,*APT] #a 

#ahhgahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,ISABEL ,FLOR5CE ,HAPGOOD 

,TEXT 3 

4 4 4 .<#a#f#i.> ,! JU/IFICATION ( ALL P]SONS :O HAVE FRE$ !MSELVES FROM TOIL IS N[ F\ND$ ON EXP]IM5TAL1 POSITIVE SCI5CE4  ,! SCI5TIFIC !ORY IS AS FOLL[S3-- 

0,= ! /UDY ( ! LAWS ( LIFE ( HUMAN SOCIETIES1 !RE EXI/S BUT ONE 9DUBITABLE ME?OD1--! POSITIVE1 EXP]IM5TAL1 CRITICAL ME?OD 

0,ONLY SOCIOLOGY1 F\ND$ ON BIOLOGY1 F\ND$ ON ALL ! POSITIVE SCI5CES1 CAN GIVE US ! LAWS ( HUMANITY4  ,HUMANITY1 OR HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 >E ! ORGANISMS ALREADY PREP>$1 OR /ILL 9 PROCESS ( =MATION1 & :I* >E SUBS]VI5T TO ALL ! LAWS ( ! EVOLUTION ( ORGANISMS4 

0,ONE ( ! *IEF ( !SE LAWS IS ! V>IATION ( DE/9ATION AMONG ! PORTIONS ( ! ORGANS4  ,SOME PEOPLE COMM&1 O!RS OBEY4  ,IF SOME HAVE 9 SUP]ABUNDANCE1 & O!RS 9 WANT1 ?IS >ISES NOT FROM ! WILL ( ,GOD1 NOT BECAUSE ! EMPIRE IS A =M ( MANIFE/ATION ( P]SONALITY1 BUT BECAUSE 9 SOCIETIES1 AS 9 ORGANISMS1 DIVISION ( LABOR BECOMES 9DISP5SABLE = LIFE AS A :OLE4  ,SOME PEOPLE P]=M ! MUSCUL> LABOR 9 SOCIETIES2 O!RS1 ! M5TAL LABOR40 

,UPON ?IS DOCTR9E IS F\ND$ ! PREVAIL+ JU/IFICATION ( \R TIME4 

,NOT LONG AGO1 !IR REIGN$ 9 ! LE>N$1 CULTIVAT$ WORLD1 A MORAL PHILOSOPHY1 ACCORD+ TO :I* IT APPE>$ ?AT EV]Y ?+ :I* EXI/S IS REASONABLE2 ?AT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS EVIL OR GOOD2 & ?AT IT IS UNNECESS>Y = MAN TO W> AGA9/ EVIL1 BUT ?AT IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y = HIM TO DISPLAY 9TELLIG5CE1--ONE MAN 9 ! MILIT>Y S]VICE1 ANO!R 9 ! JUDICIAL1 ANO!R ON ! VIOL94  ,!RE HAVE BE5 MANY & V>I$ EXPRESSIONS ( HUMAN WISDOM1 & !SE PH5OM5A W]E KN[N TO ! M5 ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4  ,! WISDOM ( ,R\SSEAU & ( ,LESS+1 & ,SP9OZA & ,BRUNO1 & ALL ! WISDOM ( ANTIQUITY2 BUT NO ONE MAN'S WISDOM OV]RODE ! CR[D4  ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY EV5 ?IS1--?AT ,HEGEL'S SUCCESS WAS ! RESULT ( ! SYMMETRY ( ?IS !ORY4  ,!RE W]E O!R EQUALLY SYMMETRICAL !ORIES1--?OSE ( ,DESC>TES1 ,LEIBNITZ1 ,FI*TE1 ,S*OP5HAU]4  ,!RE WAS BUT ONE REASON :Y ?IS DOCTR9E WON = ITSELF1 = A SEASON1 ! BELIEF ( ! :OLE WORLD2 & ?IS REASON WAS1 ?AT ! D$UCTIONS ( ?AT PHILOSOPHY W9K$ AT PEOPLE'S WEAKNESSES4  ,!SE D$UCTIONS W]E SUMM$ UP 9 ?IS1--?AT EV]Y ?+ WAS REASONABLE1 EV]Y ?+ GOOD2 & ?AT NO ONE WAS TO BLAME4 

,:5 ,I BEGAN MY C>E]1 ,HEGELIANISM WAS ! F\NDATION ( EV]Y ?+4  ,IT WAS FLOAT+ 9 ! AIR2 IT WAS EXPRESS$ 9 NEWSPAP] & P]IODICAL >TICLES1 9 HI/ORICAL & JUDICIAL LECTURES1 9 NOVELS1 9 TREATISES1 9 >T1 9 S]MONS1 9 CONV]SATION4  ,! MAN :O WAS NOT ACQUA9T$ ) ,HEGAL HAD NO RI<T TO SPEAK4  ,ANY ONE :O DESIR$ TO UND]/& ! TRU? /UDI$ ,HEGEL4  ,EV]Y ?+ RE/$ ON HIM4  ,& ALL AT ONCE ! =TIES PASS$1 & !RE WAS NO?+ LEFT ( HIM4  ,!RE WAS NOT EV5 A H9T ( HIM1 ANY MORE ?AN IF HE HAD NEV] EXI/$4  ,& ! MO/ AMAZ+ ?+ ( ALL WAS1 ?AT ,HEGELIANISM DID NOT FALL BECAUSE SOME ONE OV]?REW IT OR DE/ROY$ IT4  ,NO6  ,IT WAS ! SAME !N AS N[1 BUT ALL AT ONCE IT APPE>$ ?AT IT WAS ( NO USE :ATEV] TO ! LE>N$ & CULTIVAT$ WORLD4 

,!RE WAS A TIME :5 ! ,HEGELIAN WISE M5 TRIUMPHANTLY 9/RUCT$ ! MASSES2 & ! CR[D1 UND]/&+ NO?+1 BL9DLY BELIEV$ 9 EV]Y ?+1 F9D+ CONFIRMATION 9 ! FACT ?AT IT WAS ON H&2 & !Y BELIEV$ ?AT :AT SEEM$ TO !M MUDDY & CONTRADICTORY !RE ON ! HEI<TS ( PHILOSOPHY WAS ALL AS CLE> AS ! DAY4  ,BUT ?AT TIME HAS GONE BY4  ,?AT !ORY IS WORN \T3 A NEW !ORY HAS PRES5T$ ITSELF 9 ITS /EAD4  ,! OLD ONE HAS BECOME USELESS2 & ! CR[D HAS LOOK$ 9TO ! SECRET SANCTU>IES ( ! HI< PRIE/S1 & HAS SE5 ?AT !RE IS NO?+ !RE1 & ?AT !RE HAS BE5 NO?+ !RE1 SAVE V]Y OBSCURE & S5SELESS WORDS4  ,?IS HAS TAK5 PLACE )9 MY MEMORY4 

0,BUT ?IS >ISES10 PEOPLE ( ! PRES5T SCI5CE WILL SAY1 0FROM ! FACT ?AT ALL ?AT WAS ! RAV+ ( ! !OLOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL P]IOD2 BUT N[ !RE EXI/S POSITIVE1 CRITICAL SCI5CE1 :I* DOES NOT DECEIVE1 S9CE IT IS ALL F\ND$ ON 9DUCTION & EXP]IM5T4  ,N[ \R ]ECTIONS >E NOT %AKY1 AS !Y =M]LY W]E1 & ONLY 9 \R PA? LIES ! SOLUTION ( ALL ! PROBLEMS ( HUMANITY40 

,BUT ! OLD TEA*]S SAID PRECISELY ! SAME1 & !Y W]E NO FOOLS2 & WE KN[ ?AT !RE W]E PEOPLE ( GREAT 9TELLIG5CE AMONG !M4  ,& PRECISELY ?US1 )9 MY MEMORY1 & ) NO LESS CONFID5CE1 ) NO LESS RECOGNITION ON ! P>T ( ! CR[D ( SO-CALL$ CULTIVAT$ PEOPLE1 SPOKE ! ,HEGELIANS4  ,& NEI!R W]E \R ,H]Z5S1 \R ,/ANKEVIT*ES1 OR \R ,BYEL9SKYS FOOLS4  ,BUT :5CE >OSE ?AT M>VEL\S MANIFE/ATION1 ?AT S5SIBLE PEOPLE %\LD PREA* ) ! GREATE/ ASSURANCE1 & ?AT ! CR[D %\LD ACCEPT ) DEVOTION1 SU* UNF\ND$ & UNSUPPORTABLE TEA*+S8  ,!RE IS BUT ONE REASON1--?AT ! TEA*+S ?US 9CULCAT$ JU/IFI$ PEOPLE 9 !IR EVIL LIFE4 

,A V]Y POOR ,5GLI% WRIT]1 :OSE WORKS >E ALL =GOTT51 & RECOGNIZ$ AS ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT ( ! 9SIGNIFICANT1 WRITES A TREATISE ON POPULATION1 9 :I* HE DEVISES A FICTITI\S LAW CONC]N+ ! 9CREASE ( POPULATION DISPROPORTIONATE TO ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4  ,?IS FICTITI\S LAW1 ?IS WRIT] 5COMPASSES ) MA!MATICAL =MULAE F\ND$ ON NO?+ :ATEV]2 & !N HE LAUN*ES IT ON ! WORLD4  ,FROM ! FRIVOLITY & ! /UPIDITY ( ?IS HYPO!SIS1 ONE W\LD SUPPOSE ?AT IT W\LD NOT ATTRACT ! ATT5TION ( ANY ONE1 & ?AT IT W\LD S9K 9TO OBLIVION1 LIKE ALL ! WORKS ( ! SAME AU?OR :I* FOLL[$ IT2 BUT IT TURN$ \T QUITE O!RWISE4  ,! HACK-WRIT] :O P5N$ ?IS TREATISE 9/ANTLY BECOMES A SCI5TIFIC AU?ORITY1 & MA9TA9S HIMSELF UPON ?AT HEI<T = NE>LY HALF A C5TURY4  ,MAL?US6  ,! ,MAL?USIAN !ORY1--! LAW ( ! 9CREASE ( ! POPULATION 9 GEOMETRICAL1 & ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE 9 >I?METICAL PROPORTION1 & ! WISE & NATURAL MEANS ( RE/RICT+ ! POPULATION1--ALL !SE HAVE BECOME SCI5TIFIC1 9DUBITABLE TRU?S1 :I* HAVE NOT BE5 CONFIRM$1 BUT :I* HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ AS AXIOMS1 = ! ]ECTION ( FALSE !ORIES4  ,9 ?IS MANN] HAVE LE>N$ & CULTIVAT$ PEOPLE PROCE$$2 & AMONG ! H]D ( IDLE P]SONS1 !RE SPRUNG UP A PI\S TRU/ 9 ! GREAT LAWS EXP\ND$ BY ,MAL?US4  ,H[ DID ?IS COME TO PASS8  ,IT W\LD SEEM AS ?\< !Y W]E SCI5TIFIC D$UCTIONS1 :I* HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! 9/9CTS ( ! MASSES4  ,BUT ?IS CAN ONLY APPE> SO = ! MAN :O BELIEVES ?AT SCI5CE1 LIKE ! ,*UR*1 IS SOME?+ SELF-CONTA9$1 LIABLE TO NO ]RORS1 & NOT SIMPLY ! IMAG9+S ( WEAK & ]R+ FOLK1 :O M]ELY SUB/ITUTE ! IMPOS+ WORD 0SCI5CE10 9 PLACE ( ! ?\<TS & WORDS ( ! PEOPLE1 = ! SAKE ( IMPRESSIV5ESS4 

,ALL ?AT WAS NECESS>Y WAS TO MAKE PRACTICAL D$UCTIONS FROM ! !ORY ( ,MAL?US1 9 ORD] TO P]CEIVE ?AT ?IS !ORY WAS ( ! MO/ HUMAN SORT1 ) ! BE/ DEF9$ ( OBJECTS4  ,! D$UCTIONS DIRECTLY >IS+ FROM ?IS !ORY W]E ! FOLL[+3 ,! WRET*$ CONDITION ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES WAS SU* 9 ACCORDANCE ) AN UNALT]ABLE LAW1 :I* DOES NOT DEP5D UPON M52 &1 IF ANY ONE IS TO BLAME 9 ?IS MATT]1 IT IS ! HUNGRY LABOR+ CLASSES !MSELVES4  ,:Y >E !Y SU* FOOLS AS TO GIVE BIR? TO *ILDR51 :5 !Y KN[ ?AT !RE WILL BE NO?+ = ! *ILDR5 TO EAT8  ,& SO ?IS D$UCTION1 :I* IS VALUABLE = ! H]D ( IDLE PEOPLE1 HAS HAD ?IS RESULT3 ?AT ALL LE>N$ M5 OV]LOOK$ ! 9CORRECTNESS1 ! UTT] >BITR>9ESS ( !SE D$UCTIONS1 & !IR 9SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PRO(2 & ! ?RONG ( CULTIVAT$1 I4E41 ( IDLE PEOPLE1 KN[+ 9/9CTIVELY TO :AT !SE D$UCTIONS LEAD1 SALUT$ ?IS !ORY ) 5?USIASM1 CONF]R$ UPON IT ! /AMP ( TRU?1 I4E41 ( SCI5CE1 & DRAGG$ IT AB\T ) !M = HALF A C5TURY4 

,IS NOT ?IS SAME ?+ ! CAUSE ( ! CONFID5CE ( M5 9 POSITIVE CRITICAL-EXP]IM5TAL SCI5CE1 & ( ! DEV\T ATTITUDE ( ! CR[D T[>DS ?AT :I* IT PREA*ES8  ,AT FIR/ IT SEEMS /RANGE1 ?AT ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION CAN 9 ANY MANN] JU/IFY PEOPLE 9 !IR EVIL WAYS2 & IT SEEMS AS ?\< ! SCI5TIFIC !ORY ( EVOLUTION HAS TO DEAL ONLY ) FACTS1 & ?AT IT DOES NO?+ ELSE BUT OBS]VE FACTS4 

,BUT ?IS ONLY APPE>S TO BE ! CASE4 

,EXACTLY ! SAME ?+ APPE>$ TO BE ! CASE ) ! ,HEGELIAN DOCTR9E1 9 A GREAT] DEGREE1 & ALSO 9 ! SPECIAL 9/ANCE ( ! ,MAL?USIAN DOCTR9E4  ,HEGELIANISM WAS1 APP>5TLY1 OCCUPI$ ONLY ) ITS LOGICAL CON/RUCTIONS1 & BORE NO RELATION TO ! LIFE ( MANK9D4  ,PRECISELY ?IS SEEM$ TO BE ! CASE ) ! ,MAL?USIAN !ORY4  ,IT APPE>$ TO BE BUSY ITSELF ONLY ) /ATI/ICAL DATA4  ,BUT ?IS WAS ONLY 9 APPE>ANCE4 

,CONTEMPOR>Y SCI5CE IS ALSO OCCUPI$ ) FACTS ALONE3 IT 9VE/IGATES FACTS4  ,BUT :AT FACTS8  ,:Y PRECISELY !SE FACTS1 & NO O!RS8 

,! M5 ( CONTEMPOR>Y SCI5CE >E V]Y FOND ( SAY+1 TRIUMPHANTLY & CONFID5TLY1 0,WE 9VE/IGATE ONLY FACTS10 IMAG9+ ?AT !SE WORDS CONTA9 SOME MEAN+4  ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO 9VE/IGATE FACTS ALONE1 BECAUSE ! FACTS :I* >E SUBJECT TO \R 9VE/IGATION >E  
9NUM]ABLE 79 ! DEF9ITE S5SE ( ?AT WORD71--9NUM]ABLE4  ,BE=E WE PROCE$ TO 9VE/IGATE FACTS1 WE MU/ HAVE A !ORY ON ! F\NDATION ( :I* !SE OR ?OSE FACTS CAN BE 9QUIR$ 9TO1 I4E41 SELECT$ FROM ! 9CALCULABLE QUANTITY4 

,& ?IS !ORY EXI/S1 & IS EV5 V]Y DEF9ITELY EXPRESS$1 AL?\< MANY ( ! WORK]S 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SCI5CE DO NOT KN[ IT1 OR (T5 PRET5D ?AT !Y DO NOT KN[ IT4  ,EXACTLY ?US HAS IT ALWAYS BE5 ) ALL PREVAIL+ & GUID+ DOCTR9ES4  ,! F\NDATIONS ( EV]Y DOCTR9E >E ALWAYS /AT$ 9 A !ORY1 & ! SO-CALL$ LE>N$ M5 M]ELY 9V5T FUR!R D$UCTIONS FROM ! F\NDATIONS ONCE /AT$4  ,?US CONTEMPOR>Y SCI5CE IS SELECT+ ITS FACTS ON ! F\NDATION ( A V]Y DEF9ITE !ORY1 :I* IT SOMETIMES KN[S1 SOMETIMES REFUSES TO KN[1 & SOMETIMES REALLY DOES NOT KN[2 BUT ! !ORY EXI/S4 

,! !ORY IS AS FOLL[S3 ,ALL MANK9D IS AN UNDY+ ORGANISM2 M5 >E ! P>TICLES ( ?AT ORGANISM1 & EA* ONE ( !M HAS HIS [N SPECIAL TASK = ! S]VICE ( O!RS4  ,9 ! SAME MANN]1 ! CELLS UNIT$ 9 AN ORGANISM %>E AMONG !M ! LABOR ( FI<T = EXI/5CE ( ! :OLE ORGANISM2 !Y MAGNIFY ! P[] ( ONE CAPACITY1 & WEAK5 ANO!R1 & UNITE 9 ONE ORGAN1 9 ORD] ! BETT] TO SUPPLY ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! :OLE ORGANISM4  ,& EXACTLY 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ) GREG>I\S ANIMALS1--ANTS OR BEES1--! SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS DIVIDE ! LABOR AMONG !M4  ,! QUE5 LAYS ! EGG1 ! DRONE FRUCTIFIES IT2 ! BEE WORKS HIS :OLE LIFE LONG4  ,& PRECISELY ?IS ?+ TAKES PLACE 9 MANK9D & 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES4  ,& !RE=E1 9 ORD] TO F9D ! LAW ( LIFE = MAN1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO /UDY ! LAWS ( ! LIFE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ORGANISMS4 

,9 ! LIFE & DEVELOPM5T ( ORGANISMS1 WE F9D ! FOLL[+ LAWS3 ! LAW ( DIFF]5TIATION & 9TEGRATION1 ! LAW ?AT EV]Y PH5OM5ON IS ACCOMPANI$ NOT BY DIRECT CONSEQU5CES ALONE1 ANO!R LAW REG>D+ ! 9/ABILITY ( TYPE1 & SO ON4  ,ALL ?IS SEEMS V]Y 9NOC5T2 BUT IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO DRAW ! D$UCTIONS FROM ALL !SE LAWS1 9 ORD] TO IMM$IATELY P]CEIVE ?AT !SE LAWS 9CL9E 9 ! SAME DIRECTION AS ! LAW ( ,MAL?US4  ,!SE LAWS ALL PO9T TO ONE ?+2 NAMELY1 TO ! RECOGNITION ( ?AT DIVISION ( LABOR :I* EXI/S 9 HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 AS ORGANIC1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AS 9DISP5SABLE4  ,& !RE=E1 ! UNJU/ POSITION 9 :I* WE1 ! PEOPLE :O HAVE FRE$ \RSELVES FROM LABOR1 F9D \RSELVES1 MU/ BE REG>D$ NOT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( COMMON-S5SE & JU/ICE1 BUT M]ELY AS AN UND\BT$ FACT1 CONFIRM+ ! UNIV]SAL LAW4 

,MORAL PHILOSOPHY ALSO JU/IFI$ EV]Y SORT ( CRUELTY & H>%NESS2 BUT ?IS RESULT$ 9 A PHILOSOPHICAL MANN]1 & !RE=E WRONGLY4  ,BUT ) SCI5CE1 ALL ?IS RESULTS SCI5TIFICALLY1 & !RE=E 9 A MANN] NOT TO BE D\BT$4 

,H[ CAN WE FAIL TO ACCEPT SO V]Y BEAUTIFUL A !ORY8  ,IT IS M]ELY NECESS>Y TO LOOK UPON HUMAN SOCIETY AS AN OBJECT ( CONTEMPLATION2 & ,I CAN CONSOLE MYSELF ) ! ?\<T ?AT MY ACTIVITY1 :ATEV] MAY BE ITS NATURE1 IS A FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY ( ! ORGANISM ( HUMANITY1 & ?AT !RE=E !RE CANNOT >ISE ANY QUE/ION AS TO :E!R IT IS JU/ ?AT ,I1 9 EMPLOY+ ! LABOR ( O!RS1 AM DO+ ONLY ?AT :I* IS AGREEABLE TO ME1 AS !RE CAN >ISE NO QUE/ION AS TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 ! BRA9 CELLS & ! MUSCUL> CELLS4  ,H[ IS IT POSSIBLE NOT TO ADMIT SO V]Y BEAUTIFUL A !ORY1 9 ORD] ?AT ONE MAY BE ABLE1 EV] AFT]1 TO POCKET ONE'S CONSCI5CE1 & HAVE A P]FECTLY UNBRIDL$ ANIMAL EXI/5CE1 FEEL+ B5EA? ONE'S SELF ?AT SUPPORT ( SCI5CE :I* IS NOT TO BE %AK5 N[ADAYS6 

,& IT IS ON ?IS NEW DOCTR9E ?AT ! JU/IFICATION = M5'S IDL5ESS & CRUELTY IS N[ F\ND$4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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