,*APT] #b 

#ahhgahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,ISABEL ,FLOR5CE ,HAPGOOD 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS DOCTR9E HAD ITS RISE NOT SO V]Y LONG--FIFTY YE>S--AGO4  ,ITS PR9CIPAL F\ND] WAS ! ,FR5*  
SAVANT ,COMTE4  ,!RE OCCURR$ TO ,COMTE1--A SY/EMATI/1 & A RELIGI\S MAN TO BOOT1--UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! !N NOVEL PHYSIOLOGICAL 9VE/IGATIONS ( ,BI*E1 ! OLD IDEA ALREADY SET =? BY ,M55IUS ,AGRIPPA1--! IDEA ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY1 ALL HUMANITY EV51 MI<T BE REG>D$ AS ONE :OLE1 AS AN ORGANISM2 & M5 AS LIV+ P>TS ( ! SEP>ATE ORGANS1 HAV+ EA* HIS [N DEF9ITE APPO9TM5T TO S]VE ! 5TIRE ORGANISM4 

,?IS IDEA SO PLEAS$ ,COMTE1 ?AT UPON IT HE BEGAN TO ]ECT A PHILOSOPHICAL !ORY2 & ?IS !ORY SO C>RI$ HIM AWAY1 ?AT HE UTT]LY =GOT ?AT ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = HIS !ORY WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A V]Y PRETTY COMP>ISON1 :I* WAS SUITABLE = A FABLE1 BUT :I* C\LD BY NO MEANS S]VE AS ! F\NDATION = SCI5CE4  ,HE1 AS FREQU5TLY HAPP5S1 MI/OOK HIS PET HYPO!SIS = AN AXIOM1 & IMAG9$ ?AT HIS :OLE !ORY WAS ]ECT$ ON ! V]Y FIRME/ ( F\NDATIONS4  ,ACCORD+ TO HIS !ORY1 IT SEEM$ ?AT S9CE HUMANITY IS AN ORGANISM1 ! KN[L$GE ( :AT MAN IS1 & ( :AT %\LD BE HIS RELATIONS TO ! WORLD1 WAS POSSIBLE ONLY ?R\< A KN[L$GE ( ! FEATURES ( ?IS ORGANISM4  ,= ! KN[L$GE ( !SE QUALITIES1 MAN IS 5ABL$ TO TAKE OBS]VATIONS ON O!R & L[] ORGANISMS1 & TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS FROM !IR LIFE4  ,!RE=E1 9 ! FI/ PLACE1 ! TRUE & ONLY ME?OD1 ACCORD+ TO ,COMTE1 IS ! 9DUCTIVE1 & ALL SCI5CE IS ONLY SU* :5 IT HAS EXP]IM5T AS ITS BASIS2 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ! GOAL & CR[N ( SCI5CES IS =M$ BY ?AT NEW SCI5CE DEAL+ ) ! IMAG9>Y ORGANISM ( HUMANITY1 OR ! SUP]-ORGANIC BE+1--HUMANITY1--& ?IS NEWLY DEVIS$ SCI5CE IS SOCIOLOGY4 

,& FROM ?IS VIEW ( SCI5CE IT APPE>S1 ?AT ALL PREVI\S KN[L$GE WAS DECEITFUL1 & ?AT ! :OLE /ORY ( HUMANITY1 9 ! S5SE ( SELF-KN[L$GE1 HAS BE5 DIVID$ 9TO ?REE1 ACTUALLY 9TO TWO1 P]IODS3 ! !OLOGICAL & METAPHYSICAL P]IOD1 EXT5D+ FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD TO ,COMTE1 & ! PRES5T P]IOD1--?AT ( ! ONLY TRUE SCI5CE1 POSITIVE SCI5CE1--BEG9N+ ) ,COMTE4 

,ALL ?IS WAS V]Y WELL4  ,!RE WAS BUT ONE ]ROR1 & ?AT WAS ?IS1--?AT ! :OLE $IFICE WAS ]ECT$ ON ! S&1 ON ! >BITR>Y & FALSE ASS]TION ?AT HUMANITY IS AN ORGANISM4  ,?IS ASS]TION WAS >BITR>Y1 BECAUSE WE HAVE JU/ AS MU* RI<T TO ADMIT ! EXI/5CE ( A HUMAN ORGANISM1 NOT SUBJECT TO OBS]VATION1 AS WE HAVE TO ADMIT ! EXI/5CE ( ANY O!R 9VISIBLE1 FANTA/IC BE+4  ,?IS ASS]TION WAS ]RONE\S1 BECAUSE = ! UND]/&+ ( HUMANITY1 I4E41 ( M51 ! DEF9ITION ( AN ORGANISM WAS 9CORRECTLY CON/RUCT$1 :ILE 9 HUMANITY ITSELF ALL ACTUAL SIGNS ( ORGANISM1--! C5T] ( FEEL+ OR CONSCI\SNESS1 >E LACK+4 .<#a#g#h.> 

,BUT1 9 SPITE ( ! >BITR>9ESS & 9CORRECTNESS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ASSUMPTION ( POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY1 IT WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! SO-CALL$ CULTIVAT$ WORLD ) ! GREATE/ SYMPA?Y4  ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ONE ?+ IS WOR?Y ( NOTE3 ?AT \T ( ! WORKS ( ,COMTE1 CONSI/+ ( TWO P>TS1 ( POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY & ( POSITIVE POLITICS1 ONLY ! FIR/ WAS ADOPT$ BY ! LE>N$ WORLD1--?AT P>T :I* JU/IFIE?1 ON NEW PROMISES1 ! EXI/5T EVIL ( HUMAN SOCIETIES2 BUT ! SECOND P>T1 TREAT+ ( ! MORAL OBLIGATIONS ( ALTRUISM1 >IS+ FROM ! RECOGNITION ( MANK9D AS AN ORGANISM1 WAS REG>D$ AS NOT ONLY ( NO IMPORTANCE1 BUT AS TRIVIAL & UNSCI5TIFIC4  ,IT WAS A REPETITION ( ! SAME ?+ ?AT HAD HAPP5$ 9 ! CASE ( ,KANT'S WORKS4  ,! 0,CRITIQUE ( ,PURE ,REASON0 WAS ADOPT$ BY ! SCI5TIFIC CR[D2 BUT ! 0,CRITIQUE ( ,APPLI$ ,REASON10 ?AT P>T :I* CONTA9S ! GI/ ( MORAL DOCTR9E1 WAS REPUDIAT$4  ,9 ,KANT'S DOCTR9E1 ?AT WAS ACCEPT$ AS SCI5TIFIC :I* SUBS]V$ ! EXI/5T EVIL4  ,BUT ! POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY1 :I* WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! CR[D1 WAS F\ND$ ON AN >BITR>Y & ]RONE\S BASIS1 WAS 9 ITSELF TOO UNF\ND$1 & !RE=E UN/EADY1 & C\LD NOT SUPPORT ITSELF ALONE4  ,& SO1 AMID ALL ! MULTITUDE ( ! IDLE PLAYS ( ?\<T ( ! M5 PR(ESS+ ! SO-CALL$ SCI5CE1 !RE PRES5TS ITSELF AN ASS]TION EQUALLY DEVOID ( NOVELTY1 & EQUALLY >BITR>Y & ]RONE\S1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT LIV+ BE+S1 I4E41 ORGANISMS1 HAVE HAD !IR RISE 9 EA* O!R1--NOT ONLY ONE ORGANISM FROM ANO!R1 BUT ONE FROM MANY2 I4E41 ?AT 9 A V]Y LONG 9T]VAL ( TIME 79 A MILLION ( YE>S1 = 9/ANCE71 NOT ONLY C\LD A DUCK & A FI% PROCE$ FROM ONE ANCE/OR1 BUT ?AT ONE ANIMAL MI<T RESULT FROM A :OLE HIVE ( BEES4  ,& ?IS >BITR>Y & ]RONE\S ASSUMPTION WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! LE>N$ WORLD ) /ILL GREAT] & MORE UNIV]SAL SYMPA?Y4  ,?IS ASSUMPTION WAS >BITR>Y1 BECAUSE NO ONE HAS EV] SE5 H[ ONE ORGANISM IS MADE FROM ANO!R1 & !RE=E ! HYPO!SIS AS TO ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES WILL ALWAYS REMA9 AN HYPO!SIS1 & NOT AN EXP]IM5TAL FACT4   ,& ?IS HYPO!SIS WAS ALSO ]RONE\S1 BECAUSE ! DECISION ( ! QUE/ION AS TO ! ORIG9 ( SPECIES--?AT !Y HAVE ORIG9AT$1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! LAW ( H]$ITY & FITNESS1 9 ! C\RSE ( AN 9T]M9ABLY LONG TIME--IS NO SOLUTION AT ALL1 BUT M]ELY A RE-/ATEM5T ( ! PROBLEM 9 A NEW =M4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,MOSES' SOLUTION ( ! QUE/ION 79 ! DISPUTE ) :OM ! 5TIRE SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS !ORY LIES71 IT APPE>S ?AT ! DIV]SITY ( ! SPECIES ( LIV+ CREATURES PROCE$$ ACCORD+ TO ! WILL ( ,GOD1 & ACCORD+ TO ,HIS ALMI<TY P[]2 BUT ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( EVOLUTION1 IT APPE>S ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 LIV+ CREATURES >OSE BY *ANCE1 & ON ACC\NT ( V>Y+ CONDITIONS ( H]$ITY & SURR\ND+S1 ?R\< AN 5DLESS P]IOD ( TIME4  ,! !ORY ( EVOLUTION1 TO SPEAK 9 SIMPLE LANGUAGE1 M]ELY ASS]TS1 ?AT BY *ANCE1 9 AN 9CALCULABLY LONG P]IOD ( TIME1 \T ( ANY ?+ Y\ LIKE1 ANY ?+ ELSE ?AT Y\ LIKE MAY DEVELOP4 

,?IS IS NO ANSW] TO ! PROBLEM4  ,& ! SAME PROBLEM IS DIFF]5TLY EXPRESS$3 9/EAD ( WILL1 *ANCE IS (F]$1 & ! CO-EFFICI5T ( ! ET]NAL IS TRANSPOS$ FROM ! P[] TO ! TIME4  ,BUT ?IS FRE% ASS]TION /R5G!N$ ,COMTE'S ASS]TION4  ,&1 MOREOV]1 ACCORD+ TO ! +5U\S CONFESSION ( ! F\ND] ( ,D>W9'S !ORY HIMSELF1 HIS IDEA WAS >\S$ 9 HIM BY ! LAW ( ,MAL?US2 & HE !RE=E PROP\ND$ ! !ORY ( ! /RUGGLE ( LIV+ CREATURES & PEOPLE = EXI/5CE1 AS ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( EV]Y LIV+ ?+4  ,& LO6 ONLY ?IS WAS NE$$ BY ! ?RONG ( IDLE PEOPLE = !IR JU/IFICATION4 

,TWO 9SECURE !ORIES1 9CAPABLE ( SU/A9+ !MSELVES ON !IR FEET1 UPHELD EA* O!R1 & ACQUIR$ ! SEMBLANCE ( /ABILITY4  ,BO? !ORIES BORE ) !M ?AT IDEA :I* IS PRECI\S TO ! CR[D1 ?AT 9 ! EXI/5T EVIL ( HUMAN SOCIETIES1 M5 >E NOT TO BLAME1 & ?AT ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ?+S IS ?AT :I* %\LD PREVAIL2 & ! NEW !ORY WAS ADOPT$ BY ! ?RONG ) 5TIRE FAI? & UNHE>D-( 5?USIASM4  ,& BEHOLD1 ON ! /R5G? ( !SE TWO >BITR>Y & ]RONE\S HYPO!SES1 ACCEPT$ AS DOGMAS ( BELIEF1 ! NEW SCI5TIFIC DOCTR9E WAS RATIFI$4 

,SP5C]1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ONE ( HIS FIR/ WORKS1 EXPRESSES ?IS DOCTR9E ?US3-- 

0,SOCIETIES & ORGANISMS10 HE SAYS1 0>E ALIKE 9 ! FOLL[+ PO9TS3-- 

0#a4  ,9 ?AT1 BEG9N+ AS T9Y AGGREGATES1 !Y IMP]CEPTIBLY GR[ 9 MASS1 SO ?AT SOME ( !M ATTA9 TO ! SIZE ( T5 ?\S& TIMES !IR ORIG9AL BULK4 

0#b4  ,9 ?AT :ILE !Y W]E1 9 ! BEG9N+1 ( SU* SIMPLE /RUCTURE1 ?AT !Y CAN BE REG>D$ AS DE/ITUTE ( ALL /RUCTURE1 !Y ACQUIRE DUR+ ! P]IOD ( !IR GR[? A CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ COMPLICATION ( /RUCTURE4 

0#c4  ,9 ?AT AL?\< 9 !IR E>LY1 UNDEVELOP$ P]IOD1 !RE EXI/S BETWE5 !M H>DLY ANY 9T]DEP5D5CE ( P>TS1 !IR P>TS GRADUALLY ACQUIRE AN 9T]DEP5D5CE1 :I* EV5TUALLY BECOMES SO /RONG1 ?AT ! LIFE & ACTIVITY ( EA* P>T BECOMES POSSIBLE ONLY ON CONDITION ( ! LIFE & ACTIVITY ( ! REMA9+ P>TS4 

0#d4  ,9 ?AT LIFE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY >E 9DEP5D5T1 & MORE PROTRACT$ ?AN ! LIFE & DEVELOPM5T ( ANY ONE ( ! UNITS CON/ITUT+ IT1 :I* >E BORN1 GR[1 ACT1 REPRODUCE !MSELVES1 & DIE SEP>ATELY2 :ILE ! POLITICAL BODY =M$ FROM !M1 CONT9UES TO LIVE G5]ATION AFT] G5]ATION1 DEVELOP+ 9 MASS 9 P]FECTION & FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY40 

,! PO9TS ( DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ORGANISMS & SOCIETY GO F>!R2 & IT IS PROV$ ?AT !SE DIFF]5CES >E M]ELY APP>5T1 BUT ?AT ORGANISMS & SOCIETIES >E ABSOLUTELY SIMIL>4 

,= ! UN9ITIAT$ MAN ! QUE/ION IMM$IATELY PRES5TS ITSELF3 0,:AT >E Y\ TALK+ AB\T8  ,:Y IS MANK9D AN ORGANISM1 OR SIMIL> TO AN ORGANISM80 

,Y\ SAY ?AT SOCIETIES RESEMBLE ORGANISMS 9 !SE F\R FEATURES2 BUT IT IS NO?+ ( ! SORT4  ,Y\ ONLY TAKE A FEW FEATURES ( ! ORGANISM1 & B5EA? !M Y\ RANGE HUMAN COMMUNITIES4  ,Y\ BR+ =W>D F\R FEATURES ( RESEMBLANCE1 !N Y\ TAKE F\R FEATURES ( DISSIMIL>ITY1 :I* >E1 H[EV]1 ONLY APP>5T 7ACCORD+ TO Y\72 & Y\ !NCE CONCLUDE ?AT HUMAN SOCIETIES CAN BE REG>D$ AS ORGANISMS4  ,BUT SURELY1 ?IS IS AN EMPTY GAME ( DIALECTICS1 & NO?+ MORE4  ,ON ! SAME F\NDATION1 UND] ! FEATURES ( AN ORGANISM1 Y\ MAY RANGE :ATEV] Y\ PLEASE4  ,I WILL TAKE ! FI/ ?+ ?AT COMES 9TO MY HEAD4  ,LET US SUPPOSE IT TO BE A =E/1--! MANN] 9 :I* IT S[S ITSELF 9 ! PLA91 & SPREADS ABROAD4  #a4 ,BEG9N+ ) A SMALL AGGREGATE1 IT 9CREASES IMP]CEPTIBLY 9 MASS1 & SO =?4  ,EXACTLY ! SAME ?+ TAKES PLACE 9 ! FIELDS1 :5 !Y GRADUALLY SE$ !MSELVES D[N1 & BR+ =? A =E/4  #b4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ ! /RUCTURE IS SIMPLE3 AFT]W>DS IT 9CREASES 9 COMPLICATION1 & SO =?4  ,EXACTLY ! SAME ?+ HAPP5S ) ! =E/1--9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !RE W]E ONLY BIT*-TREES1 !N CAME BRU%-WOOD & HAZEL-BU%ES2 AT FIR/ ALL GR[ ]ECT1 !N !Y 9T]LACE !IR BRAN*ES4  #c4 ,! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ! P>TS IS SO AUGM5T$1 ?AT ! LIFE ( EA* P>T DEP5DS ON ! LIFE & ACTIVITY ( ! REMA9+ P>TS4  ,IT IS PRECISELY SO ) ! =E/1--! HAZEL-BU% W>MS ! TREE-BOLES 7CUT IT D[N1 & ! O!R TREES WILL FREEZE71 ! HAZEL-BU% PROTECTS FROM ! W9D1 ! SE$-BE>+ TREES C>RY ON REPRODUCTION1 ! TALL & LEAFY TREES AF=D %ADE1 & ! LIFE ( ONE TREE DEP5DS ON ! LIFE ( ANO!R4  #d4 ,! SEP>ATE P>TS MAY DIE1 BUT ! :OLE LIVES4  ,EXACTLY ! CASE ) ! =E/4  ,! =E/ DOES NOT M\RN ONE TREE4 

,HAV+ PROV$ ?AT1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS !ORY1 Y\ MAY REG>D ! =E/ AS AN ORGANISM1 Y\ FANCY ?AT Y\ HAVE PROV$ TO ! DISCIPLES ( ! ORGANIC DOCTR9E ! ]ROR ( !IR DEF9ITION4  ,NO?+ ( ! SORT4  ,! DEF9ITION :I* !Y GIVE TO ! ORGANISM IS SO 9ACCURATE & SO ELA/IC ?AT UND] ?IS DEF9ITION !Y MAY 9CLUDE :AT !Y WILL4  0,YES10 !Y SAY2 0& ! =E/ MAY ALSO BE REG>D$ AS AN ORGANISM4  ,! =E/ IS MUTUAL RE-ACTION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 :I* DO NOT ANNIHILATE EA* O!R1--AN AGGREGATE2 ITS P>TS MAY ALSO 5T] 9TO A MORE 9TIMATE UNION1 AS ! HIVE ( BEES CON/ITUTES ITSELF AN ORGANISM40  ,!N Y\ WILL SAY1 0,IF ?AT IS SO1 !N ! BIRDS & ! 9SECTS & ! GRASS ( ?IS =E/1 :I* RE-ACT UPON EA* O!R1 & DO NOT DE/ROY EA* O!R1 MAY ALSO BE REG>D$ AS ONE ORGANISM1 9 COMPANY ) ! TREES40  ,& TO ?IS ALSO !Y WILL AGREE4  ,EV]Y COLLECTION ( LIV+ 9DIVIDUALS1 :I* RE-ACT UPON EA* O!R1 & DO NOT DE/ROY EA* O!R1 MAY BE REG>D$ AS ORGANISMS1 ACCORD+ TO !IR !ORY4  ,Y\ MAY AFFIRM A CONNECTION & 9T]ACTION BETWE5 :ATEV] Y\ *OOSE1 &1 ACCORD+ TO EVOLUTION1 Y\ MAY AFFIRM1 ?AT1 \T ( :ATEV] Y\ PLEASE1 ANY O!R ?+ ?AT Y\ PLEASE MAY PROCE$1 9 A V]Y LONG P]IOD ( TIME4 

,& ! MO/ REM>KABLE ?+ ( ALL IS1 ?AT ?IS SAME ID5TICAL POSITIVE SCI5CE RECOGNIZES ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD AS ! SIGN ( TRUE KN[L$GE1 & HAS ITSELF DEF9$ :AT IT DESIGNATES AS ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD4 

,BY ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD IT MEANS COMMON-S5SE4 

,& COMMON-S5SE CONVICTS IT AT EV]Y /EP4  ,AS SOON AS ! ,POPES FELT ?AT NO?+ HOLY REMA9$ 9 !M1 !Y CALL$ !MSELVES MO/ HOLY4 

,AS SOON AS SCI5CE FELT ?AT NO COMMON-S5SE WAS LEFT 9 H] %E CALL$ H]SELF S5SIBLE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 SCI5TIFIC SCI5CE4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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