCEPT ! PRES5T IS TO TACITLY AGREE TO ALL[ ! GIV] TO CLAIM :ATEV] HE DEEMS EQUIVAL5T4 

,ALL ?IS CAN %ADE 9TO SOME?+ LIKE B>T]1 DIRECTLY SWAPP+ ONE ?+ = ANO!R4 ,ACTUALLY1 A FAIR AM\NT ( B>T] DOES GO ON1 EV5 )9 COMM]CIAL ECONOMIES2 BUT 9 ! ABS5CE ( A =MAL M>KET & ! PRES5CE ( :AT ,MAUSS FAM\SLY CALL$ 0GIFT EX*ANGE01 PEOPLE DO NOT G5]ALLY SWAP ONE ?+ DIRECTLY = ANO!R UNLESS !Y >E DEAL+ ) /RANG]S1 ) :OM !Y HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 MA9TA9+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,)9 COMMUNITIES1 !RE IS USUALLY A RELUCTANCE1 AS ! ,TIV EXAMPLE %[$1 TO ALL[ ?+S TO CANCEL \T--H5CE1 IF MONEY IS 9 COMMON USAGE1 PEOPLE (T5 EI!R REFUSE TO USE IT ) FRI5DS OR RELATIVES 7:I* 9 A VILLAGE SOCIETY MEANS PRETTY MU* EV]YONE7 OR !Y USE IT 9 RADICALLY DIFF]5T WAYS4 

,I,I,I3 ,H,I,],>,*,Y 

,RELATIONS ( EXPLICIT HI]>*Y--?AT IS1 BETWE5 P>TIES :]E ONE IS SOCIALLY SUP]IOR--DO NOT OP]ATE ?R\< RECIPROCITY AT ALL4 ,!Y >E (T5 JU/IFI$ BY AN APPEAL TO RECIPROCITY 70! PEASANTS PROVIDE ! FOOD1 ! LORDS PROVIDE PROTECTION444071 BUT !Y DON'T 9 FACT OP]ATE ?AT WAY4 ,HI]>*Y WORKS RA!R BY A LOGIC ( PREC$5T1 :I* IF ANY?+ IS ! OPPOSITE ( RECIPROCITY4 

,IMAG9E A CONT9UUM ( ONE-SID$ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 RANG+ FROM ! MO/ EXPLOITATIVE TO ! MO/ B5EVOL5T4 ,AT ONE EXTREME IS !FT OR PLUND]2 AT ! O!R1 SELFLESS *>ITY4 ,MAT]IAL 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE :O O!RWISE HAVE NO SOCIAL RELATION%IP OCCUR AT !SE EXTREMES4 ,ONLY A LUNATIC W\LD MUG HIS NEXT-DOOR NEI<BOR4 ,SIMIL>LY1 RELIGI\S TRADITIONS (T5 9SI/ ?AT ! ONLY TRUE *>ITY IS ANONYM\S1 9 O!R WORDS1 NOT MEANT TO PLACE ! RECIPI5T 9 ONE'S DEBT4 ,AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS TO GIVE GIFTS BY /EAL?1 9 A K9D ( REV]SE BURGL>Y3 TO LIT]ALLY SNEAK 9TO ! RECIPI5T'S H\SE AT NI<T & PLANT ONE'S PRES5T SO !Y CAN NEV] KN[ = SURE :O LEFT IT4 

,OBS]VE :AT HAPP5S BETWE5 !SE EXTREMES4 ,9 ,BEL>US1 GANGS PREY SO SY/EMATICALLY ON TRAVEL]S ?AT !Y HAVE ! HABIT ( GIV+ !IR VICTIMS TOK5S1 TO CONFIRM ?AT !Y HAVE ALREADY BE5 ROBB$4 ,ONE POPUL> !ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( /ATES RUNS ALONG SIMIL> L9ES4 ,C]TA9LY !RE HAVE BE5 TIMES & PLACES :5 CONQUE/1 UNTRAMMEL$ =CE1 BECOMES SY/EMIZ$ & FRAM$ NOT AS A PR$ATORY BUT AS A MORAL RELATION4 ,P]HAPS ! JU/IFICATION IS ?AT ! LORDS PROVIDE PROTECTION & ! VILLAG]S PROVIDE !IR SU/5ANCE4 ,BUT EV5 IF ALL P>TIES ASSUME !Y >E OP]AT+ BY A %>$ MORAL CODE1 :]E LORDS OR EV5 K+S MU/ OP]ATE )9 LIMITS & PEASANTS CAN >GUE AB\T H[ MU* ( ! H>VE/ ! LORD'S RETA9]S >E 5TITL$ TO C>RY (F1 !Y >E UNLIKELY TO CALCULATE ! QUALITY OR QUANTITY ( PROTECTION SAID LORD HAS REC5TLY PROVID$4 ,MORE LIKELY !Y WILL >GUE 9 T]MS ( CU/OM & PREC$5T3 H[ MU* WE PAID LA/ YE>1 H[ MU* \R ANCE/ORS HAD TO PAY4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ON ! O!R SIDE4 ,IF *>ITABLE DONATIONS >E ! BASIS = SOME SORT ( M9IMAL SOCIAL RELATION1 IT WILL NOT BE BAS$ ON RECIPROCITY4 ,IF Y\ GIVE SOME CO9S TO A PANH&L] & HE RECOGNIZES Y\ LAT]1 IT WILL NOT BE TO RETURN AN EQUIVAL5T--HE IS MORE LIKELY TO EXPECT A SIMIL> DONATION4 ,C]TA9LY ?IS IS TRUE IF ONE DONATES MONEY TO A *>ITABLE ORGANIZATION4 ,SU* ACTS ( ONE-SID$ G5]OSITY >E TREAT$ AS A PREC$5T = :AT ONE MI<T EXPECT 9 FUTURE4 ,IT'S ! SAME IF ONE GIVES C&Y TO A *ILD4 

,! LOGIC ( HI]>*Y1 !N1 IS ! OPPOSITE ( RECIPROCITY4 ,:5EV] ! L9ES ( SUP]IORITY & 9F]IORITY >E CLE>LY DRAWN & ACCEPT$ BY ALL P>TIES & RELATIONS 9VOLVE MORE ?AN >BITR>Y =CE1 !Y WILL BE REGULAT$ BY A WEB ( HABIT OR CU/OM4 ,SOMETIMES ! SITUATION ORIG9AT$ 9 A F\ND+ ACT ( CONQUE/4 ,OR IT MI<T BE SE5 AS AN ANCE/RAL CU/OM = :I* !RE IS NO NE$ ( EXPLANATION4 

,X5OPHON CLAIMS ?AT 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,P]SIAN ,EMPIRE EA* PROV9CE VI$ TO S5D ! ,GREAT ,K+ GIFTS ( UNIQUE & VALUABLE PRODUCTS ( !IR C\NTRY4 ,?IS BECAME ! BASIS ( A TRIBUTE SY/EM1 S9CE !Y W]E SOON EXPECT$ TO PROVIDE ! SAME 0GIFTS0 EV]Y YE> 7,X5OPHON ,CYROP$IA ,V,I,I,I4#f2 SEE ,BRIANT #b#f3#a#i#c-#a#i#d1 #c#i#d-#d#d74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ANY GIFT TO A FEUDAL SUP]IOR WAS LIKELY TO BE TREAT$ AS A PREC$5T1 ADD$ TO ! WEB ( CU/OM & AS SU* EXPECT$ TO BE REPEAT$ EA* YE> 9 P]PETUITY4 

,:ILE IT IS UNUSUAL = MATT]S TO BECOME QUITE SO =MALIZ$1 ANY UNEQUAL SOCIAL RELATION MAY BEG9 TO OP]ATE ON AN ANALOG\S LOGIC--IF ONLY BECAUSE1 ONCE RELATIONS >E BAS$ ON 0CU/OM01 ! ONLY WAY TO DEMON/RATE A DUTY OR OBLIGATION TO DO SOME?+ IS TO %[ ?AT IT HAS BE5 DONE BE=E4 

,! =MULA GOES3 AN ACTION1 REPEAT$1 BECOMES CU/OM>Y2 IT !N COMES TO DEF9E ! ACTOR'S ID5TITY1 !IR ESS5TIAL NATURE4 ,IT MI<T REFLECT H[ O!RS HAVE ACT$ 9 ! PA/4 ,AN >I/OCRAT 9SI/S ON BE+ TREAT$ AS ONE1 AS 9 ! PA/4 ,! >T ( BE+ SU* A P]SON CONSI/S 9 TREAT+ ONESELF AS Y\ EXPECT O!RS TO TREAT Y\3 A K+S COV]S HIMSELF ) GOLD SO ?AT O!RS WILL DO LIKEWISE4 ,AT ! O!R 5D ( ! SCALE1 ?IS IS H[ ABUSE BECOMES SELF-LEGITIMAT+4 ,9 ! ,U,S1 IF A MIDDLE-CLASS #a#c-YE>-OLD GIRL IS KIDNAPP$1 RAP$1 & KILL$1 ?IS IS CONSID]$ A MAJOR NATIONAL NEWS /ORY1 A MORAL CRISIS = EV]YONE ) A TELEVISION SET4 ,A GIRL ( L[] CLASS :O GETS ! SAME TREATM5T IS CONSID]$ UNREM>KABLE1 NO MORE ?AN ONE MI<T EXPECT4 

,:5 ! P>TIES BELONG TO DIFF]5T CLASSES1 DIFF]5T1 9COMM5SURABLE SORTS ( ?+S >E GIV5 ON EI!R SIDE4 ,AN APP>5T EXCEPTION IS HI]>*ICAL R$I/RIBUTION4 ,ONE CAN (T5 JUDGE H[ EGALIT>IAN A SOCIETY IS BY :E!R ?OSE 9 POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY >E JU/ CONDUITS = R$I/RIBUTION OR !Y CAN ACCUMULATE RI*ES 9 !IR [N RI<T1 AS HAPP5S 9 >I/OCRATIC SOCIETIES BAS$ ON W> & PLUND]4 ,ANYONE :O COMES 9TO A V]Y L>GE AM\NT ( WEAL? WILL 5D UP GIV+ A PORTION ( IT AWAY --(T5 9 QUITE GR&IOSE & SPECTACUL> WAYS & TO L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE4 ,! MORE ONE'S WEAL? IS OBTA9$ BY PLUND] OR EXTORTION1 ! MORE SPECTACUL> & SELF-AGGR&IZ+ ! =MS 9 :I* IT'S GIV5 AWAY4 ,& :AT APPLIES TO W>RIOR >I/OCRACIES IS ALL ! MORE TRUE ( ANCI5T /ATES1 :]E RUL]S 9V>IABLY REPRES5T$ !MSELVES AS ! PROTECTORS ( ! HELPLESS1 SUPPORT]S ( WID[S & ORPHANS1 & *AMPIONS ( ! POOR4 ,! G5EALOGY ( ! MOD]N R$I/RIBUTIVE /ATE--) ITS NOTORI\S PROCLIVITY = ID5TITY POLITICS--CAN BE TRAC$ BACK NOT TO 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM01 BUT ULTIMATELY TO VIOL5CE & W>4 

,I,V3 ,%,I,F,T,+ ,M,O,D,A,L,I,T,I,E,S ,& ,! ,H,],O,I,C ,G,I,F,T 

,!SE PR9CIPLES ALWAYS COEXI/4 ,IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E A SOCIETY :]E PEOPLE W]E NOT COMMUNI/S ) !IR CLOSE/ FRI5DS & FEUDAL LORDS :5 DEAL+ ) SMALL *ILDR54 ,IF WE ORD9>ILY MOVE BACK & =? BETWE5 DIFF]5T MODES ( MORAL ACC\NT+1 :Y HAVE WE FAIL$ TO NOTICE ?IS8 ,P]HAPS IT IS BECAUSE :5 WE ?9K ( 0SOCIETY0 9 ! AB/RACT1 & P>TICUL>LY :5 WE TRY TO JU/IFY SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 WE ULTIMATELY FALL BACK ON A RHETORIC ( RECIPROCITY4 ,M$IEVAL SOCIETY MI<T HAVE OP]AT$ ?R\< DIFF]5T1 L>GELY HI]>*ICAL PR9CIPLES1 BUT :5 CL]ICS SPOKE ( IT 9 ! AB/RACT1 !Y W\LD R$UCE ITS RANKS & ORD]S TO ONE SIMPLE TRIP>TITE =MULA = EA* CONTRIBUT+ EQUALLY TO ALL ! O!RS4 0,SOME PRAY1 SOME FI<T1 /ILL O!RS WORK40 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKEWISE DULY REPORT ?AT 0?IS IS H[ WE REPAY \R MO!RS = ! PA9 ( HAV+ RAIS$ US0 OR PUZZLE OV] CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS ( K9%IP ?AT NEV] CORRESPOND TO :AT REAL PEOPLE ACTUALLY DO4 ,:5 TRY+ TO IMAG9E A JU/ SOCIETY1 IT'S H>D NOT TO EVOKE IMAGES ( BALANCE & SYMMETRY1 ( ELEGANT GEOMETRIES :]E EV]Y?+ CANCELS \T4 0,! M>KET0 IS1 ULTIMATELY1 A SIMIL> ANIMAL3 A PURELY IMAG9>Y1 AB/RACT TOTALITY :]E ALL ACC\NTS ULTIMATELY BALANCE \T4 

,9 PRACTICE1 ! PR9CIPLES SLIP 9TO EA* O!R4 ,HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS (T5 9CLUDE LIMIT$ COMMUNI/IC ELEM5TS 7?9K ( PATRONAGE72 LIKEWISE1 :5 0ABILITIES0 & 0NE$S0 PROVE DISPROPORTIONATE1 COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS CAN EASILY SLIP 9TO RELATIONS ( 9EQUALITY4 ,G5U9ELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES 9V>IABLY DEVELOP SAFEGU>DS AGA9/ ANYONE--SAY1 GOOD HUNT]S 9 A HUNT+ SOCIETY--RIS+ TOO F> ABOVE !MSELVES2 JU/ AS !Y >E SUSPICI\S ( ANY?+ ?AT MI<T MAKE ONE MEMB] A S]I\S DEBTOR TO ANO!R4 ,?OSE :O DRAW ATT5TION TO !IR [N ACCOMPLI%M5TS >E ! OBJECT ( MOCK]Y4 ,(T5 ! POLITE ?+ TO DO IS TO MAKE FUN ( ONESELF4 ,PET] ,FREU*51 :O LIV$ ) ,9UIT 9 ,GRE5L&1 DESCRIB$ H[ ! QUALITY ( A DELICACY (F]$ TO GUE/S WAS 9DICAT$ BY H[ MU* !Y BELITTL$ IT4 ,:5 A SUCCESSFUL HUNT] GAVE HIM A L>GE QUANTITY ( WALRUS MEAT1 HE F\ND ?AT Y\ %\LD NEV] ?ANK SOMEONE = FOOD3 

,UP 9 \R C\NTRY WE >E HUMAN60 SAID ! HUNT]4 0,& S9CE WE >E HUMAN WE HELP EA* O!R4 ,WE DON'T LIKE TO HE> ANYBODY SAY ?ANKS = ?AT4 ,:AT ,I GET TODAY Y\ MAY GET TOMORR[4 ,UP H]E WE SAY ?AT BY GIFTS ONE MAKES SLAVES & BY :IPS ONE MAKES DOGS 7,FREU*5 #a#i#f#a3 #a#e#d74 

,GIFT H]E IS NOT SOME?+ GIV5 FREELY1 AS ANY HUMAN W\LD DO = ANO!R1 :5 SOMEONE HAS FOOD & ANO!R NE$S IT4 ,RA!R1 TO ?ANK SOMEONE SUGGE/S !Y MI<T NOT HAVE ACT$ ?AT WAY1 !REBY CONF]R+ AN OBLIGATION1 A S5SE ( DEBT--& H5CE1 SUP]IORITY4 ,EGALIT>IAN COLLECTIVES OR POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,AM]ICA HAVE TO COME UP ) !IR [N SAFEGU>DS AGA9/ CREEP+ HI]>*Y :5 FAC$ ) SIMIL> DILEMMAS4 ,COMMUNISM DOES NOT SLIP 9EVITABLY 9TO HI]>*Y --! ,9UIT HAVE MANAG$ TO F5D IT (F = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,BUT ONE MU/ ALWAYS GU>D AGA9/ IT4 

,9 CONTRA/1 IT'S NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT TO %IFT RELATIONS BAS$ ON COMMUNI/IC %>+ TO RELATIONS ( EQUAL EX*ANGE4 ,WE OBS]VE ?IS ALL ! TIME ) FRI5DS3 IF SOMEONE TAKES ADVANTAGE ( Y\R G5]OSITY1 IT'S (T5 EASI] TO BREAK (F RELATIONS ?AN TO DEM& !Y PAY Y\ BACK4 ,?IS TOO IS A COMMON DILEMMA4 ,! ,MAORI TELL ( A NOTORI\S GLUTTON :O IRRITAT$ FI%]M5 ALONG ! COA/ BY ALWAYS ASK+ = ! BE/ PORTIONS ( !IR CAT*4 ,S9CE TO REFUSE A DIRECT REQUE/ = FOOD WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 !Y W\LD H& IT OV]2 UNTIL ONE DAY 5\< WAS 5\<1 PEOPLE =M$ A W> P>TY1 AMBU%$ & KILL$ HIM 7,FIR? #aiei .<#a#i#b#i.>3#d#a#a-#d#a#b74 

,CREAT+ A GR\ND ( SOCIABILITY AMONG =M] /RANG]S--:AT ,I'VE CALL$ BASEL9E COMMUNISM--CAN (T5 REQUIRE TE/+ ! O!RS' LIMITS4 ,9 ,MADAGASC>1 :5 TWO M]*ANTS :O =M A PACT ( BLOOD BRO!RHOOD1 BO? P>TIES SWE> !Y WILL NEV] REFUSE ANY REQUE/ FROM ! O!R4 ,9 PRACTICE PEOPLE >E CIRCUMSPECT ) !IR REQUE/S4 ,BUT AT FIR/1 !Y LIKE TO TE/ IT \T4 ,ONE MAY DEM& ! O!R'S H\SE1 ! %IRT (F HIS BACK1 OR 7EV]YONE'S FAVORITE EXAMPLE7 ! RI<T TO SP5D ! NI<T ) !IR NEW P>TN]'S WIFE4 ,! ONLY LIMIT IS ?AT DEM&S %\LD BE RECIPROCAL4 ,?IS IS JU/ A PHASE LEAD+ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( TRU/4 

,! H]OIC GIFT1 9 CONTRA/1 OCCURS :5 RELATIONS ( EX*ANGE ?REAT5 TO BREAK D[N 9TO HI]>*Y1 AS :5 TWO P>TIES ACT LIKE EQUALS1 TRAD+ GIFTS OR BL[S OR COMMODITIES1 BUT SOMEONE DOES SOME?+ ?AT COMPLETELY FLIPS ! SCALE4 ,SU* 0FI<T+ ) PROP]TY0 IS TYPICAL ( >I/OCRATIC W>RIOR SOCIETIES & IS M>K$ BY RITUALIZ$ BOA/+ & VA+LORY 7!SE H]OES TALK !MSELVES UP JU/ AS MU* AS HUNT]S TALK !MSELVES D[N71 & ONE MU/ NOT TAKE SU* /ATEM5TS LIT]ALLY AS ,MAUSS 7#a#i#i .<#a#i#b#d.>3#d#b7 DID1 :5 HE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! LOS]S 9 A ,KWAKIUTL POTLAT* MI<T REALLY BE R$UC$ TO SLAVES74 ,! CONSEQU5CES C\LD BE REAL 5\<4 ,MAUSS 7#a#i#b#e7 CITES ,POSIDONIUS' ACC\NT ( ,CELTIC FE/IVALS :]E NOBLES UNABLE TO RETURN A MAGNIFIC5T GIFT COMMITT$ SUICIDE1 & ,WILLIAM ,MILL] 7#a#i#i#c3#a#e-#a#f7 PROVIDES ANO!R FROM ! ,$DAS1 :]E A ,VIK+1 NOT WI%+ TO COMPOSE A POEM CELEBRAT+ A FRI5D'S G5]OSITY AFT] HE LEFT HIM AN 9COMP>ABLE TREASURE1 TRI$ TO TRACK HIS FRI5D D[N & KILL HIM4 

,! V]Y COMPLEXITY 9 GIFTS--:I* SO (T5 =M ! NEXUS :]E DIFF]5T MORAL ORD]S 9T]SECT1 %ADE 9TO ONE ANO!R1 & %IFT BACK & =?-- HAS ALL[$ !M TO BECOME SU* AN 5DLESSLY RI* SUBJECT = PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION2 YET TO 9SI/ ON TREAT+ GIFTS AS A UNIT>Y CATEGORY HAS /OOD 9 ! WAY ( UND]/&+ :AT !SE MORAL PR9CIPLES ACTUALLY >E4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,BATAILLE1 ,GEORGES 

#a#i#i#a-#a#i#i#c ,! ,ACCURS$ ,%>E ,VOLUMES ,I-,I,I,I4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ZONE ,BOOKS4 ,BOHANNAN1 ,LAURA 

#aifd ,RETURN TO ,LAU<T]1 ,AN ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,NOVEL4 7,AS 0,EL5ORE ,B[5 ,SMI?074 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PRAEG]4 

,BRIANT1 ,PAUL 

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