,ON ! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,ALLIANCE 

#ahga 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,DOM9IC ,ALVES1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,9TRODUCTION 

,! OV]ALL !ME ( ,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,ALLIANCE IS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D1 ,BAKUN9'S ,ALLIANCE1 & ! WORK+ MASSES 9 & \T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL :OM IT IS TRY+ TO 9FLU5CE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION1 H[ TO ORGANIZE ! UNORGANIZ$ & H[ TO RADICALIZE !M :5 !Y >E ORGANIZ$ IS ! MA9 !ME ?\< ,BAKUN9 DIGRESSES TO O!R MATT]S NOT /RICTLY RELAT$ TO IT4 ,S9CE ! TEXT DEALS ) DIFF]5T SUBJECTS1 IT HAS = ! SAKE ( CL>ITY BE5 DIVID$ 9TO ?REE SECTIONS 7\R SUBTITLES74 

,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,ALLIANCE OP5S ) A DISCUSSION ( UNION BUREAUCRACY1 A DESCRIPTION ( H[ ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES ELECT$ BY ! SECTIONS ( RANK-&-FILE LOCAL UNIONS T5D TO BECOME TRANS=M$ FROM BE+ ! 9T5D$ AG5TS TO ! MA/]S ( ! MEMB]%IP4 ,HE /RESSES ?AT NO ORGANIZATION1 H[EV] FREE1 CAN LONG )/& ! LE?>GY & 9DIFF]5CE ( ! MEMB]%IP )\T DEG5]AT+ 9TO SOME =M ( DICTATOR%IP4 

,BAKUN9'S 0,FABRICA SECTIONS0 W]E COMPOS$ ( NATIVE CITIZ5S1 ! HI<LY SKILL$1 BETT]-PAID WAT*MAK]S & JEWELRY WORK]S1 MO/ ( :OM FAVOR$ P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION & CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,! CON/RUCTION & O!R HEAVY MANUAL WORK]S1 MO/LY UNSKILL$1 L[-PAID =EIGN]S1 FAVOR$ DIRECT ECONOMIC ACTION4 ,NOT BE+ ALL[$ TO VOTE1 !Y W]E NATURALLY NOT 9T]E/$ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION4 ,!IR DIS5FRAN*ISEM5T1 & ! 9DIGNITIES !Y SUFF]$1 (T5 ON ! P>T ( ! SNOBBI% ,FABRICA WORK]S1 5GAG$ ! SUPPORT ( ,BAKUN9 & ! ,SWISS LIB]T>IAN SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! SECOND SECTION DEALS ) ! 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! SO-CALL$ C5TRAL SECTIONS REF]R$ TO >E ! IDEOLOGICAL-ACTIVI/ VANGU>D GR\PS ANIMAT+ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES4 ,9 DISCUSS+ ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ?IS REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY & ! G5]AL MEMB]%IP ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,BAKUN9 DEALS ) ! /RUCTURE & ! 9T]NAL PROBLEMS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS ULTIMATE OBJECTIVES4 ,! VA/ MASS ( ! WORK]S W]E QUITE UNORGANIZ$ & ONLY A T9Y FRACTION ( ! ORGANIZ$ M9ORITY W]E AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,9 ! ?IRD SECTION H]E1 ,BAKUN9 ANTICIPATES ! OBJECTION ?AT HIS RECOMM5DATIONS W\LD MAKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL A M9IATURE REPLICA ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AS SO (T5 ELSE:]E1 ,BAKUN9 /RESSES ! NE$ = AN ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY TO GU>D AGA9/ ! USURPATION ( P[]4 ,HE 9SI/S ?AT SU* A M9ORITY IS NOT ! SAME AS ! GOV]N+ OLIG>*Y ( ! ,/ATE1 & DEF9ES ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION & /ATE ORGANIZATION4 ,TRANSC5D+ ! LABOR QUE/ION AS SU*1 HE GOES ON 9TO A FRUITFUL DIGRESSION ON ! RELATION%IP ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO SOCIETY & ! NATURE ( SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE4 ,C5TRALIZATION & DEC5TRALIZATION1 ! MONOPOLY ( P[] & ! DIFFUSION ( P[] AMONG ! MANY UNITS ( SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUALS :O COMPOSE IT1 IS A RECURR5T !ME4 

"9 "9 "9 "9 "9 

,UNION ,BUREAUCRACY 

,HAV+ CONV9C$ !MSELVES ?AT :AT !Y W\LD LIKE !IR SECTIONS TO DO IS :AT ! MEMB]%IP ACTUALLY WANTS1 ! COMMITTEES MAKE DECISIONS = !M )\T EV5 BO!R+ TO CONSULT !M4 ,?IS ILLUSION IS B\ND TO HAVE UN=TUNATE EFFECTS1 P>TICUL>LY ON ! SOCIAL MORALITY ( ! LEAD]S !MSELVES4 ,! LEAD]S REG>D !MSELVES AS ! ABSOLUTE MA/]S ( !IR CON/ITU5TS1 AS P]MAN5T *IEFS1 :OSE P[] IS SANCTION$ BY !IR S]VICES AS WELL AS ! L5G? ( !IR T5URE 9 (FICE4 

,EV5 ! BE/ ( M5 >E R5D]$ CORRUPTIBLE BY ! TEMPTATIONS ( P[] & ! ABS5CE ( A S]I\S1 CONSI/5T OPPOSITION4 ,9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL !RE CAN BE NO M]C5>Y CORRUPTION1 = ! ASSOCIATION IS TOO POOR TO PAY HI<1 OR EV5 ADEQUATE1 SAL>IES TO ITS (FICIALS444 ,BUT ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS UN=TUNATELY SUBJECT TO CORRUPTION BY ANO!R K9D ( TEMPTATION3 VANITY & AMBITION4 

444 ,IF !RE IS A DEVIL 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 ?AT DEVIL IS ! PR9CIPLE ( COMM&4 ,IT ALONE1 SU/A9$ BY ! IGNORANCE & /UPIDITY ( ! MASSES1 )\T :I* IT C\LD NOT EXI/1 IS ! S\RCE ( ALL ! CATA/ROPHES1 ALL ! CRIMES1 & ALL ! 9FAMIES ( HI/ORY4 

,EV]YONE1 EV5 ! BE/ ( M51 C>RIES )9 HIMSELF ! G]MS ( ?IS ACCURS$ AFFLICTION & EV]Y G]M MU/ NECESS>ILY QUICK5 & GR[ IF IT F9DS EV5 ! SLI<TE/ FAVORABLE CONDITIONS4 ,9 HUMAN SOCIETY !SE CONDITIONS >E ! /UPIDITY1 ! IGNORANCE1 & ! S]VILE HABITS ( ! MASSES4 IT CAN WELL BE SAID ?AT ! MASSES !MSELVES CREATE !IR [N EXPLOIT]S1 !IR [N DESPOTS1 !IR [N EXECUTION]S ( HUMANITY4 ,:5 !Y >E QUIESC5T & PATI5TLY 5DURE !IR HUMILIATION & SLAV]Y1 ! BE/ M5 EM]G+ FROM !IR RANKS -- ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 ! MO/ 5]GETIC1 ! V]Y M5 :O 9 BETT] CIRCUM/ANCES ,C\LD R5D] GREAT S]VICES TO HUMANITY -- BECOME DESPOTS EV5 :ILE DELUD+ !MSELVES ?AT !Y >E ACTUALLY WORK+ = ! B5EFIT ( !IR VICTIMS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 9 AN 9TELLIG5T & AL]T SOCIETY1 JEAL\S ( ITS LIB]TIES & READY TO DEF5D ITS RI<TS1 EV5 ! MO/ MALEVOL5T1 ! MO/ EGOTI/IC 9DIVIDUALS1 NECESS>ILY BECOME GOOD4 ,SU* IS ! P[] ( SOCIETY1 A ?\S& TIMES ,/RONG] ?AN ! /RONGE/ 9DIVIDUAL4 

,IT IS ?US CLE> ?AT ! ABS5CE ( OPPOSITION & CONTROL & ( CONT9U\S VIGILANCE 9EVITABLY BECOMES A S\RCE ( DEPRAVITY = ALL 9DIVIDUALS VE/$ ) SOCIAL P[]4 ,& ?OSE AMONG !M :O *]I% & W\LD SAFEGU>D !IR P]SONAL MORALITY %\LD1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 NOT /AY TOO LONG 9 P[]1 & 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 :ILE /ILL 9 P[] 5C\RAGE ?IS VIGILANT & SALUT>Y OPPOSITION4 

,?IS IS :AT ! COMMITTEES ( ,G5EVA 7D\BTLESS UNAW>E ( ?IS ?REAT TO !IR P]SONAL MORALITY7 G5]ALLY FAIL$ TO DO4 ,?R\< SELF-SACRIFICE1 9ITIATIVE1 & ABILITY1 !Y ATTA9$ LEAD]%IP1 & BY A SPECIES ( SELF-HALLUC9ATION1 ALMO/ 9EVITABLE 9 ALL ?OSE HOLD+ (FICE TOO LONG1 !Y 5D$ BY IMAG9+ !MSELVES 9DISP5SABLE4 ,?IS IS H[ A SORT ( GOV]NM5TAL >I/OCRACY WAS IMP]CEPTIBLY NURTUR$ 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( SECTIONS SO DEMOCRATIC AS ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S444 ,) ! GR[+ AU?ORITY ( ! COMMITTEES1 ! WORK]S BECOME 9CREAS+LY1 9DIFF]5T TO ALL MATT]S EXCEPT /RIKES & ! PAYM5T ( DUES1 :I* >E COLLECT$ ) GREAT DIFFICULTY444 

,! CON/RUCTION WORK]S' SECTION SIMPLY LEFT ALL DECISION-MAK+ TO !IR COMMITTEES4 0,WE HAVE ELECT$ A COMMITTEE4 ,! COMMITTEE WILL DECIDE40 ,?IS IS :AT !Y TOLD ANYONE :O TRI$ TO GET !IR OP9ION ON ANY SUBJECT4 ,SOON !Y NEV] HAD ANY OP9ION AT ALL -- LIKE BLANK %EETS ( PAP] ON :I* ! COMMITTEES C\LD WRITE :ATEV] !Y WANT$4 ,AS LONG AS ! COMMITTEES DID NOT ASK = TOO MU* MONEY & DID NOT PRESS ! WORK]S TOO H>D TO PAY BACK DUES1 ! COMMITTEE C\LD DO ALMO/ ANY?+ ) IMPUNITY4 ,?IS IS V]Y GOOD = ! COMMITTEES1 BUT NOT AT ALL FAVORABLE = ! SOCIAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL PROGRESS ( ! COLLECTIVE P[] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 ?IS MANN] P[] GRAVITAT$ TO ! COMMITTEES1 & BY A SPECIES ( FICTION *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL GOV]NM5TS ! COMMITTEES SUB/ITUT$ !IR [N WILL & !IR [N IDEAS = ?AT ( ! MEMB]%IP4 ,!Y REPRES5T$ ONLY !MSELVES4 ,SU* P[]1 BAS$ ON ! IGNORANCE & 9DIFF]5CE ( ! WORK]S1 IS ITS 9EVITABLE & DETE/ABLE CONSEQU5CE4 ,ONCE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT PREP>ES ! GR\ND = ! SPAWN+ ( ALL SORTS ( 9TRIGUES1 VANITIES1 AMBITIONS1 & P]SONAL 9T]E/S4 ,IT IS A F9E WAY TO 9SPIRE A PU]ILE SELF-SATISFACTION & A S5SE ( SECURITY AS RIDICUL\S AS IT IS BANEFUL = ! PROLET>IAT2 & SURE1 ALSO1 TO FRI<T5 ! TIMID S\LS AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT A POT5T =CE4 ,IT WILL 9 NO WAY PROMOTE ! LIFE-&-DEA? /RUGGLE ?AT ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT MU/ N[ WAGE AGA9/ ! ALL-TOO-REAL WORLD ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,?IS 9DIFF]5CE TO G5]AL PROBLEMS MANIFE/+ ITSELF MORE & MORE EV]Y DAY1 ?IS LASSITUDE :I* LEAVES ALL PROBLEMS TO ! DECISION ( COMMITTEES1 & ! HABIT ( AUTOMATIC SUBORD9ATION :I* IS ITS NATURAL CONSEQU5CE1 9FECTS NOT ONLY ! SECTIONS BUT ALSO ! COMMITTEES !MSELVES4 ,MO/ ( ! COMMITTEE MEMB]S BECOME ! UN?9K+ 9/RUM5TS ( ?REE OR TWO1 OR EV5 JU/ ONE ( !IR COLLEAGUES4 ,SOME >E MORE 9TELLIG5T & AGGRESSIVE ?AN ! O!RS4 ,?US A MAJORITY ( ! SECTIONS AS WELL AS !IR COMMITTEES >E 9 FACT RUL$ BY OLIG>*S OR 9DIVIDUALS :O MASK !IR ABSOLUTE P[] EV5 9 ORGANIZATIONS :I* HAVE CON/ITUTIONS & PROC$URES AS SAFEGU>DS444 ,9 SOLIDLY ORGANIZ$ SECTIONS LIKE ! ,FABRICA SECTIONS 7:ATEV] !IR O!R %ORTCOM+S7 :]E !RE IS REAL AUTONOMY1 !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DRA/ICALLY CURTAIL ! >BITR>Y P[] ( ! ,G5EVA ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE 7REPRES5T+ ALL ! LOCAL UNIONS 9 ! ,G5EVA BRAN* ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL7 444 EV5 ?\< !Y NEV]!LESS EX]T A PR$OM9ANT 9FLU5CE -- & ?IS1 = MANY REASONS3 FIR/1 ?AT ! ,G5EVA WORK]S >E MU* BETT] 9=M$1 HAVE MU* MORE POLITICAL UND]/&+1 & >E F> MORE >TICULATE ?AN ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S2 SECOND1 ?AT ! ,FABRICA SECTIONS ALWAYS DELEGAT$ TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE !IR MO/ 9TELLIG5T & CAPABLE WORK]S 9 :OM !Y HAD FULL CONFID5CE2 DELEGATES :O CONSCI5TI\SLY FULFILL$ ALL !IR OBLIGATIONS TO !IR RESPECTIVE SECTIONS AS /IPULAT$ 9 ! /ATUTES2 REPORT+ REGUL>LY TO ! MEMB]%IP ! PROPOSALS MADE & H[ !Y VOT$2 ASK+ = FUR!R 9/RUCTIONS 7PLUS 9/ANT RECALL ( UNSATISFACTORY DELEGATES7 444 

,AMONG ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S !SE CONDITIONS DID NOT OBTA91 & :]E REVOLT AGA9/ ! TYRANNY WAS SQUEL*$ BE=E IT C\LD BE EFFECTIVELY ORGANIZ$1 ! SECTIONS C\LD DEF5D !IR RI<TS & !IR AUTONOMY 9 ONLY ONE WAY3 ! WORK]S CALL$ G5]AL MEMB]%IP MEET+S4 ,NO?+ >\SES ! ANTIPA?Y ( ! COMMITTEES MORE ?AN !SE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 :I* ! COMMITTEES ALWAYS TRY TO C\NT]ACT BY /AG+ ASSEMBLIES ( ALL ! COMMITTEES ( ! SECTIONS444 

,9 !SE GREAT MEET+S ( ! SECTIONS1 ! ITEMS ON ! AG5DA W]E AMPLY DISCUSS$ & ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE OP9ION PREVAIL$4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME1 :5 ! SPIRIT ( ! MASSES WAS NOT CORRUPT$ BY ! SKILLFUL & SL&]\S PROPAG&A ( ! COMMITTEES1 !SE ASSEMBLIES W]E 9SPIR$ BY A SORT ( COLLECTIVE 9/9CT PROPELL+ ! PEOPLE IRRESI/IBLY T[>D TRU? & JU/ICE4 ,EV5 ! MO/ RECALCITRANT W]E SWEPT 9TO ! CURR5T ( G5]\S S5TIM5T4 ,! MI<TY ONES1 ! CONNIV]S :O MANEUV]$ ! WORK]S 9 SECRET MEET+S1 LO/ !IR COCKSURE SMUGNESS :5 *ALL5G$ BY !SE ASSEMBLIES1 :]E POPUL> GOOD S5SE 444 MADE NAU<T ( !IR SOPHISMS4 ,9 !SE ASSEMBLIES ( ALL ! SECTIONS1 GREAT NUMB]S ( PREVI\SLY PASSIVE WORK]S1 CAU<T UP 9 ! G5]AL CAM>AD]IE1 REPUDIAT$ !IR LEAD]S & VOT$ AGA9/ !IR RESOLUTIONS444 

,! ,/RUCTURE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 

,! RISE ( MOD]N 9DU/RY SP>K$ ! F\ND+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #ahfd 9 ALMO/ ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & ,BELGIUM4 ,TWO FACTORS BR\<T AB\T ! CREATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! FIR/ WAS ! SIMULTANE\S AWAK5+ ( ! SPIRIT1 C\RAGE1 & CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S 9 !SE C\NTRIES :I* FOLL[$ ! CATA/ROPHIC DEFEAT ( ! #ahdh & #ahea UPRIS+S4 ,! SECOND FACTOR WAS ! PH5OM5AL 5RI*M5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! CONCOMITANT POV]TY ( ! WORK]S4 ,BUT1 AS IS (T5 ! CASE1 ?IS R5ASC5T FAI? DID NOT AT ONCE MANIFE/ ITSELF AMONG ! PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,! FIR/ FEEBLE1 WIDELY SCATT]$ ASSOCIATIONS W]E PIONE]$ BY A FEW ( ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 $UCAT$ MILITANTS -- MO/ ( !M TEMP]$ 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( PA/ /RUGGLES44 ,IT WAS !Y :O1 UPON RETURN+ FROM ! F\ND+ CONF]5CE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,LONDON1 ORGANIZ$ ! FIR/ C5TRAL SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES4 

,! C5TRAL SECTIONS REPRES5T NO SPECIFIC 9DU/RY1 BUT COMPRISE ! MO/ ADVANC$ WORK]S FROM ALL ! 9DU/RIES4 ,:AT DO !SE SECTIONS REPRES5T8 ,! IDEA BEH9D ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,:AT IS ITS MISSION8 ,! ELABORATION & PROPAG&IZ+ ( ?IS IDEA4 ,:AT IS ?IS IDEA8 ,IT IS ! FULL EMANCIPATION ( ALL ?OSE :O EKE \T !IR MIS]ABLE SU/5ANCE BY ANY =M ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR1 :O >E ECONOMICALLY EXPLOIT$ & POLITICALLY OPPRESS$ BY ! CAPITALI/S & !IR PRIVILEG$ 9T]M$I>IES4 ,SU* IS ! NEGATIVE1 COMBATIVE1 OR REVOLUTION>Y =CE ( ?IS IDEA4 ,& :AT IS ! POSITIVE =CE8 ,IT IS ! F\ND+ ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD] RE/+ ON EMANCIPAT$ LABOR1 ONE :I* WILL SPONTANE\SLY ]ECT UPON ! RU9S ( ! ,OLD ,WORLD ! FREE F$]ATION ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,!SE TWO ASPECTS ( ! SAME QUE/ION >E 9SEP>ABLE4 

,= NO ONE CAN DE/ROY )\T HAV+ AT LEA/ A REMOTE CONCEPTION1 TRUE OR FALSE1 ( ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S :I* %\LD REPLACE ! EXI/+ ONE4 ,! MORE FANTA/IC ! CONCEPTION1 ! MORE RU?LESS MU/ BE ! DE/RUCTIVE =CE4 ,! MORE ?IS CONCEPT APPROXIMATES REALITY & CON=MS TO ! NECESS>Y1 CREATIVE DEVELOPM5T ( EXI/+ SOCIETY1 ! MORE USEFUL & SALUT>Y WILL BE ! EFFECTS ( ?IS DE/RUCTIVE ACTION4 ,DE/RUCTIVE ACTION IS ALWAYS DET]M9$ NOT ONLY BY ITS PURPOSE & ITS 9T5SITY BUT ALSO BY ! MEANS EMPLOY$4 ,IT IS CONDITION$ BY ! CON/RUCTIVE IDEAL FROM :I* IT DRAWS ITS 9ITIAL 9SPIRATION1 :I* CON/ITUTES ITS S\L4 

,! C5TRAL SECTIONS >E ! ACTIVE NUCLEI :I* RETA91 DEVELOP1 & CL>IFY ! NEW FAI?4 ,NO ONE JO9S !M AS A SPECIALIZ$ WORK] 9 ?IS OR ?AT TRADE4 ,ALL JO9 AS WORK]S 9 G5]AL TO PROMOTE ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( LABOR 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 ,!Y >E WORK]S 9 0G5]AL40 ,WORK]S = :AT8 ,WORK]S = ! IDEA1 = PROPAG&A1 & = ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC & MILITANT MI<T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 WORK]S = ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,IF ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION W]E COMPOS$ SOLELY ( C5TRAL SECTIONS1 IT W\LD NEV] HAVE ATTA9$ EV5 ONE HUNDR$? ( ! P[] ( :I* IT CAN N[ BE SO PR\D4 ,! C5TRAL SECTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 M]E DEBAT+ SOCIETIES :]E ALL K9DS ( SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 9CLUD+ ( C\RSE ?AT ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 W\LD HAVE BE5 P]PETUALLY DISCUSS$ )\T ! LEA/ ATTEMPT BE+ MADE OR ! SLI<TE/ POSSIBILITY EXI/+ ( PUTT+ !SE IDEAS 9TO PRACTICE4 ,& ?IS = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT 0LABOR 9 G5]AL0 IS AN AB/RACT IDEA :I* IS REALIZ$ ONLY 9 ! IMM5SE DIV]SITY ( SPECIALIZ$ TRADES & 9DU/RIES4 ,EA* 9DU/RY HAS ITS [N SPECIAL PROBLEMS :I* CANNOT BE DET]M9$ BY AB/RACT =MULAS1 & :I* >E REVEAL$ ONLY ?R\< ACTUAL DEVELOPM5T & PRACTICE4 

,! RELATION%IP ( !SE 9DU/RIES TO LABOR 9 G5]AL RESULTS FROM ! VITAL COMB9ATIONS ( ALL P>TICUL> TRADES & FUNCTIONS1 & IS NOT BAS$ ON AN AB/RACT1 A PRIORI PR9CIPLE1 DOGMATICALLY OR VIOL5TLY IMPOS$4 

,IF ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD BE5 COMPOS$ ONLY ( ! C5TRAL SECTIONS1 ! LATT] PROBABLY W\LD HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 ORGANIZ+ CONSPIRACIES = ! OV]?R[ ( ! EXI/+ ORD] BUT W\LD HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO A*IEVE ITS GOAL4 ,= IT C\LD HAVE ATTRACT$ ONLY A M]E H&FUL ( H]OIC WORK]S :ILE ! REMA9+ MILLIONS ( WORK]S W\LD HAVE REMA9$ \TSIDE ?IS SMALL CIRCLE4 ,& ! SOCIAL ORD] CANNOT HE DE/ROY$ )\T W9N+ ! SUPPORT ( !SE MILLIONS4 ,ONLY A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS >E MOV$ BY AN AB/RACT IDEA4 ,! MILLIONS1 ! PROLET>IAN MASSES 7& ?IS IS TRUE ALSO = ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES7 >E MOV$ ONLY BY ! =CE ( FACTS 444 BY !IR IMM$IATE 9T]E/S & !IR MOM5T>Y PASSIONS4 

,9 ORD] TO 9T]E/ & 9VOLVE ! :OLE PROLET>IAT 9 ! WORK ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO APPROA* !M NOT ) VAGUE G5]ALIZATIONS BUT ) REALI/IC UND]/&+ ( !IR DAILY CONC]NS4 ,TO W9 ! CONFID5CE ( UN9=M$ WORK]S1 & ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! PROLET>IAT >E UN=TUNATELY 9 ?IS GR\P4 IT IS NECESS>Y TO BEG9 BY TALK+ TO ! WORK]1 NOT ( ! G5]AL TR\BLES ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD1 NOR ! G5]AL CAUSES RESPONSIBLE = !M1 BUT ONLY ( HIS [N TRADE & ! WORK+ CONDITIONS 9 HIS [N LOCALITY1 HIS WORK+ H\RS4 ! CO/ ( LIV+1 & TO SUGGE/ PRACTICAL MEASURES TO ALLEVIATE !SE EVILS & BETT] HIS CONDITIONS4 ,IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO SPEAK TO HIM FIR/ AB\T ?+S LIKE ! ABOLITION ( H]$IT>Y PROP]TY1 ! ABOLITION ( ! JURIDICAL RI<TS ( ! ,/ATE1 & ! REPLACEM5T ( ! ,/ATE BY ! FREE F$]ATION ( PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,HE PROBABLY WILL NOT UND]/& !SE !ORIES4 ,NO6 ,PROPOSE 9 SIMPLE LANGUAGE SU* IDEAS AS WILL APPEAL TO HIS GOOD S5SE & :I* HE CAN V]IFY BY HIS DAILY EXP]I5CES4 ,!SE MEASURES >E3 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COMPLETE SOLID>ITY ) HIS WORKMATES 9 ORD] TO DEF5D HIS RI<TS & RESI/ ! AGGRESSION ( ! EMPLOY]4 ,NEXT1 ! EXT5SION ( ?IS SOLID>ITY FROM HIS PLACE ( WORK TO EMBRACE ! TRADES 9 HIS [N LOCALITY1 I4E41 HIS =MAL 5TRY AS AN ACTIVE MEMB] 9 ! SECTION ( HIS TRADE OR PR(ESSION1 A SECTION AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 

,HAV+ JO9$ HIS SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! NEWLY 5LI/$ WORK] LE>NS MANY ?+S4 ,HE LE>NS ?AT ! SAME SOLID>ITY ?AT EXI/S )9 HIS SECTION IS ALSO E/ABLI%$ AMONG ALL ! DIFF]5T SECTIONS & TRADES 9 ! :OLE >EA2 ?AT ?IS WID] SOLID>ITY HAS BECOME NECESS>Y BECAUSE ALL ! EMPLOY]S 9 ALL ! 9DU/RIES HAVE E/ABLI%$ A UNIT$ FRONT TO CUT WAGES & DRIVE D[N ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! WORK]S4 ,HE WILL LE>N LAT] ?AT ?IS SOLID>ITY IS NOT CONF9$ TO HIS >EA BUT EXT5DS MU* FUR!R1 BEYOND ALL FRONTI]S1 & EMBRACES ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD1 P[]FULLY ORGANIZ$ = !IR DEF5SE1 = WAG+ W> AGA9/ EXPLOITATION BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,A WORK] DOES NOT NE$ MU* 9TELLECTUAL PREP>ATION TO BECOME A MEMB] ( A TRADE UNION SECTION :I* IS AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,HE IS ALREADY1 UNCONSCI\SLY & 9 A P]FECTLY NATURAL MANN]1 CONDITION$ TO BECOME ONE4 ,ALL HE HAS TO KN[ IS ?AT H>D WORK IS WE>+ HIM D[N1 ?AT HIS WAGES >E B>ELY 5\< TO PROVIDE = HIS FAMILY1 ?AT HIS EMPLOY] IS A RU?LESS EXPLOIT] :OM HE DETE/S ) ALL ! HATR$ ( ! SLAVE REBELL+ AGA9/ HIS MA/]4 ,?IS FEEL+ WILL1 :5 ! F9AL /RUGGLE HAS BE5 WON1 GIVE PLACE TO A FEEL+ ( JU/ICE & GOODWILL T[>D HIS =M] EMPLOY]1 AS IS BEFITT+ ONE :O IS N[ AMONG ! FRAT]NITY ( FREE M54 

,! WORK] EASILY UND]/&S ?AT HE CANNOT POSSIBLY FI<T ALONE4 ,TO DEF5D HIS RI<TS HE MU/ UNITE ) HIS FELL[ WORK]S 9 HIS PLACE ( WORK1 & PL$GE HIS SOLID>ITY 9 ! COMMON /RUGGLE4 ,HE LE>NS ?AT A UNION 9 ONE %OP IS NOT 5\<1 & ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y = ALL WORK]S 9 ! SAME TRADE & 9 ! SAME LOCALITY TO JO9 =CES4 ,EV5 ! LEA/ 9=M$ WORK]S WILL1 AS A RESULT ( !IR %>$ EXP]I5CE1 SOON REALIZE ?AT SOLID>ITY MU/ TRANSC5D N>R[ LOCAL LIMITS4 

,! WORK]S 9 ! SAME TRADE & LOCALITY DECL>E A /RIKE = %ORT] H\RS & MORE PAY4 ,! BOSS IMPORTS /RIKEBREAK]S FROM O!R PLACES 9 & EV5 \TSIDE ! C\NTRY :O WILL WORK = LESS PAY & LONG] H\RS4 ,TO COMPETE ) =EIGN PRODUC]S :O CAN SELL !IR GOODS MORE *EAPLY BECAUSE ( L[] WORK+ CO/S1 EMPLOY]S >E =C$ TO R$UCE WAGES & L5G!N WORK+ H\RS4 ,BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS 9 ONE C\NTRY CAN BE MA9TA9$ ONLY IF ! CONDITIONS 9 ALL O!R C\NTRIES >E COMP>ABLE4 ,REPEAT$ EXP]I5CE EV5TUALLY TEA*ES EV5 ! MO/ SIMPLE-M9D$ WORK]S ?AT IT IS NOT 5\< TO BE ORGANIZ$ LOCALLY1 & ?AT ! WORK]S 9 ! SAME TRADE MU/ BE UNIONIZ$ NOT ONLY 9 ONE REGION OR 9 ONE C\NTRY1 BUT 9 ALL C\NTRIES444 

,IF ONLY A S+LE TRADE IS 9T]NATIONALLY ORGANIZ$1 :ILE O!R TRADES REMA9 UNORGANIZ$ 444 ! EMPLOY] MAK+ LESS MONEY 9 ! UNIONIZ$ 5T]PRISES WILL GRADUALLY TRANSF] HIS CAPITAL TO ! MORE SP>SELY ORGANIZ$ & EV5 ALTOGE!R NONUNION %OPS & 9DU/RIES4 ,?IS SITUATION CREATES UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ORGANIZ$ TRADES & COMPELS ! WORK]S EI!R TO />VE OR TO ACCEPT L[] WAGES & 9CREAS$ H\RS4 ,CONDITIONS 9 ANY P>TICUL> TRADE OR 9DU/RY WILL SOON] OR LAT] AFFECT ! WORK]S 9 ALL O!R BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE FACTORS DEMON/RATE TO ! WORK]S 9 ALL OCCUPATIONS 9 ALL L&S ?AT !Y >E UNBREAKABLY L9K$ BY TIES ( ECONOMIC SOLID>ITY & FRAT]NAL S5TIM5T444 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION DID NOT SPR+ READY-MADE \T ( ! M9DS ( A FEW ]UDITE !ORETICIANS4 ,IT DEVELOP$ \T ( ACTUAL ECONOMIC NECESSITY1 \T ( ! BITT] TRIBULATIONS ! WORK]S W]E =C$ TO 5DURE & ! NATURAL IMPACT ( !SE TRIALS UPON ! M9DS ( ! TOIL]S4 ,= ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO COME 9TO BE+1 IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT ! ELEM5TS :I* W5T 9TO ITS MAK+ -- ! ECONOMIC FACTORS1 ! EXP]I5CES & ASPIRATIONS & ATTITUDE ( ! PROLET>IAT -- %\LD HAVE ALREADY PROVID$ A SOLID BASE = IT4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT ALL OV] ! WORLD !RE %\LD BE PIONE]+ GR\PS OR ASSOCIATIONS ( ADVANC$ WORK]S :O W]E WILL+ TO 9ITIATE ?IS GREAT WORK]S' MOVEM5T ( SELF-EMANCIPATION444 ,IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT ! WORK]S CAN FREE !MSELVES BY WAY ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 ,IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y ?AT !Y HAVE CONFID5CE 9 ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ?IS SOLID>ITY & 9 !IR COM+ DELIV]ANCE4 ,9 ! WORK]S' WORLD ?IS ECONOMIC SOLID>ITY IS ALSO EXPRESS$ EMOTIONALLY BY A DEEP PASSIONATE S5TIM5T4 ,AS ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! ECONOMIC OPPRESSION >E FELT BY ! PROLET>IAT 9 ALL TRADES & L&S1 ?IS S5TIM5T ( EMOTIONAL SOLID>ITY GR[S EV] MORE 9T5SE4 

,! NEW MEMB] LE>NS MORE FROM HIS [N P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ?AN HE DOES FROM ! V]BAL EXPLANATION ( HIS FELL[ WORK]S1 EXPLANATIONS ?AT >E CONFIRM$ BY HIS [N EXP]I5CE & ! EXP]I5CES ( ALL ! MEMB]S ( HIS SECTION4 ,! WORK]S ( HIS TRADE1 NO LONG] WILL+ TO PUT UP ) ! GRE$ ( !IR BOSSES1 DECL>E A /RIKE4 ,= A WORK] LIV+ ONLY ON HIS MEAG] WAGES1 EV]Y /RIKE IS A MIS=TUNE4 ,HIS E>N+S /OP & HE HAS NO SAV+S444 ,! /RIKE FUND ( HIS UNION1 BUILT UP ) GREAT DIFFICULTY1 CANNOT SU/A9 A /RIKE LA/+ MANY DAYS OR EV5 WEEKS4 ,! /RIK]S MU/ EI!R />VE OR GIVE 9 TO ! H>% CONDITIONS IMPOS$ BY !IR 9SOL5T EMPLOY]S1 IF HELP DOES NOT COME QUICKLY4 

,BUT :O WILL (F] TO HELP ! /RIK]S8 ,HELP CAN COME ONLY FROM WORK]S 9 O!R TRADES & O!R C\NTRIES4 ,LO & BEHOLD6 ,HELP >RIVES4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL S5DS \T A CALL = HELP1 & LOCAL AS WELL AS =EIGN SECTIONS RESPOND 444 ,?IS EXP]I5CE1 R5EW$ MANY TIMES1 DEMON/RATES TO ! WORK] MORE P[] FULLY ?AN WORDS ! BLESS+S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ( LABOR4 

,TO %>E 9 ! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS SOLID>ITY1 ! WORK] IS NOT ASK$ AB\T HIS POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S BELIEFS4 ,HE IS ASK$ ONLY ONE QUE/ION3 ) ! B5EFITS1 WILL Y\ ALSO ACCEPT ! SOMETIMES 9CONV5I5T OBLIGATIONS ( MEMB]%IP8 ,WILL Y\ PRACTICE ECONOMIC SOLID>ITY 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE ( ! WORD8 

,BUT ONCE ?IS SOLID>ITY IS S]I\SLY & FIRMLY E/ABLI%$1 IT PRODUCES ALL ! RE/1 ALL ! SUBLIME & ! MO/ SUBV]SIVE PR9CIPLES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL :I* BECOMES ! MO/ RU?LESS 5EMY ( RELIGION1 ( ! JURIDICAL RI<TS ( ! ,/ATE1 ( AU?ORITY1 DIV9E AS WELL AS HUMAN -- FROM ! SOCIALI/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ! NATURAL RESULT ( ?IS ECONOMIC SOLID>ITY4 ,& ! IMM5SE PRACTICAL ADVANTAGE ( ! TRADE SECTIONS OV] ! C5TRAL SECTIONS CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ?IS3 ?AT !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 !SE PR9CIPLES1 >E DEMON/RAT$ TO ! WORK]S NOT BY !ORETICAL REASON+1 BUT BY ! LIV+ & TRAGIC EXP]I5CE ( A /RUGGLE :I* BECOMES EA* DAY MORE PR(\ND & MORE T]RIBLE4 ,! LEA/ $UCAT$ WORK]1 ! LEA/ PREP>$1 DRIV5 BY ! V]Y CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS /RUGGLE1 5DS BY RECOGNIZ+ HIMSELF AS A REVOLUTIONI/1 AN AN>*I/1 & AN A!I/1 )\T 9 ! LEA/ KN[+ H[ HE BECAME SU*4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ONLY ! TRADE UNION SECTIONS CAN GIVE A PRACTICAL $UCATION TO !IR MEMB]S & ?AT ?IS ALONE CAN LEAD TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 )\T :OSE P[]FUL P>TICIPATION ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION WILL NEV] BE REALIZ$4 ,IF ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,I REPEAT1 CONSI/$ ONLY ( C5TRAL SECTIONS1 !Y W\LD BE S\LS )\T A BODY1 MAGNIFIC5T UNREALIZABLE DREAMS444 

,=TUNATELY1 ! C5TRAL SECTIONS 444 W]E F\ND$1 NOT BY B\RGEOIS1 NOT BY PR(ESSIONAL S*OL>S1 NOR BY POLITICIANS1 BUT BY SOCIALI/ WORK]S .<AS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS Y\?.>4 ,! SOCIALI/ WORK]S HAD A HI<LY POSITIVE & PRACTICAL .<APPROA* TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S.>444 4 ,?IS =TUNATE CIRCUM/ANCE 5ABL$ !M TO AVOID ! TWO PITFALLS :I* WRECK$ ALL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS3 EMPTY ACADEMIC WRANGL+ & PLATONIC CONSPIRACIES4 ,!Y C\LD NOT WAIT = ! MASSES4 ,!Y HAD TO 9DUCE ! V>I\S TRADES ALREADY ORGANIZ$ .<BUT NOT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL.> 444 TO AFFILIATE ) ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION .<! ,9T]NATIONAL.> :ILE /ILL RETA9+ !IR AUTONOMY444 ,& !Y SUCCE$$ 9 ORGANIZ+ >\ND EV]Y C5TRAL SECTION AS MANY TRADE UNION SECTIONS AS !RE W]E DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES4 .<,! C5TRAL SECTIONS ALSO 9DUC$ UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S TO JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS MEMB]S-AT-L>GE4.> 

,! IMM5SE TASK TO :I* ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION HAS D$ICAT$ ITSELF IS NOT ONLY ECONOMIC OR PURELY MAT]IAL4 ,IT HAS1 AT ! SAME TIME & 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE1 A SOCIAL1 PHILOSOPHIC1 & MORAL OBJECTIVE444 ,F> FROM DISSOLV+1 ! C5TRAL SECTIONS MU/ PURSUE ?IS OBJECTIVE & CONT9UE TO SPREAD ! NEW SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY1 !ORETICALLY 9SPIR$ BY REAL SCI5CE -- EXP]IM5TAL & RATIONAL -- BAS$ ON HUMANI/IC PR9CIPLES 9 H>MONY ) ! ET]NAL 9/9CTS ( EQUALITY1 LIB]TY1 & SOCIAL SOLID>ITY4 

,SOCIAL SCI5CE AS A MORAL DOCTR9E IS ! DEVELOPM5T & ! =MULATION ( !SE 9/9CTS4 ,BETWE5 !SE 9/9CTS & ?IS SCI5CE !RE IS A GAP :I* MU/ BE BRIDG$4 ,= IF 9/9CT ALONE HAD BE5 SUFFICI5T = ! LIB]ATION ( PEOPLES1 !Y W\LD HAVE LONG S9CE FRE$ !MSELVES4 ,!SE 9/9CTS DID NOT PREV5T ! MASSES FROM ACCEPT+1 9 ! MELAN*OLY & TRAGIC C\RSE ( !IR HI/ORY1 ALL ! RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL ABSURDITIES ( :I* !Y HAVE BE5 ! ET]NAL VICTIMS4 ,! MASSES >E A =CE1 OR AT LEA/ ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS ( A =CE4 ,:AT DO !Y LACK8 ,!Y LACK TWO ?+S :I* UP TILL N[ CON/ITUT$ ! P[] ( ALL GOV]NM5T3 ORGANIZATION & KN[L$GE4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 HAV+ = ITS OBJECTIVE NOT ! CREATION ( NEW DESPOTISMS BUT ! UPROOT+ ( ALL DOM9ATION1 WILL TAKE ON AN ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T *>ACT] FROM ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,/ATE4 JU/ AS ! ,/ATE IS AU?ORIT>IAN1 >TIFICIAL1 VIOL5T1 =EIGN1 & HO/ILE TO ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! POPUL> 9/9CTS1 SO MU/ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL CON=M 9 ALL RESPECTS TO !SE 9/9CTS & !SE 9T]E/S4 ,BUT :AT IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MASSES8 ,IT IS AN ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON ! V>I\S FUNCTIONS ( DAILY LIFE & ( ! DIFF]5T K9DS ( LABOR4 ,IT IS ! ORGANIZATION BY PR(ESSIONS & TRADES4 ,ONCE ALL ! DIFF]5T 9DU/RIES >E REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 9CLUD+ ! CULTIVATION ( ! L&1 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 WILL HAVE BE5 A*IEV$4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! TRADE SECTIONS & !IR REPRES5TATION 9 ! ,*AMB]S ( ,LABOR CREATES A GREAT ACADEMY 9 :I* ALL ! WORK]S CAN & MU/ /UDY ECONOMIC SCI5CE2 !SE SECTIONS ALSO BE> 9 !MSELVES ! LIV+ SE$S ( ! NEW SOCIETY :I* IS TO REPLACE ! OLD WORLD4 ,!Y >E CREAT+ NOT ONLY ! IDEAS1 BUT ALSO ! FACTS ( ! FUTURE ITSELF4 

,! ,/RUCTURE ( ! ,/ATE ,CONTRA/$ ) ,?AT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 

,:5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS ORGANIZ$ A HALF1 A ?IRD1 OR EV5 A T5? ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT1 /ATES WILL HAVE CEAS$ TO EXI/444 ,= IF EV5 ONE WORK] \T ( T5 JO9S ! ,9T]NATIONAL S]I\SLY & ) FULL KN[L$GE ( ! CAUSE1 ! RE/ W\LD COME UND] ITS P]VASIVE 9FLU5CE1 & 9 ! FIR/ CRISIS ALL W\LD FOLL[ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 WORK+ TO A*IEVE ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,C\LD SU* A MOBILIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S 9FLU5CE OV] ! MASSES LEAD TO A NEW SY/EM ( /ATE DOM9ATION8 ,NO1 = ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ORGANIZ$ ACTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ACTION ( ALL /ATES1 IS ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS NOT VE/$ ) ANY (FICIAL AU?ORITY OR POLITICAL P[] :ATEV]4 ,IT WILL ALWAYS BE ! NATURAL ORGANIZATION ( ACTION1 ( A GREAT] OR LESS] NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS1 9SPIR$ & UNIT$ BY ! G5]AL AIM ( 9FLU5C+ .<BY EXAMPLE.> ! OP9ION1 ! WILL1 & ! ACTION ( ! MASSES4 ,GOV]NM5TS1 BY CONTRA/1 IMPOSE !MSELVES UPON ! MASSES & =CE !M TO OBEY !IR DECREES1 )\T = ! MO/ P>T TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION !IR FEEL+S1 !IR NE$S1 & !IR WILL4 ,!RE EXI/S BETWE5 ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE & ?AT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ! SAME DIFF]5CE ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 ! (FICIAL P[] ( ! ,/ATE & ! NATURAL ACTIVITY ( A CLUB4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL IS NOT & NEV] WILL BE ANY?+ BUT ! ORGANIZATION ( ! UN=C$ ACTION ( 9DIVIDUALS UPON ! MASSES4 ,! OPPOSITE IS TRUE ( ! ,/ATE & ALL ITS 9/ITUTIONS3 *UR*1 UNIV]SITY1 LAW C\RTS1 BUREAUCRACY1 TAXATION1 POLICE1 & MILIT>Y 444 ALL CORRUPT ! M9DS & WILL ( ITS SUBJECTS & DEM& !IR PASSIVE OB$I5CE444 

,! ,/ATE IS ! ORGANIZ$ AU?ORITY1 DOM9ATION1 & P[] ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES OV] ! MASSES 444 ! ,9T]NATIONAL WANTS ONLY !IR COMPLETE FRE$OM1 & CALLS = !IR REVOLT4 ,BUT 9 ORD] ?AT ?IS REBELLION BE P[]FUL & CAPABLE 5\< TO OV]?R[ ! DOM9ATION ( ! ,/ATE & ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS TO ORGANIZE ITSELF4 ,TO ATTA9 ITS OBJECTIVE1 IT EMPLOYS ONLY TWO MEANS1 :I*1 IF NOT ALWAYS LEGAL1 >E COMPLETELY LEGITIMATE FROM ! /&PO9T ( HUMAN RI<TS4 ,!SE TWO MEANS >E ! DISSEM9ATION ( ! IDEAS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ! NATURAL 9FLU5CE ( ITS MEMB]S OV] ! MASSES4 

,:OEV] CONT5DS ?AT SU* ACTION1 BE+ A MOVE TO CREATE A NEW AU?ORIT>IAN P[]1 ?REAT5S ! FRE$OM ( ! MASSES MU/ BE A SOPHI/ OR A FOOL4 ,ALL SOCIAL LIFE IS NO?+ BUT ! 9CESSANT MUTUAL 9T]DEP5D5CE ( 9DIVIDUALS & ( MASSES4 ,ALL 9DIVIDUALS1 EV5 ! /RONGE/ & ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 >E AT EV]Y MOM5T ( !IR LIVES BO? ! PRODUC]S & ! PRODUCTS ( ! WILL & ACTION ( ! MASSES4 

,! FRE$OM ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS ! EV]-R5EW+ RESULT ( NUM]\S MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL 9FLU5CES ( ! SURR\ND+ 9DIVIDUALS & ( ! SOCIETY 9TO :I* HE IS BORN1 & 9 :I* HE GR[S UP & DIES4 ,TO WI% TO ESCAPE ?IS 9FLU5CE 9 ! NAME ( A TRANSC5D5TAL1 DIV9E1 ABSOLUTELY SELF-SUFFICI5T FRE$OM IS TO CONDEMN ONESELF TO NONEXI/5CE2 TO =GO ! EX]CISE ( ?IS FRE$OM UPON O!RS IS TO R5\NCE ALL SOCIAL ACTION & ALL EXPRESSION ( ONE'S ?\<TS & S5TIM5TS1 & TO 5D 9 NO?+NESS4 ,SU* ABSOLUTE 9DEP5D5CE & SU* A FRE$OM1 ! BRA9*ILD ( IDEALI/S & METAPHYSICIANS1 IS A WILD ABSURDITY4 

,9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 AS 9 NATURE1 EV]Y BE+ LIVES ONLY BY ! SUPREME PR9CIPLE ( ! MO/ POSITIVE 9T]V5TION 9 ! EXI/5CE ( EV]Y O!R BE+4 ,! *>ACT] & EXT5T ( ?IS 9T]V5TION DEP5D UPON ! NATURE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,TO ABOLI% ?IS MUTUAL 9T]V5TION W\LD MEAN DEA?4 ,& :5 WE DEM& ! FRE$OM ( ! MASSES1 WE DO NOT EV5 DREAM ( OBLIT]AT+ ANY ( ! NATURAL 9FLU5CES ?AT ANY 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS EX]CISE UPON EA* O!R4 ,WE WANT ONLY ! ABOLITION ( >TIFICIAL1 PRIVILEG$1 LEGAL1 & (FICIAL IMPOSITIONS4 ,IF ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE W]E PRIVATE 9/ITUTIONS1 WE W\LD1 NO D\BT1 BE AGA9/ !M1 BUT WE W\LD NOT CONTE/ !IR RI<T TO EXI/4 ,WE FI<T !M BECAUSE !Y >E ORGANIZ$ TO EXPLOIT ! COLLECTIVE P[] ( ! MASSES BY (FICIAL & VIOL5T SUP]IMPOSITION4 ,IF ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E TO BECAME A ,/ATE WE1 ITS MO/ ZEAL\S *AMPIONS1 W\LD BECOME ITS MO/ IMPLACABLE 5EMIES4 

,BUT ! PO9T IS PRECISELY ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL CANNOT ORGANIZE ITSELF 9TO A ,/ATE4 ,IT CANNOT DO SO BECAUSE ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS ITS NAME IMPLIES1 MEANS ! ABOLITION ( ALL FRONTI]S1 & !RE CAN HE NO ,/ATE )\T FRONTI]S1 )\T SOV]EIGNTY4 ,! UNIV]SAL ,/ATE1 ! DREAM ( ! GREATE/ DESPOTS 9 ! WORLD1 HAS BE5 PROV5 BY HI/ORY TO BE UNREALIZABLE4 ,! UNIV]SAL ,/ATE1 OR ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE1 ( :I* ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S DREAM1 CAN !RE=E SIGNIFY ONLY ONE ?+3 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION W\LD BE TOTALLY DEVOID ( MEAN+ IF IT DID NOT AIM AT ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT ORGANIZES ! MASSES ONLY TO FACILITATE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,& H[ DOES IT ORGANIZE !M8 ,NOT FROM ! TOP D[N1 NOT BY CON/RICT+ ! MANIFOLD FUNCTIONS ( SOCIETY :I* REFLECT ! DIV]SITY ( LABOR1 NOT BY =C+ ! NATURAL LIFE ( ! MASSES 9TO ! /RAITJACKET ( ! ,/ATE1 NOT BY IMPOS+ UPON !M A FICTITI\S UNITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT ORGANIZES !M FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 BEG9N+ ) ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ! MASSES & !IR REAL ASPIRATIONS1 & 9DUC+ !M TO GR\P1 H>MONIZE1 & BALANCE !IR =CES 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NATURAL DIV]SITY ( !IR OCCUPATIONS & CIRCUM/ANCES444 4 ,?IS IS ! TRUE FUNCTION ( ! TRADE UNION SECTION4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SAID ?AT 9 ORD] TO ORGANIZE ! MASSES & ) !M SOLIDLY TO E/ABLI% ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IT W\LD BE SUFFICI5T1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 ?AT ONE \T ( T5 WORK]S %\LD JO9444 4 ,9 MOM5TS ( GREAT POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC CRISIS1 :5 ! REBELLI\S 9/9CTS ( ! MASSES BOIL OV]1 AT A TIME :5 !SE H]DS ( HUMAN SLAVES 444 RISE UP AT LA/ TO ?R[ (F !IR YOKE1 !Y F9D !MSELVES BEWILD]$1 P[]LESS BECAUSE !Y >E COMPLETELY UNORGANIZ$4 ,!Y >E 9 ! MOOD TO LI/5 TO ALL WOR?:ILE SUGGE/IONS2 T51 TW5TY1 OR ?IRTY WELL-ORGANIZ$ MILITANTS1 ACT+ TOGE!R1 KN[+ :AT !Y WANT & H[ TO GET IT1 CAN EASILY RALLY SEV]AL HUNDR$ C\RAGE\S ACTIVI/S4 ,WE SAW AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS DUR+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE .<#a#h#g#a.>4 ,A S]I\S ORGANIZATION COM+ TO LIFE ONLY DUR+ ! SIEGE1 NO:]E NE> AS /RONG AS ! SITUATION DEM&$1 WAS1 DESPITE !SE DRAWBACKS1 ABLE TO CON/ITUTE A =MIDABLE P[] ) A VA/ RESI/ANCE POT5TIAL4 

,:AT WILL HAPP5 :5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS BETT] ORGANIZ$1 :5 A GREAT MANY MORE SECTIONS -- ABOVE ALL1 AGRICULTURAL SECTIONS -- >E 5ROLL$ 9 ITS RANKS1 :5 EA* SECTION TRIPLES ITS MEMB]%IP8 ,:AT WILL HAPP5 :5 EA* & EV]Y MEMB] KN[S BETT] ?AN HE DOES N[ ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVES & TRUE PR9CIPLES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS WELL AS ! MEANS TO 9SURE ITS TRIUMPH8 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WILL HAVE BECOME AN 9V9CIBLE P[]4 

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