,ON ! ,QUE/ION ( ,VIOL5CE & ,NONVIOL5CE ,AS A ,TACTIC & ,/RATEGY ,)9 ! ,SOCIAL ,PROTE/ ,MOVEM5T 
,AN ,AN>*I/ ,P]SPECTIVE 

#ba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,VAN ,DEUS5 

,TEXT 3 

0,LET US REMEMB] ?AT EV]Y GREAT /EP =W>D 9 HI/ORY HAS NOT COME 9TO FRUITION UNTIL IT HAS FIR/ BE5 BAPTIZ$ 9 BLOOD40 

- ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,9TRODUCTION 

,MILITANCY & DIRECT ACTION >E NOT ONLY NECESS>Y TACTICAL TOOLS = ! AN>*I/ LEFT1 BUT1 :5 CORRECTLY IMPLEM5T$1 !Y >E ALSO ! FACILITATORS ( 9SPIRATION & MOTIVATION = BO? ?OSE 9VOLV$ ) ! ACT 9 QUE/ION & ?OSE :O OBS]VE ! ACT 9 QUE/ION4 ,IT IS SU* ACTIVITY ?AT HELPS DRAW NUMB]S 9TO ! MOVEM5T BY CREAT+ AN \TLET = ! V5T+ ( FRU/RATION & ALI5ATION4 ,9 %ORT1 MILITANCY & DIRECT ACTION1 BY *ALL5G+ ! 5TR5*$ P[] ( ! WEAL?Y RUL+ CLASS & /ATE1 FO/]S A S5SE ( EMP[]M5T UPON ?OSE :O P>TAKE1 :ILE ALSO FUR!R+ CREATIVE ASPIRATIONS BY H9T+ AT :AT A REVOLUTION T[>D A NON-OPPRESSIVE SOCIETY MI<T FEEL LIKE4 

,( C\RSE1 MILITANCY & DIRECT ACTION DO NOT C>RY ! 9H]5T QUALIFICATION ( BE+ VIOL5T OR NONVIOL5T 9 & ( !MSELVES4 ,! SLA%+ ( MANAGEM5T'S C> TIRES DUR+ A LABOR DISPUTE1 AS WELL AS ]ECT+ ( B>RICADES & SUBSEQU5T RIOT+ AGA9/ ! =CES ( ! ,/ATE DUR+ A PRO-WORK+ CLASS DEMON/RATION >E BO? CLE>LY MILITANT ACTIONS1 BUT SO TOO IS A NONVIOL5T WORK]S' FACTORY OCCUPATION DUR+ A /RIKE AS WELL AS OCCUPY+ MAJOR CITY 9T]SECTIONS & %UTT+ D[N ( F9ANCIAL DI/RICTS DUR+ A PROTE/ AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM4 

,CLE>LY !RE >E MANY CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* NONVIOL5T TACTICS >E NOT ONLY ADVISABLE1 BUT ALSO ! ONLY EFFECTIVE C\RSE POSSIBLE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 TACTICAL NONVIOL5CE IS ALWAYS ! PREF]R$ C\RSE ( ACTION :5 ITS \TCOME CAN BR+ AB\T ! DESIR$ OBJECTIVE & SUBJECTIVE RESULTS MORE EFFECTIVELY OR AS EFFECTIVELY AS A VIOL5T ACT4 ,SU* PRACTICES %\LD BE 5C\RAG$ & TAU<T ?R\<\T ! AN>*I/ & LEFTI/ MOVEM5T G5]ALLY 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 A MORAL SUP]IORITY OV] ! =CES ( CAPITAL & ! /ATE1 :O ( C\RSE PRACTICES BO? OV]T & COV]T VIOL5CE ) LITTLE DISCRIM9ATION ON A CONSI/5T BASIS4 ,?IS COMMITM5T TO NONVIOL5CE IS FUNDAM5TALLY BAS$ ON PRAGMATISM & REVOLUTION>Y E?ICS1 :ILE F9D+ ITS MAT]IAL EXI/5CE ?R\< ! IMPLEM5TATION ( TACTICS4 ,H[EV]1 NONVIOL5CE %\LD1 UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES1 BE UND]/OOD AS A /RATEGY 9 & ( ITSELF4 ,:5 NONVIOL5CE IS US$ AS A /RATEGY IT TRANSC5DS ITS EXI/5CE AS A DESCRIPTIVE T]M & DEF9ES ITSELF AS AN IDEA1 A N\N1 AS 0PACIFISM02 IT BECOMES AN IDEOLOGY4 

,:5 NONVIOL5CE IS US$ CORRECTLY1 AS A TACTIC1 IT IS A MO/ USEFUL TOOL 9 ! POPUL> /RUGGLE4 ,! REASON = ?IS IS BECAUSE SU* A DISPLAY ( RESI/ANCE IS 9DICATIVE ( AN UND]LY+ ?REAT ( VIOL5CE4 ,= IF PEOPLE >E WILL+ TO PUT !MSELVES ON ! L9E = ! SAKE ( LIB]TY1 & IF !SE PEOPLE >E WILL+ TO RISK BODILY H>M 9 SU* AN ACTION1 IT DISPLAYS A LEVEL ( COMMITM5T1 :I*1 IF TURN$ 9 A VIOL5T MANN]1 C\LD MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 ! =M ( A FUTURE 9SURRECTION2 AN 9SURRECTION :]E IF CRITICAL MASS IS ATTA9$ C\LD ?REAT5 ! F\NDATION ( /ATE P[]2 ?AT ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ! UND]LY+ ANTI-CULTURE4 

,IRONICALLY ! VICTORIES ( ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,S\? DUR+ ! #a#i#e'S & '#f'S [ES A LOT TO ! 9H]5T ?REAT ( VIOL5CE4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! S\!RN LEAD]%IP1 EMBODI$ 9 ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+ ,JR41 EXP\ND$ UPON ! NE$ = NONVIOL5CE TO BE UTILIZ$ AS A /RATEGY4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS MOVEM5T DID NOT TAKE PLACE 9 A VACUUM4 ,P>ALLEL TO ! HAPP5+S 9 ! ,S\?1 A MOVEM5T = BLACK LIB]ATION WAS BE+ LAUN*$ 9 ! ,NOR?1 & ELSE:]E1 AS EMBODI$ 9 ! ,NATION ( ,ISLAM1 LAT] 9 AN AUTONOM\S ,MALCOLM ,X1 & !N 9 ! ,BLACK ,PAN!R ,P>TY 7,B,P,P71 & ! ,/UD5T ,NONVIOL5T ,COORD9AT+ ,COMMITTEE1 ,S,N,C,C1 A GR\P :I* =MALLY REJECT$ /RATEGIC NONVIOL5CE :ILE UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,/OKELY ,C>MI*AEL4 ,?IS ASPECT ( ! MOVEM5T DISPLAY$ SIGNS ( EXTREME MILITANCY & WAS NOT PACIFI/IC 9 RHETORIC OR 9 *>ACT]4 ,TO ! GOV]NM5T ?IS REPRES5T$ ! LOGICAL ALT]NATIVE TO :I* ! MOVEM5T AS A :OLE W\LD TURN IF C]TA9 T]MS W]E NOT C$$ TO ! PACIFI/IC ELEM5T 9 ! ,S\?4 ,! MU* TRUMPET$ SUCCESS ( ! ,S\!RN ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T'S PACIFI/IC /RATEGY HAS1 DESPITE ITSELF1 MU* TO ?ANK TO ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE 

,9 ! FOLL[+ ESSAY1 ,I WILL ELABORATE ON ! ABOVE !ME4 ,FIR/1 ,I WILL DISCUSS SITUATIONS :]E POLITICAL VIOL5CE 9 NOT ONLY NECESS>Y1 BUT E?ICALLY JU/IFIABLE4 ,SECOND1 ,I WILL DISCUSS ! NATURAL DISJUNCTION BETWE5 /RATEGIC NONVIOL5CE & ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES1 & F9ALLY1 ,I WILL DISCUSS ! CONTEMPOR>Y B\RGEOIS ROOTS ( PACIFISM AS AN IDEOLOGY ( ! /ATUS QUO4 

,:5 ,VIOL5CE IS ,NECESS>Y 

,! FACT IS ?AT !RE >E TIMES :5 ! ONLY WAY TO EFFECTIVELY ADVANCE A MOVEM5T IS ?R\< ! USE ( VIOL5CE4 ,SOMETIMES1 ?IS NECESSITY IS CLE>LY 9 REACTION TO P>TICUL> ACT ( /ATE VIOL5CE1 O!R TIMES IT IS DUE TO MORE G5]AL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,EI!R WAY1 JU/IFIABLE ACTS ( LEFTI/_/WORK+ CLASS VIOL5CE >E ALWAYS FUNDAM5TALLY AN ACT ( SELF-DEF5SE 9S(> AS ! V]Y 9/ITUTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE 9H]5TLY CON/ITUTE CONT9U+ PHYSICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! GREAT MASS ( ITS PEOPLE4 

0,ONCE ! ,/ATE MOVES TO CONSOLIDATE ITS [N P[]1 PEACE HAS ALREADY BE5 BROK540 

- ,*E ,GUEV>A 

,MORE CONCRETELY1 VIOL5CE CAN BE UND]/OOD AS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y DUR+ C]TA9 PHASES ( POPUL> /RUGGLE4 

,?IS OCCURS :53 

#a4 ,NONVIOL5T OPTIONS HAVE BE5 EXPLOR$ YET NO O/5SIBLE VICTORY HAS BE5 REA*$4 

,9 ! FACE ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION1 9ACTION IS AK9 TO NO ACTION1 & H5CE IS TACIT ACCEPTANCE & SUPPORT ( ?OSE EVILS4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! CONT9U$ IMPLEM5TATION ( PROV5 9EFFECTUAL TACTICS 9 ! FACE ( !SE EVILS MU/ BE CONSID]$ AK9 TO 9ACTION1 9 ?AT 9EFFECTUAL TACTICS TRANSLATES 9TO ! SAME 5D RESULT2 CONT9U$ EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASS BY ! H&S ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 B\RGEOISIE & !IR LACKEYS4 ,?US1 IT W\LD FOLL[ ?AT !RE MAY >ISE CIRCUM/ANCES1 AFT] ! EXPLORATION ( PEACEFUL OPTIONS1 :]E ! ONLY E?ICAL C\RSE AVAILABLE TO A MOVEM5T1 OR 9DIVIDUAL1 IS ( A VIOL5T K9D4 

#b4 ,:5EV] ,/ATE OPPRESSION BECOMES VIOL5T1 TO ! PO9T :]E ! MOVEM5T ITSELF OR L>GE SEGM5TS ( ! POPULATION OR ! PREMISES ON :I* ! PEOPLE SUBSI/ >E ?REAT5$ ) LIQUIDATION4 

,! PHYSICAL SELF-DEF5SE ( A PEOPLE1 A MOVEM5T1 OR ! PREMISES UPON :I* !Y SUBSI/1 IS A SELF-EVID5T RI<T1 OBVI\S 9 ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TO CLAIM O!RWISE IS TO D5Y ! BRAV]Y1 JU/NESS & DIGNITY ( ,SITT+ ,BULL & ! ,LAKOTA ( ! #a#h#g'S1 ! ,JEWS ( ,W>SAW DUR+ ! ,NAZI OCCUPATION ( ! #a#i#d'S1 ! ,CUBAN'S DEF5SE AT ! ,BAY ( ,PIGS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#f'S1 ! MAN :O VANQUI%ES ! W\LD-BE MURD]] ( HIS *ILD1 & ! WOMAN :O MANAGES TO PHYSICALLY FI<T (F A W\LD-BE RAPI/4 ,TO ALL[ = O!RWISE IS NO?+ BUT A NEUROTIC SELF-D5Y+ T5D5CY & AN UNNATURAL WILL TO SUICIDE4 

#c4 ,VIOL5CE MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS A LOOM+ FACT ONCE ! CRITICAL MASS NECESS>Y TO S]I\SLY *ALL5GE A RUL+ CLASS & /ATE P[] IS DOME/ICALLY REA*$4 

,TO BELIEVE ?AT ! /ATE WILL VOLUNT>ILY REL9QUI% ITS P[] 9 ! FACE ( A MORAL *ALL5GE IS AS *ILDI% & ABSURD AS IT IS DANG]\S4 ,HI/ORY1 )\T EXCEPTION1 HAS %[N ?AT A P>5T /ATE WILL REACT TO ANY LEGITIMATE OR P]CEIV$ ?REAT TO ITS DOME/IC P[] ) A RU?LESS VIOL5T SUPPRESSION ( ! ?REAT4 ,IF ?AT MEANS ! MURD] ( L>GE SECTIONS ( ITS [N POPULATION1 SO BE IT4 ,PACIFISM 9 ! FACE ( SU* REPRESSION TRANSLATES 9TO NO MORE ?AN ! ]ADICATION ( ! 9SURRECTIONAL MOVEM5T ?R\< ! MEANS ( MURD] TO ! SUM ( ABSOLUTE DEA?4 ,ONCE ! /ATE F9DS ITSELF BACK$ 9TO ! PROV]BIAL CORN]1 IT CAN BE EXPECT$ TO ACT BY ANIMALI/IC 9/9CT2 9 %ORT1 IT WILL FI<T = ITS LIFE & WILL NOT REL9QUI% UNTIL EI!R ITSELF OR ALL ( ITS FOES >E DEAD4 ,LET US NOT =GET ! #c1 FALL5 H]OES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE :OSE BLOOD WILL =EV] /A9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( MOD]N ,FRANCE4 

,SOME W\LD >GUE ?AT ! ABOVE CLAIM IS PROV5 FALSE BY ! HI/ORICAL FACT ( ,MAHATMA ,G&HI'S PACIFI/IC MOVEM5T2 A MOVEM5T :I* DID SUCCE$ 9 LIB]AT+ ,9DIA FROM DIRECT ,BRITI% IMP]IAL RULE4 ,H[EV]1 SU* A L9E ( >GUM5T DOES NOT APPLY 9 ?IS CASE1 AS ?AT P>TICUL> CASE DID NOT OCCUR 9SIDE A PRIM>Y CAPITALI/ NATION4 ,RA!R IT OCCURR$ ON ! $GES ( A CRUMBL+ EMPIRE4 ,! RESPONSE ( ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T W\LD HAVE DIFF]$ RADICALLY IF ! MOVEM5T HAD OCCURR$ 9SIDE ONE ( ITS P]CEIV$1 PRIM>Y DOME/IC PROV9CES1 OR IF IT W]E A G5]AL DOME/IC MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! /ATE APP>ATUS ITSELF4 ,! =M] ( :I* IS BORN \T 9 ! FACT ?AT ! PRES5T SITUATION 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL& HAS ITS CONTEMPOR>Y ROOTS 9 ! #a#i#f'S NONVIOL5T ,CA?OLIC ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T4 

,!RE=E1 IF ! GOAL ( ! AN>*I/S & ! LEFT G5]ALLY IS NOT SELF-]ADICATION ?R\< A VIOL5T C\NT] REACTION & ! SUBSEQU5T CONSOLIDATION ( OPPRESSIVE =CES1 IT WILL RECOGNIZE NONVIOL5CE = :AT IT IS2 A TACTIC1 NOT A /RATEGY4 

,PACIFISM AS ,=EIGN TO ! ,POOR & ,WORK+ ,CLASSES 

,ONE MU/ ALSO QUE/ION ! ABILITY ( A NONVIOL5T MOVEM5T TO G5]ATE ! CRITICAL MASS NECESS>Y TO SUB/ANTIALLY *ALL5GE ! 5TR5*$ FUNDAM5TAL P[] /RUCTURE ( ! NATION_//ATE4 ,S9CE ! DEA? ( ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+ ,JR4 9 #a#i#f#h1 PACIFISM HAS FAIL$ TO ATTRACT ANY SIGNIFICANT NUMB]S \TSIDE ( ! UPP] MIDDLE & WEAL?Y CLASSES4 ,! REASON = SU* FAILURE IS ?AT PACIFISM DOES NOT COMMONLY ATTRACT MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ & SUB-WORK+ CLASS BECAUSE IT BE>S NO RESEMBLANCE TO !IR EXP]I5CE ( REALITY OR !IR VALUES & %>$ HI/ORY ( /RUGGLE4 

,IF ONE'S GOAL IS TO AID 9 ! BUILD+ ( A S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ONE MU/ BE SURE ?AT MOVEM5T IS 9CLUSIVE TO ?OSE CLASSES ?AT 9H]5TLY POSSESS REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 ,?US1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CON/RUCT A MOVEM5T :I* IS EMPIRICALLY RELEVANT TO POOR & WORK+ CLASS REALITY4 ,?IS NOT ONLY MEANS AGITATION ON !IR BEHALF1 BUT ALSO UTILIZ+ A /RATEGY :I* IS CONSI/5T ) ! DEVELOP+_/POT5TIAL CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( SU* A CON/ITU5CY4 ,IF A MOVEM5T FAILS TO DO SU*1 IT WILL FAIL TO DRAW ! NECESS>Y CRITICAL MASS FROM ?OSE CLASSES & 9 TURN WILL FAIL TO A*IEVE ITS SUPPOS$ GOALS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 SU* FAILURES >E PROBABLY 9DICATIVE ( ! CO-OPTION ( ?AT MOVEM5T BY IDEOLOGICAL PREJUDICES IMPORT$ FROM ! B\RGEOISIE2 MO/ LIKELY 9 ! =M ( UPP]-MIDDLE CLASS ACTIVI/S PRES5T 9 ! LEFT4 ,NONVIOL5CE1 AS A /RATEGY IS A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( SU* C\NT]PRODUCTIVE PREJUDICES4 

,I HAVE (T5 HE>D DISCUSSIONS AMONG UPP]-MIDDLE CLASS ACTIVI/S AB\T ! NE$ TO /AY AWAY FROM VIOL5T CONFRONTATIONS ) ! /ATE AT DEMON/RATIONS 9 ORD] TO 0NOT TURN PEOPLE (F04 ,! FACT IS ! ONLY PEOPLE :O >E LIKELY TO BE AUTOMATICALLY TURN$ (F BY LEGITIMATE ACTS ( SELF-DEF5SE >E UPP] MIDDLE CLASS & WEAL?Y TYPES :O WILL MO/ LIKELY NEV] BE WON OV] TO ! SIDE ( REVOLUTION ANYWAY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS COMMON ?AT FOLK FROM )9 ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES >E 9SPIR$ BY ! DIRECT & UNOB/RUCT$ CONFRONTATIONS ) ! =CES ( ! /ATUS QUO4 ,!SE COMMUNITIES APPRECIATE ! HONE/Y1 DIGNITY1 & BRAV]Y ?AT POPUL> SELF-DEF5SE DEM&S4 ,!SE >E ! FUTURE AG5TS ( REVOLUTION & !Y >E NOT AS EASILY TURN$ AWAY BY ! TRU? ?AT REAL /RUGGLE 5TAILS4 ,VIOL5T SELF-DEF5SE ON BEHALF (1 & ?R\< A CON/ITU5CY EMANAT+ FROM !IR CLASS1 IS A MORE PURE EXPRESSION ( !IR COLLECTIVE FRU/RATIONS BR\<T ON FROM ALI5ATION & MADE OBJECTIVE ?R\< !IR CONT9U+ POV]TY OR S5SE ( SLAV]Y ?R\< ACCUMULAT$ DEBT4 

,TO FUR!R ILLU/RATE ?IS ALL ONE HAS TO DO IS LOOK AT ! V>I\S /RIKES1 DEMON/RATIONS1 PROTE/S1 RIOTS1 ETC41 ( ! PA/ TWO YE>S TO SEE H[ ?OSE FROM )9 ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES HAVE CONDUCT$ !MSELVES :5 CONFRONT$ ) /ATE VIOL5CE & RE/RA9T4 ,H]E WE CAN OBS]VE ! VIOL5T UPRIS+ ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASS BLACK FOLK )9 ,C9C9NATI 7,APRIL #b#a71 ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ RIOTS ( ! ,QUEBECOIS Y\? ,A#b 7ANTI-,F,T,A,A DEMO1 ,QUEBEC ,CITY1 ,APRIL #b#a71 ! NUM]\S ,BLACK ,BLOC ANTI-CAPITALI/ ACTIONS ?R\<\T ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE 7,SEATTLE1 #a#i#i#i1 ?R\< ,G5OA1 #b#a7 ! >M$ PEASANT UPRIS+S FROM ,BOLIVIA TO ,NEPAL1 ! MASSIVE MILITANT PROTE/S ( ! ,>G5T9E WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! NEOLIB]AL POLICIES ( ! CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T 7SUMM]1 #b#a71 ! VIOL5T UNION /RIKES )9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 AS WELL AS C\NTLESS O!R EXAMPLES ( POOR & WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE ! WORLD OV]4 

,COMP>E !SE DEVELOP+ MASS MOVEM5TS COMPOS$ ( P]SONS SQU>ELY )9 ! MORE OPPRESS$ ECONOMIC CLASSES TO ! RELATIVELY IMPOT5T & GR\NDLESS PROTE/S ( /RICTLY NONVIOL5T UPP] MIDDLE CLASS 0RE=M]S04 ,TWO DECADES ( LIB]AL DOM9ANCE )9 ! LEFT1 FROM ! LATE #a#i#g'S ?R\< ! LAT] #a#i#i'S1 RESULT$ 9 LITTLE OR NO TANGIBLE VICTORIES1 & (T5 RESULT$ 9 ISOLAT+ LEFT W+ POLITICS FROM ITS SUPPOS$ MASS WORK+ CLASS BASE4 ,!SE LIB]ALS1 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/S1 NON-GOV]NM5T ORGANIZATIONS 7,N,G,O'S71 ETC41 FAIL$ TO DELIV] A MASS MOVEM5T ( AN OPPRESS$ CON/ITU5CY4 ,ALL !Y DID MANAGE TO DELIV] WAS C\NTLESS BOR+ PROTE/S1 :I* R>ELY EV5 RECEIV$ M$IA COV]AGE ( ANY K9D1 & ,WALT] ,MONDALE1 AS ! LOS+ ALT]NATIVE TO ,RONALD ,REAGAN 9 ! #aihd ,U4,S4 ,PRESID5TIAL ELECTION4 

,! BASIC FACT IS1 ! /RATEGY ( NONVIOL5CE IS =EIGN TO ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES1 & ANY GR\P+ :I* PLACES SU* AN IDEOLOGY AHEAD ( ! REAL DESIRES & 9CL9ATIONS ( ! MASSES ( EXPLOIT$ PEOPLE WILL 9EVITABLY REMA9 M>G9ALIZ$1 ISOLAT$1 & 9EFFECTUAL4 ,H]E !Y BECOME NO MORE ?AN ! W\LD-BE M$IATORS ( CONT9U+ ALI5ATION & OPPRESSION1 IF ONLY ) A DA% MORE ( WELF>E PROGRAMS & WORKPLACE SAFETY BO>DS4 

,PACIFISM IS =EIGN TO ! SOCIAL REALITY ( ! WORK]S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 FEW ( US :O GREW UP )\T ! PRIVILEGE ( GROSS EXCESS CAPITAL DID SO )\T LE>N+ ! VALUE ( KN[+ H[ TO FI<T4 ,UNEQUIVOCAL NONVIOL5CE 9 GRADE S*OOL W\LD HAVE E>N$ US ! SAME ?+ IT DOES 9 ! POLITICAL >5A2 FUR!R BULLY+1 FUR!R OPPRESSION4 ,AN E>LY LESSON = MANY ( US WAS ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( 0/&+ UP TO ! BULLY40 ,SU* AN ACT ALWAYS C>RI$ ) IT ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE1 IF NOT ! IMPLEM5TATION ( VIOL5CE4 ,TO TAKE SU* A /& )\T SU* A COMMITM5T W\LD HAVE RESULT$ 9 NO?+ MORE ?AN A BLACK EYE4 ,IT IS FROM ?IS E>LY AGE ?AT ! MORE OPPRESS$ CLASSES LE>N ! VALUE ( VIOL5CE AS A TOOL ( LIB]ATION4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 VIOL5CE HAS PROV5 TO BE POLITICALLY RELEVANT ?R\< UNION /RUGGLES & NEI<BORHOOD FI<TS AGA9/ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASS4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR /RUGGLE IS A HI/ORY ( BLOOD1 DEA?1 & DIGNITY4 ,FROM ! ,P9K]TONS TO ! SCABS1 TO ! POLICE1 >MY1 & ,NATIONAL ,GU>D2 FROM LYN*+ TO FIRE BOMB+S ! ,U4,S4 ,GOV]NM5T1 ACT+ AS ! POLITICAL RAM ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT HAS =C$ ! WORK+ CLASS TO DEF5D ITSELF ?R\< ITS ONLY PROV5 WEAPONS2 CLASS-CONSCI\S ORGANIZATION & SELF-DEF5SE1 :5 NE$ BE1 ?R\< VIOL5CE4 ,?IS IS A HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT IS APP>5T 9 ! SOCIAL UND]P9N+S ( WORK+ CLASS COMMUNITY1 IF NOT ALWAYS CONSCI\SLY REMEMB]$ BY ITS 9H]ITORS4 

,9 ADDITION1 ! MORE ADVANC$ ELEM5TS ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASS HAS1 = #ae YE>S1 BE5 EXPOS$ TO & HAS AUTONOM\SLY DEVELOP$ IDEOLOGIES ( LIB]ATIONS :I* NOT ONLY MAP ! CURR5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS & PR$ICT FUTURE TR5DS1 BUT ALSO PRESCRIBE ! JU/IFI$ USE ( VIOL5CE AS A NECESS>Y ELEM5T ( !IR [N LIB]ATION4 ,9 TURN1 !SE IDEOLOGIES1 AL?\< (T5 GREATLY FLAW$1 HAVE BE5 A CONSI/5T TRAVEL] ?R\< ! TRIALS & TRIBULATIONS ( !SE WORK]S S9CE ! DAWN ( ! 9DU/RIAL AGE4 ,:5 SUCCESSES W]E F\ND1 !SE IDEOLOGIES W]E ALSO PRES5T4 ,AL?\< IT IS TRUE ?AT MU* LEFTI/ IDEOLOGY IS BECOM+ A D9OSAUR ( ! PA/ )9 PRIM>Y CAPITALI/ NATIONS 7I4E4 ?OSE ESP\S+ ! V>I\S =MS ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM7 IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 9 & ( ITSELF IT HAS BE5 RESPONSIBLE = ITS [N TRANSC5D5CE4 ,IT IS P>T ( ! COMMON HI/ORY ( /RUGGLE & EV5 ) ITS PASS+ IT RES]VES A PLACE ( PRE/IGE )9 ! SOCIAL UNCONSCI\S ( ! PA/ & PRES5T REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,Y\ TELL ME H[ WILL+ ! MORE SELF-CONSCI\S ELEM5TS ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES >E TO D5Y ?IS HI/ORY4 

,( C\RSE1 VIOL5CE %\LD NOT BE CANONIZ$4 ,!SE SAME COMMUNITIES IMPLEM5T VIOL5CE UPON !MSELVES 9 A DE/RUCTIVE MANN] AS WELL4 ,DOME/IC VIOL5CE1 MURD]1 & >M$ ROBB]Y ( MEMB]S ( !IR [N CLASS IS A REALITY 9 MANY POOR & WORK+ CLASS NEI<BORHOODS4 ,BUT1 !SE =MS ( 9T]NAL VIOL5CE CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ALI5ATION AS EXP]I5C$ 9 AN OPPRESSIVE SOCIETY4 ,?US1 CRIME RATES HAVE HI/ORICALLY PLUMMET$ 9 SU* NEI<BORHOODS DUR+ TIMES ( CLASS AUTONOMY 7I4E4 ,P>IS #a#h#g#a1 ,PETROGRAD #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a1 ,B>CELONA #a#i#c#f-#c#i74 ,( C\RSE1 WE %\LD CONDEMN SU* NEGATIVE =MS ( VIOL5CE & WORK T[>D !IR ]ADICATION1 BUT WE %\LD DO SO )\T ?R[+ ! BABY \T ) ! BA? WAT]4 

,VIOL5CE1 BO? ( A POSITIVE & NEGATIVE SORT1 IS AN ELEM5T ( POOR & WORK+ CLASS CULTURE4 ,VIOL5CE IS ALSO A PROV5 TOOL ( LIB]ATION 9 POOR & WORK+ CLASS <ETTOS1 BO? 9 RELATION TO ! P]SONAL & ! POLITICAL4 ,& F9ALLY ?IS REALITY IS FUR!R VALIDAT$ BY ONGO+ WORLD EV5TS & HI/ORICAL FACT4 

,NONVIOL5CE AS A PHILOSOPHIC UNIV]SAL MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS ! NEGATION ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES4 ,& NO1 ,I DO NOT SOLELY MEAN !IR EXI/5CE AS AN OPPRESS$ ELEM5T2 ,I MEAN !IR EXI/5CE AS A CLASS :I* POSSESSES A SELF-DEF9$ DIGNITY ?R\< !IR ONGO+ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALI5ATION & EXPLOITATION4 

,IDEOLOGICAL NONVIOL5CE IS ! NEGATION ( !IR %>$ HI/ORY ( /RUGGLE4 ,IT D5IES !IR DREAMS ( FRE$OM BY ITS %E] ABSURDITY & /IFLES C]TA9 =MS ( !IR SELF-EXPRESSION ?R\< ITS TOTALIT>IAN & 9SANELY IDEALI/IC DEM&S4 ,9 A WORD1 /RATEGIC NONVIOL5CE IS ! NEGATION ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS2 IT IS IRRELEVANT AT BE/ & SLAV]Y AT WOR/4 ,9 ITSELF1 IT REPRES5TS ! CONSCI\S &_/OR UNCONSCI\S ATTEMPT ( ! MORE PRIVILEG$ CLASSES TO /]ILIZE ! REVOLUTION>Y ?REAT =EV] POS$ BY A CONFID5T1 SELF-CONSCI\S1 & TRULY REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS4 

,ONCE AGA91 IT IS CONCEIVABLE ?AT SOME W\LD >GUE ! CONTR>Y BY PO9T+ TO POOR & WORK+ CLASS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! NONVIOL5T MOVEM5T 9 ,G&HI'S ,9DIA &_/OR ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+ ,JR4'S ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 ! EXT5T TO :I* NONVIOL5CE WAS ACCEPT$ AS A /RATEGY BY !SE CLASSES IS BORN \T 9 ! EV5TS :I* FOLL[$ ! 9ITIAL SUCCESSES ( !SE RESPECTIVE MOVEM5TS4 ,9 ,9DIA ! SAME ELEM5TS ?AT P>TOOK 9 NONVIOL5T ACTIONS QUICKLY1 & REGRETTABLY1 FRACTION$ (F 9TO TWO CAMPS2 ! ,H9DU ON ! ONE H& & ! ,MUSLIM ON ! O!R4 ,NOT LONG AFT]1 !SE FACTIONS HAD NO QUALMS AB\T MOBILIZ+ TO FI<T SUCCESSIVE W>S AGA9/ ONE ANO!R4 ,LET US REMEMB] ?AT BO? !SE FACTIONS TODAY POSSESS NUCLE> WEAPONS1 :I* >E AIM$ AT ONE ANO!R4 ,9 ! S\!RN ,U4,S4 MANY ( ! SAME P]SONS :O M>*$ ) ,K+ ALSO ADOPT$ A DECID$LY NON-PACIFI/IC /RATEGY 9 ! LAT] DAYS ( ,S,N,C,C1 ! =MATION ( ,B,P,P *APT]S1 & ! ,BLACK ,LIB]ATION ,>MY CELLS ?R\<\T ! REGION4 ,9 ADDITION1 LET US NOT =GET ! RIOTS :I* OCCURR$ UPON ! NEWS ( ,K+'S ASSASS9ATION1 TURN+ ! BLACK <ETTOS ACROSS ! ,U4,S4 9TO A VIRTUAL W> ZONE4 ,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 BO? ( !SE PACIFI/IC MOVEM5TS MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ONLY BE+ SU* 9 ! M9DS ( !IR RESPECT$ LEAD]%IP4 ,! MASSES ( POOR & WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE1 :I* GAVE !SE MOVEM5TS !IR /R5G?1 NEV] 9T]NALIZ$ NONVIOL5CE AS A /RATEGY2 RA!R NONVIOL5CE WAS NO MORE ?AN A P>TICUL> TACTIC TO BE US$ AS LONG AS ITS UTILITY BORE ITSELF \T4 

,PSY*OLOGICAL ,ROOTS ( ,PACIFISM AS A ,B\RGEOIS ,IDEOLOGY 

,SO1 IF PACIFISM BE>S NO RESEMBLANCE TO POOR & WORK+ CLASS REALITY & HAS NO HI/ORICAL OR S\ND PHILOSOPHICAL BASE1 :AT CAN ITS EXI/5CE1 AS A /RATEGY1 BE ATTRIBUT$ TO8 ,! ANSW] IS3 ! DE=M$ IDEOLOGY ( ! PROGRESSIVE ELEM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE & PETTY B\RGEOISIE - 9 O!R WORDS ?AT ( ! CLASSES COMPOS+ ! HI<] & L[] LEVELS ( ! WEAL?Y PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT MANY 9DIVIDUALS FROM !SE CLASSES HAVE BECOME LEGITIMATE & \T/&+ REVOLUTION>IES ?R\< ! PROCESS ( BECOM+ RADICALIZ$ & DECLASS$2 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,K>L ,M>X & ,*E ,GUEV>A TO NAME BUT A FEW4 ,& ( C\RSE1 !RE >E MANY SU* 9DIVIDUALS 9 \R MOVEM5T TODAY4 ,BUT1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT MANY B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS PRES5T 9 ! LEFT /ILL CL+ TO !IR CLASS PRIVILEGES & PREJUDICES AS IF A GILD$ CRUT*4 ,!Y >E ODDBALLS 9 ?AT !Y >E B\RGEOIS YET >E DRIV5 BY A SELF-LOA?+ AS FACILITAT$ BY CLASS GUILT4 ,ON ! ONE H& !Y WI% TO RECTIFY ! ILLS !Y FEEL RESPONSIBLE =1 & ON ! O!R !Y >E TOO UNIMAG9ATIVE & WEAK ( CON/ITUTION TO CLEAVE !MSELVES FROM !IR CLASS PRIVILEGES & ! RELATIVE SECURITY ?AT 5TAILS4 ,H5CE1 !Y CL+ TO ! ONLY POLITICAL /RATEGY :I* CAN1 9 !IR M9DS1 BO? ABSOLVE !M FROM !IR MAT]IALS S9S & MA9TA9 ! /ATUS QUO ( !IR CLASS SECURITY2 9 A WORD1 !Y BECOME PACIFI/S4 ,9 ?IS MOVE !Y REJECT ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM ( BO? AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM BY SUBJECT+ !MSELVES TO AN IDEA AT ! EXP5SE ( CONCRETE EXP]I5CE4 

,PACIFISM LACKS ANY S\ND MAT]IAL BASES4 ,A QUICK OBS]VATION ( NATURE WILL TELL Y\ ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD IS NOT )\T VIOL5CE & HUMAN BE+S >E NOT \TSIDE ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,LIFE IS VIOL5T4 ,EV]Y?+ FROM ! ]UPTION ( A VOLCANO1 TO ! LION'S KILL+ ( H] PREY1 TO HUMAN +E/ION ( A VEGAN MEAL1 POSSESSES A DEGREE ( VIOL5CE4 ,?9K ( ALL ! WE$S ?AT W]E KILL$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( ?AT TOMATO1 OR ( ALL ! LIV+ MICROORGANISMS ?AT \R BODY NECESS>ILY DE/ROYS ?R\< +E/ION1 OR ?R\< ! V]Y ACT ( BREA?+2 ?AT IS VIOL5CE4 

,LIKE ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ,FR5* PHILOSOPH] ,R5E ,DESC>TES1 !SE *>LATANS REJECT ! FACT ( ! BODY = ! PHANTOM ( ! M9D4 ,!Y CREATE ! IDEA ( UNCONDITIONAL NONVIOL5CE & 5?RALL$ !MSELVES TO IT2 9/9CT1 LIV$ EXP]I5CE1 HI/ORICAL FACT1 BE DAMN$4 ,?R\< !IR IDEOLOGY !Y BECOME ! SAME BEA/S ( DUALISM ?AT HAVE TE!R$ ! HUMAN RACE FROM ,PLATO TO ,CA?OLICISM4 

,PACIFISM IS FUNDAM5TALLY AT ODDS ) AN>*ISM 9 ITS VIEW ( ! /ATE4 ,PACIFISM FUNCTIONS BY ! MAXIM ?AT ! TACIT & ACTIVE P]PETRATORS ( OPPRESSION 7I4E4 ! /ATE ?R\< ! RUL+ CLASS7 POSSESS AN 9H]5T ABILITY TO RECTIFY !MSELVES IF ! TRUE APPALL+ NATURE ( ?AT OPPRESSION IS UNMASK$ TO !M4 ,H5CE1 IT IS ALSO ASSUM$ ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS POSSESSES ! ABILITY TO MAKE SU* AN OBS]VATION & ?AT IT WILL DISPLAY ! DESIRE TO MAKE SU* *ANGE4 ,AN>*ISM CONT5DS ?AT ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( A /ATE APP>ATUS 9SURES ! CONT9U+ OPPRESSION ( ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES4 ,?IS IS DUE TO ! 9H]5T T5D5CY ( P[] TO CORRUPT ?OSE :O POSSESS IT2 & ?OSE :O POSSESS P[] SEEK TO CONSOLIDATE ?AT P[]4 ,! /ATE APP>ATUS T5DS TO SAFEGU>D ITSELF FROM SU* POSSIBILITIES ?R\< ! CREATION ( BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS :I* 5TAIL A CODIFI$ DOGMA SPECIFICALLY DESIGN$ TO MA9TA9 ! /ATUS QUO4 ,) ?IS DEVELOPM5T CLASS OPPRESSION BECOMES AN IRREV]SIBLE FACT1 )9 ! /ATI/ P>ADIGM1 EV5 9 ! UN?9KABLE UNLIKELIHOOD ?AT L>GE ELEM5TS ( ! RUL+ CLASS W]E TO DESIRE ITS RADICAL RE=M+4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! /ATE IS A SELF-PROPELL+ EVIL ?AT IS NO MORE CAPABLE ( ]ADICAT+ CLASS OPPRESSION ?AN IT IS ( ]ADICAT+ ITSELF2 ,FRANK5/E9'S MON/] RESURRECT$4 ,!RE=E1 PACIFISM IS FUNDAM5TALLY AT ODDS ) AN>*ISM4 ,EI!R ! /ATE IS POT5TIALLY A VEHICLE = LIB]ATION1 OR IT IS AN 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y4 ,PLA9 & SIMPLE4 

,B\RGEOIS PACIFI/S BECOME MOD]N IDEOLOGUES ( A CONFUS$ /ATUS QUO4 ,!Y ADH]E TO PSEUDO-REBELLION1 & 9 DO+ SO !Y S]VE ! FUNCTION ( BOL/]+ ! /ATE ?R\< ! IMPLEM5TATION ( A /RATEGY ?AT ACTS AS AN AB/RACT$ SEMBLANCE ( 9SURRECTION2 A FALSE1 NON-?REAT5+ 9SURRECTION SQU>ELY )9 ! P>AMET]S ( ! PR$OM9ANT ANTI-CULTURE4 ,& H]E !Y DEFUZE ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ANY MOVEM5T !Y T\* BY ACT+ AS ! UNCONSCI\S >M ( ! EXP&+ ANTI-CULTURE APP>ATUS ( FALSE APPE>ANCES & MUNDANE /ABILITY4 ,= AS LONG AS !IR /RATEGY LACKS ANY REAL POT5TIAL TO FUNDAM5TALLY *ALL5GE CLASS BIAS & /ATUS QUO2 AS LONG AS SU* A /RATEGY IS DEVOID ( ! TRUE ABILITY TO DECON/RUCT ! ECONOMIC & CULTURAL SY/EM ?AT ALL[S = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE & PETTY B\RGEOISIE2 AS LONG AS ?IS /RATEGY TAKES ON A LANGUAGE ( RI<TE\S & PI\S REVOLUTION1 !SE SELF-LOA?+ ACTIVITIES ( A PHYSICAL COM=T CAN GO TO SLEEP AT NI<T BO? FEEL+ R$EEM$ ?R\< !IR REBELLION & SECURE 9 KN[+ !IR TACITLY OPPRESSIVE LUXURY WILL BE !RE = !M AGA91 TOMORR[4 

,:AT FUR!R MAKES !SE PACIFI/S ODDBALLS1 IS ! FACT ?AT ?R\< !IR PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY !Y 9CUR AN ALI5AT$ RELATION%IP ) ! LESS ANALYTICAL ELEM5TS ( !IR [N CLASS1 :O 9 !IR IGNORANCE CON/ITUTE ! CLASS MAJORITY4 ,!SE ELEM5TS MI/AK5LY VIEW !M AS CLASS TRAITORS4 ,?IS IS IRONIC BECAUSE NO?+ C\LD BE FUR!R FROM ! TRU?4 ,!SE PEOPLE /& FUNDAM5TALLY 9 SOLID>ITY ) !IR ROOTS4 ,&1 IF !IR ACTIVITY HAS ANY O/5SIBLE EFFECT ON ! L>G] MOVEM5T1 IT IS TO PROLONG ! DAY ( 9SURRECTION1 NOT TO EXP$ITE IT4 

,IF LEFT TO !IR [N DELUSIONS !Y W\LD NOT DES]VE SU* DISCUSSION1 BUT !Y1 LIKE ,*RI/IAN MISSION>IES1 SEEK TO SPREAD !IR NEUROTIC ILLUSION TO NEW POPULATIONS2 9 ?IS CASE ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES4 ,& 9 DO+ SO !Y HAVE 9FILTRAT$ ! LEFTI/S & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS & EV5 N[ ?REAT5 TO ROB IT ( ITS PRESS+ RELEVANCE BY DIVORC+ IT FROM ITS LE>N$ EXP]I5CE4 

,! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES >E NATURALLY NOT DRAWN TO PACIFISM4 ,IF PACIFISM BECOMES ! PRIME MODE ( OP]ATION = LEFTI/S & AN>*I/S ORGANIZATIONS1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS WILL CEASE TO HAVE ANY LEGITIMATE TIE TO !IR NATURAL CON/ITU5TS4 ,AL?\< IT W\LD BE IGNORANT TO CONT5D ?AT SU* AN IDEOLOGY WILL FAIL TO GA9 A C]TA9 DEGREE ( RELUCTANT CONV]TS AMONG NATURALLY OPPOS+ CLASSES4 ,IF SU* IRRATIONALITIES NEV] OCCURR$ 9 SOCIETY1 ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN FASCISM W\LD NEV] HAVE MANIFE/$ !MSELVES ) ! P[] ?AT !Y DID4 ,9 %ORT1 ASPECTS ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES CAN BE EXPECT$ TO ADOPT A SELF-D5Y+ IDEOLOGY IF ?AT IDEOLOGY CLAIMS TO (F] LIB]ATION & IF ?AT MOVEM5T 9 :I* IT IS CONTA9$ APPE>S TO BE ! MO/ PROM95T 9 ! FIELD4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! TRUE MOVEM5T WILL BE ABOLI%$ ?R\< SU* A SC5>IO1 ANY MORE SO ?AN IT D5IES ! ULTIMATE HI/ORICAL RELEVANCE ( DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 IT IS ONLY TO SAY ?AT IT WILL PROLONG ! DAY ( RECKON+ BY ROBB+ ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES ( !IR TRULY REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 

,CONCLUSION 

,P]HAPS ! BE/ WAY TO HAVE REPELL$ ,FRANCO'S FASCI/ 9VASION ( ,SPA9 9 #aicf W\LD HAVE BE5 = ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ,F4,A4,I4 TO HOLD A PEACEFUL SIT-98 ,MAYBE ,ADOLPH ,HITL] W\LD HAVE REV]S$ HIS G5OCIDAL POLICIES & 9/EAD MADE /RIDES T[>DS A FREE SOCIETY IF 5\< ,JEWS & G5TILES W\LD HAVE PEACEFULLY M>*$ 9 ,B]L94 ,IF NONVIOL5CE WAS ! /RATEGY ( ! ,DEVIL1 HE'D PROBABLY BE RUL+ HEAV5 RI<T N[444 NO4 

,9 ! 5D ANALYSIS1 JU/ AS !RE IS A PLACE = TACTICAL NONVIOL5CE1 !RE IS ALSO A PLACE = VIOL5CE DUR+ C]TA9 PHASES ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T4 ,?IS CAN MANIFE/ AS A TOOL ( SELF-DEF5SE OR AS ! MIDWIFE ( /ATE DISEMBODIM5T4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 PACIFISM1 AS AN E?ICAL SY/EM ( ACTION1 IS NO?+ BUT AN ABSURD DILUTION BORN \T ( RES5TM5T & FE> & PROJECT$ UPON ! /RUGGLES ( ! POOR & WORK+ CLASSES BY ODDBALL ELEM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,AS LONG AS SU* A /RATEGY IS ALL[$ TO OCCUPY A PROM95T ROLE AMONG ! RANKS ( ! LEFT1 ! LEFT WILL EQUAL ! TOTAL SUM ( ! SOCIALLY 9EPT RUL+ CLASS4 

,9 SUMMATION1 NONVIOL5CE CAN BE US$ 9 MANY CIRCUM/ANCES AS AN EFFECTIVE TACTIC1 BUT IT IS IRRELEVANT1 IRRESPONSIBLE1 & UTT]LY RIDICUL\S TO EV5 CONSID] IT AS A /RATEGY4 ,SO YES1 NONVIOL5CE %\LD BE UTILIZ$ AS A TACTIC :]E P]T95T1 & 9 TURN PACIFISM1 AS AN IDEOLOGY & A /RATEGY1 MU/ BE PURG$ FROM \R MOVEM5T4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,APRIL #a#i1 #bb 3 ,ON ! ,QUE/ION ( ,VIOL5CE & ,NONVIOL5CE ,AS A ,TACTIC & ,/RATEGY ,)9 ! ,SOCIAL ,PROTE/ ,MOVEM5T -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,ON ! ,QUE/ION ( ,VIOL5CE & ,NONVIOL5CE ,AS A ,TACTIC & ,/RATEGY ,)9 ! ,SOCIAL ,PROTE/ ,MOVEM5T -- ,UPDAT$4 

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