,ON ! ,PH5OM5ON ( ,BULL%IT ,JOBS3 ,A ,WORK ,RANT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ! YE> #a#i#c1 ,JOHN ,MAYN>D ,KEYNES PR$ICT$ ?AT1 BY C5TURY'S 5D1 TE*NOLOGY W\LD HAVE ADVANC$ SUFFICI5TLY ?AT C\NTRIES LIKE ,GREAT ,BRITA9 OR ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD HAVE A*IEV$ A #a#e-H\R WORK WEEK4 ,!RE'S EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE HE WAS RI<T4 ,9 TE*NOLOGICAL T]MS1 WE >E QUITE CAPABLE ( ?IS4 ,& YET IT DIDN'T HAPP54 ,9/EAD1 TE*NOLOGY HAS BE5 M>%AL$1 IF ANY?+1 TO FIGURE \T WAYS TO MAKE US ALL WORK MORE4 ,9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?IS1 JOBS HAVE HAD TO BE CREAT$ ?AT >E1 EFFECTIVELY1 PO9TLESS4 ,HUGE SWA!S ( PEOPLE1 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9 P>TICUL>1 SP5D !IR 5TIRE WORK+ LIVES P]=M+ TASKS !Y SECRETLY BELIEVE DO NOT REALLY NE$ TO BE P]=M$4 ,! MORAL & SPIRITUAL DAMAGE ?AT COMES FROM ?IS SITUATION IS PR(\ND4 ,IT IS A SC> ACROSS \R COLLECTIVE S\L4 ,YET VIRTUALLY NO ONE TALKS AB\T IT4 

,:Y DID ,KEYNES' PROMIS$ UTOPIA--/ILL BE+ EAG]LY AWAIT$ 9 ! '#fS--NEV] MAT]IALIZE8 ,! /&>D L9E TODAY IS ?AT HE DIDN'T FIGURE 9 ! MASSIVE 9CREASE 9 CONSUM]ISM4 ,GIV5 ! *OICE BETWE5 LESS H\RS & MORE TOYS & PLEASURES1 WE'VE COLLECTIVELY *OS5 ! LATT]4 ,?IS PRES5TS A NICE MORALITY TALE1 BUT EV5 A MOM5T'S REFLECTION %[S IT CAN'T REALLY BE TRUE4 ,YES1 WE HAVE WITNESS$ ! CREATION ( AN 5DLESS V>IETY ( NEW JOBS & 9DU/RIES S9CE ! '#bS1 BUT V]Y FEW HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( SU%I1 I,PHONES1 OR FANCY SNEAK]S4 

,SO :AT >E !SE NEW JOBS1 PRECISELY8 ,A REC5T REPORT COMP>+ EMPLOYM5T 9 ! ,U,S BETWE5 #aia & #b GIVES US A CLE> PICTURE 7& ,I NOTE1 ONE PRETTY MU* EXACTLY E*O$ 9 ! ,U,K74 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S EMPLOY$ AS DOME/IC S]VANTS1 9 9DU/RY1 & 9 ! F>M SECTOR HAS COLLAPS$ DRAMATICALLY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 'PR(ESSIONAL1 MANAG]IAL1 CL]ICAL1 SALES1 & S]VICE WORK]S' TRIPL$1 GR[+ 'FROM ONE-QU>T] TO ?REE-QU>T]S ( TOTAL EMPLOYM5T4' ,9 O!R WORDS1 PRODUCTIVE JOBS HAVE1 JU/ AS PR$ICT$1 BE5 L>GELY AUTOMAT$ AWAY 7EV5 IF Y\ C\NT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S GLOBALLY1 9CLUD+ ! TOIL+ MASSES 9 ,9DIA & ,*9A1 SU* WORK]S >E /ILL NOT NE>LY SO L>GE A P]C5TAGE ( ! WORLD POPULATION AS !Y US$ TO BE47 

,BUT RA!R ?AN ALL[+ A MASSIVE R$UCTION ( WORK+ H\RS TO FREE ! WORLD'S POPULATION TO PURSUE !IR [N PROJECTS1 PLEASURES1 VISIONS1 & IDEAS1 WE HAVE SE5 ! BALLOON+ ( NOT EV5 SO MU* ( ! 'S]VICE' SECTOR AS ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE SECTOR1 UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! CREATION ( :OLE NEW 9DU/RIES LIKE F9ANCIAL S]VICES OR TELEM>KET+1 OR ! UNPREC$5T$ EXPANSION ( SECTORS LIKE CORPORATE LAW1 ACADEMIC & HEAL? ADM9I/RATION1 HUMAN RES\RCES1 & PUBLIC RELATIONS4 ,& !SE NUMB]S DO NOT EV5 REFLECT ON ALL ?OSE PEOPLE :OSE JOB IS TO PROVIDE ADM9I/RATIVE1 TE*NICAL1 OR SECURITY SUPPORT = !SE 9DU/RIES1 OR = ?AT MATT] ! :OLE HO/ ( ANCILL>Y 9DU/RIES 7DOG-WA%]S1 ALL-NI<T PIZZA DELIV]Y7 ?AT ONLY EXI/ BECAUSE EV]YONE ELSE IS SP5D+ SO MU* ( !IR TIME WORK+ 9 ALL ! O!R ONES4 

,!SE >E :AT ,I PROPOSE TO CALL 'BULL%IT JOBS'4 

,IT'S AS IF SOMEONE W]E \T !RE MAK+ UP PO9TLESS JOBS JU/ = ! SAKE ( KEEP+ US ALL WORK+4 ,& H]E1 PRECISELY1 LIES ! MY/]Y4 ,9 CAPITALISM1 ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT IS NOT SUPPOS$ TO HAPP54 ,SURE1 9 ! OLD 9EFFICI5T SOCIALI/ /ATES LIKE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 :]E EMPLOYM5T WAS CONSID]$ BO? A RI<T & A SACR$ DUTY1 ! SY/EM MADE UP AS MANY JOBS AS !Y HAD TO 7?IS IS :Y 9 ,SOVIET DEP>TM5T /ORES IT TOOK ?REE CL]KS TO SELL A PIECE ( MEAT74 ,BUT1 ( C\RSE1 ?IS IS ! SORT ( V]Y PROBLEM M>KET COMPETITION IS SUPPOS$ TO FIX4 ,ACCORD+ TO ECONOMIC !ORY1 AT LEA/1 ! LA/ ?+ A PR(IT-SEEK+ FIRM IS GO+ TO DO IS %ELL \T MONEY TO WORK]S !Y DON'T REALLY NE$ TO EMPLOY4 ,/ILL1 SOMEH[1 IT HAPP5S4 

,:ILE CORPORATIONS MAY 5GAGE 9 RU?LESS D[NSIZ+1 ! LAY(FS & SPE$-UPS 9V>IABLY FALL ON ?AT CLASS ( PEOPLE :O >E ACTUALLY MAK+1 MOV+1 FIX+ & MA9TA9+ ?+S2 ?R\< SOME /RANGE AL*EMY NO ONE CAN QUITE EXPLA91 ! NUMB] ( SAL>I$ PAP]-PU%]S ULTIMATELY SEEMS TO EXP&1 & MORE & MORE EMPLOYES F9D !MSELVES1 NOT UNLIKE ,SOVIET WORK]S ACTUALLY1 WORK+ #d OR EV5 #e H\R WEEKS ON PAP]1 BUT EFFECTIVELY WORK+ #ae H\RS JU/ AS ,KEYNES PR$ICT$1 S9CE ! RE/ ( !IR TIME IS SP5T ORGANIZ+ OR ATT5D+ MOTIVATIONAL SEM9>S1 UPDAT+ !IR FACEBOOK PR(ILES OR D[NLOAD+ ,T,V BOX-SETS4 

,! ANSW] CLE>LY ISN'T ECONOMIC3 IT'S MORAL & POLITICAL4 ,! RUL+ CLASS HAS FIGUR$ \T ?AT A HAPPY & PRODUCTIVE POPULATION ) FREE TIME ON !IR H&S IS A MORTAL DANG] 7?9K ( :AT />T$ TO HAPP5 :5 ?IS EV5 BEGAN TO BE APPROXIMAT$ 9 ! '#fS74 ,&1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! FEEL+ ?AT WORK IS A MORAL VALUE 9 ITSELF1 & ?AT ANYONE NOT WILL+ TO SUBMIT !MSELVES TO SOME K9D ( 9T5SE WORK DISCIPL9E = MO/ ( !IR WAK+ H\RS DES]VES NO?+1 IS EXTRAORD9>ILY CONV5I5T = !M4 

,ONCE1 :5 CONTEMPLAT+ ! APP>5TLY 5DLESS GR[? ( ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES 9 ,BRITI% ACADEMIC DEP>TM5TS1 ,I CAME UP ) ONE POSSIBLE VISION ( HELL4 ,HELL IS A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS :O >E SP5D+ ! BULK ( !IR TIME WORK+ ON A TASK !Y DON'T LIKE & >E NOT ESPECIALLY GOOD AT4 ,SAY !Y W]E HIR$ BECAUSE !Y W]E EXCELL5T CAB9ET-MAK]S1 & !N DISCOV] !Y >E EXPECT$ TO SP5D A GREAT DEAL ( !IR TIME FRY+ FI%4 ,NEI!R DOES ! TASK REALLY NE$ TO BE DONE--AT LEA/1 !RE'S ONLY A V]Y LIMIT$ NUMB] ( FI% ?AT NE$ TO BE FRI$4 ,YET SOMEH[1 !Y ALL BECOME SO OBSESS$ ) RES5TM5T AT ! ?\<T ?AT SOME ( !IR C[ORK]S MI<T BE SP5D+ MORE TIME MAK+ CAB9ETS1 & NOT DO+ !IR FAIR %>E ( ! FI%-FRY+ RESPONSIBILITIES1 ?AT BE=E LONG !RE'S 5DLESS PILES ( USELESS BADLY COOK$ FI% PIL+ UP ALL OV] ! WORK%OP & IT'S ALL ?AT ANYONE REALLY DOES4 ,I ?9K ?IS IS ACTUALLY A PRETTY ACCURATE DESCRIPTION ( ! MORAL DYNAMICS ( \R [N ECONOMY4 

,N[1 ,I REALIZE ANY SU* >GUM5T IS GO+ TO RUN 9TO IMM$IATE OBJECTIONS3 ':O >E Y\ TO SAY :AT JOBS >E REALLY 0NECESS>Y08 ,:AT'S NECESS>Y ANYWAY8 ,Y\'RE AN AN?ROPOLOGY PR(ESSOR1 :AT'S ! 0NE$0 = ?AT8' 7,& 9DE$ A LOT ( TABLOID READ]S W\LD TAKE ! EXI/5CE ( MY JOB AS ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( WA/EFUL SOCIAL EXP5DITURE47 ,& ON ONE LEVEL1 ?IS IS OBVI\SLY TRUE4 ,!RE CAN BE NO OBJECTIVE MEASURE ( SOCIAL VALUE4 

,I W\LD NOT PRESUME TO TELL SOMEONE :O IS CONV9C$ !Y >E MAK+ A MEAN+FUL CONTRIBUTION TO ! WORLD ?AT1 REALLY1 !Y >E NOT4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ?OSE PEOPLE :O >E !MSELVES CONV9C$ !IR JOBS >E MEAN+LESS8 ,NOT LONG AGO ,I GOT BACK 9 T\* ) A S*OOL FRI5D :O ,I HADN'T SE5 S9CE ,I WAS #a#b4 ,I WAS AMAZ$ TO DISCOV] ?AT 9 ! 9T]IM1 HE HAD BECOME FIR/ A POET1 !N ! FRONT MAN 9 AN 9DIE ROCK B&4 ,I'D HE>D SOME ( HIS SONGS ON ! RADIO HAV+ NO IDEA ! S+] WAS SOMEONE ,I ACTUALLY KNEW4 ,HE WAS OBVI\SLY BRILLIANT1 9NOVATIVE1 & HIS WORK HAD UNQUE/IONABLY BRI<T5$ & IMPROV$ ! LIVES ( PEOPLE ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,YET1 AFT] A C\PLE ( UNSUCCESSFUL ALBUMS1 HE'D LO/ HIS CONTRACT1 & PLAGU$ ) DEBTS & A NEWBORN DAU<T]1 5D$ UP1 AS HE PUT IT1 'TAK+ ! DEFAULT *OICE ( SO MANY DIRECTIONLESS FOLK3 LAW S*OOL4' ,N[ HE'S A CORPORATE LAWY] WORK+ 9 A PROM95T ,NEW ,YORK FIRM4 ,HE WAS ! FIR/ TO ADMIT ?AT HIS JOB WAS UTT]LY MEAN+LESS1 CONTRIBUT$ NO?+ TO ! WORLD1 &1 9 HIS [N E/IMATION1 %\LD NOT REALLY EXI/4 

,!RE'S A LOT ( QUE/IONS ONE C\LD ASK H]E1 />T+ )1 :AT DOES IT SAY AB\T \R SOCIETY ?AT IT SEEMS TO G5]ATE AN EXTREMELY LIMIT$ DEM& = TAL5T$ POET-MUSICIANS1 BUT AN APP>5TLY 9F9ITE DEM& = SPECIALI/S 9 CORPORATE LAW8 7,ANSW]3 IF #a.0 ( ! POPULATION CONTROLS MO/ ( ! DISPOSABLE WEAL?1 :AT WE CALL '! M>KET' REFLECTS :AT !Y ?9K IS USEFUL OR IMPORTANT1 NOT ANYBODY ELSE47 ,BUT EV5 MORE1 IT %[S ?AT MO/ PEOPLE 9 !SE JOBS >E ULTIMATELY AW>E ( IT4 ,9 FACT1 ,I'M NOT SURE ,I'VE EV] MET A CORPORATE LAWY] :O DIDN'T ?9K !IR JOB WAS BULL%IT4 ,! SAME GOES = ALMO/ ALL ! NEW 9DU/RIES \TL9$ ABOVE4 ,!RE IS A :OLE CLASS ( SAL>I$ PR(ESSIONALS ?AT1 %\LD Y\ MEET !M AT P>TIES & ADMIT ?AT Y\ DO SOME?+ ?AT MI<T BE CONSID]$ 9T]E/+ 7AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 = EXAMPLE71 WILL WANT TO AVOID EV5 DISCUSS+ !IR L9E ( WORK 5TIRELY 7ONE OR T'O!R87 ,GIVE !M A FEW DR9KS1 & !Y WILL LAUN* 9TO TIRADES AB\T H[ PO9TLESS & /UPID !IR JOB REALLY IS4 

,?IS IS A PR(\ND PSY*OLOGICAL VIOL5CE H]E4 ,H[ CAN ONE EV5 BEG9 TO SPEAK ( DIGNITY 9 LABOR :5 ONE SECRETLY FEELS ONE'S JOB %\LD NOT EXI/8 ,H[ CAN IT NOT CREATE A S5SE ( DEEP RAGE & RES5TM5T4 ,YET IT IS ! PECULI> G5IUS ( \R SOCIETY ?AT ITS RUL]S HAVE FIGUR$ \T A WAY1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! FI%-FRY]S1 TO 5SURE ?AT RAGE IS DIRECT$ PRECISELY AGA9/ ?OSE :O ACTUALLY DO GET TO DO MEAN+FUL WORK4 ,= 9/ANCE3 9 \R SOCIETY1 !RE SEEMS A G5]AL RULE ?AT1 ! MORE OBVI\SLY ONE'S WORK B5EFITS O!R PEOPLE1 ! LESS ONE IS LIKELY TO BE PAID = IT4 ,AGA91 AN OBJECTIVE MEASURE IS H>D TO F9D1 BUT ONE EASY WAY TO GET A S5SE IS TO ASK3 :AT W\LD HAPP5 W]E ?IS 5TIRE CLASS ( PEOPLE TO SIMPLY DISAPPE>8 ,SAY :AT Y\ LIKE AB\T NURSES1 G>BAGE COLLECTORS1 OR ME*ANICS1 IT'S OBVI\S ?AT W]E !Y TO VANI% 9 A PUFF ( SMOKE1 ! RESULTS W\LD BE IMM$IATE & CATA/ROPHIC4 ,A WORLD )\T TEA*]S OR DOCK-WORK]S W\LD SOON BE 9 TR\BLE1 & EV5 ONE )\T SCI5CE FICTION WRIT]S OR SKA MUSICIANS W\LD CLE>LY BE A LESS] PLACE4 ,IT'S NOT 5TIRELY CLE> H[ HUMANITY W\LD SUFF] W]E ALL PRIVATE EQUITY ,C,E,OS1 LOBBYI/S1 ,P,R RESE>*]S1 ACTU>IES1 TELEM>KET]S1 BAILIFFS OR LEGAL CONSULTANTS TO SIMIL>LY VANI%4 7,MANY SUSPECT IT MI<T M>K$LY IMPROVE47 ,YET AP>T FROM A H&FUL ( WELL-T\T$ EXCEPTIONS 7DOCTORS71 ! RULE HOLDS SURPRIS+LY WELL4 

,EV5 MORE P]V]SE1 !RE SEEMS TO BE A BROAD S5SE ?AT ?IS IS ! WAY ?+S %\LD BE4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! SECRET /R5G?S ( RI<T-W+ POPULISM4 ,Y\ CAN SEE IT :5 TABLOIDS :IP UP RES5TM5T AGA9/ TUBE WORK]S = P>ALYZ+ ,LONDON DUR+ CONTRACT DISPUTES3 ! V]Y FACT ?AT TUBE WORK]S CAN P>ALYZE ,LONDON %[S ?AT !IR WORK IS ACTUALLY NECESS>Y1 BUT ?IS SEEMS TO BE PRECISELY :AT ANNOYS PEOPLE4 ,IT'S EV5 CLE>] 9 ! ,U,S1 :]E ,REPUBLICANS HAVE HAD REM>KABLE SUCCESS MOBILIZ+ RES5TM5T AGA9/ S*OOL TEA*]S1 OR AUTO WORK]S 7& NOT1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 AGA9/ ! S*OOL ADM9I/RATORS OR AUTO 9DU/RY MANAG]S :O ACTUALLY CAUSE ! PROBLEMS7 = !IR SUPPOS$LY BLOAT$ WAGES & B5EFITS4 ,IT'S AS IF !Y >E BE+ TOLD 'BUT Y\ GET TO TEA* *ILDR56 ,OR MAKE C>S6 ,Y\ GET TO HAVE REAL JOBS6 ,& ON TOP ( ?AT Y\ HAVE ! N]VE TO ALSO EXPECT MIDDLE-CLASS P5SIONS & HEAL? C>E8' 

,IF SOMEONE HAD DESIGN$ A WORK REGIME P]FECTLY SUIT$ TO MA9TA9+ ! P[] ( F9ANCE CAPITAL1 IT'S H>D TO SEE H[ !Y C\LD HAVE DONE A BETT] JOB4 ,REAL1 PRODUCTIVE WORK]S >E REL5TLESSLY SQUEEZ$ & EXPLOIT$4 ,! REMA9D] >E DIVID$ BETWE5 A T]RORIZ$ /RATUM ( !1 UNIV]SALLY REVIL$1 UNEMPLOY$ & A L>G] /RATUM :O >E BASICALLY PAID TO DO NO?+1 9 POSITIONS DESIGN$ TO MAKE !M ID5TIFY ) ! P]SPECTIVES & S5SIBILITIES ( ! RUL+ CLASS 7MANAG]S1 ADM9I/RATORS1 ETC47--& P>TICUL>LY ITS F9ANCIAL AVAT>S--BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 FO/] A SIMM]+ RES5TM5T AGA9/ ANYONE :OSE WORK HAS CLE> & UND5IABLE SOCIAL VALUE4 ,CLE>LY1 ! SY/EM WAS NEV] CONSCI\SLY DESIGN$4 ,IT EM]G$ FROM ALMO/ A C5TURY ( TRIAL & ]ROR4 ,BUT IT IS ! ONLY EXPLANATION = :Y1 DESPITE \R TE*NOLOGICAL CAPACITIES1 WE >E NOT ALL WORK+ #c-#d H\R DAYS4 

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,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,ON ! ,PH5OM5ON ( ,BULL%IT ,JOBS3 ,A ,WORK ,RANT -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,ON ! ,PH5OM5ON ( ,BULL%IT ,JOBS3 ,A ,WORK ,RANT -- ,UPDAT$4 

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